MUS 185: Latin American/Caribbean Unit

long vocal tradition stemming from the African presence in the West Indies at large.

Calypso music is from Trinidad, but, realize that it is actually part of a ______________________________________.

the maxixe

dance for couples. It was a very popular type of dance music during Carnaval season in Brazil during the late 1800s. It was sometimes called the "Brazilian tango," but actually it is related the the European dance known as the polka.

umbrella term

"salsa" is an _______________ _____ encompassing many different styles of music stemming primarily from Cuba and Puerto Rico.

soca music

'soul calypso'.developed in the 1970s; a combination of calypso, pop/rock, and Indian (Hindi) rhythm. It is the primary popular music of today in Trinidad.

three important figures

1. Composer-performer Antonio Carlos Jobim. Of the three, he is the most significant, because many of his compositions are still performed today. 2. Lyricist Vinicius de Moraes 3. Guitarist and singer Joao GilbertoMusical

Soca vs. Calypso

1. Technology has enabled soca artists to utilize computer-generated drum sounds; synthesized horns, etc. 2. Tempo range has been extremely narrowed. Whereas calypso can take many different tempos, soca generaly is moderate to fast 3. The underlying groove of soca features a pumping bass drum emphasizing the beat. 4. Soca lyrics are almost exclusively about dancing and partying. Gone are the subtleties of text, the double-meanings, the verbal battles, the word play. Nuance is lost in favor of 'jam and wine' (party and dance).

salsa, bolero, cha cha cha

3 common salsa styles today that came from cuba

cuba, puerto rico, and new york city

3 important locations for the development of salsa music

The mambo

Afro-Cuban music played by a big band ensemble (like a jazz big band). Big in the US.

"new wave" or "new beat"

Bossa nova translates to ________

sambadrome

Each year Brazilians celebrate Carnaval, a nationwide party is held prior to Lent. In Rio de Janeiro and other large cities, parades are a standard feature of these celebrations. In Rio, a competition is held in a specially constructed stadium to determine the champion samba school.

Later Calypso Music: 1940s-50s

Instrumentation changes: • percussion is more prevalent; bongos, congas, maracas can be heard • violin and clarinet disappear; saxophone becomes more common • electric guitar

Bob Marley

If you know ANYONE in reggae, you should know __________! He is the most important artist in the at form, due to his widespread international success.

clave

In salsa music, _____ has two meanings: it may refer to an instrument comprising two wooden sticks that are struck against one another, or it may also refer to a rhythmic pattern that underlies many salsa styles.

Late Calypso Music: 1960s-70s

Instrumentation changes: • drumset is now present • full horn sections of trumpets and saxophones common • electric keyboard and bass

Dizzy Gillespie

Jazz artists such as _____________________ introduced Cuban music to American audiences by incorporating Cuban styles - and musicians - into his performances.

rock steady

Replaced ska as the dominant style in Jamaica in the late 1960s • offered a chance for vocalists to develop style (as opposed to ska, which lent itself to dancing rather than lyrical singing). Songs were usually either love songs, or the protests of 'rudeboys' - telling of Jamaica's social problems in a shaky, newly independent government (independence in 1961.) •characteristics:1. slowed the tempo down from ska2. shift away from horn sections3. bass lines become more distinctive, and even "melodic" - leaving space (a characteristic which would carry over into reggae)

African

Samba music originated among the _________-descended people in northeastern Brazil.

steel band repertoire

Steel bands have always performed a diverse repertoire, ranging from popular to even classical musical styles and pieces. In the beginning of the art form, most bands performed arrangements exclusively. But today, there are a number of composers writing original music for steel band.

acceptance of steel bands

TASPO toured Europe in 1951. Participation by females and "college boys"; that is, participation in the steel bands by constituencies that were deemed respectable by the culture at large. Performances in indoor, respectable venues rather than outside.

ska

The advent of radio sets and portable record players had a tremendous effect on Jamaican music • DJ-ing (setting up a sound system and playing records for people to dance to) becomes a popular activity. Eventually, live bands playing dance music become more popular than DJs • evolves from this • characteristics:1. Guitar and other rhythm instruments playing the offbeats2. Often, fast tempo. Very upbeat style of music3. Use of horn sections4. Often, strictly instrumental

Lord Kitchener

The calypsonian known as ____ __________ had a career that spanned over 60 years. This fact alone is significant, but his influence has also been felt in other ways: • He was successful not only as a composer of calypso, but also successfully made the transition to soca • He spent significant time in England as a composer, performer, and nightclub owner • He had his own calypso tent in Trinidad, sponsoring many new artists • He won the Road March title ten times in the 1960s and 70s • His music appealed greatly to steel bands in T&T; many of his songs were chosen to be arranged by steel bands in their competition known as Panorama

samba enredo

The kind of samba performed by samba schools is known as_____________ (theme samba). The "theme" is a unifying concept that a particular samba school will choose, and use as a basis to organize their entire competition show.

Perez Prado

The most significant figure in the mambo era was bandleader and composer _____ _____.

"farewell to flesh"; abstaining from meat eating during Lent.

The word carnival comes from two Latin words: "carne" and "vale." It literally means _________ and refers to the catholic practice of

mambo craze

The________________ swept the States in the 1950s and 1960s.

mento, ska and rock steady

There are several styles of music that preceded the development of reggae:

Early calypso Music: 1900-WWII

This era is sometimes known as the "classic era" of calypso. Features: Instrumentation: • guitar or cuatro (a Venezuelan four-stringed strumming instrument), bass, piano • violin, or perhaps clarinet, trumpet are possible • no percussion Verbal sparring; competitiveness: • Picong or extempo: a verbal battle between calypsonians• Social commentary is prevalent in calypso texts during this time, along with boasting, sex, humor.

TASPO

Trinidad All-Steel Percussion Orchestra

maxixe and choro

Two older styles of music have been identifies as precursors of samba music:

later steel drum developments

Various individuals develop other types of steel drum instruments, in order to accompany this initial melodic pan. Eventually, an entire 'family' of pans exists, representing various musical ranges and functions.

samba and bossa nova

What music is common in brazil?

chantwells

What were calypsonians originally called?

1960s; described the sense of "spice" in the music

When was "salsa" term adopted?

Trinidad

Where does calypso music come from? (The "hub" of calypso)

British

__________ rule, which began in Trinidad in 1797, led to a number of eventual restrictions on Carnival celebrations, which amounted to increasing tensions between lower and upper classes.

The samba de roda

____________ (ring or circle samba) is an older, root form of samba music, so called because participants form a ring for dancing.

Ellie Mannette

________________ is widely credited as the first individual to craft a pan from a 55-gallon barrel, in 1946.

the rumba

a Cuban style that has influenced today's salsa music. _____ is percussion music and dance, along with singing. Rumba was created in the late 1800s, but is still danced today.

the montuno section in son

a cyclic, harmonically static section that allowed for extended improvisation.

a bomb tune

a particular category of pan music: an arrangement of a non-calypso piece that has been turned into a calypso.

the guiro

a scraped idiophone

mento

a song form that is closely related to Trinidadian calypso music. Some have called ________ "Jamaican calypso"• the first style of music to be recorded in Jamaica, in the 1950s. Many artists were trying to "piggyback" onto the popularity of calypso • a laid-back (similar to calypso) style of music, that shuffled along; derived from Jamaica's various folk music traditions• featured an emphasis on the offbeat, particularly in the strumming/rhythm instruments. This offbeat emphasis becomes an important feature of Jamaican pop music to this day.

the choro

a style of music performed by small ensembles of plucked/strummed string instruments, along with a wind instrument such as the flute or clarinet for melodic purposes. It was mostly a kind of music for listening, although there was a dance step to it.

the son

a style that originated as a rural music. When ____ became more popular in Cuban cities around the turn of the 20th century, it became more cosmopolitan, incorporating upright bass and trumpet. The montuno section was also added. It is also notable for its use of clave rhythm.

stuttering guitar

a syncopated method of strumming chords pioneered by Gilberto

Panorama competition

an annual steel band competition held since 1963 in T&T just prior to Carnival. Features include:• Only bands based in T&T may compete• Each band performs one arrangement of a popular song• A panel of judges adjudicates the competition. Each band hires an arranger to create an arrangement for the competition. The arranger also is charged with teaching the arrangement to the players, as most of them do not read music notation. The arrangement is almost a new composition, because the arranger adds much new material to the original piece.

carnival

annual, Pre-Lenten festival that happens in T&T, and throughout the Latin American world. Originally called the masquerade, it was introduced to Trinidad by French Catholics during the colonial period.

playing mas'

dressing up in costume

the cha cha cha

first created in the 1950s. It is almost always played in a moderate tempo. can be recognized by listening for the guiro, and by listening for a steady four-beat pulse played on the small timbale cowbell.

Calypsonians

generally male, and from the lower socio-economic classes. They typically adopted intimidating stage names (e.g., The Growling Tiger, Lord Melody, The Roaring Lion, Lord Executor)

samba musical characteristics

instrumentation is fairly simple: vocals, guitar or other strummed instruments (such as the cavaquinho), percussion. harmonically simple (not many chords used per song). syncopated rhythms. medium to fast tempo

steel pan (or steel drum)

is a tuned idiophone. These instruments were invented in the early to mid twentieth century on the island of Trinidad.

cuba; "afro-cuban"

many styles of music that are performed by salsa bands today have their roots in ____. Much salsa music can be called "____-_____," because it comes from ____, but was created by populations who can trace their roots back to Africa.

calypso, soca, and steel band

music heard during carnival

Samba schools (escolas de samba)

not a school. More like an organization. Each is identified with a particular favela or slum neighborhood. People from the favela cheer on or even participate in their school. A _________________encompasses: • floats• costumed dancers• a huge (2-300 members) percussion section. Tourists can pay a fee and join to march in the competition parade, although often they are relegated to sections of the group that are not judged.

the cuban bolero

several different musical styles, from various countries. In Cuba, ________ is a slow-tempo ballad. You can recognize it by listening for the conga drums, which play a distinct "low-high-low" rhythmic pattern.

clave rhythm

often presented in two "versions": 3-2 or 2-3. The designation refers to the two-measure structure of ______________ in which one measure contains three notes and the other measure contains two notes. serves as a compositional basis for other parts or lines (vocal lines, percussion lines, horn lines) in many salsa tunes.

salsa music

popular music, played by bands in clubs, bars, etc. It is primarily dance music.

rumba and son

root styles of salsa

European and African elements

salsa music, like other musical types found in Latin America, is a blend of ________ and _______ elements

characteristics of bossa nova

slow to moderate tempo. soft, intimate dynamics• complex approach to harmony, borrowed in large part from American jazz music. "stuttering" guitar. more poetic, sometimes highbrow lyrical content. The instrumentation could feature guitar, bass, percussion, drumset, piano. Saxophone was often featured by Jobim in his compositions. Also, more elaborate orchestrations are possible, including the use of string sections to create very lush arrangements (example: Dindi, by Jobim)

favela

slum neighborhood

puerto rico

some musical styles played by salsa bands come from ______ ____, but perhaps more importantly, many well-known salsa musicians are from this island.

negatively (but later they gained acceptance)

steel bands were originally viewed ______________, because the panmen were often rough, sometimes, violent, and generally from the lower classes of society

New York City; Puerto rican immigrants

the actual birthplace of "salsa." The salsa style was created in ___ ____ ____ largely by ______ _____ __________

the ping pong

the earliest form of a melodic steel drum. Called _____________ due to the short pingy sound they made. Primarily made from smaller barrels.

samba music

the most popular kind of music in Brazil. It has made it beyond the borders of Brazil and is known around the world, primarily due to two factors: 1. Brazilian Carnaval (particularly in Rio de Janeiro) is widely known, and _______ is associated with this event. 2. Jazz musicians have incorporated it into their repertoire

african dance-drumming music

the rumba is very similar to __________________________

Samba de morro

the samba de roda becomes the __________ (hill samba) when African-descended people migrate from Bahia south to cities such as Rio de Janeiro

transition from chantwell to calypsonian

took place when the presentation of Carnival songs (eventually called calypsos) became formalized. Instead of just roaming the streets or appearing at Carnival fetes at random, chantwells began performing in calypso tents - formal venues set up by promoters to attract a "respectable" audience who wanted to hear the music in a safe place. Commercial recordings also legitimized the art form, beginning in the second decade of the 20th century.

Calypso Music

verbal expression. Texts are very important. They are typically in narrative form. They discuss or reflect on the "human condition." Topics range, but often feature universal themes

salsa band instrumentation

vocalists - lead, and possibly separate backup vocalists as well. horn section- trumpets, trombones are most common; sax, flute are possible• size of horn section can vary. rhythm section: piano, bass guitar, percussion (for example, congas, bongos, timbales, maracas, guiro)

bossa nova music

was created in the late 1950s, and is a deriviative of samba music. was a product of the growing urban middle and upper class in Brazil. It is associated primarily with nightclub-type venues, and has a cool, intimate sound.

Fania Records

was founded in 1964 in NYC. dedicated to the promotion of Latin American artists

salsa today

what is called "_________" today is the direct descendant of the Cuban son. Characteristic elements of it include clave rhythm, a moderate to fast tempo, and an emphasis on both vocal and instrumental improvisation.

"sauce"

what is the translation of salsa?

Early 1940s developments: modern steel drum

• Sinking the face of the barrels used into a concave shape (as opposed to a convex surface). • Wrapping the sticks with soft material (leaves first; eventually rubber was employed) to produce a less harsh tone.

Reggae

• The term for Jamaican pop music since the 1970s • characteristics: 1. offbeats in rhythm section (guitars, piano if used, drumset) 2. melodic bass lines using space or silence3. relaxed tempo4. "one drop" drumset rhythm: de-emphasizing count "one" of every measure

Mid 1940s developments: modern steel drum

• Using 55-gallon barrels as the raw material for making the instrument. The 55-gallon barrel has a larger surface than previously used materials (like the 35- gallon size; see ping-pong pans above), and thus makers could fit more pitches on the surface. Implementation of a full chromatic range; i.e., steel drum instruments incorporated all twelve pitches recognized in Western music.