Multicultural America Final: Dr. Leake
Agents of socialization
-family, friends, peers, teammates, teachers, schools, religious institutions, and the media that help us to become socialized and recognize our sense of self
"Does Slavery Exist in America?"
-what does slavery mean? Dynamics that lead to abuse: rise of middle man, less oversight, poor working conditions, we do not see where our produce comes from- false consciousness: think of "where does your orange juice come from?"
Master Narrative
1. Country settled by Europeans 2. Americans are White 3. Not to be White is to be the "Other" Father of Master Narrative is Jackson Turner. Persists into mainstream culture, it is the basis of most history works, and it is powerful, popular, but INACCURATE
Darius Gray
Founder of genesis group where black members could take about their conversion stories and struggles; his mom would get mad when missionaries would try to teach them and then he felt truth and was baptized.
Racial composition of U.S. Pop. today
Hispanic & latino is not considered a race Non hispanic white: 63% Hispanic: 17% Non hispanic black: 13% Asian: 5%
Social Construction of Race
Race is not biological; it's created or socially constructed Physical characteristics made more significant
DuBois: Double consciousness /The color line Institutional racism
Race v nationality Having two identities, which are you going to allow to define you more /The color line-A division between races, racial segregation post abolition We have not resolved these issues
Race, Ethnicity, & Nationality
Race-ascribed to you; externally imposed category; physical traits, Ethnicity-cultural heritage, & Nationality: citizenship
Social Institutions
Social Institutions- is an established and enduring pattern of social relationships. (family, religion, law, education, economics)
Theoretical approach of A Different Mirror
Sociological Analysis of History - Inclusive and Comparative - Multiethnic struggle not merely a cliché • Historical array of races, ethnicities, cultures - Not just dates, wars, presidents, etc. - Primary accounts as well as secondary sources • "Vibrantly recreates moments in history" (p. 18) • "Provide the authenticity of experience" (p. 18) • Women as well as men • Ordinary people as well as extraordinary figures ex:The railroad was laid by Irish and Chinese, but their stories are not mentioned
Ronald Takaki
Taxi driver asks Takaki, "How long have you been in this country?" The taxi driver did not see Takaki as a fellow citizen because he is not white. Sae him through a filter: Master narrative- country was settled by whites so to be American means to be white.. Veil-whites do not see other races as American WEB Dubbois Author of a Different Mirror
Only "North of slavery"
The North was the promised land. Not slaves, but not free. Master status. Cycle of racism: Stereotypes→ discrimination→ segregation→ degradtion→ poverty→
1965 Hart-Cellar Immigration Reform Act
ended harsh discrimination enacted in earlier periods. Shift from national quotas to family unification, first time immigration was limited from Mexico, ended Bracero program
El barrio
ethnogenesis+ emergence of ethnic identity. Social networks (provided job opportunities and a smooth transition to US). Nature of immigration was very different-no large permanent national population. Mostly border states and Illinois
Takao Ozawa
filed for citizenship and application was denied. Was an ideal citizen, but was not white. Not caucasian, can't be a citizen
John Smith
his writings establish the natives as savages, lacking in civilization (Caliban) Jamestown (Beginning of the end for Natives): claimed land, civilization of Powhatans, starving time, treaties, used land to make more money, Natives were the "outgroup" and were in the way of the white people (aka in group)
Ted Whiters
inspired by missionaries going into dangerous areas to preach the gospel
Institutional racism
institution is promoting racism, segregation, or discrimination
Past accounts of U.S. History
just the Eurocentric view of itself, and the White-centered view of African Americans, and even this is slim to nonexistent. Creates Psychic Disequilibrium: what happens when historians do not "record" their stories, leaving out many of America's peoples. a moment of psychic disequilibrium, as if you looked into a mirror and saw nothing. Promotes Master Narrative.
César Chávez, Dolores Huerta, and Latino racial identity
leaders in the Chicano movement. Wanted to end the Bracero Program: emergency farm labor program for temporary agricultural jobs; developed chicano identity (mexican American), had mistrust of white dominance
Political polarization of immigration
liberals and conservatives are both for and against immigration; Liberals (socially liberal= see discrimination of workers +) (Economically Liberal= see effects of low wages -) and Conservatives (Economically conservative= buisness +) ( Socially conservative= nativist and look out for people already in america -) + = for, - = against
Kyutaro Abiko
many believed that his agricultural success would help Asians to be accepted into American Society. Did not fix ethnic exclusion
Jane Manning James
member of church and lived with JS and was never able to receive temple ordinances
Great Black Migration
migration from south cities to north and west. 1900-1970. 7 million Push: crop destruction and racism Pull: industrialization, labor demand. Urbanization: jazz and black culture but also segregation
Our purpose as sociologists....
not to condemn or judge but to observe
"Race and the Priesthood" official Gospel topics essay on lds.org
read
Hidden origins of slavery
shift from class to race and class system shaped the hidden orgins of slavery nd the course of American race relations; Threat to racial purity and social order: bacons rebellion was the last straw for landed elite
Trends in U.S. diversity since the 1960s
since 1850, % of foreign born has always exceeded 10% of US population. Mexican population is being grown by natural birth not immigration; Rising immigration from asia and latin america. Rising intermarriage, rising multicultural generation
Slavery by Another Name (13th Amendment)
slavery didn't end with the Emancipation Proclamation. It persisted through loophole in 13th amendment: criminal statutes, convict leasing ("shared" and traded "criminals" to do the work that the slaves used to do", debt peonage: if someone could not prove that they weren't in debt, they would be taken back to labor shares and treated like slaves again), sharecropping
Booker T. Washington
success story from poverty. Founded Tuskegee School. Gave the "Atlanta Compromise." Advocated manual labor of blacks. Did not like "separate but equal" wanted everyone to be together
Plantations in Hawaii
sugar cane economy. Ethnic divisions by design. Asian Americans were ethnic majority in Hawaii. Japanese men came to Hawaii; later moved to rural california. Created pigeon language so that all the different ethnicities could communicate
Social Construction of Immigration
symbolic interactionism. Depicts immigration as really bad due to vocabulary used about immigration
"Sambo" stereotype
to many white southerners, slaves were childlike, irresponsible, lazy, affectionate, and happy. Social construction of reality and self fulfilling prophecy and front and back stage
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
tried to stem illegal immigration. 2.3 million workers given amnesty, could participate in society, said bosses could not knowingly higher undocumented person; Dramatically increased border control's budget.
Anthony Johnson
was a prosperous Jamestown settler: owned property and had rights. Black slavery wasn't always the rule. Idea of Doing race. Black AND white indentured servitude was how it started. Shift from class to race and class system
Will we all be minorities? (Why or why not?)
white majority is declining. White majority will probably still exist in 2050 because of racial rigidity, cultural institutions, power and stratification, etc
Davis-Moore Thesis
Example of structural functionalist perspective Stratification is beneficial for society because all roles and jobs need to be filled; inequality is necessary Roles that are important but not seen as important: teachers, parents
W. Paul Reeve
"I am a believer I don't just believe;" author of "religion of a different color" due to social pressures, the early church distanced itself from Black people because the church was originally seen as "too black"
Keith Hamilton
"I came to earth in a black body"
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo & broken promises
$15 million cessation of ½ of Mexican territory. Mexico formally acknowledges loss of Texas. Border moved, people didn't. Guarantee:all rights of American citizens Reality: foreigners in their own land
Wealth Inequality in the U.S.
-Wealth is the accumulation of what you have; net worth or total value of assets minus liabilities Wealth is very unequally distributed
Lessons from Takaki and "Be One - A Celebration of the Restoration of the Priesthood"
- inclusive history:Building bridges. Shared goal of unity and inclusiveness
Culture: norms, values, & beliefs
-Culture-language, values, beliefs, roles, behaviors, physical artifacts of a society Norms-culturally defined rules of conduct; expectations of what's good v bad Values-standard of judgement by which people decide on desirable goals and outcomes (broad) Beliefs-Specific statements that people hold to be true. (Particular matters)
Racial categories in the 2010 Census
-Hispanic & latino is not considered a race White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Income Inequality trends in the U.S.
-Income is salary Highest degree of income inequality and one of the highest rates of poverty
4 Steps of "Doing" Race (M&M)
-Race-a process; something that is done to you. Seen as negative Noticing differences Assuming these differences mean something Participating in actions that maintain and create this structure Rationalizing or justifying different treatment
Bryan Stevenson's Four Ways to Create a More Just Nation (BYU Forum)
1. Find ways to get more proximate to those who are neglected and living in the margins 2. Change the narratives underneath the policy issues we grapple with 3. Stay hopeful 4. Be willing to do uncomfortable things and inconvenient
"Diversity Paradox" article by Jennifer Lee and Frank Bean
1. Immigration, intermarriage, multiractial identification changing the color line? Yes, for certain races (latin and asian) 2. Will interracial parents "prioritize" one identity over the other? Sometimes claim white for their child for more privilege for their kid 3.does intermarriage affect the color line with all white groups? No, not with blacks 4. Why are rates of multiracial reporting among blacks relatively low? Hard to marry someone who used to be the oppressor
Six Suggestions for Doing Race Differently
1. Recognize people are not autonomous individuals 2. Study history 3. Learn the science of [race] 4. Be aware that race will always matter for someone's life experience 5. Recognize the role that power and unequal distribution of resources places in racial inequality 6. Help reform ideas and practices.
Vikings & Columbus
1000 AD: Thorvald Erikson and Vikings came to America 1492-Columbus "discovered" America Eurocentric and incorrect. News spread by printing press
Stratification of Native Americans today
29.1% living in poverty,. $40,310 median family income. 12.7% with a college degree Severely damaged minority, but not as bad as depicted
Undocumented immigrants and other recent trends in U.S. Immigration
9 million live in mixed legal status families. ⅓ of Americans this that most hispanics are undocumented: only 35% are immigrants, 17% are undocumented. Dramatic era of immigration is over. Currently net immigration from Mexico is less than zero. Mexican-American population growth is driven by natural birth
Justifications for A Different Mirror
A more inclusive history is a more accurate one. Coming to know better who we are, our roots."the world is here" adjust national curriculum-Apply Langston Hughes Psychic Disequilibrium: what happens when historians do not "record" their stories, leaving out many of America's peoples. a moment of psychic disequilibrium, as if you looked into a mirror and saw nothing.
Sociological Imagination
Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives
Achieved, Ascribed, & Master Status
Achieved-Taken on voluntarily or through our own efforts or accomplishments. (based on our agency) Ascribed-Acquired at birth or involuntarily later in life. Ex. based on gender, race, ethnicity Master Status- A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life. *society determined Ex. president of the US
Frontier Thesis
Americanization= (Civilized Europeans) x (Savage Frontier) all immigrants assumed to be European. Manifest Destiny- Directed by God to civilize land and take over more land. Closing of American Frontier- once we reached California we civilized all savagery and no one else is really welcome.
U.S.-Texas annexation
Americans slowly moved into Mexican Territory until they outnumbered Mexicans. "Remember the Alamo" US annexes Texas. MAnifest destiny; promised citizenship and then kicked out
Mary Rowlandson
At Plymouth Rock: Lived 11 weeks among the Narragansett Indians - Confirmed stereotypes But also rejected many • Stories of humanity • But not just about compassion. Impressed by the indian Society. More than single story. Social construction of reality
Looking-glass self (Cooley)
Charles Cooley; we interpret actions of others toward us as mirrors in which we see ourselves and determine our self-worth 3 parts of looking-glass self: Our perception of how we appear to another person Our estimate of the judgement the other person makes about us Some emotional feeling about this judgment, such as pride or shame
Chinese vs. Japanese immigration
Chinese: immigration begins in earnest in 1852, "searching for gold mountain (gold rush)" Key source of labor in building the transcontinental railroad, initially was accepted and then later was under strict regulation, Chinese exclusion act (1888- 1943), women were <5% of chinese population (racism and social construction of labor), the 1930 san francisco earthquake = more women and "paper sons" Japenese: came because of extreme taxation in japan, came over in 1880's, Hawaii> california, many more women came (46% HI and 35% CA), more family-friendly, more varied co workers, 1907 Gentlemens agreement - japanese gov. Regulated emigration, institutionalized discrimination took longer.
Choctaw & Cherokee treaties
Choctaws: Land allotment program turned them into farmers; Treaty of dancing rabbit Creek: allowed for whites to take land "legally"; millions of acres to the federal government; had to go west to be free. Cherokees: 1829 Georgia state Legislature: their land was "legally" moved into the market "follow the white man's rules or get ou;" Chief John Ross refused to leave and offered a treaty but wasn't listend to → was forced out by military
Social construction of 1930s New Deal Indian policies
Commissioner:John Collier. Philosophy of cultural pluralism, but policies didn't reflect that. Sheep reduction program: concluded that overgrazing was the problem (it was not) science and culture are both socially constructed. Blamed indians
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
Commodore in the US NAvy. given a mission to force Japan to open ports to American trade
Structural functionalist perspective
Emile Durkheim- Sees society as a system of interrelated elements or structures working to sustain a complex whole. Seeks to understand how the whole system "works" smoothly. Examines how institutions meet the "needs of society"
Self (I & Me)
I: the subjective and impulse aspect of the self present from birth (the Actor); not influenced by society; innate Me: the objective component of the self; based off how people react to you; emerges as people communicate symbolically and learn to take the role of the other; influenced by society
Five Fallacies of Racism (LN)
Individualistic-racism comes from individual attitudes and prejudices (no it's society as a whole- including our social structure) Legalistic- just because laws are changed doesn't mean the problem is fixed Tokenistic- presence of people of color in influential positions does not mean we are over racism Ahistorical-renders history impotent Fixed-racism is fixed and constant
Conflict Perspective
Karl Marx- A macro level theory. The history of human beings is a history of power struggle. Those with resources will control those without the resources. Society as constantly changing in response to social inequality and social conflict. Bourgeoise (business owners), proleteriat (workers) *power struggle
Latent vs. manifest Functions
Latent functions- unintended, sometimes unrecognized consequences of actions that coincidentally help the system Ex. institution of education- developing social skills Manifest functions-intended, obvious consequences of activities designed to help some part of the social system Ex. Institution of education- learning
Model minority
Major Asian populations seem to fare well in education, income, poverty
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Max Weber- micro level theory. attempts to understand society and social structure through an examination of the micro-level interactions of people as individuals, pairs, or groups. Society is structured and maintained through everyday interactions and people's subjective definitions of their worlds *subjective and personal; interpreting world around them Using terms like "alien" immigrants can be harmful versus "undocumented" immigrants
Meritocracy vs. Class vs Caste system
Meritocracy -based on actions or merits; connected to achieved status Class system- opportunities based on class. Determined by wealth and income Caste System- fixed at birth, not changeable- ascribed !!
Early Anglo settlers in Alta California
Native Mexicans (Californians) treated newcomers to Alta very well. Offered land grants, achieved linguistic and marital assimilation, could become part of the "Don" system of landed elite
Standards of Equality
Ontological equality: everyone is created equally Equality of opportunity: it is a fair race, same standards & same rules just their ability is different Equality of condition: fair starting line- everyone starts at the same starting point Equality of outcome: everyone wins! Everyone should have the same award regardless of where you start
Sociological perspectives and immigration
Structural Functionalist: economy depends on racial social inequality to function. Symbolic Interactionism: The words we use to describe immigration shapes the reality and influence policy decisions (self- fulfilling Prophecy) Conflict Perspective: LABOR, competition creates and maintains racial and ethnic group tensions, minorities help buisness owners by keeping wages low
Social Structure and the Individual
The voice of sociology acknowledges that individuals' thoughts and actions are often shaped and molded by forces that operate outside that individual (social structure)
White privilege
We don't see it anymore; the norm; it's normal An individual not defined by race Whites do not have to think about race; just the norm
"Let America be America"
Words of Famous Poet Langston Hughes. Takaki argues that this is our nation's epic story • Struggle to realize our founding ideals • How "the Other" came to believe "more fiercely and fervently" in the promise of America's promise. Because minorities have had to go through obstacles to achieve American dream, hope for a better life • The sociological approach to history offers hope, argues Takaki
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
an assumption or prediction that, purely as a result of having been made, causes the experienced event to occur and thus confirms the prophecy's own "accuracy"
Mitsue Takaki
came as a picture bride. Husband went back to Japan for an injury and was denied admission back to Hawaii. Wanted to stay in Hawaii to give her children better opportunities
Benjamin Banneker
challenged Jefferson's opinion of black intellectual inferiority. Black mathematician, sent almanac to Jefferson to prove intellectual capability. Dismissed by Jefferson
George Custer
civilization against savagery" led an attack on Cheyenne in Oklahoma. Was a massacre. His writings were contradictory. death>life in a cage
1872 painting American Progress
civilization of savagery. Expansion of the railroad meant that the whites had to get rid of the indians. Decimated buffalo, end of the Pawnee Indians' life/Independence. Manifest Destiny over all-God wants us to push the frontier
Amasa Walker
commissioner of Indian Affairs. Concerned with "Indian Question" Indians should be given temporary support to help them move into civilization. Indian reservations: the ultimate goal was assimilation
Thomas Jefferson
contradiction: "all men are created equal" but then owned slaves. Voted for emancipation, but also voted for deportation. Believed freed blacks would have to be removed from American society. Shows that assimilation seemed impossible. Wanted to use treaties to acquire land and facilitate trade, and keep Indians allied with US. Wanted Native Americans to adopt European style of living
Alexandro Portes' theory of Activated Labor Demand
demand for labor must exist, demand must be known, opportunities must be desirable
Monica Sone
dual identity.. Grew up Japanese American is to feel a sense of twoness. Felt unwelcome, employment discrimination:
In-Groups vs. Out-groups
groups to which an indv belongs vs. indv competes or is in opposition
Frederick Douglass
he was mixed and hated slavery because it forced slave masters to reject their children. He didn't realize for a while that he was a slave until he went to another house. This house there was a women who taught him to read and then the slave master father scolded him and the wife. He faced issues of: socialization, confrontation, power of the "pen and the podium", stressed the importance of education, and wanted unity
Sally Hemmings
one of Thomas Jefferson's slaves- ended up having his son. Jefferson denied the relationship. He promised her children would be free at 21 to entice her to come back to the states with him
Martin Delany
only African American to attain rank of Major in the Civil war. Father of Black Nationalism. Advocate of separatism. Harvard Medical School
Elijah Abel
ordained an elder before priesthood ban
George Shima
potato picker- potato king. Still faced racism even with increased wealth
