Napoleonic Era
From Liberator to Invaders.
- At first French troops were welcomed as liberators, but then they began to do bad things. ◊ Taxes were imposed to pay for Napoleon's wars ◊ French troops were housed in private houses ◊ People from the conquered territories were forced into the French Army ◊ People wanted to get rid of the French and gain control of their own affairs - European nations unite to defeat Napoleon ◊ 1807-1808 Napoleon is the master of Europe ◊ But his opponents armies are getting stronger } Generals are learning how to counter-act Napoleon's methods of rapid transportation of troops } Great Britain and Prussia have leanred how to train large bodies and large numbers of troops
Napoleon's reorganization of Europe -Grand Duchy of Warsaw
- Napoleon formed the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - This was territory that Russia had gained from Poland - He then have this territory to the King of Saxony who was a reliable ally - done to stop Russia from gaining power
Napoleon's reorganization of Europe - Confederation of the Rhine
- Since 1795, various treaties had given Napoleon the right to intervene in many small German states - He organized many of them into the "confederation of the Rhine" ◊ Napoleon makes himself the protector ◊ Placed many relatives and clsoe friends in key power positions
Napoleon saves the Directory
1795: Napoleon Bonaparte suppressed and uprising that tried to prevent the Directory from being established. He had fired "grapeshot" into a crowd and dispersed it! The Directory liked him!
Louisiana Purchase
1803: Sells the Louisiana Territory to the USA for $15 million. 828,000 square miles at 3 cents an acre.
Peninsular Campaign
1807: Portugal refuses to follow the Continental System - Portugal's prosperity depended on trade with GB - The French ooccupied Portugal and forced its King into exile
The Grand Army
600,000 men, but less than 50% were French and they were not enthusiastic about serving--only fighting because they were forced
Ferdinand VII
A king of Spain who rejected the liberal Constitution that had been made in his absence, declaring that sovereignty lied in him alone. The Quintuple Alliance was forced to support him because he was the legitimate king. Ferdinand is important because, when revolt temporarily cost him his throne, the Quintuple Alliance allowed France to intervene and attempt to place another king on the throne, despite the fact that Ferdinand was the legitimate king.
Romanticism
A style or movement of literature that has as its foundation an interest in freedom, adventure, idealism, and escape
Concept of "Legitimacy"
All former ruling families are the legitimate rulers and should be restored to their thrones: i.e. Bourbons
Prince Klemmens von Metternich
Austrian foreign minister who lead the Congress of Vienna. Also believed liberalism was the cause of all of the war and bloodshed of a generation, and thought conservatism was the answer.
Horatio Nelson
British navy commander who defeated Napoleon in Egypt (The Battles of the Nile) and Trafalgar; naval supremacy saved Britain from the invasion and shattered Napoleon's dreams of an overseas empire
Impressment
British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
William Pitt
British secretary of state during the French and Indian War. He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.
Napoleon's troubles in Egypt.
Disaster in the Middle East □ The British Navy destroyed the French Fleet near Alexandria □ Horatio Nelson □ The French Army was doing fine on land, but was now cut off from supplies § Napoleon leaves his army to its own fate and secretly returns to France § Lied to the French people about "great victories in Egypt"
Suppression of Liberals
Done by the Concert of Europe
The Congress of Vienna
Early 19th of Century. A group made up of conservative political leaders who met as representatives of the 'great powers' that defeated Napolen - Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. They attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order. They were under the guidance of the influential foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich the group managed to dismantle Napoleon's empie and return sovereignty to Europe's royal families, restored them to the thrones they had lost during the Napoleonic era, and created a diplomatic order based on a balance of power that prevented any one state from dominating the others.
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
Metternich System
Established by the ultra-conservative Austrian chancellor. The system bearing his name sought to restore pre-Napoleonic rulers to theri thrones, restore the European balance of power, and repress liberal and democratic ideas. He was forced to resign in 1848.
Romantic Artists
Eugene Delacroix- emotional, colorful action scenes (often of foreign places), FREEDOM!! Joseph M. W. Turner- Power and terror of storms and weather John Constable- gentle landscapes
Reactionaries
Extremists who oppose change and want to turn the clock to an earlier time before that change occurred
Arthur Wellesley
Field Marshal, 1st Duke of Wellington was an Anglo-Irish British Army soldier and statesman, widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the first half of the nineteenth century. Commissioned an ensign in the British Army, he rose to prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, eventually reaching the rank of field marshal.
Quintuple Alliance
France joins the alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia after completing its payment of war indemnities.
Louis XVIII
French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.
St. Helena
GB sends him to St. Helena in the South Atlantic, He dies there in 1821
1st Coalition
Great Britain, Holland, and Spain joined Prussia and Austria against France in an alliance
Napoleon's reorganization of Europe - Kingdom of Italy
He re-organized the small states of Northern Italy into the Kingdom of Italy
Greece and Independence
In 1821, the Greeks revolt against the Ottomans & Metternich gets other Ottomans to deny aid to the Greeks
Romantics and Nationalism
In turn, the two movements aided the growth of the other. In a sense, nationalism is the Romanticism of a country
Carlsbad Decrees
Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent comittee with spies to punish any liberal or radical organization.
Why people except Napoleon as Emperor
It looks as if Napoleon is really going about the process of peace and steady government
The Hundred Days
Known as the period between Napoleon Bonaparte's return to Paris (20 March 1815) from his exile on Elba, and the restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty under King Louis XVIII (8 July 1815). This period is also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign and the Neapolitan War.
The Continental System
Napoleon cut off all trade with Great Britain to try and make Europe more self-sufficient., economic blockade of Britain. forbides any state of Europe from trading with the British. attempt to starve Britain. little affect., napoleans strategy to stop british goods from reaching Europe, Napoleons plan to destroy england by telling all the other countrys to stop trading with england but some of them stoped listening, The Foreign Policy of Napoleon, essentially an effort to thwart English advancement by nationally prohibiting British trade with France
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Napoleon decided to invade Russia because Russia had refused to stop selling grains to Brittan and both French and Russian rulers suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland. Napoleon kept advancing and the Russian army kept retreating until Napoleon reached Moscow to find it in flames. The Russians burned their "holy city" instead of having it ruled by Napoleon.
Troubles with Spain and Portugal
Napoleon then decides to conquer Spain - Forced the King to abdicate - Napoleon named his brother Joseph King of Spain - GB sends an army under the command of Arthur Wellesley to help Spain and Portugal - Napoelon could not suppress the Spanish uprising or drive the British out. 1809: Austria tries to attack again...failed 1808-1814: Became known as the Peninsular Campaign - Napoleon controls the French Government but was draining the French Army when it was needed elsewhere 1814: With the help of GB, the Spanish capture Madrid and drive Joseph out of Spain - Spain draws up a constitution with a limited monarchy, which shows nationalism and oppoisition to Napoelon
Napoleon's retreat.
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow is one of the greatest military disasters of all time! } Russian winter is very brutal, French have to pass back through a devastated countryside } Russians attack the retreating Army without mercy } French discipline breaks down = many desertions } The Grand Army makes it to Prussia in december 1812 - They have lost 480,000 of 600,000 (80%) } Russians follow the French into Prussia } Prussians begin to attack the France
Bank of France
National Bank created by Napoleon that required every citizen pay taxes, Money used to make loans to businesses, controls money supply (inflation, recession)
Maximillian Robespierre
One of the most influential figures during the French Revolution. Was a radical who dominated the committee of public safety. Led the reign of terror where he executed many including several influential nobles and this led to his execution in 1794
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
Representative for France during the Congress of Vienna, he was a shrewd negotiator and urged that all settlements should be based on legitimacy, aka all territory should be restored to legitimate owners. He also suggested some compromises for Prussia and Russia.
Enlightenment vs. Romantics
Romanticism was in general a reaction against the Enlightenment. Romantics valued intense emotion, and overdone characteristics. The romantics lived in a very unrestrained world, while the Enlightenment thinkers valued more of tradition. The enlightenment showed the strong importance of reason while romanticism showed more imagination and enjoyment.
Romantic Composers
Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Chopin, Liszt, Verdi, Puccini, Mahler
Lord Castlereagh
The British representative at the Congress of Vienna, he represented the UK at the Congress and helped create the security system for Europe that would last until 1848.
Patriotism
The French Rev had stirred feelings of patriotism The Delcaration fo the Rights of Man played a key role These feeling now came to the conquered peoples, BUT It was not a love for the French, it was a love and pride of their own country!!!
Catastrophe in Russia
The French army captured Moscow but there was nothing left from them, the Russians destroyed the city and Napoleon decided to retreat
Quadruple Alliance
The Quadruple Alliance was signed by Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia in 1815. The Holy Alliance signed by all European rulers except the Pope, the king of England, and the sultan of Turkey. It was meant to unite Europe, preserve peace, and spread Christianity.
Religion and Romantics
The Romantic era led to more people believing in religion again--in a greater mystery outside the human consciousness
Economic troubles of the Directory
The did remove price controls--prices increased (especially bread)but the directors did nothing.. Directors did not want to interfere with the activities of corrupt business leaders and speculators. The economic situation is bad, Ccowds begin to protest. The army is brought in to protect the government.
Absolutism
The reactionaries want to return to absolutism as if nothing had happened
The Consulate
This was the name of the 3 man government that replaced the corrupt Directory as the government of France. Napoleon was one of the consuls.
Romantic Authors
Thoreau, Poe, Cooper, Dickinson, Hawthorne
Russia's tactics during Napoleon's invasion
Used scorched earth policy...they burned everything and retreated, leaving nothing for France's grand army to use as a resource
Characteristics of Romanticism
Values feeling and intuition over reason, shuns the artificiality of civilization and seeks unspoiled nature, prefers youthful innocence to educated sophistication, champions individual freedom and the worth of the individual, powers of imagination, turns away from city
Holy Alliance
a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of Vienna
Spanish revolt 1820
a revolt in Spain forced king Ferdinand VII to restore the constitution that he had abolished--four powers are concerned by this and, over British protest, the French army tries to restore Ferdinand to full power.
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
The Metric System
a set of uniform measurements that the National Assembly instituted in France to standardize the system
Indemnity
a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury, ex: The French paid indemnities
Plebiscite
a vote by the electorate determining public opinion on a question of national importance
Romantic's view of nature
nature inspires human spirit
2nd Coalition
the Russians, Austrians, and the ottomans joined Britain to form this, after the invasion of Egypt. Russians (under Suvorov) pull out of the coalition. Napoleon defeats Austria and signs a new treaty; he conquered Venice and gave it back to Austria. Since British were not doing well with the industrial revolution going on, they sign the treaty of Amiens.
Napoleon's return
} Only has a small army with him at first } But all resistance to him collapses } He returns to Paris in triumph on March 20, 1815 } This period is known as the One Hundred Days
Battle of Trafalgar
§ 1805: □ Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated the combined naval fleet of France and Spain □ Both the French and Spanish navies are almost comopletely destroyed □ Nelson is killed in the battle □ This solidifies GB as the greatest naval power in the WORLD
Napoleonic Code
§ Civil Code of 1804 □ Known as the Napoleonic Code □ Safeguards all forms of property □ All privileges based on birth are now gone □ Workers still had fewer rightrs than employers (no unions) □ Fathers still control children □ Husbands still control wives □ Divorce more difficult to obtain for women than men □ Prior to the Napoleonic Code, all laws were based on region to region differences
Concordat with the Catholic Church
§ Concordat with pope Pius VII § Pope Pius VII stated the values of Christianity were compatible with the ideas of Revolution □ Equality □ Democracy § Catholicism "is the religion of the great majority of the French citizens" □ Clergy did have to declare an oath of loyalty to the state □ Supremacy of the state over the church (organic Article of 1802) □ Similar laws were issued to Protestants and Jews
Treaty of Tilsit
§ Czar Alexander I meets with Napoleon § Confirms all French Gains § Prussia losses half its territory § Russia and Prussia become secret allies
Napoleon's coup d'état
§ Many think only Napoleon can save the country and the revolution and also restore order § Coup d'etat □ A plot is organized to overthrow the goernment and place Napoleon in power □ 1799 ® 3 Directors resign ® 2 are arrested ® Troops surround the legislature and forced most of the delegates to leave ® Those that remained turned the government over to Napoleon □ "I found the crown of France lying on the ground and I picked it up with my sword" □ The coup makes Napoleon a dictator
Territorial adjustments in Europe
§ Two of the biggest problems were: Poland and Saxony § Prussia had lost territory that had been Poland □ (Napoleon had created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and gave it to the King of Saxony) § Russia wanted ALL of this land § Prussia was okay with this, if the King of Saxony was disposed and they could have Saxony § Austria and GB did Not want this to happen □ It would make Russia too strong! □ Austrian's feared that Prussia would gain too much power and influence in the rest of the German states □ War is being threatened § Talleyrand suggests a compromise □ Prussia receives part of Saxony Russia receives most of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (Prussia got some, too
Treaty of Adrianople
® 1829 ® Greece becomes an independent state ® Serbs and romanians in the Northern Balkan Peninsula also gained some self-government ® Greek independence was the first failure of the Metternich System ® Nationalism will not be suppressed!!!
Napoleon's rise in the military
® Wars between 1796-1815 are known as the Napoleonic Wars. Keys to his victories:1. Skillful in the rapid movement of troops and massing forces at critical points on a battlefields 2. Superiority over older, slower armies of opponents ® Italy ◊ First place Napoleon shows ability ◊ The French Army was small weak and poorly equipped ◊ Napoleon organizes and inspires the army ◊ Forces Sardinians to make peace ® 1797: Defeats two Austrian Armies ◊ Forced the Austrians to make peace ◊ Gained control of Northern Italy ◊ Leaves GB as France's only enemy
Napoleon crowned Emperor.
• 1804: Napoleon creates a dynasty with himself as Emperor
Nationalism
□ Feeling of loyalty and patriotism □ Comes from shared experiences, dangers and problems □ This was nurtured by Napoleon
Problems with the Continental System
□ If they disobeyed GB, GB would seize ships □ If neutral obeyed GB, their ships would be seized by Frnace □ United States had a particular problem with this ® Depends on France and GB for trade ® US continued to trade ® GB not only seizes US ships but also begins to impress sailors ◊ A main cause of the War of 1812 ◊ Hurts USA trade a great deal
French occupation and treatment of conquered nations.
□ Napoleonic Code put into effect ® Feudalism and serfdom were abolished ® But they also awakened a spirit of Nationalism!!! □ The French Rev had stirred feelings of patriotism ® The Delcaration fo the Rights of Man played a key role ® These feeling now came to the conquered peoples, BUT ◊ It was not a love for the French, it was a love and pride of their own country!!!
Liberalism
□ People ought to be free to think, act and work as they pleased □ Laws should protect individual right □ Belief that the way to improve society was to change laws □ When all people are represented by the government, fair and just laws would be passed
Napoleon's defeat
◊ Everywhere in Western Europe, the people are rising up and revolting against the French and joining the invading Russians ◊ Napoleon abandons his army (again) ◊ Goes back to France to rase a new army ◊ Russia, Austria, GB and Sweden join with the Russians to invade France ◊ October 1, 1813: Napoleon's Army is defeated at Leipzig in Saxony ◊ March 1814: Allies capture Paris ◊ Napoleon is forced to abdicate and give up all claims on France
Effects of Napoleon and the French Revolution
◊ French society changed permanently ◊ Ideas of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity spread throughout Europe ◊ Rise of nationalism as a political force } Some want to unify weak and fragmented nations } Czechs, Hungarians, Slavs, Italian, Germans... } All craved independence and self-government
Legend of Napoleon
◊ He is remembered for his accomplishments ◊ Transformed from "vain and ambitious" to the "Good Emperor" and a "true patriot of the revolution"
Waterloo
◊ June 18, 1815 } Allied and French armies meet at Waterloo in the Austria Netherlands } Napoleon surrendered to the British
Elba
◊ Napoleon is forced into Exile on Elba (off the west coast of Italy) ◊ He is given a pension and the title of Emperor of Elba
Great Britain's reaction to the reactionary movement in Europe
◊ Opposed interfering where liberal popular movements were attempting to overthrow absolute rulers ◊ GB had a representative government ◊ British people sympathized with struggles against absolutism ◊ GB is a trading nation and interfering with other nations was bad for business ◊ 1822 George Canning the Foreign Secretary for Gb withdraws GB from the Quintuple Alliance
"The Great Powers"
○ 4 Great Powers made almost all of the decisions § GB: Lord Castlereagh □ Robert Stewart § Austria: Prince Klemens von § Russia: Czar Alexander I § Prussia: Kaiser Frederick William III
University of France
○ Creation of the University of France § System of public education □ Elementary School □ High School University □ Technical School § Supervised and directed by a central agency