Native American history test

Mountain Chief

Leader of Many Chiefs tribe (tribe where Owl Child originated), would go to war with Napikwans if given the chance

Treaty Party

Led by Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, Cherokees who urged others to give up their land and rebuild in the West.

Removal Policy

- -Although it started with Jackson, it continued after the Civil War and forced Native Americans to move further west -desire for white settlers to have access to Native american land -another way to control and suppress the sovereignty of Native people -The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders -American Indians seemed to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted (and believed they deserved) -The goal of this civilization campaign was to make Native Americans as much like white Americans as possible by encouraging them convert to Christianity, learn to speak and read English and adopt European-style economic practices such as the individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances in the South, African slaves) -The goal of this civilization campaign was to make Native Americans as much like white Americans as possible by encouraging them convert to Christianity, learn to speak and read English and adopt European-style economic practices such as the individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances in the South, African slaves) -President Jackson and his government frequently ignored the letter of the law and forced Native Americans to vacate lands they had lived on for generations

Ex Parte Crow Dog

-1883: Supreme court recognized that Native American Nations have authority regarding criminal jurisdiction on their lands -issue of legal systems -how do you restrict Indian sovereignty -Crow dog paid compensation but didn't satisfy Dakota territory -Crow Dog sentenced to death by federal courts encroaching on sovereignty since it was an Indian on Indian crime on Indian land -rule in favor of Crow Dog, leads to the major crimes Act

The Dawes Act

-1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans -Dawes attends a conference in Lake Mohawk hosted by the Friends of the Indians and writes his bill based on the idea that the reservation system is bad -this is an assault on tribalism as Native people are seen as being "too loyal" to their own cultures -the Dawes Act of 1887 authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them into individual plots. Only those Native Americans who accepted the individual allotments were allowed to become US citizens. -The objective of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream US society by annihilating their cultural and social traditions. -As a result of this widespread belief, the US government created the reservation system in 1851 keep Native Americans off of lands that European-Americans wished to settle. -Many indigenous people resisted their confinement to the reservations, resulting in a series of conflicts between Native Americans and the US Army known as the Indian Wars. -They believed that assimilation (being completely absorbed) into mainstream white American society was the only acceptable fate for Native Americans. This belief was often couched in religious terms -The Dawes Act of 1887, sometimes referred to as the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 or the General Allotment Act, was signed into law on January 8, 1887, by US President Grover Cleveland -It explicitly sought to destroy the social cohesion of Indian tribes and to thereby eliminate the remaining vestiges of Indian culture and society. Only by disavowing their own traditions, it was believed, could the Indians ever become truly "American."

Ghost Dance

-A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. -ghost dance movement -the ghost dance prophecised the end of the present world through the settlers erasure from the earth and the return of the human and non human relations that have been destroyed by colonialism -foretold that in the undetermined future, a cataclysmic event would wipe the US from the face of the earth -helps to bring the destruction of the colonial relationship -oppositional in nature and was a direct protest against the efforts of the federal government to suppress Native ways of life

U.S. Dakota War

-A war that took place between the Dakota Native Americans and the US. Led to an execution of 38 Dakota men via mass hanging -Under the terms of the 1851 treaties, in exchange for their land, the Dakota would receive annual payments of goods and money over a 50-year period, as well as services that included blacksmith and carpenter shops, doctors' offices, and schools. Private traders, under license from the government, supplied a variety of goods to Dakota villages lining the river valley in exchange for furs and mone -friction between encroaching fur traders and Native people -The war brought devastation to all. More than 600 white citizens, citizens of mixed ancestry, and soldiers — and an estimated 75-100 Dakota soldiers — were killed during the war. More than one-quarter of the Dakota people who surrendered in 1862 died during the following year. -Dakota people not receiving promised food and payments and eventually forced in to internment at Fort snelling -Over the course of three weeks, a military commission tried 392 Dakota men for their participation in the war and sentenced 303 of them to death. Some of the trials lasted no longer than five minutes -On February 16, 1863, Congress passed an act that "abrogated and annulled" all treaties with the Dakota people. The act also stated that all lands held by the Dakota, and all annuities due to them, were forfeited to the US government.

William Apes

-An Indian's Looking-Glass for the White Man -William Apess, was an ordained Methodist minister, writer, and activist of mixed-race descent, who was a political and religious leader in Massachusetts

Geronimo

-Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona. -an Apache leader and medicine man best known for his fearlessness in resisting anyone-Mexican or American—who attempted to remove his people from their tribal lands -spent 20 years as a prisoner of war -He was part of the Bedonkohe subsection of the Chiricahua tribe of Apaches, a small but mighty group of around 8,000 people -Geronimo's wife, Alope, their three children and his mother were all murdered -Mexico ceded much of what is now the American Southwest to the United States, including land the Apaches had called home for centuries -In 1872, the U.S. government created a reservation for the Chiricahua Apaches that included at least a portion of their homeland, but they were soon evicted and forced to join other Apache groups on the San Carlos Reservation in Arizona -A defiant Geronimo broke out of San Carlos Reservation with his followers three separate times in the next decade

Johnson v. McIntosh

-Can a Native American tribe convey land to individuals?-In 1775, Thomas Johnson and other British citizens purchased land in Virginia from members of the Piankeshaw Indian tribe under a 1763 proclamation by the King of England. When he died, Thomas Johnson left this land to his heirs - Ruling that the Piankeshaw tribe did not have the right to convey the land, the federal district court held that Johnson's initial purchase and the chain of title stemming from it were invalid. -In a unanimous decision, the Court held M'Intosh's claim superior to Johnson's, affirming the district court. -Chief Justice John Marshall established that the federal government had the sole right of negotiation with the Native American nations. The Indians themselves did not have the right to sell property to individuals.

Lone Wolf V Hitchcock

-Can treaties between the United States and American Indian tribes be broken unilaterally by Congress under its plenary power? -In a unanimous decision, the Court affirmed the Court of Appeals and upheld the Congressional action. The Court rejected the Indians' argument that Congress' action was a taking under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. -ustice Edward D. White reasoned that matters involving Indian lands were the sole jurisdiction of Congress. Congress therefore had the power to "abrogate the provisions of an Indian treaty," including the two-million acre change. -Congress attempted to alter the reservation lands granted to the tribes. In enacting the relevant legislation, Congress substantively changed the terms of the treaty and opened 2 million acres of reservation lands to settlement by non-Indians. -Lone Wolf filed a complaint on behalf of the three tribes in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, alleging that Congress' change violated the 1867 treaty. -Contesting allotment -gov can abrogate treaties if its in the best interest of the tribe and the nation -plenary power doctrine

Standing Bear

-Chief of the Ponca tribe who sued the government in Standing Bear v. Crooks. He won the right to return to Nebraska. -Ponca affair: ponca homelands incorrectly swept up in the treaty of Ft. Laramie and ponca people were wrongly relocated -the ponca people publicized their struggle which led people to in the US to see the failure of the reservation system and removal policy

Massacre on the Marias

-Declaring he did not care whether or not it was the rebellious band of Native Americans he had been searching for, Colonel Eugene Baker orders his men to attack a sleeping camp of peaceful Blackfeet along the Marias River in northern Montana -Outraged and frightened, Montanans demanded that Owl Child and his followers be punished, and the government responded by ordering the forces garrisoned under Major Eugene Baker at Fort Ellis (near modern-day Bozeman, Montana) to strike back. -one of the scouts recognized that they had the wrong Blackfoot band but did not tell anyone -Baker's soldiers began blindly firing into the village, catching the peaceful Native Americans utterly unaware and defenseless. -By the time the brutal attack was over, Baker and his men had, by the best estimate, murdered 37 men, 90 women, and 50 children. -Knocking down lodges with frightened survivors inside, the soldiers set them on fire, burnt some of the Blackfeet alive, and then burned the band's meager supplies of food for the winter. -Baker initially captured about 140 women and children as prisoners to take back to Fort Ellis, but when he discovered many were ill with smallpox, he abandoned them to face the deadly winter without food or shelter.

Worcester v. Georgia

-Does the state of Georgia have the authority to regulate the intercourse between citizens of its state and members of the Cherokee Nation? -No. In an opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Marshall, the Court held that the Georgia act, under which Worcester was prosecuted, violated the Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States. - Among other things, Worcester argued that the state could not maintain the prosecution because the statute violated the Constitution, treaties between the United States and the Cherokee nation, and an act of Congress entitled "an act to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes. -Worcester was convicted and sentenced to "hard labour in the penitentiary for four years." The U.S. Supreme Court received the case on a writ of error. -part of the Marshall trilogy -"The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force"

Red Paint

-Fools Crow's wife, daughter of Yellow Kidney and Heavy Shield women -she and White Man's Dog have a baby together and have a successful and happy marriage

Society of American Indians

-Founded in 1911, the Society of American Indians was a reform organization typical of the era. It brought together Indian intellectuals to promote discussion of the plight of Native Americans in the hope that public exposure would be the first step toward remedying injustice. -It was established to address the problems facing Native Americans, such as ways to improve health, education, civil rights, and local government. -made up of middle-class men and women -pan-Indianism -the Society publicized Native Americans' aspirations and urged their assimilation into society when the Dawes Act forced assimilation, which caused Native Americans to give up their tribal ownership of land, in favor of private ownership

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

-In 1828, the Cherokee Nation sought an injunction from the Supreme Court to prevent the state of Georgia from enforcing a series of laws stripping the Cherokee people of their rights and displacing them from their land -they asserted that the laws violated treaties the Cherokees had negotiated with the United States -the Court ruled that the Cherokees did not constitute a foreign nation within the meaning of Article III of the Constitution - which extended the judicial power of the United States to cases between a state and a foreign nation - and that it therefore lacked jurisdiction to hear the claims of an Indian nation against the state in which it resided -In contrast, the Court ruled four years later in Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state, and that only the federal government had authority to regulate the use of Indian land.

Domestic Dependent Nation

-In defining tribal sovereign powers, Justice Marshall described tribes as "domestic dependent nations," meaning that although tribes were "distinct independent political communities," they remained subject to the paternalistic powers of the United States. -Thus, Indian tribes possess internal governmental power over all affairs within the tribe, but lack external authorities to engage in relationships with foreign nations -tribal sovereign authority rests solely within the power of the federal government -sovereignty also means that states are precluded from interfering with the tribes in their self-governance, while at the same time the United States congress reserves plenary power to change the scope and definition of tribal sovereignty.

Major Crimes Act of 1885

-Legislation that helped clarify jurisdiction concerns on tribal lands and resulted in most serious crimes falling under the jurisdiction of the federal authorities, while tribal authorities have jurisdiction over less serious crimes. -the Major Crimes Act (U.S. Statutes at Large, 23:385)[1] is a law passed by the United States Congress in 1885 as the final section of the Indian Appropriations Act of that year. The law places certain crimes under federal jurisdiction if they are committed by a Native American in Native territory. -The original law placed seven major crimes under federal jurisdiction (exclusive of state jurisdiction) if they were committed by a Native American in Native territory. Those crimes were: -Murder, Manslaughter, Rape, Assault with intent to kill, Arson, Burglary, Larceny

Dr. Charles A. Eastman

-Native American physician, writer, national lecturer, and reformer. Eastman wrote popular books under the Sioux (his Native American Tribe) name

Treaty of New Echota

-On December 29, 1835, U.S. government officials and about 500 Cherokee Indians claiming to represent their 16,000-member tribe, met at New Echota, Georgia, and signed a treaty. -The agreement led to the forced removal of Cherokees from their southeastern homelands to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. - Though the majority of Cherokees opposed the treaty, and Principal Chief John Ross wrote a letter to Congress protesting it, the U.S. Senate ratified the document in March 1836. -The 1,200-mile trek, begun in October 1838, lasted six months. Along the way, an estimated 10 to 25 percent of the tribe died of disease, starvation and exhaustion. Today, their route is known as the Trail of Tears. -Many tribal leaders and elders signed their name with an X because they did not know how to write in English

Owl Child

-Raider of Napikwans, violent, leader of bad gang, does what he likes and doesn't consider the consequences

Kills-Close-to-the-Lake

-Rides-at-the-door's third wife, has crush on White Man's Dog but has an affair with Running Fisher and gets banished for it -quiet and often overlooked by her husband and his family

Trade and intercourse act (1790)

-The first law to regulate trade between Native Americans and colonists -Congress proclaimed its treaty-making policy and mandated that all interactions between Indians and non-Indians were under federal control. -During this time, federal officials favored efforts to "civilize" tribal nations, a sentiment that would later influence Indian removal.

Little Crow

-This man of the eastern Sioux in Minnesota led a rebellion (against reservations) and killed more than 700 whites before being subdued by a force of regulars and militiamen. 38 Indians were hanged and the tribe was exiled to the Dakotas

The Marshall Trilogy

-Three Supreme Court cases that defined the legal status of Native American sovereignty -Johnson v. McIntosh, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, Worcester v. Georgia https://www.uaf.edu/tribal/112/unit_1/marshalltrilogy.php

Tribal sovereignty

-Tribal sovereignty was addressed in the U.S. Constitution and adopted in 1788. -The Commerce Clause—Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3—read that Congress had the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations and ... the Indian Tribes." -Thereby, Native American tribes who signed treaties with the United States are deemed "sovereign, independent nations" by the federal government. -assertion that assimilation and reservation policy isn't working and turn to forced assimilation and detribalization as a way to attack tribal sovereignty -exercising control over land, natural resources and waterways on tribal land -retention of ancestral homelands -recognition of tribal property rights -decisions about tribes are not made without their consent -sovereignty today is limited and controlled by treaties, executive orders, acts of congress and federal administrative decisions

Allotment

-assimilation and allotment were a part of the dawes act and an attempt to encourage farming and land ownership for Native people to "civilize" people -state governments want to incorporate Indian lands into their economy -in the Dawes act, the government would allot individual land parcels to individual Indians in order to to encourage citizenship -people claim that reservations are too big, want to bring Indians closer to white settlements so they can be civilized -land allotment on a case by case basis to the head of the family or smaller allotments to single people (including children) -people were given 4 years to choose an allotment and get a patent to entitle you to the property -trust period: allottee is not allowed to sell that land for 25 years and the land will not be taxed for 25 years -rule that the president can extend the trust period -surplus land: once all allotments are made, leftover land can be purchased by the secretary of the interior and held in trust to be used for civilization program -deed is issued after 25 years -Burke act, 1906: after the trust period and allotment the president to decrease the trust period, ultimately led to major abuses

Cherokee Phoenix

-first Cherokee newspaper established in 1828 -represents indian sovereignty related to bilingual communication, creating a written cherokee alphabet, and a way to communicate within the community

White Man's Dog

-former name is Fool's crow, son of Rides-at-the-door and will eventually become the leader of the Blackfeet people -found his place in the world after his attack on the crow people -mentored by Mak-api to learn medicine that compliments his ways a warrior -rescues wolverine from the bear trap after crow visits him in a dream and gains the brotherhood and protective magic of wolverine

Elk V Wilkins

-landmark decision respecting the citizenship status of Indians. -John Elk, a Winnebago Indian, was born on an Indian reservation and later resided with whites on the non-reservation US territory in Omaha, Nebraska, where he renounced his former tribal allegiance and claimed citizenship by virtue of the Citizenship Clause. -The case came about after Elk tried to register to vote on April 5, 1880 and was denied by Charles Wilkins -The court decided that even though Elk was born in the United States, he was not a citizen because he owed allegiance to his tribe when he was born rather than to the U.S. and therefore was not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States when he was born. -The United States Congress later enacted the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, which established citizenship for Indians previously excluded by the US Constitution; however, no subsequent Supreme Court case has reversed the majority opinion offered on Elk v. Wilkins -Elk wanted to vote and was denied by Wilkins on the basis that he was not a citizen -no naturalization process for Indians as the 14th amendment doesn't make Indian citizens

Mak-api

-medicine man and mentor for White Man's Dog

Self-Determination Policy

-the movement by which the Native Americans sought to achieve restoration of tribal community, self-government, cultural renewal, reservation development, educational control, and equal or controlling input into federal government decisions concerning policies and programs -"competency": left up to the agents, superintendents and many people who went to boarding schools would be deemed competent -wants to contest the Plenary power which means that Congress has the same power and authority over Indian affairs as States have over the affairs of their citizens -right to exercise sovereignty

Jim Thorpe

1912, American Indian, wins both decathlon and pentathlon at Olympics in Sweden; later medals and honors taken away when its discovered he had played semi-pro baseball as a summer job in college

Carlos Montezuma

A forerunner of Indian radicalism. Founded Soc. of Amer. Indians. Against Bureau of Indian Affairs. Was captured himself-raised by Americans. Self-determination only way for indians to escape plight. -public attacks on the US government for their treatment of Native people

Indian Territory

An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

Fools Crow

James Welch

Heavy Runner

Pikuni leader, wants to make peace and cooperate with whites, gets them to sign treaty, but it is useless. Is killed by seizers.

Yellow Kidney

Red Paint's father and was important war chief until horse raid when he is captured, gets his fingers cut off, and gets white scabs. Comes back and goes into depression. Later killed in war lodge by white man.

Native American Church

Religious movement combining elements of Christianity and Native American religions.

Osceola

Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).

John Ross

The Cherokee Chief who went to Washington asking for past treaties be honored and his people not to be removed from their land.

Rides-at-the-Door

White Man's Dog's father, one of the leaders of the lone eaters

Fast Horse

White Man's Dog's old best friend, Boss Ribs' son, used to be cocky and confident but after horse raid became depressed/angry, left tribe to stay and go with Owl Child

Heavy Shield Woman

Wife of yellow kidney and the medicine woman for the sun dance

Carlisle Indian School

in Pennsylvania to educate and civilize Indians, motto = "Kill the Indian and save the man"

Lone Eaters

the band of white man's dog