MUEL 1832 Music Appreciation Quiz 3 World Music

How do we classify instruments?

* SACHS-HORNBOSTEL SYSTEM * Aerophones * Chordophones * Membranophones * Idiophones

What are the elements of Music according to Alan P. Merriam?

* SOUND (What we hear:Timbre, pitch, duration, dynamics) * BEHAVIOR (what we see) * CONCEPTS (what people think and say)

Hopi Basket Dance description

* men and boys jammed in courtyard, women, daughters, small children handing off roofs * in center, circle of women wearing black, white, red shawls, arranged eldest to youngest (5 yrs); synchronized motion with handcrafted baskets * in center of circle huge pile of goods, teenage girls tended the pile * they gather laundry basket of goods and make forays into the crowd or fling it into the air above crowd

Indigenous Peoples - Values

* territory * local forms of traditional culture * religion * politics * the arts

South African Vocal Music

- 20th century - Migrant mine workers in South Africa formed vocal groups to maintain ethnic, regional ties in mining communities; singing competitions

Aborigines of Australia

- 366,000 (1% of Australian population); speaking 200 languages - very few still live traditional lifestyle of nomadic hunting and gathering

Africa and Diaspora. Concepts to consider:

- Communality: African societies stress communal participation in nearly all aspects of daily life. - Functionality: music serves a social function; integrates the individual into the group

Intertextuality

- Example: Buffy SM protest song: My Country tis of Thy People Dying - the borrowing or referencing of one "text" within another text; - allows the musician to shape the meaning of one song by using another song

Gamelan Orchestras in Indonesia

- Gamelan: Indonesian ensemble made up mostly of percussion of determinate pitch, such as metallophones and gongs - rhythm: cyclical ("gong cycles") - stratified polyphony: a texture in which all instruments follow a basic melody, but high pitch instruments play the most notes and lower pitched instruments play the fewest notes - Colotomic: certain instruments play a kind of musical "punctuation" that marks time in the music

Instruments of Javanese Gamelan

- Idiophones: gongs, metallophones, xylophones - Aerophones: flutes - Chordophones: zither, fiddle - Mebranophones: drums

Natives of North America

- Inuit, Aleut, Tlingit (Alaska) - Chinook, Pomo, Chumash (West coast) - Yakima, Nez Perce, Shoshone, Paiute, Ute, Navajo, Pueblo, Apache, Crow, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Pawnee, Sioux, Comanche (Mid-west) - Miami, Shawnee, Abenaki, Massachuset, Iroquois, Pequot, Lenape (north east) -Powhatan, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Natchez, Seminole (south east)

Indigenous Peoples - Music is essential for:

- Maintaining heritage, language - criticizing modern society - creating ethnic identity

Japanese Gagaku: Etenraku

- Music of Divinity example: flute begins then small drum small gong small drum speeds up soft stroke on large taiko drum "tsun" (center) mouth organs loud stroke on large taiko drum "DON" (center) and oboes begin (center) the 16 beat time cycle begins here biwa enters loud stroke on large taiko drum "DON" marks end of 16-beat cycle ... 2:27 melody changes to B section

ASIAN MUSIC

- Orchestras, ensembles, and improvisation

My Country tis of Thy People You're Dying

- Performer: Buffy Sainte-Marie (folk singer of Cree heritage) - Protest song that borrows from "My Country tis of Thee" patriotic song - Intertextuality: - the borrowing or referencing of one "text" within another text; - allows the musician to shape the meaning of one song by using another song

West African Drum Ensembles

- Polyrhythm: rhythm in which duple and triple meter occurs simultaneously - a simple two-to-three polyrhythmic pattern: rt hand.....1......-......2.....-.....3.....-...... left hand..1......-.......-....&.....-......-......

Contemporary Native American Music groups

- Pueblo Country Band - The Blessed Blend - Brule - R. Carlos Nakai

Mbuti Pygmies

- Pygmies: generic term for forest dwellers in Central Africa; est. 40,000 to 600,000; only a few still live nomadic lifestyle in forest as hunter/gathers - know for their egalitarian society -Ituri forest, Zaire

Fontomfrom - W. African Drums

- drum ensemble - polyrhythmic - rhythmic timeline ____________________________________________ Fontomfrom drum ensemble: From - tall barrel shaped drum Atumpan - medium sized barrel drum Eguankoba - smaller barrel drum Gongan - small bell Note: 0:27 After large drum strikes twice each drum can be heard playing regular patterns; listen how each pattern fits in with the timeline, playing ostinato, conversational style ____________________________________________ "Timeline": Gongon bell pattern: L-L-L-sL-L-s 1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8...9...10...11...12 x....-...x...-....x....-....x...x...-.....x.....-.....x

Soran Bushi

- folk song from Hakkaido Japan - Solo (call): Group: response (shout) (shout) (chorus)(shout)

Mamadou Diabate

- from Mali - master Kora musician

Ravi Shankar "Bhimpalasi"

- improvisation in a raga (mode) - tala - rhythmic cycle - 2 part performance structure: Alap (free meter improv) + Gat (Melody with tala and improv) - 3 elements: melody-rhythm-drone -------------------------------------------------------------- - Ravi Shankar introduces the raga (melodic structure) and the tala (rhythm) which is a cycle of 14 beats (4 + 4 + 4 + 2) - alap section (free meter intro) - gat (melody and tala)

Fast Cheyenne war Dance

- leader-group singing - vocables - Origins of this style: war dances ------------------------------------------- - SOUND: what do we hear? - Rhythm: steady, driving, accents - Voices, high to low, strident; leader-group -Vocables: sung non-lexical syllables (no clear meaning); e.g. "heh" "yah" "ho" and "weh" - Melodic shape: descending contour

Clave

- lit. "key" - structural rhythm in Latin music; similar to the "timeline" in African music

Raga

- melodic structure Improvisation in Indian music - Based on three elements (Usually 1 instrument for each element) - Melody: a melodic system (raga) - Rhythm : a time cycle system (tala) - Drone: a constant underlying tone

N. Indian ensemble

- melody, drone, rhythm - performs in 2 part form: - first: Alap: free meter improv - then Gat: melody with tala (rhythmic cycles) and improv

Traditional Didgeridoo - Tjapukai Dancers. Example

- natural trumpet - circular breathing ------------------------------------------------ - solo on didgeridoo; note use of overtones and rhythmic accents 0:00 song starts with a repeating ostinato (doo-doo-wah) 0:39 rhythm breaks and the player makes an overtone sweep 0:43 rhythm resumes 0:50 rhythm breaks again with another overtone sweep 0:54 rhythm resumes ... 1:13 player imitates an animal, followed by overtone sweep .... 2:15 animal sounds, bird cries 2:28 accents 2:37 rhythm breaks and player does a long overtone sweep to end of piece

Didgeridu

- natural trumpet made from a hollow tree branch - aerophone - circular breathing

Kora

- of West Africa - 21 string bridge harp - commonly used by griot musicians (elite professional musician/storytellers) who preserve cultural history through music

Indigenous Peoples - Conflict

Indigenous (local) vs. modern (national)

Gamelan

Indonesian ensemble made up mostly of percussion of determinate pitch, such as metallophones and gongs

Homeless - Paul Simon with Ladysmith Black Mambazo

Isicathamiya (new vocal style inspired by mbube) 00:00 Vocalists begin singing in Zulu language, note the call and response interaction between the lead singer and the rest of the group. 00:23 Listen for the special effects that begin here; tongue trilling, ululation 00:39 Singers switch to English language singing "homeless, homeless" as a chorus that repeats several times. 1:02 Listen for the responses of the bass voices singing "homeless" 1:18 note the tongue trilling effect 1:35 vocalists use vocables "too-loo-loo" 2:22 Paul Simon begins to sing "somebody say" and the group responds with breathy vocal effect that supports his vocal melody. 2:46 The song transforms again as Simon drops out and Ladysmith begins to sing a mix of harmonies and special effects such as breathy vocals, mouth clicks, tongue trills, etc. 3:15 Simon returns with "somebody say" 3:35 Ladysmith finishes the song with a brief coda in Zulu language.

Hopi Basket Dance SOUND

SOUND: compared to Cheyenne War Dance - Voice: lower in pitch; more relaxed tone - Rhythm: less driving, less intense; note the accents: 0:11; 0:23; 0:39; 0:53; 1:11, 1:24; 1:39; 1:54 - Melodic contour: descending; accents mark end of each phrase

Cuban Son

Son: a cuban song form that combines Spanish song and guitar with African-derived rhythms and percussion (son = rhythm) Clave (lit. "key"): structural rhythm in Latin music; similar to the "timeline" in African music

Aerophones

The vibration of a column of air - flutes, trumpets, reeds, accordion, harmonica, botija, gharha, ghatam, udu, bugle, didgeridoo, shofar

Chordphones

The vibration of a string - lutes, zithers, harps, lyres, piano, musical bows, koto, harpsichords, violin, guitar

Improvisation in Asia. Mode:

a set of rules and customary procedures used to compose or improvise music in a particular tradition

Stratified polyphony

a texture in which all instruments follow a basic melody, but high pitch instruments play the most notes and lower pitched instruments play the fewest notes

The Australian didgeridoo would be classified as a _____________. a. aerophone b. chordophone c. idiophone

a. aerophone

Which of the following is NOT typical of Sub-Saharan African music? a. free meter b. polyrhythm c. "conversational" vocals and instruments d. short repeating patterns (ostinato)

a. free meter

In gamelan music, when high pitch instruments play the most notes, its is called _________________. a. stratified polyphony b. gong cycle c. colotomic

a. stratified polyphony

______________ is the term for musical "punctuation" in Javanese gamelan. a. stratified polyphony b. colotomic c. circular breathing

b. Colotomic

_______________ is said to be the world's "oldest orchestra." a. Gamelan b. Gagaku c. The Baroque orchestra

b. Gagaku

Which of the following is NOT an element of North Indian classical music? a. Melody b. Harmony c. Rhythmic cycles d. Drone

b. Harmony

In the Sachs-Hornbostel classification system, the piano is classified as a a. aerophone b. chordophone c. membranophone d. iodiophone

b. chordophone (because it produces sound by vibrating strings)

Animism

belief systems in which natural phenomena are considered to possess a spirit

example of melody-rhythm-drone

bhimpalasi

example of tala rhythmic pattern

bhimpalasi

The Australian didgeridoo would be best classified as a ___________. a. flute b. reed c. trumpet

c. Trumpet

A performance of N.lndian music begins ____________. a. with a gong cycle b. with a rhythmic cycle c. in free meter, then switches to a rhythm cycle

c. in free meter, then switches to a rhythm cycle (i.e. alap then gat)

Colotomic

certain instruments play a kind of musical "punctuation" that marks time in the music

Gamelan rhythm

cyclical ("gong cycles")

Alan Meriam's 3-part model of music focuses on a. sound b. behavior c. concepts d. all of the above

d. all of the above

For indigenous people, music is important for___________. a. preserving tradition b. criticizing modern society c. creating ethnic identity d. all of the above

d. all of the above

example of clave rhythmic pattern

el cuarto de tula

kumbengo

flowing pattern

Bubaran Nudan Mas - Javanese Gamelan

form: gong cycle of 16 beats: AA-BB-AA-BB

Aborigines

generic term for indigenous people - commonly used to refer to the indigenous peoples of Australia

montuno

improvised section in latin music

example of rhythmic cycle

japanese gagaku

example of gong cycle

javanese gamelan

Polyphony

multiple pitches occurring simultaneously

birimintingo

rapid, descending flourishes

Polyrhythm

rhythm in which duple and triple meter occurs simultaneously

Ostinato

short repeating patterns

vocables

sung non-lexical syllables (no clear meaning); e.g. "heh" "yah" "ho" and "weh" - common in native american pow wow music

Syncretism

the combining of different, seemingly contradictory, cultural forms into a new hybrid form

Membranophones

the vibration of a skin or membrane - drums, kazoos

Idiophones

the vibration of the instrument itself - rattles, shakers, bells, xylophones, cymbals, jaw harp, mbira - all percussion instruments apart from drums (which are membranophones)

example of polyrhythm

. fontomfrom http://pwric.com/elise/elu/fontomfrom.mp3

Polyphonic ostinato

.- polyphony (multiple pitches occurring simultaneously) with - ostinato patterns (short repeating patterns) i.e. Polyphony with short repeating patterns

free meter

.-(alap): melody and drone instruments only - found in Indian music

example of spanish songs with african rhythm

.El Cuarto de Tula http://pwric.com/elise/elu/el-cuarto.mp3

example of polyphony with short repeating patterns

.Elephant song, Kora Mali http://pwric.com/elise/elu/kora-mali.mp3

example of miner's vocal groups

.Mbube (the lion) http://pwric.com/elise/elu/mbube-the-lion.mp3

example of improvisation in a raga (mode)

.bhimpalasi http://pwric.com/elise/elu/bhimpalasi.mp3

example of circular breathing

.didgeridoo

example of colotomic (punctuating) instruments

.javanese gamelan http://pwric.com/elise/elu/javanese-gamelan.mp3

Structure of performance of Indian music

1. Free meter section (alap): melody and drone instruments only 2. Melody section (gat): skeletal melody played; percussion joins and begins the rhythmic cycles (tala); after this the melody and rhythm instruments improvise until the end of the piece

1..-..2..-..3..-..4..-..5..-..6..-.7..-..8..-.. ........x......x............x.........x........x.....

2+3 clave (sometimes called "reverse" clave)

1....-...2...-...3...-...4...-...5...-...6...-...7...-...8...- x.............x.............x.................x.......x..............

3+2 clave

Music at Native American pow wows BEHAVIOR

BEHAVIOR: what did we see? - Music for dancing - social gathering with other tribes - drum group (typically male)

Social dance musicians active in the 1930s-40s

Buena Vista Social Club - rediscovered in the 1990s by American musician Ry Cooder

Music at Native American pow wows CONCEPTS

CONCEPTS - what does it mean? - unified beat = unified community - war dance - originally preparation for war; now tribal pride

Sachs-Hornbostel system

Classification of instruments based on their source of vibration

Mbube ("The Lion") by S. Linda

- S. African coal miners vocal groups (choirs) - international borrowing - a vocal style named after a hit record by Solomon Linda ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 00:00 Lead singer shouts a brief introduction in a song/speech-like manner. 00:05 Lead singer is joined by the rest of the group who harmonize on a chord that ascends several steps and descends back again. 00:11 Bass voices begin to sing a phrase that becomes the foundation for the song; listen how this phrase in the bass voices repeats through the entire song. 00:21 Lead singer sings a long, sustained note on a high pitch in falsetto "head" voice that falls down to mid-range voice. 00:30 Just as the bass voice pattern repeats, so does the lead singer's falsetto vocal phrase. 00:37 As the bass voice cycle repeats, the lead singer begins a different vocal phrase in midrange voice. 00:46 Singer does a variation on the mid-range vocal phrase. 00:54 Falsetto vocal line returns and is sung twice. 1:10 Mid-range vocal phrase returns and is sung twice. 1:26 Falsetto line returns and is sung twice. 1:42 Lead singer begins to sing in a bass voice, blending with the others in the low register. 1:50 Mid-range vocal phrase returns and is sung twice. 2:07 The lead singer sings in the bass vocal range again. 2:22 Falsetto line returns and is sung twice. 2:40 The lead singer sings in the bass vocal range again as the song ends.

Music in Latin America; Concepts

- Syncretism: the combining of different, seemingly contradictory, cultural forms into a new hybrid form - consider religion in the new world - Vodou (voodoo) in Haiti: Syncretic blend of African trance religion and Catholicism

The Lion Sleeps Tonite

- The Tokens (1961) - under Africa Chapter 10

Wimoweh

- The Weavers (1951) - under Africa Chapter 10

Japanese Gagaku instruments

- WINDS: ryuteki (flutes), hichiriki (oboes); sho (mouth organs) - STRINGS: koto (zithers); biwa (lutes) - PERCUSSION: shoko (small gong); taiko (hanging drum); kakko (barrel drum)

Kora Mali

- bridge-harp - polyphonic ostinato (polyphony with short repeating patterns) __________________________________ 0:00 Rapid, descending flourishes (birimintingo) 0:23 Flowing pattern (kumbengo) in which bass strings, medium pitch strings and high strings are interwoven. 0:40 Descending flourishes (birimintingo) 0:47 Flourish 1:08 Note high strings in a steady ostinato 1:29 Flourish descending 1:43 Flourish descending 1:58 Listen to the highest string play an upward ascending melody and descending 2:10 Flourish downward 2:19 High hammer chords that become twice as fast 2:42 Flourish downward 2:49 Note high ascending and descending pattern 2:56 Flourish downward 3:29 High note chords 3:40 Flourishes downward 3:58 Flourishes downward 4:04 High hammer chords 4:15 Song begins to fade on ascending and descending high notes.

El Cuarto de Tula - Buena Vista

- cuban son - clave rhythmic pattern - spanish songs with african rhythm _________________________________________ FORM: Cuban son (jam-style son); soloist alternates with group 0:00 introduction trumpet melody; listen for the "reverse clave" pattern 0:20 first verse about a fire; singer makes siren sound with vocal glissando 0:38 a short refrain is sun twice: "ay mama, que paso?" ("what happened?") 0:47 instrument intro repeats 1:06 first verse repeats with same lyrics and "siren" vocal 1:25 refrain repeats "aya mama, que paso?" 1:34 beginning of improvised section (montuno); this section begins with a chorus sings two lines telling us that Tula fell asleep with a burning candle (candela) 1:41 trumpet solo 1:51 chorus repeats 2:00 trumpet solo response 2:10 chorus repeats 2:19 vocal solo improvisation section begins; each vocalist takes a urn improvising a line, singing the names of the others in the performing group and acting as if they are all gathered around watching the fire grow; as the music "heats up" the singers begin to call out for help to put the fire out Listen how each different voice sings one line, followed by a response from the chorus

Traditional Culture of the Aborigines

- dates back 50,000 years - Animism: belief systems in which natural phenomena are considered to possess a spirit - Dreamtime: term describing the aboriginal spiritual belief system and concept of creation - belief in ancient spirits that created earth features by singing them into existence

N. Music of the Mbuti Pygmies "Elephant Song"

- polyphony with short repeating patterns _________________________________________________ - polyphony (multiple pitches occurring simultaneously) - ostinato patterns (short repeating patterns) - Singing: conversational (instruments also conversational) - call and response - speech-like - Timbre: a variety of timbres and tone colors ___________________________________________________ Note: call and response; short repeating patterns create dense texture 0:00 The recording starts right in the middle of the song and you can hear the prominent male lead voice from the start. 0:09 The male voice sings a phrase here followed by 0:13 a female voice that "responds." 0:15 Listen here how the texture of all the voices is made up of short repeating patterns. 0:26 Male voice returns. 0:46 Male lead switches to a kind of talking style. 1:04 The sound of rumbling of thunder reminds us that this is outside in the forest. 1:11 Male lead voice sings a phrase here followed by 1:13 a female voice that "responds." 1:33 Male lead voice switches again (briefly) to talking style. 2:03 Male voice sounds a long, extended tone; after this his tones get a bit longer. 2:31 The performance is interrupted by a sudden, loud crash of thunder, followed by group laughter. Clapstick pattern: "sL-L-sL-" (sometimes "sL-L-L--") 1...2...3...4...5...6...7...8... x...x..(-)...x...-....x..(x)..-...

Proud to Be - Tjapukai Dancers

- protest song against the long history of oppression by white civilization

Javanese Gamelan

- stratified polyphony - gong cycle - colotomic punctuation --------------------------------------------- - Colotomic instruments: hanging gongs, larger rack gongs - melody instruments: smaller rack gongs, metallophones, xylophone, fiddle, flute - conductor: lead drummer - structure: polyphonic stratification (lower notes = fewest; higher notes = most)

Circular breathing

- technique used to maintain a continuous air flow in an aerophone * 1-4 secs: cheeks puff out (jaw drops) back of mouth closes, diaphragm muscles * 1/2 sec: quick breath in through nose (sniff); cheeks deflate (jaw closes) (squeeze cheeks); cheek muscles * 1-4 sec: back of mouth opens; diaphragm muscles * 1/2 sec - etc.

Japanese Gagaku

- the oldest orchestra in the world - rhythmic cycle

Indigenous Peoples - who are they?

Ethnic minorities who are marginalized as their territory becomes part of a state (lit. "born within")