Multiple choice

what intelligence theorist believed that only smart and fit people should reproduce, and hence measured aspects like strength and reaction time in thousands of people

Frances galton

Kate, an 18 year old, worries a lot about her looks. she believes no one will like her if she isn't pretty and doesn't have a slim figure. sometimes she can't control how much she eats and she'll eat too much. then she feels guilty and vomits. this is

bulimia nervosa

researchers studied H.M., an amnesiac, in depth over an extended period of time in order to more fully underdtand the problems he experienced and to develop hypotheses for future research. the in-depth study of H.M. is an example of the __ research method

case study

following a night of drinking, Stephen is unsteady and can't walk in a straight line. these uncoordinated movements are likely due to the effect of alcohol on the

cerebellum

although Hannah understands the principle of conservation and basic mathematics, she has difficulty understanding hypothetical questions and attempts to solve problems unsystematically, by trial and error. according to Piaget, Hannah is at what stage of cognitive development?

concrete operational

the trichromatic theory of color vision proposes that we have three types of

cones specialized for perceiving wavelengths of light corresponding to blue, green, red

Ron consistently arrives on time or early to work, always remembers his coworkers birthdays, never forgets a meeting, and always receives a glowing performance review. he likely would score high on which of the big 5 personality traits

conscientiousness

harlow's studies with infant monkeys most clearly suggested that __ is more important than __ is the development of attachment

contact comfort, nourishment

Tim, a high school senior, wanted to stay out until midnight after prom. he first asked his parents if he could stay out until 2am. when they said no, he asked if he could stay outside until midnight. this best illustrates __ technique

door in the face

which procedure would increase the likelihood that neither the experimenter's nor the participant's expectations would impact the results of a research project

double-blind procedure

according to stanovich, intelligence is a meaningful construct, but is only one component of good thinking. what term does he use to describe why intelligent people sometimes think and behave irrationally

dysrationalia

in nursery school, Stanley thinks that because he can see out the window behind his teacher that the teacher can see out the window also, even though she is facing away from the window. Stanley's misperception best illustrates the meaning of

egocentrism

a biomedical therapy that is sometimes used as a treatment for the most severe cases of depression when more psychotropic drugs and talk therapies haven't helped, that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure, is called

electroconvulsive therapy

according to the vulnerability stress model

environmental stress determines whether or not schizophrenia develops among those who are biologically predisposed to the disorder

Henry really liked to practice playing the guitar, but when his mother started rewarding him for doing so, he spent less time practicing. Henry's reduced interest in practicing most directly illustrates

the overjustification effect

Jackson is 3 years old, and his mother is trying to break his recent bad habit of throwing a tantrum at the store when he doesn't get the new toy he wants. usually she tries to ignore his screaming and not give in, but sometimes she gets so embarrassed that she gives in and buys him the toy to make him stop. his bad behavior is not going away. this is an example of

the partial-reinforcement effect

zimbardo's prison experiment most illustrates

the power of social roles on behavoor

Marian's therapist has asked her to spontaneously describe, without editing, all of her thoughts, feelings, and images that come to mind. Marians therapist appears to be using __ which reflect a __ approach to treatment

free association, psychoanalytic

Blake was in a car accident. after the accident he lost his job because he could not set goals at work, control outbursts, or arrive to work on time. it was as if blake's personality had changed. he most likely damaged his

frontal lobe

unable to find a needle and thread, Kim doesn't consider using a stapler to temporarily fix the hem of her skirt. her failure to consider the stapler best illustrates

functional fixedness

Sophia, a 48 year old worker, worries a lot -- so much that she even worries about how much she worries. she feels anxious most of the time, even though she can't really put her finger on one certain thing she's anxious about. the worrying is so bad lately that it's starting to affect her work, and she's afraid she's going to get fired. what is her diagnosis

generalized anxiety disorder

an intelligence test that is reliable means that it

gives the same score each time it is administered

recent research suggests the function of glial cells includes all except

glial cells release neurotransmitters

Alicia consistently gives in to the demands of others, complying with almost everything people ask her to do. according to horney, Alicia is exhibiting a personality pattern of __ that stemmed from __

moving toward people, insecurity

mark knows that he is a very special person. most other people, though, don't seem to appreciate how important he is, and he has to make sure that they know he's better than them. his ultimate goal in life is to become rich and powerful, because he is certain that he deserves to be. which diagnosis fits his symptoms?

narcissistic-personality disorder

the results of bandura's studies, in which children acted out aggression on the Bobo doll after observing an adult being aggressive towards it illustrates

observational learning

Dr green is a mental health professional with a medical degree , and she can prescribe medicine for her patients. dr green is a

psychiatrist

multiple choice exam questions are example of __ method of measuring retrieval whereas short answer questions are an example of __

recognition, recall

the proportion of space in the motor cortex devoted to a specific body part depends on

the sensitivity of the body part

Kathleen studies a section of her textbook every other night rather than waiting until the night before a quiz to study an entire chapter. Kathleen is most clearly relying on what to improve her quiz performance

the spacing effect

Marisa did a correlation all study and found that the more students study, the less they exhibit aggressive behavior. Marisa can conclude that

there is a relationship between studying and aggressive behavior

as we progress from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep, which statement best describes how our brain waves change

they become slower and longer

what is true about heuristics and false about algorithms

they rely on previous knowledge/experiences to make an educated guess

elaborative rehearsal is more effective than memorizing because elaborative rehearsal

typically provides more retrieval cues

seven year old Ryan cried when he made an error in a little league baseball game because he believed that his dad would not love him as much if he didn't play well. according to Carl Rogers, Ryan doesn't think that his dad is offering him

unconditional positive refsrd

psychoanalytic theories of personality emphasize __ and humanistic theories of personality emphasize __

unconscious forces and childhood

until he went to the zoo, 2 year old David believed that a cat was only the small, furry animal in his house that hissed at him when he chased it and purred when his mom pet it, and not all of the other felines that exist in the world. this is an example of

underextension

slot machines provide reinforcement on a __ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio

which statement best describes the scope of consciousness

we are conscious of our inner thinking and feeling and what is happening in our external enviornment

which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between two variables: -1.00, -0.43, +0.66, +0.21

+0.21

which statement best reflects the third-variable problem

a correlation between two variables may occur because some third variable is responsible for the relationship between the two variables

as part of an experiment to test the effectiveness of a drug for depression, one group of participants receives a pill that does not contain any active ingredients. the inclusion of these participants most directly indicates that the experiment involves

a placebo group

the major criticism of Freud by the neo-Freudians was

an overemphasis on psychosexual development and sexual drives

an impairment in generating fluent speech is called __ whereas an impairment in language comprehension is called __

brocha's aphasia, wernicke's aphasia

Vickie gets upset if anything on her desk is out of place. her computer monitor is always in the same location. her paper clips are sorted by size and color, and her headset is always to the right of her telephone. vickie's concern with control suggests she has what fixation

anal retentive

according to steinberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, the three types of intelligence humans possess are

analytical, practical, creative

Clive, one of the most severe cases of amnesia ever recorded, could not form any new explicit memories, an example of __ and could not remember many explicit memories from the past, an example of __

anterograde amnesia, retrograde

Jung theorized that symbolic images of all the important themes in the history of humankind (such as God, the mother, and the hero,) called ___ are part of a __

archetypes, collective unconscious

when David was at the zoo and saw a lion roar, David's dad said "listen to that big cat!" David incorporated this new info about cats into his existing schema, illustrating what Piaget called

assimilation

all cortical areas in the brain, except those devoted to primary sensory or motor processing, are referred to as

association cortex

jake is driving on a busy, crowded interstate when he drives past a car that has skidded off the road. according to the bystander effect, jake is most likely to

assume that someone else will help the driver

according to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, we dream because the brain

attempts to make sense of the random neural activity that occurs during sleep

criterion for defining abnormal mental health

atypical, irrational, maladaptive

when Eric asks his parents to extend his curfew, they engage in a discussion about the pros and cons of doing so before coming to a decision that is best for both Aaron and the family. when Megan makes the same request to her parents, they want to please her so they agree immediately to a very late curfew. Eric's parents exhibit a __ parenting style and Megan's parents exhibit a __ parenting style

authoritative, permissive

an experienced and avid reader most likely encodes the words on the page through

automatic procesxing

college students incorrectly judge that death by plane crash is more frequent than death from asthma. but in fact, asthma is actually about 20 times more likely than a plane crash to cause death. what explains this error in jdugement

availability heuristic

Becks cognitive therapy is similar to Ellis' rational emotive therapy except for which of these primary differences

beck felt that a warm relationship between the patient and therapist was important for change to take place

psychology is currently defined as the science of

behavior and mental processes

Cameron is a 36 year old librarian. two months ago she had been feeling very down and despondent, very fatigued, and just couldn't seem to stop crying. she had even started thinking about wanting her life to be over. but for the last week, she has felt on top of the world. she cashed in her retirement fund and spent it all on a new sports car, then stayed up all night making plans to drive to California to become a famous actress. what is her diagnosis

bipolar disorder

in 1970 a young girl named genie was discovered to have been severely abused and neglected in her parent's home, having been isolated in a room by herself from before she was two years old until she was 13. due to her social isolation, genie had never been exposed to much language, and even after she was rescued, she was never able to fully develop spoken language skills, demonstrating that language must be acquired during a certain age-range, or it can never be acquired well. this is known as

critical period

Joe attends a large university. after a huge loss in basketball to their rival school. Joe, who is normally shy, quiet, and well-behaved student, joined in with his classmates, running into the streets, shouting, lighting cars on fire, and throwing trash cans. joes behavior demonstrates

deindividuation

David believes that he is president of the United States and that there is a conspiracy to kill him. David's beliefs are examples of __ that are considered __ symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, positive

what are the limits on our abilities to detect faint signals?

detection question

Binet developed an intelligence test for the French school system to

diagnose children who were subnormal and would benefit from special attention and remedial work

what are the limits on our abilities to detect very slight differences between stimuli?

difference question

the rods in the retinas are responsible for __ and the cones are responsible for __

dim light, color

Kevin sits in the same position for several hours at a time, then begins rocking back and forth constantly. he is most clearly exhibiting __ symptom of schizophrenia

disorganized

according to the fundamental attribution error, as an observer we tend to overestimate __ influences and underestimate __ influences on others' behavior

dispositional, situational

the anchors on a like-political-minded news channel all sit down on a show for a panel discussion on the upcoming election. after sharing their opinions with each other for an hour, they all leave the discussion feeling even more convinced that they will have the right opinions. this best illustrates

group polarization

Sammy cannot say "I want you to carry me" to his mother, but instead commands "up!" this is an example of

holophrase

the __ theory of motivation best explains a person's motivation to study in order to earn good grades

incentive

according to the arousal theory, what best describes how arousal influences performance

increased arousal improves performance up to a point, but too much arousal hurts performance

experiments involve the manipulation of __ and the measurement of __

independent variable, dependent variable

on the game show who wants to be a millionaire, Greg didn't know the answer to the question, so he polled the audience to see what answer they thought was correct. among the audience, 80% said the answer was A, 10% said the answer was B, 5% said C, and 5% said D. assuming the audience knew beat, Greg selected A as his answer. this best illustates

informational social influence

timmy's mom pours him a bowl of Cheerios and milk. she directs him to go sit at the kitchen table. Timmy reaches for the bowl of Cheerios, announcing "I carry it" on the way to the table, lots of milk and cereal spill. mom quietly cleans up the mess and thanks Timmy for his help. in which of eriksons psychosocial states is timmy

initiative vs guilt

in ainsworth's strange situation, Carolyn does not explore the room when her mother is present, displays high levels of stress when her mother leaves, then alternately clings to her mother and pushes her away when she returns. Carolyn appears to be demonstrating __ attachment

insecure-ambivalent

although she had not received any specific instructions for baking a German chocolate cake, Jamie had watched her mother do so many times. when Jamie's mother was out of town, Jamie successfully baked her own German chocolate cake. until she actually baked the cake, Jamie's knowledge was an example fo

latent learning

when you are shown a list of words briefly, then asked to recall them, the primacy effect occurs because of __ whereas the recency effect relies on __

long term memory, short term memory

Martin, a 43 year old dentist, can't understand why he's feeling so irritable and despondent lately. he used to be a fairly happy person, but in the last three months he has felt angry, irritable, and sad. he hasn't been sleeping well, and has lost weight because he has a very little appetite. he doesn't enjoy doing things he used to like to do. he's even has trouble concentrating on work and is beginning to feel very hopeless. what is his diagnosis

major depressive disorder

an intelligence test that has content validity means that it

measures what it is supposed to measure

after solving a series of mathematical problems using a complicated formula, mark uses the same formula to solve another problem he voucher have solved using a much simpler formula. marks continued reliance on the formula that he used in the past best illustrates

mental set

examples of mnemonic aids

method of loci, peg-word system, first-letter technique

what has been cited as a neural basis for observational elarning

mirror neurons

when we feel sad, we tend to remember negative events. this phenomenon is best described as

mood-congruence effect

Morgan is an intelligent 20 year old college student. she is so concerned about the cleanliness of food that she only eats white foods, and no dairy products. she also has to check the lock on her front door 12 times each night and has a specific ritual for washing her hands. if she is unable to follow these routines, she becomes distressed. what best suits the symptoms

obsessive compulsive disorder

after an accident, Carla experienced visual and auditory difficulties. it is most likely that she suffered damage to her __ lobes

occipital and temporal

the limbic system plays an important role in

our survival, emotion, and memory

interpreting body sensation is to __ as motor movement is to __

parietal lobe, temporal lobe

Eeyore feels down in the dumps most of the time. his tail is always falling off, and a rain cloud seems to follow him wherever he goes. he goes about his daily life, but he just never really seems to experience much joy. which diagnosis suits his symptoms

persistent depressive disorder

which of the following is the correct ordering of maslow's hierarchy of needs, from bottom to top?

physiological, safety, belonging and love, self esteem, self actualization

which structure in the central core is involved in sleep and dreaming

pons

a research study that found a relationship between attractiveness and level of self-esteem. individuals who rated themselves as low in attractiveness tended to have low levels of self-esteem as well, and those with higher levels of attractiveness scored higher self-esteem. this is an example of a __

positive correlation

suppose Kara spends more time playing outside than she does cleaning her room. Kara's mother decides to allow Kara to play outside only if she cleans her room first. Kara's mother is applying __ which states that she can use the chance to perform a frequent behavior to reinforce a less frequent behavior

premack principle

food and water are __ as money and praise are __

primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers

to encourage her students to learn to work independently, Mrs. King works individually with each of them, adjusting the amount and type of assistance to each student's needs. Mrs. King's teaching style is known as

scaffolding

how does our perception of stimuli intensities relate to the actual physical intensity?

scaling question

joe's friends are nervous about taking calculus next semester, but Joe believes that he is capable of doing well in the course. accordingly, he works hard and does well in the course. according to Albert bandura, joes belief that he is capable of doing well in the course is calked

self efficacy

when Susie's mother ducks down behind the sofa, Susie thinks she doesn't exist anymore. but when her mother jumps up and yells peek a boo Susie is so surprised and happy to see that her mother still exists. Susie is likely in the __ cognitive development state, demonstrating her lack of understanding of __

sensorimotor, object permanence

diffusion of responsibility may play a role in all of the following except

social facilitation

as a child, Stephen associated the smell of brownies with his grandma, but when he got older this no longer happened. however, one day Stephen went into a bakery, smelled fresh-baked brownies, and immediately thought of his grandma. in terms of classical conditioning, stephen's thinking about his grandma in the bakery illustrates

spontaneous recovery

after he had a few beers, Larry reorganized the closet where he kept his sporting equipment. the next day he could not find his tennis racquet. however, the following weekend after having a few beers, he remembered where he out his racquet, an example of

state-dependent memory

when Sarah opens a can of tuna fish, she gives her kitty some of the leftover tuna from the can. now every time Sarah opens a can or jar of any type of food, her kitty comes running and purring, meowing for a treat. Sarah's kitting is exhibiting the effects of

stimulus generalization

to help Erin overcome her fear of heights her therapist asks her to develop a hierarchy of situations that provoke her fear. after it was developed, Erin learns how to relax and she then relaxes while she begins to experience her hierarchy. Erin is participating in a form of therapy known as

systematic desensitization

shawn was starving and ate half a pizza. later that night, he came down with a stomach flu and got very sick. ever since then, even the smell of pizza had mad Shawn feel gross, even though he has completely recovered from his flu. Shawn is demonstrating the effects of biological learning through the example of

taste aversion