Multiple Subject CSET - Subtest 1 (Reading, Language, & Literature) Example Test Questions

While teaching an art lesson in a Project Head Start classroom, the teacher walks around the room to observe the children's paintings. Raymond holds up his painting and exclaims, "This tree was made by me!" Next Melanie holds up her painting, saying, "I make it!" Nicole eagerly displays her painting and savs "I paint my hands," and David shows his painting and says, "Me paint." Based on language development and the understanding of syntax, which response most closely exhibits the speech pattern of a 5-vear-old? A. "This tree was made by me!" B. "I make it!" C. "I paint my hands" D. "Me paint." 2 years

A. "This tree was made by me!" I make it." is not a possible answer since a S-year-old. unlike a preschooler, knows how to speak with correct syntax (rules for organizing words into sentences) and pragmatics (rules for conversation). In language development, a child must master a complex system of rules to learn language. In choice D. "Me paint." David's language indicates he's about 2 years old. A 2-year-old uses just enough words to get his meaning across (telegraphic speech), such as this two-word sentence, while a S-year-old has the ability to combine words into phrases and sentences Children begin rehearsing language long before they ever attend school. However, the correct use of syntax and verbal constructions, such as in choice A, "This tree was made by me," will not occur until the child is about 4 to 5 years old.

A 1st-grade teacher notices that a student is struggling with reading. He is in the lowest-achieving reading group, & tho the teacher has tried some strategies to improve his reading, he is making minimal progress. What are the next steps the teacher should take in working with this student? A. Assess his reading and target instruction to meet identified skill needs In addition, keep anecdotal records of reading behavior and communicate with his parents to gain assistance. B. Request the help of specialists, such as the reading specialist, resource specialist, or counselor at the school, to make a joint decision on how to best help the student. C. Send home more homework for the child to practice reading skills at home with his parents. D. Read more often with the child to provide encouragement and increase his confidence level; have the child model peer tutors who provide increased reading time.

A. Assess his reading and target instruction to meet identified skill needs In addition, keep anecdotal records of reading behavior and communicate with his parents to gain assistance.

In preparation for presenting oral material, students are taught how to structure a speech. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial strategy used by the presenter to communicate effectively? A. Consider whether your goal is to inform, persuade, or motivate, and then develop an outline for your speech. B. Include contrast words like although, n the oral presentation. C. provide information to support each point. In the body of the speech, detail D. Summarize the main points of the oral presentation and emphasize the story line.

A. Consider whether your goal is to inform, persuade, or motivate, and then develop an outline for your speech.

Which of the following statements best explains how knowing a language that is historically related to English (e.g., German, French, Spanish) can facilitate an individual's acquisition of English as a second language? A. Many words and roots are likely to have similar spellings and meanings in English and in the individual's first language. B. English prefixes and suffixes are likely to resemble the affixes used in the individual's first language. C. The most frequently occurring speech sounds in English and in the individual's first language are likely to be the same. D. Social conventions relating to language use are likely to be similar in English and in the individual's first language.

A. Many words and roots are likely to have similar spellings and meanings in English and in the individual's first language.

A first-grade teacher notices that Jack, one of her students, is having difficulty with various phonemic awareness activities. Although the assessment is conducted through informal observation, the teacher does have an indication of the student's general weaknesses. Which of the following strategies is the most effective in addressing the student's phonemic awareness weaknesses? A. Practicing alliteration, rhyming, blending, and segmentation B. Brainstorming lists that start with particular letters C.Sorting word cards by sounds and developing automaticity D.Practicing letter identification and hearing sounds in words

A. Practicing alliteration, rhyming, blending, and segmentation Students must develop an awareness that words are made of individual speech sounds. The teacher should provide direct instruction in phonemic awareness. This instruction should be both implicit and explicit. Alliteration, rhyming, blending, and segmenting are all examples of phonemic awareness activities, choice A. Although choice D is partially correct because it mentions "hearing sounds in words," letter identification is a phonics rather than phonemic awareness activity. Choices B and C, also phonics activities, rely on visual skills rather than hearing or articulating sounds.

Which of the following is not a common strategy of argument writing? A. Provide a factual unbiased report that compares and contrasts a historical event B. Appeal to the readers' sense of ethics to make a point C. Use concrete evidence to persuade the reader D. End with a credible historical claim that supports the writer's biased position

A. Provide a factual unbiased report that compares and contrasts a historical event Argument writing is sometimes known as persuasive writing, which is successful if the writer devotes extra attention to his or her own position by using sound reasoning and credible evidence. Choice A, a comparison/contrast essay, would be a more appropriate type of writing to devote equal weight to both sides, the "positive and negative aspects" of an issue in informative/explanatory writing. All of the other choices present strategies that are commonly used in argument writing.

What is a simple definition of scaffolding in the context of language and literacy development? A. Scaffolding is a temporary means of support to assist students with more complex tasks in reading, writing, thinking, and understanding until they are ready to proceed at a higher level on their own. B. Scaffolding is a technique used with students that provides necded instruction to complete literacy tasks C. Scaffolding in the context of language and literacy development provides students with the necessary skills in order to function within a classroom. D. Scaffolding is a means to assess English Language Learner students so they can function within the regular classroom and achieve proficiency in quickly developing reading and reading comprehension skills.

A. Scaffoldings a temporary means of support to assist students with more complex tasks in reading, writing, thinking, and understanding until they are ready to proceed at a higher level on their own. Vygotsky theorized that cooperative learning from an older peer or teacher that mirrors the desired language encourages the acquisition of language. A language-rich classroom environment that provides a scaffolding experience can facilitate language and literacy until the student gradually shifts to independent learning experiences. Scaffolding initially makes use of simplified language until language proficiency has developed.

A 2-year-old child points to his favorite book and says "book." Which of the following responses by his mother represents the best method to help this child develop linguistically correct speech patterns? A. Speaking naturally, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon. B. Speaking with infant-directed speech, "Yes, book." C. After careful thought, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon. D. Speaking with infant-directed speech, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon

A. Speaking naturally, "Yes, this is your favorite book; it's called Goodnight Moon. Choices B & D refer to infant-directed speech (motherese/parentese). Adults use this type of language and a higher-pitched voice to respond to infants. It is sometimes referred to as "baby talk." Strategies. that help to improve a child's natural ability to speak linguistically correct English include 1) recasting rephrasing what the child has said in a different way: 2) expanding restating in a linguistically correct form : 3) labeling identifying what is said, and 4) echoing - repeating the one-or two word sentences the child has said. These strategies help to improve language patterns and must be a natural extension of how parents respond to children. The response should not be planned or rehearsed

In "Persephone, Falling" poem below, the title's allusion, combined with the image of the narcissus, reinforces which of the following themes? Rowers, one unlike alf the outes stooped to pull harder-when, sprung out of the earth on his glittering terrible carriage, he claims his due It is finished. No one heard her. No one! She had strayed from the herd. (Remember: go straight to school. This is important, stop fooling around! Don't answer to strangers. Stick with your playmates. Keep your eyes down.) This is how easily the pit opens. This is how one foot sinks into the ground. A. The beauty of nature can blind us to potential dangers. B. One can avoid peril if one stays with others C. Temptation is a slippery slope one should avoid. D. One never knows what is under the surface.

A. The beauty of nature can blind us to potential dangers. The poem's title allusion refers to the ancient Greek myth in which Persephone is abducted by Hade when she plucks an unusual (hundred-blossomed) narcissus from the ground. The allusion is that, while she is distracted by the beauty of the flower, she is unaware of the danger lucking below the surfase. The other choices are too simplistic in that they do not address both the title allusion and the narcissus.

Which of the following sentences contains a relative clause? A. The circus that came to town in August has an excellent trapeze act. B. After looking in the attic, I gave up my search for the records. C. As the waiter walked toward the table, he slipped and fell. D. They ran down the street, but they couldn't catch the ice cream truck.

A. The circus that came to town in August has an excellent trapeze act.

A first-grade student is capable of reading stories at her grade-level band. However, when asked by the teacher to recall details about the story, she is unable to recall specifie details and responds by saying, "I liked the story." What does this suggest to the teacher for reading instruction? A. The teacher needs to match the text with the student followed by guided reading instruction that includes metacognition skills. B. The teacher needs to give the student more structured opportunities to write about stories so that she can better express herself. C. The teacher needs to give the student an oral reading assessment and provide the student with easier reading material. D. The teacher needs to structure her day to include opportunities for student interaction, cooperative groups, and paired learning experiences.

A. The teacher needs to match the text with the student followed by guided reading instruction that includes metacognition skills. The teacher should first measure text complexity to match the student with her individual reading level until she can progress toward appropriate grade-level independent reading. Choice C is incorrect because an oral reading assessment is a test for oral fluency, not comprehension. Effective reading instruction should be differentiated and systematic. The first systematic step is to evaluate the text complexity, followed by instructional reading comprehension strategies that increase metacognition (the ability to think about reading. The teacher should gradually increase the text difficulty level to more challenging reading material as the student progresses in comprehension skills. A significant number of struggling readers enter school with poor verbal abilities that interfere with their reading comprehension performance. To be successful readers, children must have a command of both phonological and oral language skills. Without these skills, even if adequate reading skills are learned, students may continue to struggle with grade-level comprehension.

A 2nd g teacher listens to his students read orally in a small, guided reading group. He notices that one of his students is continually frustrated when reading and unable to recognize grade-level words. Which of the following are the best instructional strategies according to the CCSS? A. teacher should measure the text complexity, teach word identification strategies, and provide the student easier text while monitoring fluency (i.e., reading accurately 90-94% of the time and comprehending 75-89% of the time). B. teacher should measure text complexity, teach word identification strategies, and provide student with easier text while monitoring fluency (i.e., reading accurately 95% of the time and comprehending 90-100% of the time). C. teach word identification strategies & provide the student with easier text while monitoring fluency (i.e., reading accurately 95% of the time and comprehending 90- 100% of the time).

A. The teacher should measure the text complexity, teach word identification strategies, and provide the student with easier text while monitoring fluency (i.e., reading accurately 90 to 94% of the time and comprehending 75 to 89% of the time).

During a fourth-grade reading period, the teacher reads aloud a short, difficult piece of informational text. After completing the passage, the teacher paraphrases what she has read in her own words and then evaluates her own comprehension. Immediately after, she reads the piece a second time, paraphrases it again, and subsequently re-evaluates her own comprehension. Students observe that the teacher's understanding has increased after the second reading. What reading strategy is the teacher demonstrating to her students in the paragraph above? A. This strategy models an effective text comprehension rereading strategy. B. This strategy models what students may do when they have difficulty understanding vocabulary in a passage. C. This strategy helps students prepare for state testing by reviewing material twice D. This strategy models an optimal reading text comprehension technique.

A. This strategy models an effective text comprehension rereading strategy.

Which of the following would be most important to include in the introduction to a persuasive essay? A. an explanation of why the issue addressed by the essay is important B. a description of the author' credentials and qualifications C. a detailed summary of the logical steps in the essay's argument D. a rebuttal of alternative points of view

A. an explanation of why the issue addressed by the essay is important

Oral rhyming activities are most likely to promote phonemic awareness by helping a child learn to: A. attend to the sounds shared by words in the same word family. B. identify the junctures between syllables in spoken words. C. recognize how the structure of a word relates to its meaning. D. identify spelling patterns that correspond to specific sounds.

A. attend to the sounds shared by words in the same word family.

Anaphora, the repetition of a certain phrase in rhetorical speech, is most effective for: A. creating a feeling of building excitement or importance. B. creating a mood of objective, academic analysis. C. simplifying and streamlining the material presented. D. highlighting the underlying logic of an argument.

A. creating a feeling of building excitement or importance.

A lack of variation in rate, pitch, and rhythm is most likely to undermine the delivery of an oral presentation by: A. diminishing the presentation's emotional effect. B. interfering with the logical continuity of the presentation. C. causing some audience members to feel excluded. D. requiring the audience to attend to multiple stimuli.

A. diminishing the presentation's emotional effect.

Mr. Farley reads aloud the book The Three Little Pigs, a story in which a wolf tries to destroy the home of three pigs. The next day.Mr. Farley reads aloud The True Story of the Three Little Pigs, in which the wolf explains how he was framed by the pigs. The teacher leads a discussion comparing the two stories. This discussion is most likely to promote students' reading proficiency by: A. guiding students to compare stories and determine a character's perspective and/or bias. B. helping students self-monitor and identify common themes in related stories. C. guiding students to distinguish fact versus opinion in similar stories. D. helping students to use evaluative comprehension skills to determine the mood and theme of the stories.

A. guiding students to compare stories and determine a character's perspective and/or bias.

The word fable in the poem's tide is of common fables because the poem A. has a moral that is woven in and explici stated at the end. B. utilizes animals to prove a point about nature C. explores creation myths. D. mirrors the structure of hero stories

A. has a moral that is woven in and explici stated at the end. A common trait of fables is that they embody a moral lesson, whether it is implied in the tale or stated -explicitly. This poem resembles a fable in the way that it presents the moral at the end: "Rage works when reason won't/When locked up, bear down." Choice B is incorrect because the poem ultimately presents a point about human nature in the last two lines, not just "nature." The hatching of a chick is not analogous to a creation myth (choice C) or to the tale of a hero

Which of the following phonemic awareness skills typically is easiest for children to acquire? A. identifying the initial sound in a word (e.g., /b/ in bed) B. recognizing that two words contain the same sound (e.g., thin and path) C. blending sounds together to form a spoken word (e.g., /t/ + /a/ + /g/ = tag) D. identifying a word that does not belong in a group of three spoken words (e.g., gate, game, shake)

A. identifying the initial sound in a word (e.g., /b/ in bed)

Read the lines below from "The Eagle" (1851) by Tennyson (1809-1892) and answer the question that follows. "The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls." The first line uses a(n): A. metaphor. B. simile. C. antithesis. D. paradox.

A. metaphor.

Read the poem below and answer the question that follows. Gather ye rosebuds while ye may: Old time is still a-flying And this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying. The figure of speech for the word lower" used in the third line of the poem is an example of; A. personification. B. simile. C. metaphor. D. irony.

A. personification. Many literature questions test the ability to recognize the correct use of literary terminology. For example, knowing that a simile, choice B. is a comparison using like or as and that, irony, choice D, is a technique in whihc a writer conveys a meaning opposite from the words actually used, would allow you to eliminate both of these choices metaphor, choice C, represents a comparison of something as though it was something else (i.e., "It's raining cats and dogs"). Personification, choice A. gives human qualities to an inanimate object. Here, the flower is given the human ability to smile.

The languages of the world are most similar in which of the following respects? A. the basic principles of phrase structure (e.g., the subject-predicate structure of sentences) B. the speech sounds that are used to form words C. the basic rules of morphology (e.g., adding s to a singular noun to make a plural) D. the role of volume in communicating information

A. the basic principles of phrase structure (e.g., the subject-predicate structure of sentences)

The rabbit suggested to the elephant that they should farm in partnership. "You can clear the bush" "and I'll burn the trees when you have pushed them over." elephant agreed & began pushing over trees to clear land. The rabbit next went to the giraffe & asked him to go into farming together too. "I'll push over the trees" he said "and you can burn them." The giraffe agreed & went & burnt all the trees which the elephant had previously pushed over. As for the rabbit, he just took care that neither the elephant nor the giraffe knew what the other was doing. The style of the passage most clearly reflects the style of many traditional folk tales in its: A. use of a simple narrative structure with repeated words and phrases. B. reliance on dialogue rather than exposition to advance the plot. C. use of personification to develop psychological complexity. D. reliance on extended metaphor to develop the primary theme.

A. use of a simple narrative structure with repeated words and phrases.

In context, which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence below? For example, men like John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie, who became major figures. A.Carnegie became B.Carnegie, both of whom became C.Carnegie, both of who became D.Carnegie, and they both became

A.Carnegie became Both choices A and D correct the original sentence fragment by removing who Choice D's structure, how ever, still makes it a fragment. The correct answer is A.

Mr. Gutierrez, a third-grade teacher, is developing his daily schedule as well as his long-range classroom goals. According to the California Language Arts Framework, what is the minimum amount of time per day to be allocated for language arts instruction? A. 3½ hours B. 2⅐ hours C. 1½ hours D. ½ hour

B. 2⅐ hours According to the California Language Arts Framework, in an effective primary language arts program. a daily minimum of 2 ½ hours of instructional time should be allotted to language arts instruction in grades kindergarten through third grade. This time is gives priority and is protected from interruption. Its the responsibility of both teachers and administrators to prone language arts instructional time. In fourth through eight grade, 2 hours periods of instructional time are allocated to language arts instruction" through core instructional periods or within a sell contained classroom."

Which of the following is the most logical order of the four sentences in the paragraph above? '(1) According to recent studies, it certainly can. (2) Consequently, environmentalists are filing suit against six plumbing manufacturers. (3) Tests in Oregon have shown that lead contamination from faucets is a hundred times higher than the state's standard. (4)Can an old or new faucet be dangerous? A. 4321 B. 4132 C. 3412 D. 2314

B. 4132

A seventh-grade English teacher asks her class to write a research report about the artist Gustav Klimt. Which of the following would be considered a secondary source for the paper? A. Rare nature paintings by Klimt B. A biography based on Klimt's personal life C. A letter written by Klimt to his family D. An unpublished essay written by Klimt on communist politics

B. A biography based on Klimt's personal life A primary source is a contemporary account of the person or event in question, produced by someone who witnessed or experienced it directly. A secondary source, on the other hand, is secondhand often a description or analysis based on another source. Thus, while the journal of Klimt would be considered a primary source, a biography based on Klimt's personal life would merely be a secondary source, choice B. The other three answer choices represent direct evidence or descriptions of Klimt and his activities and are, thus, primary sources.

In the following conversation, a kindergarten teacher is preparing a special-needs student for a phonemic awareness test. After reading, answer the question that follows. Teacher: I'm going to say the sounds in a word. The sounds are /k/-/i/-/t/. When I put those sounds together, they say kit. Now I'm going to say some more sounds, and I want you to put them together to make a word. This time, the sounds are /f/-/i/-/t/ . Can you put those sounds together to make a word? Student: /f/-/i/-/t/ That says fit! Teacher: That's right, fit. Now, I'd like you to do this for some more words This assessment would be an appropriate way to measure which of the following phonemic awareness tasks? A. identifying phonemes in their letters. B. Blending the phonemes in a given word. C. Matching phonemes in rhyming words. D. Segmenting the phonemes in a given word.

B. Blending the phonemes in a given word. Blending phonemes is the only choice that matches the phonemic awareness task listed. Phoneme blending is the act of listening to a sequence of separately spoken phonemes and then combining them to form a word. Choice A is incorrect because phonics, not phonemes, refers to letters and letter clusters. Choice C is not a phonemic awareness task. An example of segmenting, choice D, would be asking students to break a word into beginning. middle, and ending sounds, such as separating hen into /h/-/el-/n/. The correct answer is B.

Which of the following is the most important element to include in a research paper? A. An organized analysis that includes task and purpose B. Credible citations from primary and secondary sources C. stories derived from personal experiences or observations D. clear transitions between major points to continue the flow of the writers ideas.

B. Credible citations from primary and secondary sources While choices A and D are both effective strategies in writing an effective research paper, they are not the best answers among the choices provided. Research papers must always include well-documented authoritative primary and secondary sources, choice B. Choice C describes narrative writing.

Which of the following is an important consideration when submitting a resume or job application? As defined by the California English Language Arts Standards, classroom instruction should prepare students for lifelong opportunities in college or careers. Students should be able to analyze various (ypes of nonfiction text including informational text for job applications, resumes (CV: curriculum vitae), instructional manuals, business letters, or reports. A. Place all work-related experience in chronological order to show the extent of your professional achievements. B. Include a cover letter to accompany your job application that will serve as your personal introduction. C. Submit applications to a wide range of businesses to improve your chance of securing an interview. D. When completing an online application, do not submit a new application to update additional work experiences.

B. Include a cover letter to accompany your job application that will serve as your personal introduction. B. A cover letter, choice B, also referred to as a letter of inquiry, should always accompany a job application. The cover letter is a personal style of communicating directly with the employer. It identifies your unique experiences and clearly states how your back ground will benefit the company. Business writing is different from argument, expository, or narrative writing. Business writing is designed to be concise, address the given audience, and represent an accurate example of your communication skills. Choice A is incorrect because the applicant should include only pertinent information related to the job description. Choice C is incorrect because the applicant should submit an application directly related to one's area of expertise. Choice D is incorrect because if background information changes (home address, work experience, etc.) an online application should be revised and forwarded to the company, However, if your personal information has not changed, it is not necessary to submit a duplicate application.

Which of the following strategies is most effective in teaching spelling to children? A. Memorizing lists of words that are related to reading material B. Looking at spelling patterns and vocabulary items C. taking a spelling test every week D. spelling words aloud

B. Looking at spelling patterns and vocabulary items In addition to many other meaningful activities in which teachers guide children in word study, looking at spelling patterns and vocabulary is probably the most effective method in teaching spelling. As students increase recognition of patterns and build vocabulary, their spelling abilities will improve.

A first-grade teacher plans a mid-year reading lesson for a class with many English Language Learners (ELLs) from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. Which of the following should the teacher consider first before preparing her lesson? A.Preparing visual tools (e.g. pictures illustrations, diagrams) B. Preparing a portfolio for each child with strategies for individual instructional needs C. Preparing strategies for teaching reading lessons written in their native language(s) to meet individual needs D. Including read-aloud reading material that is culturally sensitive

B. Preparing a portfolio for each child with strategies for individual instructional needs In a balanced, comprehensive reading program, the teacher must provide reading materials to meet the reading levels of all students in the class To develop materials that help children become skilled readers, the teacher must prepare individual student portfolios that diagnose and meet individual need, Choices A. C. and Dare important instructional tools that can be included in reading lessons but they should be introduced after initial assessments and possible intervention strategies are conducted.

Which of the following grade-level skills should be expected from an average fourth-grade class of students who are using the Internet to conduct research to write a paper? A. Students should demonstrate a suffcient command of keyboarding skills to write a three page paper in a single sitting. B. Students should demonstrate a command of searching for information relevant to the topic while taking notes. C. Students should demonstrate a sufficient command of quoting or paraphrasing Internet sources D. Students should demonstrate a command of evaluating the credbility and accuracy of Internet sources

B. Students should demonstrate a command of searching for information relevant to the topic while taking notes. The Internet has had a major impact on students' ability to research specific and general resources in writing research papers. Fourth graders are able to collaborate with others while using technology and are able to take notes and concentrate on essential information related to their topic while using the Internet, choice B. However. fourth-grade students have not mastered the organizational skills necessary to analyze multiple Internet sources in order to write a paper. Therefore, choices C and D are incorrect. Choice A is incorrect because fourth graders should only be expected to have keyboarding skills to type a minimum of one page in a single sitting. Three pages are not expected until sixth grade. The correct answer is B.

Which of the following sentences contains an adjective clause? A.Although I saw the storm with my own eyes, I could not believe its intensity. B. The program that I bought at the opera simplified the confusing plot. C. We swam in the ocean, but we never saw any fish. D. As the man came closer, we saw a scar on his cheek.

B. The program that I bought at the opera simplified the confusing plot. The adjective clause contained in this sentence is that I bought at the opera (choice B), which modifies the noun program. The placement of an adjective clause has specific rules; for example, it must immediately follow the noun it modifies. The sentences in choices A and D each contain a clause, but they are adverb clauses, making them incorrect. The sentence in choice C is incorrect because it is a compound sentence, with no subordinate clause at all

In which of the following sentences is the underlined word used correctly? A.Your complaints have finally had the desired affect. B. The soldiers were negatively affected by the long and gruesome battle. C. After a long day's hike in the desert, we were effected by the heat. D.Effecting a desire for simplicity, we bought a luxury car with the latest technological innovations

B. The soldiers were negatively affected by the long and gruesome battle. Affect is a verb that means to influence or bring about a change, particularly in regard to one's emotions or physical state. While affect can be used as a noun, that usage is rare and most often confined to the field of psychology. Conversely, the word effect is most commonly used as a noun (not a verb), and it refers to that which has been changed, as in "Daily exercise has had a positive effect on my overall health."

Which of the following best describes a primary source for researching leaders of national civil rights movement campaigns? A. The film Selma, about the civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King. Jr. s campaign to secure voter rights B. The speech given by Mexican-American civil rights leader Cesar Chavez upon ending his fast C. A thesis paper written about the "The Civil Rights Act of 1964" D. A report on "Civil Rights and Immigration," published by the United States Commission on Civil Rights

B. The speech given by Mexican-American civil rights leader Cesar Chavez upon ending his fast A primary source is a document written, expressed, or spoken during the time under study. Primary sources are sources that offer an "inside view" of the particular event or person being studied and are often written by someone who witnessed or experienced the event directly. For example, the book The Diary of Anne Frank is a primary source because it was a personal diary written by a girl who experienced the Holocaust. Choice B is a primary source because it was an actual speech that was presented by civil rights leader Cesar Chavez

Kindergarten student performance assessments are conducted at the end of the school year. One student Bable to name the letters of the alphabet and has mastered print concepts. However, the student is unable to identify rhyming words What should the kindergarten teacher conclude about this student? A. The student has completed most of the requirements of kindergarten and will be successful in first-grade reading. B. The student has not mastered a phonemic awareness skill (that is, rhyming words) that should be mastered by the end of kindergarten, C. The student will not be able to perform at grade level in first grade. D. The student needs direct instruction and practice in phonemic letter recognition skills.

B. The student has not mastered a phonemic awareness skill (that is, rhyming words) that should be mastered by the end of kindergarten, Focus on rhyming works to answer this question. "Rhyming" is a phonemic awareness still Rhyming provides students with a greater awareness that words san be divided into parts One of the best predictors of a child? future reading success is the mastery of the Alphabetic Principle, phonemic awareness and concepts of print. The English language Arts Content Standards for California Public Schools states that one of the goals is to help students understand that letters of words change and sounds change the Alphabetic Principle. Phonemic awareness skills such as rhyming, counting syllables substituting sounds, and blending phonemes help kindergarten students form simple sentences required in the first-grade reading programs Choices A and C are not the best choices because it is unknown if remedial activities and instructional intervention strategies will aid the reading success of the student in first grade. Choice D is incorrect because "phonemic letter recognition" is not a reading term. Phonemes are single speech sounds, not letters.

On Monday, Mr. Nguyen notices that many of his seventh-grade students have difficulty comprehending expository texts. The next day, Mr. Nguyen introduces an unfamiliar informational text. Which instructional strategy would be most effective in facilitating comprehension of informational text? A. Using comprehension strategies that include drawing logical conclusions B. Using comprehension strategies that include graphic organizers, outlining, and note taking C.Using cooperative learning so a greater number of students will understand the text D. Using comprehension strategies that include identifying context clues

B. Using comprehension strategies that include graphic organizers, outlining, and note taking nformational text is a subcategory of nonfiction text. The main purpose of informational text is to inform the reader about historical, scientific, or technical events. Informational texts includes print and digital interdisciplinary textbooks, reference books, procedural manuals, handouts, professional books, newspaper articles, and magazine articles. To facilitate comprehension of informational texts, teachers should teach various comprehension strategies that include, but are not limited to, different media or formats such as self-monitoring, rereading, note taking. outlining, summarizing, mapping, videotaping, videoconferencing, and using learning logs. Using graphic organizers, outlining, and note taking will help students concentrate on refining key features from popular print informational texts, choice B. Students should look for print features (title, headings, captions, etc.), graphic features (diagrams), and organizational features (table of contents, index, etc.) as they "survey" the text. Even though choices A and D also mention "comprehension," neither one is the best answer for this particular question. These choices often refer to fiction and nonfiction text comprehension strategies. Choice C is neither a reading skill nor a strategy.

Which exercise would be best for building fluency in young students? A. Allowing students to draw pictures that illustrate the texts they read if they are unable to write their responses B. Using daily games and lessons to reinforce phoneme-identification skills C. Placing the students into groups to read aloud to one another D Reading to the students every day from a variety of texts

B. Using daily games and lessons to reinforce phoneme-identification skills Reading fluency combines accuracy, speed, and inflection while reading aloud. As children are learning to read, they work on all of these skills simultaneously with writing, thinking, viewing, listening, and comprehension. By using daily games or specific lessons, a teacher can directly affect students' ability to read the individual sounds in words (phonemes). As students identify more sounds correctly, they will read more accurately. Practicing reading aloud can increase fluency, but only if the child's reading partner is able to correct and encourage him or her to read more accurately. By reading aloud to the students, a teacher models correct speed and inflection,

According to current research, reading difficulties that are not the result of limited intelligence or lack of educational opportunity are most often caused by: A. poorly developed visual discrimination skills. B. a deficit in phonological processing. C. poorly developed oral language abilities. D. a lack of motivation.

B. a deficit in phonological processing.

Increasing the rate of speech in an oral presentation would be most effective for: A. compensating for poor acoustics in a room. B. conveying a feeling of excitement. C. stating the conclusion of a logical argument. D. emphasizing an important point.

B. conveying a feeling of excitement.

While reading, a student comes across the unknown word "sanitize." He notices in the sentence the words "dirty, " "but," and "now clean." He determines that sanitize must be the opposite of dirty. Which strategy did he use to define the unknown word? A defining meaning using a homograph B defining meaning from context clues] C defining meaning using phonetic awareness D defining meaning from

B. defining meaning from context clues] The student used other words in the sentence to create context and meaning for the unknown word.

The linguistic system (language forms, structures, and styles) used by an individual as opposed to systems characteristic of communities is called: A. dialect. B. idiolect. C. idiom D. syntax

B. idiolect.

A fourth-grade teacher is teaching a class with 30 students, many of whom are English Language Learners from different cultural backgrounds. When the teacher is selecting text reading material for her classroom, she should: A. select reading material that is sensitive to each culture in her class. B. include reading material that covers many different reading and complexity levels in order to reach all students' abilities. C. continue to use the same material that she used with her previous fourth-grade class and use the text exemplar materials used in other fourth-grade classes. D. use the same text exemplar reading materials that the other fourth-grade classes are using and include culturally sensitive material.

B. include reading material that covers many different reading and complexity levels in order to reach all students' abilities.

According to current research, which of the following competencies best predict a child's success in learning to read in the primary grades? A. logical and analytical abilities B. letter knowledge and phonemic awareness C. perceptual and motor skills D. concept knowledge and oral vocabulary

B. letter knowledge and phonemic awareness

A long and silent street. I walk in blackness and I stumble and fall and rise, and I walk blind, my feet stepping on silent stones and dry leaves. Someone behind me also stepping on stones, leaves: if I slow down, he slows: if I run, he runs. I turn: nobody. Everything dark and doorless. Turning and turning among these corners which lead forever to the street where nobody waits for, nobody follows me, where I pursue a man who stumbles and rises and says when he sees me: nobody. In this poem, the repetition of words and rhythms reinforces the poem's: A. metrical regularity. B. mood of anxiety. C. rhetorical emphasis. D. hostile tone.

B. mood of anxiety.

The rule system in a language for producing phonemes in words is called: A. morphology B. phonology C. topology D. phonics

B. phonology

A sixth-grade teacher pairs her students and instructs them to paraphrase the key points of the story they have just heard. She knows that through this strategy she can take students to a higher level of thinking and informally assess their listening skills. What does it mean to paraphrase? A developing a knowledge structure about anything B putting what has been read or heard into one's own words C identifying individual sounds in spoken words D making guesses about the development of plot or characters

B. putting what has been read or heard into one's own words ( paraphrasing)

something Perched like a bird On my left shoulder, & was silent. If I brushed it away, It reappeared Like a premonition. If I ran, It clawed deep Into my coat, My wool coat, & closed its eyes— Or what I thought Were its eyes. So, here I was Walking the town Perplexed like a priest, My neck stiff As a new beard, & no friend Waving ¡Hola! That afternoon I prayed & lit A candle for the spirit Of my wife Dead two years, & still this Creature tightened & yawned Into my ear. At supper in my room, It ate my bread & the handle Of a sharp knife. To that I said Enough! & left hatless For the cantina, Where again the creature Lay on my shoulder Like the hand of grief. The narrator of the poem can best be characterized as: A. angry at himself. B. seeking to evade emotional pain through restless activity. C. desperate for human companionship. D. unwilling to acknowledge the fact of his wife's death.

B. seeking to evade emotional pain through restless activity.

Some common vowel patterns are associated with more than one pronunciation (e.g., steam and bread). Which of the following nonsense words illustrates a vowel pattern that is highly consistent in its pronunciation? A. stook B. troan C. spow D. mough

B. troan

The point in a plot that is called the climax refers to the A. development of the setting. B. turning point of the story. C. falling action. D. ending of the story.

B. turning point of the story. The point in a plot where there is a rising action and in which a conflict takes a decisive turn is its climax, choice B. This is typically followed by falling action, choice C. Other terms associated with the development of a narrative include setting (choice A), characterization, and denouement, which refers to the solution of a problem or the final outcome of the conflict in a literary work

Which of the following sentences shows the correct usage of the underlined word (s)? A.Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview is the first time the governor has admitted his interest in running for senator. B.Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months. yesterday's interview was the first time the governor admitted his interest in running for senator. C.Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview had been the first time the governor had admitted his interest in running for senator. D.Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months, yesterday's interview shall be the first time the governor admitted his interest in running for senator.

B.Although he had appeared as a guest on several popular cable news shows in recent months. yesterday's interview was the first time the governor admitted his interest in running for senator.

A sixth-grade teacher asks students to read a passage and write down a summary of the author's main points. In reading comprehension, what should sixth-graders be able to accomplish?

By sixth grade, students should be able to: 1) accurately quote text when explaining what is explicitly written: 2) draw inferences; 3) ascertain the main theme or the author's central ideas: 4) summarize the text; 5) identify specific details; 6) compare and contrast events in the text; 7) explain the relationships between two or more events or people.

Read the following paragraph and carefully arrange the four sentences in the most logical order. (1) The effect of the medication will not change. (2) however, you might take the wrong pill or take a pill at the wrong time. (3) if you are taking several pills, be sure to pay close attention to the change in shape or color. (4) changing from a brand-name medicine to a generic, you may find that the pill is a different shape or a different color. A 4-2-3-1 B 2-3-1-4 C 3-4-1-2 D 4-1-3-2

C. 3-4-1-2 if you are taking several pills, be sure to pay close attention to the change in shape or color. Changing from a brand-name medicine to a generic, you may find that the pill is a different shape or a different color. The effect of the medication will not change. however, you might take the wrong pill or take a pill at the wrong time.

Identify the correct type of publication for the bibliographical notation below: Gornick, Vivian. Women in Science: Portraits from a World in Transition. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. A. An anthology B. A magazine C. A book D. A newspaper

C. A book' To answer this question, you must be familiar with citation styles such as Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), and American Psychological Association (APA). Using MLA, as illustrated, the bibliographical notation refers to a book, choice C. An anthology, choice A, lists the author (last and first name), title of the work (in quotes), name of the anthology (in italics), editor's name (first and last), city (colon), publisher, year, and page number. A magazine article, choice B, lists the author (last and first name), article title (in quotes), magazine name (in italics), volume number or issue number, date (in parentheses) title of news article (in quotes), name of the newspaper, date (day-month-year, colon), and section and page number.

Which of the following is an example of phoneme manipulation tasks? A. Syllable-splitting tasks B. Sorting words by categories C. Adding or deleting letters to a word D. Spelling words on a pretest

C. Adding or deleting letters to a word

Which one of the following paired writing and organizational techniques best describes the discovery process in writing an effective essay? A. Content and body while focusing on the task, purpose, and unity B. Deduction and induction while focusing on the task, purpose, and unity C. Brainstorming and prewriting while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience D. Rhetoric and arrangement while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience

C. Brainstorming and prewriting while focusing on the task, purpose, and audience

1. At the beginning of the school year, a kindergarten teacher notices a student fluently reading aloud during silent reading time. Which of the following is likely to be the most effective intervention strategy? A. Communicating with the student's parents about her advanced reading ability and suggesting possible enrichment activities B. Sending the student home with grade-level exemplar books so the child can discuss complex ideas C. Conducting a formal assessment to determine the student's reading level before planning individualized instruction D. Differentiating instruction for the student's specific advanced abilities throughout the language arts block

C. Conducting a formal assessment to determine the student's reading level before planning individualized instruction Although advanced fluency is likely to indicate high performance literacy and prosody, the teacher should not make this assumption without further qualitative and/or quantitative reading comprehension assessments, choice C. The purpose of frequently monitoring students' performance is to collect information that informs differentiated instruction, identifies at-risk students, and influences decisions regarding early reading instructional interventions. Schools should provide all teachers with a variety of assessment tools and research-based strategies necessary for daily explicit and systematic reading instruction.

Which of the following purposes is the goal of a speaker who adjusts his or her volume and tone of voice during a speech or an oral presentation? A. Distracting the audience from any slurred or mispronounced words B. Giving the audience a visual cue to follow important points C. Engaging the audience's attention at appropriate places in the presentation's content D. Reminding the audience of the presentation's organization

C. Engaging the audience's attention at appropriate places in the presentation's content When a good speaker modulates his or her voice during a presentation, the volume adjustments and tonal changes help engage the listeners' attention and hold their interest; a monotone delivery misses this important aspect. Choice A is incorrect because adjusting one's volume and tone would hardly distract the audience, regardless of slurred or mispronounced words. Choice B is incorrect because of the word visual, which is not relevant to spoken language. Choice D is incorrect because adjusting one's volume or tone would not necessarily affect the audience's understanding of the organization.

Mr. Fisher regularly conducts curriculum-based assessments with his second-grade class. As a result, it is clear to him that Juan, a nonnative speaker, can decode and comprehend at a higher reading level than the majority of the class What is the most important factor for Mr. Fisher to consider when planning classroom interventions? A. He should always group Juan with other advanced students during the language arts block so he can fully access the English Language curriculum. B. He should vary the complexity of Juan's assignments so Juan can continually access the challenging English vocabulary. C. He should vary the pacing and complexity of the teaching so Juan is appropriately challenged during small-group and whole-group instruction. D. He should assess Juan for the Gifted and Talented Education program.

C. He should vary the pacing and complexity of the teaching so Juan is appropriately challenged during small-group and whole-group instruction.

Which of the following are the best predictors of reading success in the first grade? A. Mental age, pretending to read, family income, and IQ B. Perceptual/motor skills, mental age, and parental education C. Letter recognition. knowledge about print, and linguistic awareness D. Hours of television watching, preferred modalities, and scribbling

C. Letter recognition. knowledge about print, and linguistic awareness

Which of the following must be cited in a research paper to avoid plagiarism? A. Writing a paragraph that incorporates general facts about a primary source taken from the Internet B. Improving the continuity and clarity of your argument by incorporating a common knowledge idea C. Paraphrasing an author's viewpoint from a secondary source D. Writing in your own words about a historical event taken from multiple sources

C. Paraphrasing an author's viewpoint from a secondary source

Teachers often ask students to predict what will happen in a text they are about to read. Which of the following is the best explanation of why this is a valuable technique? A.Students' ability to predict the outcome of a story is often a predictor of reading success. B. The teacher's ability to ask thought-provoking questions will lead the students to become more proficient readers. C. Prediction questions often stimulate students' interest in the text, encourage thinking, and give opportunities to share back ground knowledge. D.This technique encourages students to take risks.

C. Prediction questions often stimulate students' interest in the text, encourage thinking, and give opportunities to share back ground knowledge.

A first-grade teacher decides to reread a story to her class instead of selecting a new story. Which of the following is the greatest benefit of this technique A. Rereading a story promotes good listening skills. B. Rereading is a valuable technique that leads to more enjoyment of literature for the students. C. Reading a story over again engages the student in a familiar text, enhancing their comprehension and building confidence. D. Rereading a story is a delightful technique to use with young children.

C. Reading a story over again engages the student in a familiar text, enhancing their comprehension and building confidence. Comprehension is the goal for all reading instruction. When teachers reread a story, students benefit by increased cognitive awareness in forming mental images, increased comprehension, expanded vocabulary, and a greater appreciation for literature. Students are also exposed to literary grade-band language and different authors* styles. Rereading aloud is one of the most important strategies for increasing aptitude, providing motivation and confidence in reading, while instilling the love of reading.

A sixth-grade teacher asks her class to write a science research paper about recent earthquakes from around the world. The report is due in 2 weeks. Which of the following sources would be valuable in helping the student get started? A. Encyclopedia - To gather historical information and details about earthquakes B. Internet search engine - To collect pertinent information and compile a list of all major earthquakes C. Scholarly science - To view articles journals and about modern-day earthquakes D. Cal Tech's Seismological Lab website - To gather information about recent seismic activity

C. Scholarly science - To view articles journals and about modern-day earthquakes

Read the paragraph below and answer the question that follows. '(1) More than half of this time is necessary to allow the rising or the resting of the dough. (2) Or you will have to bake them earlier and freeze them. (3) To make a good croissant takes 11 hours. (4) So if you want fresh croissants for breakfast, you will have to stay up all night. Which of the following is the best topic sentence in the paragraph above? A.Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 3 D. Sentence 4

C. Sentence 3

Which of the following is the topic sentence of this paragraph? (1) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is the regular meeting site of an international society of engineers who specialize in bridge building. (2) This choice of locale is no accident. (3) Pittsburgh is famous for the dozens of bridges spanning the city's three rivers. (4) Almost every conceivable type of bridge can be found in or around Pittsburgh. (5) Many of these bridges have idiosyncratic features, due to the unique requirements posed by the city's undulating terrain. A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 3 D. Sentence 4

C. Sentence 3

(1) While Washington, D.C., does send a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, this official cannot cast a vote on the floor of the House or in committee, leaving D.C. residents without an effective voice in Congress. (2) Like Americans living in every other part of the country, however, residents of the District pay federal income taxes. (3) (Indeed, the per capita income tax paid by D.C. residents is higher than in all but a handful of states.) (4) It is a bitter irony that the only other U.S. citizens who are denied full voting rights are convicted felons. (5) Some D.C. residents now compare their plight to that of pre- Revolutionary War colonists; the phrase "No taxation without representation" has become something of a local rallying cry. Which sentence most strongly suggests that the speech is persuasive in its intent? A. Sentence 1 B. Sentence 2 C. Sentence 4 D. Sentence 5

C. Sentence 4

A third-grade student is confusing consonant pairs when writing. She writes junel for jungle, efryone for everyone, and carrod for carrot. What instructional strategy would probably be most useful for this student A. The teacher should assign related workbook pages from their reading series to improve this student's errors. B. The student would benefit from worthwhile practice in sound-blending to make meaning of words. C. The teacher needs to instruct the student in articulating phonemes. D. The student needs to add similar words to her spelling lists and study the words.

C. The teacher needs to instruct the student in articulating phonemes.

A second-grade student skips over five or more words per page that he doesn't know while reading. Which of the following would be the best action for the teacher to consider? A. The teacher should select simpler text from a lower grade band. B. The teacher should provide direct instruction in context clues. word recognition, and deciphering. C. The teacher should measure grade-level text complexity before implementing intervention strategies. D. The teacher should present the new vocabulary words before he has the children begin reading.

C. The teacher should measure grade-level text complexity before implementing intervention strategies.

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Himalayan Mountain Range and the Gobi Desert on Ancient China? A The terrain required all Ancient Chinese to be nomadic people. B They caused the Ancient Chinese to have little success in farming. C They caused relative isolation of the civilization from the rest of the world. D They prevented the ability to trade with others

C. They caused relative isolation of the civilization from the rest of the world. China's natural barriers, like the Himalayan Mountain Range and the Gobi Desert, made the spread of ideas and goods between the ancient Chinese and outsiders challenging.

Which of the following sentences shows the correct usage and punctuation of the underlined words? A. To a large degree, poetry along with all the other arts is a form of imitation. B. To a large degree, poetry, along with all the other arts, are a form of imitation. C. To a large degree, poetry along with all the other arts. is a form of imitation. D. To a large degree, poetry and art are a form of imitation. Along with all the other arts should be set off by commas, and is is the correct verb form to agree with poetry a singular subject. Choice D changes the meaning of the original sentence.

C. To a large degree, poetry along with all the other arts. is a form of imitation.

In which of the following sentences is the underlined word used correctly? A. When my supervisor spoke with me, she inferred that I'd better start showing up on time. B. To what do you infer this sudden change in the weather? C. When I made that remark, I didn't mean to imply that you had caused a problem. D. I'm not sure it's possible to imply much of anything from this data.

C. When I made that remark, I didn't mean to imply that you had caused a problem.

What happened next was DoverStreet.And what was DS?Ask rather,What was it not?DS was my fairest gardenofgirlhood, gate of paradise,windowfacing on a broadavenue..DS was a prison, a schoolofdiscipline, a battlefield strife. air in DS heavy w evil odors of degradation, but breathfromheavensrippledthrough, whispering infinite things.In DS dragonpoverty had me fight, but I overthrew the creature,sat on his neck .In DS, shackled with 100 chains disadvantage, but w 1 hand I planted seeds in the mudofshame,that blossomed into the rose of widest freedom.often no loaf in DS, but some noblefriend hand ever in mine. NIght in DS... Which qualitative factors would likely contribute most to the difficulty level of passage for 6-graders? A. author's use of conventions of memoir genre B. demands on knowledge of specific setting C. author's use of figurative language to express ideas D. demands on knowledge of archaic language

C. author's use of figurative language to express ideas

The purpose of revising text when writing an essay is to: A. check over and publish your final draft. B. Organizing and planning the first draft C. critically evaluate the first draft. D. organize your thesis statement.

C. critically evaluate the first draft. The writing process consists of a series of steps that help writers organize their ideas. The stages of the writing process are i) prewriting (Organizing and planning the first draft); 2) writing a first draft: 3) revising (critically evaluating and rewriting the first draft); 4) editing your final copy for accuracy (correct mechanics, spelling. punctuation, and language), and 5) publishing. Choices A and B are incorrect because checking over, evaluating. and publishing your essay are the final stages, and choice D, organizing your thesis statement, is part of the prewriting stage (although you may modify it during the revision stage). Revising is a systematic process of reevaluating and changing words and sentences to add, delete, replace, or. move global elements of your first draft. Revise literally means to"see again," or to review your paper from a critical perspective to review its purpose, main thesis statement, supporting evidence, and the logical flow of your essay.

Ruben is 7 years old and recently moved to the United States with his Spanish-speaking parents. He is entering a second-grade classroom where English-speaking and foreign-speaking children all learn together. Ruben will learn in his native language and in English simultaneously. This approach to teaching English learners is called: A. English-immersion. B. English-inclusion. C. dual-language immersion. D. metalinguistic.

C. dual-language immersion.

A fourth-grade teacher is working with a student who is trying to decode the word upsetting. Read the passage below and use it to answer the following question about their conversation Teacher: Can you read this word? Student: It's upsing. Teacher: Does upsing make sense? You've read part of the word. Try again. Student: Oh! It's upping Teacher: You've read the first syllable & the last syllable. now focus on the middle part of the word. Can you try again? Student: Up-set-ting. Teacher: put them together quickly to read the word. Student: The word is upsetting! Based on the above conversation, this student would most clearly benefit from: A. participating in an organized, effective phonics program. B. paying attention to structure and syntactic cues. C. explicit instruction and guided practice decoding multisyllabic words D. instruction in decoding prefixes and suffixes.

C. explicit instruction and guided practice decoding multisyllabic words CCC At first glance, choice D may seem correct. However, the student is having difficulty reading the whole word, nor just the beginning and ending. The student actually read the prefix and suffix correctly. While choices A and B are important for word identification. they may not remediate the student's specific decoding problem. Explicit and systemic or practice is particularly beneficial for children who are having difficulty learning to read because it teaches the student a logical and sequential relationship of letters and sounds. The correct answer is C. decoding - Identification: the Process of translating print into spoken words, in order to understand the meaning of the written letters

A first-grade teacher is working with her class during morning circle time. She is teaching a mini-lesson on onsets and rimes. The teacher uses the word "hair" as an example. Which of the following best represents an understanding of onsets and rimes? A. Hare and hair B. Hair and care C. h/ and lair/ D. Hair and chair

C. h/ and lair/ An onset is the initial consonant or consonant blend in a syllable, such as /sh/ in shook. A rime is a vowel and any consonants of a syllable, such as /ook/ in shook. 6. B. In a balanced, comprehensive reading program, the teacher must provide reading materials to meet the diverse population of the classroom and the variety of differentiated reading levels of all students in the class

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. Einstein, Albert, The Meaning of Relativity. Sth Edition, 1956, Princeton University Press, pp. 26-29 The reference above is most likely an example taken from the bibliography of a(n): A. literary period B. anthology of essays C. students term paper D. newspaper editorial

C. students term paper

anwar is a fourth grader who reads at grade level. When asked to choose a book from the classroom library, he generally selects texts that are at his frustration level. It is clear that he is unable to read his chosen material. The teacher's best response to this behavior would be to: A. choose easier material for Anwar so he is able to accurately decode and comprehend the text. B. continue allowing Anwar to select books at his frustration level for as long as he appears to be enjoying his choices. C. teach Anwar the five-finger rule of reading so he will be able to monitor his own reading selections. When Anwar makes more than five errors per page, he will know the book is too difficult for him and choose another. D. review Anwar's book selections during guided reading and give mini-lessons on difficult reading concepts so Anwar will be able to read at his instructional level.

C. teach Anwar the five-finger rule of reading so he will be able to monitor his own reading selections. When Anwar makes more than five errors per page, he will know the book is too difficult for him and choose another. The 5-finger rule is an effective tool to use to self-monitor reading selections while stretching reading abilities. The text should not be so frustrating that Anwar finds text comprehension unachievable. The teacher should continue to monitor Anwar's selections and target slightly frustrating text material. To reach the optimal level of text complexity, Anwar should be reading at the instructional level before reading at the independent level. By steadily introducing more challenging text, Anwar will be stretching his higher-level thinking abilities. In addition to the five-finger rule, the following levels of reading may help evaluate Anwar's reading level. Frustrated level - Text that is read accurately 89 percent or less of the time and is comprehended less than 75 percent of the time. Instructional level - Text that is read accurately 90 to 94 percent of the time and is comprehended 75 to 89 percent of the time. Independent level - Text that is read accurately 95 percent of the time and is comprehended 90 to 100 percent of the time. *Note: The instructional level of reading is the optimal level of text complexity reading instruction. Providing a mini-lesson and reviewing material does not necessarily make a book an appropriate selection for guided reading; therefore, choice D is also incorrect. The teacher might also make grade-level text exemplars available in classroom for students to use when making independent reading choices.

During daily writing, a third-grade student consistently confuses long vowel sounds and Read the paragraph below and answer writes hiev for hive, bote for boat, and trea for tree. What instructional strategies should the A. Assign more independent reading and additional homework with long vowel sounds, and perform frequent assessment from faucets is a hundred times hi B. Complete crossword puzzles, read state's standard. "Can an old or n independently to encounter more similar dangerous? C. vocabulary, and complete word hunts Which of the following is the most Add weekly spelling words using the look, order of the four sentences in the see, say method, and use picture sorts and vocabulary hunts D Give direct instruction in long vowel patterns, sorting word families, and other activities to practice long-vowel spelling patterns

D Give direct instruction in long vowel patterns, sorting word families, and other activities to practice long-vowel spelling patterns

Which of the following are not examples of phonological awareness tasks? A. Deleting and identifying word boundaries B. Distinguishing initial, medial, and final sounds C. Blending sounds together D. Adding letters to form words

D. Adding letters to form words Choices A, B, and C are all phonological awareness activities. Examples of appropriate tasks are deletion (for example, "saying pill without the p*), manipulation (reordering phonemes in a syllable), and addition (adding extra phonemes to a word or syllable). Phonological awareness strongly correlates with reading achievement. It is important that students recognize oral language is composed of smaller units, such as spoken words and syllables. Choice D is correct because adding letters to form words is not a phonological awareness task

Which of the following sentences has the correct usage of standard written English? A. Mount St. Helens volcano was erupting and it spewed fountains of lava into the air after twenty dormant years. B. Mount St. Helens volcano was erupting after one hundred forty dormant years. and it spewed fountains of lava into the air. C.Mount St. Helens volcano is erupting. after one hundred forty dormant years, and spews fountains of lava into the air. D. After one hundred forty dormant years Mount St. Helens volcano was erupting. spewing fountains of lava into the air.

D. After one hundred forty dormant years Mount St. Helens volcano was erupting. spewing fountains of lava into the air.

Ms. Chen, a sixth-grade teacher, frequently asks students to respond to literature through purposeful writing opportunities. When creating writing lessons, it is most important that Ms. Chen's lessons and activities relate to the specific instructional needs of her students and involve different learning modalities that connect reading, listening, speaking, and writing. According to the English Language Arts (ELA) and CCSS requirements, which of the following types of essay-writing tasks should be emphasized in Ms. Chen's sixth-grade writing lessons? A.Creative writing B. Explanatory writing C. Narrative writing D. Argument writing

D. Argument writing According to the CCSS, teachers should be familiar with providing students with instruction for three types of writing projects: argument, informational/explanatory, and narrative. The goal of instruction is to develop writing competence that extends well beyond the classroom. Although choices A, B, and C are all valid writing tasks to keep in mind when planning instruction, the CCSS recognize the importance of students' ability to write "sound arguments on substantive topics and issues" for college and career readiness, choice D. Children are not able to produce logical arguments until the sixth grade. This is why the term "opinion" is used in the grades K-5 classrooms. At the sixth-grade level, the argument essay is the most important and developmentally appropriate of the writing tasks listed

Which of the following factors is a measure of text complexity as determined by the English Language Arts and Common Core State Standards? line 1 - qualitative text evaluation line 2 -quantitative text evaluation line 3 -matching the reader to the text A. Line 1 only B. Line 2 only C. Lines 1 and 2 only D. Lines 1.2, and 3

D. Lines 1.2, and 3 The CCSS approach to determining test complexity is a three-part. grade-specific prosess. The CCSS presume that each successive grade level requires an increased sophistication in students' ability to comprehend text. The first component of the CCSS model, qualitative measurement of text complexity, assesses the purpose, structure language conventionality, and clarity of text. The second component, quantitative measurement of text complexity, assesses word length, frequency, sentence length, and text cohesion. The third component, matching reader and task, assesses the reader's motivation, knowledge, and experiences with the appropriate text. All three factors must he considered in measuring text complexity.

Which of the following sentences contains two independent clauses? A. He's the man who sells cotton candy. B. I rushed to the store, but arrived too late. C. Brian and Mike both received new bikes for Christmas. D. The building was tall; its height was over five hundred feet.

D. The building was tall; its height was over five hundred feet.

second grader is unable to blend phonemes into a word that is said aloud by the teacher. For example, after hearing /c/ /a/ /t/ the child says "kitten. Using the information above, what does this suggest to the teacher for instruction? A. The student would benefit from manipulating magnetic letters while working in a small group to match sounds with letters B. The student would benefit from practicing blending skills with a volunteer or teacher's aide C. The student is unaware of syllables and needs explicit instruction in this area. (Phonological awareness) D. The student needs more instruction in phonemic awareness, including formal and explicit reading instruction

D. The student needs more instruction in phonemic awareness, including formal and explicit reading instruction Br age 6, or first grade, students should have a command of phonemic awareness skills (e.g., isolate sounds manipulate sounds, and blend/segment sounds into words). The teacher needs to assess the student's phonemic awareness to determine areas of weakness and remediate as needed, choice D. Even though the student has completed kindergarten and first grade, phonemic awareness skills have not been mastered. Choice A, matching sounds to letters, is not a phonemic awareness task. Choice B would help the student practice the skills, but the student needs more instruction before practice can begin. Choice C, syllables, is a phonological awareness skill that identifies larger chunks of sounds in words

A quick look at urban legends in today's world reveals both our fears and suspicions and our need to believe in miracles both our taste for shocking details and our need for a good cry. 23. Which of the following statements best represents the author's point of view? A. Urban legends are often exaggerated versions of true stories. B. Urban legends are generally without merit or value. C. Urban legends are the modern-day equivalent of fairy tales. D. Urban legends are more numerous than they were in the past.

D. Urban legends are more numerous than they were in the past. The author mentions that more urban legends are born in the digital age than ever before, implying that they are more numerous than they used to be, choice D. Choice A is incorrect because the author never implies that there is any truth to urban legends. Choice B is incorrect because the author discusses how urban legends reveal aspects of human nature. Choice C is incorrect because the author points out aspects in which urban legends differ from fairy tales. implies that there is any truth to urban legends, Choice B is season boomse urban legends reveal aspects of human nature, Choice C is incorrect because the author poitits out aspects in which urban legends differ from fairy tales,

Irena is an english language Learner (ELL) who joins 7th-grade class mid year: Following assessments, its determined that Irena decodes extremely well & reads fluently: but, her comprehension performance is inconsistent. (sometimes seems to understand everything in grade-level, but other times has difficulty retelling story accurately). assessing Irena's vocabulary knowledge notes some weak areas. What are some logical next steps for instruction? A. Provide Irena easier reading material that is at her instructional reading level. B. Place Irena in a group with other English Language Learners They should focus on vocabulary and phonics instruction. C. Provide systematic vocabulary and phonemic awareness instruction. Irena needs more exposure to the sounds of the English language. D. Use this information to plan appropriate vocabulary and academic language interventions in relation to Irena's specific reading needs

D. Use this information to plan appropriate vocabulary and academic language interventions in relation to Irena's specific reading needs question mentions that Irena is a second-language learner. However, it is important to remember that finding what is best for each student is a central theme in teaching. A teacher should never assume that all English Language Learners have the same needs and must be assigned to the same groups, choices A and B. Because Irena already decodes well, reads fluently, and frequently retells accurately, we can conclude that she would benefit from effective vocabulary instruction before reading complex passages. Phonemic awareness instruction, choice C. would not effectively remediate her problem.

#55 (1) While Washington, D.C., does send a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, this official cannot cast a vote on the floor of the House or in committee, leaving D.C. residents without an effective voice in Congress. (2) Like Americans living in every other part of the country, however, residents of the District pay federal income taxes. (3) (Indeed, the per capita income tax paid by D.C. residents is higher than in all but a handful of states.)..... Which questions would provide the most appropriate starting point for an objective investigation of issues raised in this excerpt? A. Are there other respects in which D.C. residents lack full citizenship rights? B. Are there any groups of citizens other than felons who are denied voting rights? C. Why do D.C. residents pay relatively high per capita income taxes? D. What arguments are raised by opponents of Congressional representation for D.C.?

D. What arguments are raised by opponents of Congressional representation for D.C.?

Students are expected to recognize writing assignment arguments hat are supported by valid reasoning and evidence. All of the following are necessary elements in writing an unbiased opinion piece that supports a specific point of view except: A. reasons that are supported by facts and details. B. an organizational structure that supports the writer's purpose. C. visual or multimedia sources to evaluate the accuracy of each source. D. a clear introduction, body, and concluding paragraph based on the information presented.

D. a clear introduction, body, and concluding paragraph based on the information presented. English Language Arts specifies the need to develop student writing that supports a particular point of view. When reading text for research or to develop an informational base for an essay paper, students need to be taught how to recognize bias, the validity of sources, and the ability to differentiate between fact and opinion. Recognizing bias in text and media presentations is an important aspect of literacy. Choice D is vague. It simply. states the organizational components of a five-paragraph essay but does not provide knowledge if the information presented is biased. Choices A. B, and Care all necessary elements in presenting an opinion piece.

Which of the following word identification strategies typically is most advanced? A. applying phonics knowledge B. using context clues C. recognizing sight words D. analyzing word structure

D. analyzing word structure

The rabbit once suggested to the elephant that they should farm in partnership. "You can clear the bush" he said "and I'll burn the trees when you have pushed them over." The elephant agreed and began pushing over trees to clear the land. The rabbit next went to the giraffe and suggested to him too that they should go into farming together. "I'll push over the trees" he said "and you can burn them." The giraffe agreed and went and burnt all the trees which the elephant had previously pushed over. As for the rabbit, he just took care that neither the elephant nor the giraffe knew what the other was doing. This passage is typical of many traditional folk tales in its: A. subtle characterization. B. satire of inept government officials and political factions. C. intricate plot. D. inclusion of a character who is a trickster.

D. inclusion of a character who is a trickster.

An extensive oral vocabulary is most likely to contribute to a reader's decoding skills by helping the reader: A. apply phonics generalizations to sound out a word. B. use syntactic cues to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word. C. relate an unfamiliar word to known words with similar spellings. D. recognize a word after sounding it out.

D. recognize a word after sounding it out.

A sixth-grade Leacher Frequently asks students to respond to literary and informational text through purposelul writing opportunities. When developing lessons, it is most important that the teacher's lessons and activities: A. address at least two writing skills specified in the California reading and writing Common Core Standards. B. involve different learning modalities and connect reading, listening, speaking, and writing. C. reflect the state, district, and grade-level norms in essay and research writing skills. D. relate to the specific differentiated instructional needs of the students while focusing on the Common Core State

D. relate to the specific differentiated instructional needs of the students while focusing on the Common Core State

A long and silent street. I walk in blackness and I stumble and fall and rise, and I walk blind, my feet stepping on silent stones and dry leaves. Someone behind me also stepping on stones, leaves: if I slow down, he slows: if I run, he runs. I turn: nobody. Everything dark and doorless. Turning and turning among these corners which lead forever to the street where nobody waits for, nobody follows me, where I pursue a man who stumbles and rises and says when he sees me: nobody. The last two lines of the poem most clearly support which of the following themes? A. the importance of perseverance B. the cowardice of individuals who deny their true feelings C. the triumph of courage over fear D. the isolation and alienation of modern life

D. the isolation and alienation of modern life

Read the lines from a poem by John Milton below and answer the question that follows. "How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stolen on his wing my three-and-twentieth year! My hasting days fly on with full career, But my late spring no bud or blossom show'th." The phrase "late spring" is a metaphor for: A. infertility. B. the speaker's hopes. C. a season of promise. D. the speaker's age.

D. the speaker's age.

something Perched like a bird On my left shoulder, & was silent. If I brushed it away, It reappeared Like a premonition. If I ran, It clawed deep Into my coat, My wool coat, & closed its eyes— Or what I thought Were its eyes. So, here I was Walking the town Perplexed like a priest, My neck stiff As a new beard, & no friend Waving ¡Hola! That afternoon I prayed & lit A candle for the spirit Of my wife Dead two years, & still this Creature tightened & yawned Into my ear. At supper in my room, It ate my bread & the handle Of a sharp knife. To that I said Enough! & left hatless For the cantina, Where again the creature Lay on my shoulder Like the hand of grief. the image of "the creature" most clearly symbolizes: A.psychological disorientation from loss of religious faith. B.self-destructive dimensions of human behavior. C.fragmented consciousness from self-deception. D.unavoidable, persistent anguish of personal lo

D.unavoidable, persistent anguish of personal loss.

During a history lesson, a fourth-grade classroom teacher requests that students submit a writing sample about what it must be like to be a child of immigrants coming to the United States. One student submits the following writing sample: When my dad came, he did not speek English because he was born in a diffirent country, called Guatemala. No one could understand him because of his axcent. He was a good electrichen. I think my dad is amazzing. In analyzing the student's spelling errors, how should the teacher begin to interpret the student's spelling development, and how might the teacher plan for further spelling instruction?

The teacher should identify the misspelled words in this student's writing sample and add this sample to other samples of this student's work. For further information about this student's spelling development, the teacher should administer a spelling inventory and analyze the results. This would provide her with more information on which to base word-study lessons for her class. Before answering this question, ask yourself, "Is this student making appropriate errors for a fourth grader?" In this case, the answer is yes. The teacher can gain more information about the student's spelling stages if she collects samples of the student's writing. from both formal inventories and daily writing. This allows the teacher to compare the student's spelling abilities. Remember that while all students will pass through the same stages of development, they will pass through at different time periods. The inventory can provide the teacher with valuable information about each student's spelling development and subsequently help her in planning spelling instruction.