Muscle Contraction and Types of Muscle

Can produce force from all directions

Ability of cardiac muscle to contract in any direction

Fatigue resistance

Ability of muscle fibers to resist fatigue

Muscle performance

Ability of muscle to generate force and perform work

Low pH

Acidic environment due to increase in lactic acid during muscle fatigue

Sprinting

Activity that relies on anaerobic metabolism in muscle

Long endurance

Activity that relies on fat metabolism in muscle

Scattered thick filaments with many myosin heads

Arrangement of filaments in smooth muscle

Ordered myofibrils

Arrangement of myofibrils in cardiac muscle

Thin filaments attached to dense bodies

Attachment of filaments in smooth muscle

Vasculature

Blood supply that differs between slow and fast muscle fibers

Glucose

Carbohydrate metabolized to produce ATP in muscle

Depletion of metabolic reserves

Cause of muscle fatigue

Aging effects on muscle system

Changes in muscle with age, including decrease in diameter and elasticity

Branched

Characteristic of cardiac muscle cells

Single central nucleus

Characteristic of smooth muscle cells

Diameter

Characteristic that differs between slow and fast muscle fibers

Speed of contraction

Characteristic that differs between slow and fast muscle fibers

Fiber type

Classification of muscle fibers based on their characteristics

Structural similarities to skeletal muscle

Comparison between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle

Muscle fatigue

Condition when muscle can no longer perform at required level of activity

No tendons connected to smooth muscle

Difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

Types of muscle contraction

Different types of muscle contractions

Decrease in tolerance for exercise

Effect of aging on ability to exercise

Ability to recover from injuries decrease

Effect of aging on muscle recovery

Low Ca2+ binding to TnC

Effect of muscle fatigue on calcium binding

Lower enzyme activity

Effect of muscle fatigue on enzyme function

ETC

Electron transport chain, final step in aerobic metabolism of muscle

ATP hydrolysis required for actin myosin interaction

Energy requirement for muscle contraction

ATP

Energy source for muscle contraction

Metabolic substrates

Energy sources that differ between slow and fast muscle fibers

Myosin light chain kinase

Enzyme that activates myosin head in smooth muscle contraction

Types of fibers in an individual

Factors that determine the types of muscle fibers in an individual

Regular exercise more important than extreme exercise

Importance of consistent exercise for muscle health

Ca2+ binds to calmodulin

Interaction between calcium and calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction

Acetyl CoA

Intermediate in aerobic metabolism of muscle

Ca2+

Ions that trigger muscle contraction

Lactate to glucose begins to slow

Metabolic change during muscle fatigue

Intermediate fibers

Muscle fibers suited for both long and short distance activities

Slow fibers

Muscle fibers suited for long distance activities

Fast fibers

Muscle fibers suited for sprinting and short distance activities

Smooth muscle

Muscle type found in organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control

Cardiac muscle

Muscle type found in the heart, similar to skeletal muscle but with structural differences

Conduction system

Network of nodes that allows the heart to contract as a unit

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

Pain experienced after exercise, lasting for several days

Krebs cycle

Part of aerobic metabolism that generates ATP in muscle

Myosin head

Part of myosin that attaches to actin during muscle contraction

Autonomic nervous system

Part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle

Post translation modification

Process that affects muscle function and structure

Fat metabolism

Process that breaks down lipids to produce ATP in muscle

Aerobic metabolism

Process that occurs in mitochondria to produce ATP in muscle

Myoglobin

Protein that stores oxygen in muscle

Hemoglobin

Protein that transports oxygen in red blood cells

Mechanical stretch controls activity

Regulation of single unit smooth muscle contraction

ATP and muscle contraction

Relationship between ATP and muscle contraction

Speed of shortening is inversely proportional to load

Relationship between speed of muscle contraction and load

RQ

Respiratory quotient, ratio of CO2 exhaled to Oxygen used in muscle metabolism

Ca2+ ions trigger contraction

Role of calcium in smooth muscle contraction

Spindle shaped

Shape of smooth muscle cells

Neuromuscular junction

Site where neurotransmitters are released to stimulate muscle contraction

30-200 micrometers

Size range of smooth muscle cells

Carbohydrates

Source of ATP during anaerobic metabolism in muscle

Phosphate group detached from myosin head

Step in smooth muscle contraction

Rigor mortis

Stiffening of muscles after death due to lack of ATP

No T-tubules, microfibrils, or sarcomeres

Structural differences between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

Intercalated discs

Structures that connect cardiac muscle cells and allow coordinated contraction

Increase in pain

Symptom of muscle fatigue

Eccentric

Type of isotonic contraction where muscle lengthens

Concentric

Type of isotonic contraction where muscle shortens

White meat

Type of meat with more fast twitch fibers

Dark meat

Type of meat with more slow fibers

Isotonic

Type of muscle contraction where muscle length changes

Isometric

Type of muscle contraction where muscle length doesn't change

Multi-unit smooth muscle

Type of smooth muscle found in blood vessels and bronchi, innervated by motor neurons

Single unit smooth muscle

Type of smooth muscle found in digestive and urinary tract, connected through gap junctions