Multicultural competency

Common challenges counselors of color fact when working with white clients

1) Challenge competency of counselors of color 2) Needing to prove competency 3) Racist clients 4) Experience of superminority 5) Countertransference of racial animosity to white clients

6 phases of Helms White Racial Identity Development Model

1) Contact 2) disintegration 3) reintegration 4) pseudo-independence 5) immersion/ emersion 6) autonomy​

Culture bound values

Collectivism ​ Emotional Expressiveness​ Insight​ Self Disclosure ​ Scientific Empiricism ​ Communication ​ Class Bound Values - (i.e., impact of poverty)​

Judgmental Heuristics

Commonly used quick - decision rules.​ -- Therapists can reduce this tendency by acknowledging the existence of judgmental heuristics, questioning the basis for quick decisions, assessing additional factors, and evaluating the accuracy of opinions about clients​

High Context (HC) communication

Communication that is anchored in the physical context (situation) or internalized in the person.​ Less reliance is placed on the explicit code or message content.​ Example: In Filipino culture, a mild, hesitant "yes" is interpreted as a "no."

Empirically supported treatments

Concept of ESTs was popularized when the APA began promoting the use of "validated" or research-supported treatments— specific treatments confirmed as effective for specific disorders. ​ESTs are conducted using manuals. Rationale behind the establishment of ESTs is admirable - we owe it to our clients/patients to provide them with treatment that has demonstrated efficacy ​

Therapeutic alliance

Core conditions of effective treatment: Emotional or Interpersonal Bond​ Empathy, ​ Positive regard, respect, warmth, and genuineness ​ Self-disclosure ​ Management of Countertransference ​ Goal Consensus ​ Working together on tx goals​ Cultural humility may be a major aspect in the therapeutic alliance

Self disclosure

Cultural Admissions do not just reflect the self but the family and/or unit Sociopolitical May be reluctant to self-disclose in context of mistrust, see you as agent of society

cultural syndrome

Cultural syndromes are clusters of symptoms and attributions that tend to co-occur among individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or contexts. ex: ataque de nervios

Evidence Based Practice (EBP) and Multiculturalism ​

Culture has consequential relevance for the appropriate application of EBPs​ At the same time, the importance of EBP is becoming increasingly accepted in the field of multicultural counseling ​ Convergence of the two ​ "Multiculturalism without strong research risks becoming an empty political value, and EBT without cultural sensitivity risks irrelevancy" ​ Rising notion that treatment should have a research base ​ EBPS offer an opportunity for infusing multicultural and diversity sensitivity into psychotherapy ​

Why is it important to consider the group level of human existence?

Imperative to acknowledge how race, culture, and other group dimensions may influence identity, values, beliefs, behaviors and perceptions of reality Many dimensions in the group level however, interesting to point out the greater discomfort that psychologists experience in dealing with issues of race as compared to other sociodemographic differences --> Discomfort lends us to avoid addressing problems of racial prejudice, racial discrimination, and systemic racial oppression ​

Introspection Status​ in the R/CID Model

Individual begins to discover that this level of intensity of feelings (anger directed toward White society) is psychologically draining and does not permit one to really devote crucial energies to understanding oneself or one's own racial-cultural group. ​ Now a need for positive self-definition in a proactive sense emerges ​ The individual experiences feelings of discontent and discomfort with group views that may be quite rigid and/or not align with personal individual experiences​

tripartite framework**

Universal Level: "All Individuals are, in some respects, like other individuals"​ Individual Level: "All individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals"​ Group Level: "All individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals"​

The invisible veil

Values and beliefs (worldviews) operate outside the level of conscious awareness​ People assume universality: that regardless of race, culture, ethnicity, or gender everyone shares the nature of reality and truth

Larry P. v. California 1986 (not on final)

a judge ruled in favor of the Association of Black Psychologists' claim that individual intelligence tests, such as versions of the WISC, WAIS, and Stanford Binet could not be used in the public schools on Black students​

Institutional racism

a set of policies, priorities, and accepted normative patterns designed to subjugate and oppress individuals and groups and force their dependence on a larger society

kinesics

bodily movements, including facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gestures, and eye contact​ - AA make greater eye contact when speaking and infrequent eye contact when listening

Principles of indigenous healing

can be defined as helping beliefs and practices that originate within a culture or society 1) holistic outlook 2) interconnectedness 3) harmony implications: -the concepts of separation and individualism are euroamerican -modern psych takes a reductionistic approach to the human condition -most non-western indigenous healing forms make minimal distinctions between physical and mental funx and believe strongly in the unity of spirit, mind, and matter -harmony and balance are the healer's goal.. interconnectedness of mind, body, spirit and nature

internalization

characterized by inner security - conflicts between the old and new identities are resolved - global anti-white feelings subside as they become more flexible, tolerant, and more bicultural/multicultural

universal level

common features of being human

emic

culturally specific perspective. Culturally responsive psychologists, operate from an emic position and challenge assumptions ​ They argue that lifestyles, cultural values and worldviews affect the expression and determination of behavior disorders (Ponterotto, Utsey, & Pedersen, 2006)​ They stress that all human development arise within a cultural context

etic

culturally universal perspective. ex: training may instill that disorders such as panic attacks, depression etc. appear in all cultures and societies, with minimal modification necessitated in their diagnosis and treatment. Failure to consider the cultural context and manifestation of disorders often results in inaccurate diagnosis and inappropriate treatment (Sue, Sue, Sue, & Sue, 2016). ​

ICIR

internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility -- >IC-IR, is arguably the worldview of those that classify as White upper/middle class​ Shaped psychological interventions

Uncle Tom Syndrome

may be used by Blacks to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy-go-lucky​

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model​: Disintegration Status

obliviousness of previous stage, may start to break down. The white person becomes conflicted over irresolvable racial moral dilemmas that are frequently perceived as polar opposites: believing one is non racist, yet not wanting one's son or daughter to many a minority group member; believing that all mean are created equal, even though society treats people of color/marginalized communities as second-class citizens; and not acknowledging that oppression exists and then witnessing it.​

paralanguage

other vocal cues that individuals use to communicate. for example, loudness of voice, pauses, silences, hesitations, rate of speech, inflections and the like all fall into this category.​ - the amount of verbal expressiveness in the U.S., relative to other cultures, is quite high- speaking loudly may not indicate anger or hostility and speaking in a soft voice may not be a sign of weakness

proxemics

perception and the use of personal and interpersonal space - for many minorities, conversing with a person allows for a much closer stance than is normally comfortable for EuroAmericans

cultural universality

proponents of this view focus on disorders and their consequent treatments and minimize cultural factors

cultural relativism

proponents of this view focus on the culture and on how the disorder is manifested and treated within it.​ Mounting evidence supports the superiority of culturally adaptive treatment interventions compared to culturally universal ones

nonverbal communication

proxemics kinesics paralanguage high/low context communication

Culturally responsive approach

to acknowledge the existence of intrinsic help-giving networks and to incorporate the legacy of ancient wisdom that may be contained in indigenous models of healing

group level

"All individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals"​ -Each of us is born into a cultural matrix:​ with beliefs​ Values ​ Rules ​ Social practices Perceived Group Membership: Exerts a powerful influence over how society views sociodemographic groups and over how its members view themselves and others​ Some markers are relatively stable, some are more fluid​ Examples: ​ Race ​ Gender ​ SES ​ Age ​ Ethnicity ​ Disability/ Ability ​ Sexual Orientation ​ Marital Status ​

immersion - emersion

- person withdraws from dominant culture and becomes immersed in AA culture - internalized positive attitudes toward one's own Blackness is minimal - feelings of guilt and anger begin to dissipate with an increasing sense of pride

internalization-commitment

- speaks to the commitment that such individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights - expressed not only in words but also in actions that reflect the essence of their lives

encounter

- the Black person encounters a profound crisis or event that challenges his or her previous mode of thinking and behaving - they begin to reinterpret the world, resulting in a shift in worldviews

Microinsult

-Are unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's racial heritage/identity, gender identity, religion, ability or sexual orientation identity ​ -Despite being outside the level of conscious awareness, these subtle snubs are characterized by an insulting hidden message ​

Dissonance in the R/CID model

-Denial begins to break down, which leads to questioning and challenging of the attitudes and beliefs of the conformity stage. ​ -A traumatic event may propel some individuals to move into dissonance at a much more rapid pace ​

The Culturally Diverse Model

-Goal of society should be to recognize the legitimacy of alternative lifestyles, the advantages of being bicultural, and the value of differences

The Who is the More Oppressed Game

-Imperative to realize that all oppression is damaging​ -The lack of understanding and respect for our unique histories and contemporary experiences is counterproductive to combating racism ​ -To use one group's oppression to negate that of another group is to diminish, dismiss, or negate the claims of another​ -This leads to separation rather than mutual understanding. ​ -The historical and political relationships between Groups of Color​

Locus of control versus locus of responsibility

-Locus of control: impacts sense of powerlessness -Locus of responsibility: degree of responsibility or blame placed on an individual or system -Four quadrants of external and internal -Formulates worldview or orientation to life Understanding the interactions in the context of therapy

Microassault

-Refers to blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments. ​ -Overt racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, and religious discrimination in which individuals deliberately convey derogatory messages to target groups

Worldviews and cultural syndromes

-Western science is skeptical of supernatural interpretations but the belief in spirits/science is like in every culture -Working outside of the belief system of such clients can cause unintentional harm -DSMs 4 and 5 began to recognize importance of ethnic and cultural factors related to psychiatric diagnosis -The manual warms that MH professionals who work with immigrant and ethnic minorities must take into account: a) the predominant means of manifesting disorders (eg possessing spirits, nerves, fatalism, inexplicable misfortune) b) the perceived causes or explanatory models c) the preferences for professional and indigenous sources of care -culture bound syndromes and cultural idioms of distress are now recognized in the dsm 5 and ICD-10

Shortcomings of ESTs

-contextual, cultural and other environmental influences are not considered ​ -ESTs often do not include minority group members in many clinical trials , so questionable validity -The importance of the therapist-client relationship is not adequately acknowledged. -Too much emphasis is placed on randomized controlled trials versus qualitative designs ​

Resistance and Immersion Status​ in the R/CID Model

-endorse minority views completely and to reject values of the dominant society and culture. - Desire to eliminate oppression becomes and important motivation of the individual's behavior.​ -In the resistance and immersion status, the three most active types of affective feeling are guilt, shame, and anger. ​-Feelings of guilt and shame, extend to perception of being a "sell out"​ -Movement into this stage seems to occur for 2 reasons. 1) First, a resolution of the conflicts and confusions of the previous stage allows greater understanding of social forces (racism, oppression, and discrimination) and one's own role as a victim. ​ 2) a personal questioning of why people should feel ashamed of themselves develops. The answer to this question evokes feelings of guilt, shame and anger. ​

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model: Psuedo-independence Status

-initiates the second phase of Helm's model; involves defining a nonracist White identity)​ -A person is likely to be propelled into this phase because of a painful or insightful encounter or event that jars them from the reintegration status.​ -The awareness of visible racial/ethnic minorities, the unfairness of their treatment, and a discomfort with their racist White identity may lead the individual to identify with the plights of persons of color​ -However, the well intentioned White person with this status may suffer from several problematic dynamics:​ -although intending to be socially conscious and helpful to minority groups, they may unknowingly perpetuate racism by helping minorities adjust to the prevailing White standards​ -they identify with minority individuals based on how similar they are to them, and the primary mechanism they use to understand racial issues is intellectual and conceptual.​

cultural competence

1) Culturally competent professionals are ones who are actively in the process of becoming aware of their own values, biases, assumptions about human behavior, preconceived notions, personal limitations etc.​ 2) Helping professionals who actively attempt to understand the worldview of their culturally diverse clients and the socio-historical context in which that worldview develops ​ 3) MH professionals that are in the process of actively developing and practicing appropriate, relevant, and sensitive intervention strategies and skills in working with their culturally diverse clients ​ -Cultural competence is an active, development, and ongoing process ​ It is aspirational rather than achieved ​

Counseling implications of the r/cid model

1) Oppression plays a role in lived experiences 2) There are differences between members of same REC group members identities 3) Clients can have changing identites

Common challenges counselors of color face when working with clients of color

1) Overidentification 2) Clashes in cultural values 3) Clashes in communication and counseling styles 4) Racial animosity 5) Dealing with racial identity changes (like acculturation)

The Hardiman White Racial Identity Development Model​

1) The naïveté stage (lack of social consciousness): characteristic of early childhood, when we are born into the world innocent 2)acceptance stage is marked by a conscious belief in the democratic ideal- that everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in a free society and that those who fail bear all the responsibility for their own failure.​ White EuroAmericans become the social reference group, and the socialization process consistently instills messages of White superiority and minority inferiority into the child.​ Victim blaming is strong, as the existence of oppression, discrimination, and racism is denied​ Hardiman believes that although the naïveté stage is brief in duration, the acceptance stage can last a lifetime​ 3. Resistance stage: the individual beings to challenge assumptions of White superiority and the denial of racism and discrimination.​ The White person's denial system begins to crumble as the restful of a monumental event or a series of events that not only challenge but also shatter his or her denial system.​ A white person might, for example, make friends with a coworker oof color and then discover that the images he or she has of "these people" are untrue.​ The racial realities of life in the United States can no longer be denied. The person becomes conscious of being White, is aware that he or she harbors racist attitudes, and beings to see the pervasiveness of oppression in our society. Feelings of anger, pain, hurt and frustration may be present​ 4. Redefinition stage: asking the painful question of who one is in relation to one's racial heritage, honestly confronting one's biases and prejudices, and accepting responsibility for one's Whiteness are the culminating characteristics. 5. Internalization stage: is the result of forming a new social and personal identity. With the greater comfort in understanding oneself and the development of a non racist White identity comes a commitment to social action.

5 levels of R/CID model

1) conformity​ status 2) dissonance​ status 3) resistance and immersion ​status 4) introspection ​status 5) integrative awareness status

Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies

1) social model locus of control 2) behaviors that violate social norms might not be unhealthy 3) social norms should be challenged 4) prevention > remediation 5) organizational change requires macrosystems approach beyond the clinical

5 components of ethnocentric monoculturalism**

1. Belief in the superiority of the dominant group (conscious and unconscious) 2. Belief in the inferiority of others 3. Power to Impose Standards 4. Manifestation in Institutions 5. The Invisible Veil

White privilege​

1. having power to define reality​ 2. unconscious stereotypes that POC less capable and competent​ 3. deceiving the self that one is not prejudiced​ 4. being oblivious to how Whiteness disadvantages people of color and advantages White people​

Tuskegee experiment

1932- 1972 by US Public Health Service​ More than 600 Alabama Black men were used as guinea pigs in the study of what damage would occur to the body if syphilis were left untreated​ Approx. 399 were allowed to go untreated even though medication was available​ 7 died as a result of syphilis​

3 domains of cultural competence**

3 major domains (ASK)​ Awareness - attitudes/beliefs component: an understanding of one's own cultural conditioning and how this conditioning affects the personal beliefs, values and attitudes of a culturally diverse population ​ Knowledge - knowledge component- understanding and knowledge of the worldviews and cultural contexts of culturally diverse individuals and groups​ Skills- skills component- an ability to determine and use culturally appropriate intervention strategies when working with different groups in our society​

holistic approach to understanding personal identity

A holistic approach to understanding personal identify demands that we recognize all three levels: individual (uniqueness); group (shared cultural values, beliefs, and experiences), and universal (common features of being human)​

pre-encounter

AA consciously or unconsciously devaluing their own Blackness and concurrently valuing White values and ways - strong desire to assimilate and acculturate into White society. - Blacks at this stage evidence self-hate, low self esteems, and poor mental health

Microinvalidation

Are verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of a target group​ "I don't see color" ​

Microaggressions

Brief and commonplace daily verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults that potentially have a harmful or unpleasant, psychological impact on the target person or group

Integrative awareness​ in the R/CID Model

Developed and inner sense of security and can now own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those of U.S. culture ​ Person's own culture is not necessarily in conflict with White dominant cultural ways ​ Belief that there are acceptable and unacceptable aspects in all cultures and that it is very important for the person to be able to examine and either accept of reject those aspects of a culture that he or she does not see as desirable. ​ With IA status, the person has a strong commitment and desire to eliminate all forms of oppression ​

culture

Difficult to define due to its multifaceted nature​ --> Culture can be defined as socially shared beliefs, values, norms, expectations, and practices within a group, community, or society at large.​

culture bound syndromes

Disorders with a unique combination of psychological and somatic symptoms that are recognized within a specific cultural group as an illness.-These disorders are not easily captured in Western classification systems. They have local names and a shared understanding of etiology and course of treatment.

Emotional expressiveness

Emotional expressiveness in psychotherapy frequently a highly desired goals Yet many cultural groups value restraint of strong feelings

The Genetically Deficient Model

G. Stanley Hall, psychologist, first president of APA in 1892​ -Stated explicitly in 1904, that Africans, Indians and Chinese were members of adolescent races and in a stage of incomplete development​ -"Scientific racism"​ -Many other examples of this​ -Impact of microaggressions

Models of white racial identity development**

Hardiman: one of the earliest attempts at formulating a White racial identity development model was that of Rita Hardiman (1982) -5 stages -Intrigued with why certain White Americans exhibit a much more non racist identity than do other White Americans, Hardiman studied the autobiographies of individuals who had attained a high level of racial consciousness -naivete stage, acceptance stage, resistance stage, redefinition stage, internalization stage The Helms White Racial Identity Development Model ***- by far the most cited, researched, and applied of all the White racial identity formulations

The Helms White Racial Identity Development Model​

Helms assumes that racism is an intimate and central part of being a White American​ To her, developing a healthy White identity requires movement thought two phases:​ 1) abandonment of racism​ 2)defining a nonracist White identity

Scientific empiricism

Human condition may not be seen as objective, linear etc. (i.e., experiment)

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model: Immersion/emersion status

If the person is reinforced to continue a personal exploration of himself/herself as a racial being, questions become focused on what it means to be White.​ There is an increasing willingness to confront one's own biases, to redefine Whiteness, and to become more active in directly combating racism and oppression.​ This status is different from the previous one in two major ways:​ a) a shift in focus from trying to change people of color to changing the self​ b) an increasing experiential and affective understanding that was lacking in the previous status​ -The ability to achieve this affective/experiential upheaval is a necessary condition to developing a new, nonracist White identity

Low Context (LC) communication

Low context (LC) cultures place a greater reliance on the verbal part of the message​. LC cultures (like the US) have been associated with being more opportunistic, being more individual oriented than group oriented, and emphasizing rules of law and​ procedure​.

multicultural counseling and therapy

MCT can be defined as both a helping role and a process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients​ Recognizes client identities to include individual, group and universal dimensions​ Advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing process​ Balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems​

multicultural counseling and therapy (MCT)**

MCT can be defined as both a helping role and a process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients​ -Recognizes client identities to include individual, group and universal dimensions​ -Advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing process​ -Balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems

R/CID model​ definition***

NOT a comprehensive theory of personality, but rather a conceptual framework or heuristic to aid therapists in understanding their REC diverse clients' attitudes and behaviors ​ -5 levels of development that oppressed people experience as they struggle to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two​

How are definitions of mental health rooted in exclusionary practices

Normality as Ideal Mental Health ​ Normality and Abnormality ​ Ethnocentric notion ​ Normality as a Statistical Concept ​ Normality with those behaviors that occur most frequently in the population ​ Abnormality is defined in terms of those behaviors that occur least frequently ​ Fail to take in to account differences in time, community standards, cultural values and the power that different social groups have to define such classifications ​ Those in power determine what constitutes normality/abnormality ​

Hardiman White Racial Identity Development Model

One of the earliest attempts at formulating a White racial identity development model 5 stages​ Intrigued with why certain White Americans exhibit a much more non racist identity than do other White Americans, -naivete stage, acceptance stage, resistance stage, redefinition stage, internalization stage​

Conformity in the R/CID model

POC preference for dominant cultural values over those of their own culture​ Own cultural group values may be viewed with disdain or may hold low salience ​ Those in conformity phase are really victims of larger social - psychological forces operating in society. ​ These individual are victims of ethnocentric monoculturalism: ​ -Internalized racism has been the term used to describe the process by which persons of color absorb the racist messages that are omnipresent in our society and internalize them.

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model​: Contact Status

People on this status are oblivious to and unaware of racism, believe that everyone has an equal chance for success, lack an understanding of prejudice and discrimination, have minimal experiences with persons of color, and may profess to be color-blind.​ "People are people"​ "I don't notice a person's race at all"​

Attribution Error

Placing an undue emphasis on internal causes regarding a client's problem. For example, a therapist might interpret a problem as stemming from a personal characteristic of the client rather than considering environmental or sociocultural explanations such as poverty, discrimination or oppression. ​ Attribution error can be reduced by performing a thorough assessment that includes consideration of sociocultural and environmental factors and testing hypotheses regarding extrapsychic (i.e., residing outside the person) as well as intrapsychic (residing within the person) influences.

Developing a nonracist and antiracist White Identity (5 principles)

Principle 1: Learn About People of Color Form Sources Within the Group ​ Principle 2: Learn from Healthy and Strong People of the Culture ​ Principle 3: Learn from Experiential Reality ​ Principle 4: Learn from Constant Vigilance of Your Biases and Fears ​ Principle 5: Learn From Being Committed to Personal Action Against Racism​

Diagnostic Overshadowing

Providing inadequate treatment of the client's problem because one's attention is diverted to a more prominent characteristic.

cultural humility

Refers to openness with working with culturally diverse clients ​ "Way of Being" rather than a "Way of Doing" ​ In a therapeutic context, cultural humility (as a dispositional orientation): ​ -Is considered very important to many socially marginalized clients ​ -Correlates with a higher likelihood of continuing treatment ​ -Strongly relates to the strength of the therapeutic alliance ​ -Related to the perceived benefit and improvement in therapy

Confirmatory strategy

Searching for evidence or information that support's one's hypothesis and ignoring data that are inconsistent with this perspective, especially during assessment

Class bound values

Social class and classism have been identified as two of the most overlooked topics in psychology and mental health practice (APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Statues, 2007) Income inequality is increasing Impact of Poverty Higher incidence of depression Lower sense of control Poorer physical health Exclusion from mainstream society

Insight

Some may not value insight in the same way we do Does not mean they are not capable of insight An insight oriented approach may not be seen as relevant and/or of high importance Insight can be important in certain interventions (I.e. existentialist) but this might not be of value to a client from a specific cultural background who might value a solutions focus.

Macroaggression

Systemic and institutional forms of discrimination that impact entire cultural groups ​ -For example, in the political climate, the travel ban on Muslim-majority countries represents a macroaggression

The Culturally Deficient Model

Term cultural deprivation coined by Riesman​ -Many groups perform poorly because they lack many advantages of middle class culture​ - Attempt to combat genetic sector, but skewed understanding (i.e., lack of culture, deficient culture/cultural values)​

Why is it important to take on culturally responsive counseling?

The problem with traditional definitions of counseling, therapy, and MH practice is that they arose from monocultural and ethnocentric norms that excluded other cultural groups ​ MH professionals must realize that "good counseling" uses White EuroAmerican norms that exclude most of the world's population. ​ Arnett (2009) indicates that psychological research, which forms the knowledge base of our profession, focuses on Americans, who constitute only 5% of the world's population ​ Good counseling takes into consideration the cultural context in which counseling occurs and the cultural realities of the client and counselor​ Clinical or counseling competence is multicultural counseling competence

Empirically supported relationships (ESRs)

Therapeutic alliance may be a factor in the underutilization of mental health services and early termination seen with minority clients ​ Therapeutic alliance is important independent of treatment, acting in congruence with interventions, tailoring relationship to client needs of tx, tx guidelines should address what makes a good therapy relationship According to the task force, a number of relationship variables are considered "demonstratively effective" or "promising and probably effective" based on research findings ​ ESR variables include the development of a strong therapeutic alliance, a solid interpersonal bond (i.e., a collaborative, empathetic relationship based on positive regard, respect, warmth, and genuine), and effective management of countertransference — all known factors known to be critical for effective multicultural counseling.

Cultural self awareness

Therapists unaware stereotypes affecting the therapeutic process. ​ Combat this by asking: 1) Which of my identities allow me to experience privilege? 2) Which identities expose me to oppression? 3) What do I feel about these experiences?

Credibility

expertness and trustworthiness (E+T) Expertness- ability variable​ Depends on how well informed, capable, or intelligent others perceive the communicator (counselor/therapist)to be​ ​ Trustworthiness - motivation variable​ The degree to which people perceive the communicator as motivated to make valid of invalid assertions​ "prove to me that you can be trusted ploy" - self disclosure is one mechanism​

indigenous healing

helping beliefs and practices that originate within a culture or society. It is defined to treat the inhabitants of the given group

Playing it cool

identified as a style of interaction by which AAs and other minorities may conceal their true feelings, in order to prevent offending/threatening majority group​

cultural concepts of distress

ie ataque de nervios Failure to consider the cultural context and manifestation of disorders often results in inaccurate diagnosis and inappropriate treatment

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model​: Reintegration Status

regression in which the pendulum swings back to the most basic beliefs of White superiority and minority inferiority.​ In the individual's attempts to resolve the dissonance created from the previous process, there is a retreat to the dominant ideology associated with race and their own socioracial group identity.​ This ego status results in idealizing the White EuroAmerican group and the positives of White culture and society; there is a consequent negation and intolerance of minority groups​

Foundational Models: Overview the Cross Model of psychological nigrescence​

the Cross model of psychological nigrescence (the process of becoming Black) is perhaps the most influential and well documented Delineates a five stage process in which Blacks in the United States move from a White reference to a positive Black frame of reference: 1) pre-encounter 2) encounter 3) immersion-emersion (The person withdraws from the dominant culture and becomes immersed in African American culture.) 4) internalization (inner security, as such conflicts between the old and new identities are resolved. Global anti-White feelings subside as the person becomes more flexible, more tolerant, and more bicultural/multicultural) 5) internalization-commitment​ (last stage, speaks to the commitment that such individuals have toward social change, social justice, and civil rights)

Cultural knowledge

the awareness of different worldviews (e.g. majority of world cultures collectivistic and interdependent etc.)​ Should not be applied rigidly - necessary to determine the degree of fit between the general cultural information described in the special populations we will discuss in this course and the individual client/pt in front of us ​

individual level

uniqueness; "All individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals"​ No two individuals are identical ​ Genetic endowment ​ Non-shared experiences ​ Even identical twins:​ -Theoretically share same gene pool​ -Are exposed to shared/non-shared exp.​

Racial Awakening**

when previous beliefs systems are being challenged by social reality and the experiences of being a "visible racial/ethnic minority"​ -Comprised of denial breakdown, the internal struggle for identity, and locus of the problem ​

Helms White Racial Identity Development Model: autonomy status

​Increasing awareness of one's own Whiteness, reduced feelings of guilt, acceptance of one's role in perpetuating racism, and renewed determination fo abandon White entitlement leads to an autonomy status.​ The person is knowledgable about racial, ethnic, and cultural differences; values diversity, and is no longer fearful, intimidated, or uncomfortable with the experimental reality of race.​ Development of a nonracist White identity becomes increasingly strong.​ Indeed, the personal feels comfortable with his or her nonracist White identity, does not personalize attacks on White supremacy, and can explore the issues of racism and personal responsibility without defensiveness.​ A person with this status, "walks the talk" and actively values and seeks out interracial experiences​