Natural History

Plastron

Lower part of the turtles shell

Carapace

Upper part of the turtles shell

dormancy is

a behavioural freeze avoidance

warning colouration

aposemtatic colouration It is black and white at night

Arctic tern and Red knot

arctic tern used to know are world champion of migration not is red knot (27,000 km trip)

distortion patterns

attract predators to a non vital body part fresh giant swallowtail five line skink; bright tails that can fetch and jump and then regrow

Tree camouflage

barklike patterns grey tree frog changes colour to match bark eastern speech owl

American todd

behavioural defence used when chemical doesn't work inflate themselves to appear bigger

hognose snake

behavioural defence; inflate themselves to appear bigger if doesn't work plays dead (thanatosis)

Physical adaptions duirng winter for snowshoe hares

big feet (behave like snowshoes) large service area hind feet leap from over front feet

Physical adaptions duirng winter for fisher and marten

big hind feet than behave like snowshoes

molt

birds shedding leather to change colour

Birds that only fly during the day?

blue jays, bald eagle, turkey vulture Soar up on thermals and glide down and keep doing this, called thermal hopping These birds have slotted wing feathers for extra lift

masquerade

body resemble something they are not Katydid: live leaf mimic

disruptive patterns

break up pattern/outline of body many song birds use eye lines and eye strips Breast bands (kill deer) chin strap (canada goose, loon)

birds roost site

choose sheltered sit often coniferous trees than are covered in snow more insulation woodpeckers, small owls, chickadees stay inside cavities over night

Snapping turtles winter

choose spot at bottom of lack that there is a current to absorb oxygen then go dormant

camouflage is

concealment

birds active during winter have

contour feathers on the outside down feather underneath Add subcutaneous fat for fuel Shiver to generate heat, an important means of thermogenesis

Birds circulation

countercurrent heat exchanger/ rete mirabile/ wonderful net their feet is colder than the rest of they body less heat escapes body systems can be turned off

Toads below zero

dig down and go dormant for winter

Coincident disruptive colouration

disruptive patterns line up leopard frog

Some startle patterns have two functions

distraction/deflection

Flagging

eastern cotton tails and white deer put up whit till as a single of awareness to state it knows its being pursued and won't be caught

mouthing hormones

ecdysone, adult hormones

Poison spines

end of spine has poison usually bright coloured lo moth caterpillar, red eft, milkweek

visual

eyes on side of had proved large view animals that hung have eyes in from for depth perception Beavers, crocs, hippos have eyes ears nose in straight line to hide in water

Rock polyploid

fer loaded with moulting hormone, if insect grow too quickly it dies

grassland camouflage

fields, meadows, cattail march have vertical lines, must be motionless American bittern bird with vertical lines

behavioural group defences birds

flocking safety in numbers thought to visually confuse predator

Semipalmated sandpiper

fly down from arctic to bay of fundy to double body weight in 10 days then fly further south

Behavioural group defence deer

gathers together in really big numbers in fall/winter called deer yard yarding safety in numbers, more eyes and ears

aggressive group/ behavioural defences birds

give out warning call when sees a threat usually smaller birds to attack larger bird called mobbing and it a pre-emptive defence

Snakes below zero weather

go below ground (below frost line) and become dormant Place where they spend winter is a bibernaculum (multiple and different breeds)

insects above the frost line

go dormant Many have their own type of antifreeze Go to a sheltered site (bark crevices, under rocks)

salamanders below zero

go dormant below the frost line

Racoons/ porcupine

go in periods of lethargy

Frogs and turtles below zero temp

go to the bottom of pond where ice doesn't reach go dormant

mammals active during winter have

guard hair grow longer and thicker Dense underfur traps body heat subcutaneous fat for insulation=warmth under skin Internal brown fat for burning for warmth

wolves countercurrent system

have it in their snout and it is activated on cold days, close mouth in winter breath through nose

Behavioural adaptations during winter for white tail deer

head to yard line, place with less snow Browse line is where the deer eat on the trees

Startle structure/sound

hidden structure that is used to startle predators beavers: tail ruffed grouse: wings

Bombardier Beetle

hot quinone gas Burns on contact Made out of three mina ingredients; first two harmless together but add enzyme which sparks it Ingredients kept separate in body

Tent caterpillar

hunt at night and during day hide in a silk self made tent have soft hair on their body, most birds don't like hairy caterpillars

aggressive group/ behavioural defences wasp/hornets

if one wasp senses danger lets out an attack pheromones so other wasps come out

Comaoulfage loops

inchworms that stick parts of plants and debris to itself in order to hide

Olfactory

insects have membranes to hear Snakes have no ears but can sense vibrations and enhances power of smel; use forked tongue to pick up different chemical and scents are analyzed in Jacobsons organ

juvenile hormone

keeps in juvenile stage until turns to adult and stops producing

Painted turtles

lay eggs in ground, hatch in fall and many go in water but some stay dormant Those in ground are freeze tolerant only as hatchlings

Golden rod gull fly; winter

lay eggs on golden rod and egg grows with plant uses antifreeze inside the cell and sometimes is actually froze alive ice nucleating sites between them freeze tolerance woord pecker and chickadee have learned that there is grub inside the golden rods

Forest camouflage

light speckled floors, patches of light and dark Ruffed grouse nest on forest floor, pattern helps hide it; the female is more camouflaged than male young deers have speckled backs

Physical adaptions duirng winter for moose

long legs special mobility in the hip to step over

chipmunks winter

long periods of torpor low heartbeat, low temp, awaken every few weeks

Bergmanns rule

low surface are: volume ration want to get close to 1:1

eye elater

make the animal look bigger than it really is They are eye spots than are constantly visible

angle winged butterflies winter

males and females and spend it as adults

Possum

mammal that plays dead as behavioural defence

Seasonal colour change

many forest animals change colour to match seasons snowshoehare arctic fox

twig mimic

mimics branches inchworms, walking stick

porcupine

modified her that has barbs on end; easy in hard out Use their tail to slap in order to make contact up to 25 quills Antibiotics on quills and can't shoot them must make contact

Most song birds only fly at?

night avoid predators, generally wind dies down, air is cooler help cool hot air in body

Black bears

not true hibernation, low heart rate, high temp, easily aroused go in bear dens like over turn trees, roots, debris like to climb American Beech tree in fall to feed on the must high in fat count dont unrinate or defecate during winter; tapped: rectal plug

Adaptations for scanning

olfactory visual auditory

Basterian Mimicry

one is a model (bad to eat) one is harmless more models than mimics monarch and viceroy honeybee & hover fly Bald faced hornet & hover fly

mimic and background mimicry

one thing resembling another

Mosquitos, wasp, bumblebees serving winter

only females that mated survive the winter

ectotherms

outside temp affects inside

silk moths winter

over wint as pupa in a cocoon

walking sticks

overwinter as eggs walking sticks use ants to transport eggs down below to protect from sub zero temps

body armour

physical defence snail shells made of calcium, turtles, beetles, calms (bivalves)

Migration

predictable annual two way movement (leave and return) Canada geese, snow geese, song birds, monarch butterflies, dragon flies, red bads

large ears

preys usually have large ears to better hear and capture sounds, ear pivot in all directions (deer) Moose antlers help them hear Beavers don't have huge ears because they would drag in water

endotherms

regulates body temperature

thorn mimic

resembles thorns on branches giant swallowtail

holly aphids

secretes a liquor that becomes a fluff like material

scarlet lily lead beetle larvae

secrets a membrane around their body so when they poop gets caught in membrane and looks like droppingg

webworms

shape spine like hair

Allens rule

short extremities are better, lose heat first

Behavioural adaptations during winter for otters and mink

short legs, long body they run and slide on their bellies

ruffed grouse

snowshoes that grow every year grow little scales on feet to increase surface area

Bodyguards

some animals have body guards Ant will sometimes protect insects (aphids) for food

startle patterns

startle potential attackers and only appear at last second Could be bright patterns or resemble fake eyes (eye spots) underwing moths, sphinx moths, tray tree frog

Grey tree frogs, black mask wood frogs, spring peeper, chorus frogs; winter

stay near soils surface just below ground freeze tolerant

When no ice forms inside the body

supercooling

Ootheca during winter

survive as eggs in winter no water so doesn't need anti-freeze

Preymantis during winter

survive as eggs, lay eggs in late summer and remain eggs throughout winter and hatch in spring

Sequestering

taking poison from what they eat and storing it

Blister beetles

thanatosis as a behavioural defence

spittlebug

the larvae hides under froth (looks like spit)

Fireflies

they are beetles can tell specie from light pattern Carry steroid poison Photuris fireflies sequester steroidal toxins by eating male photons fireflies

Balsam fern

too much juvenile hormone and then adult stage doesn't happen

Glogers rule

trend that arctic animals have paler colours no pigment in that hair so the empty vacuoles have aie

ground hog and woodland and meadow jumping mice

true hibernators (ground hog worldest biggest) stay in ball

Bi colouration

two different colours, background matching form camo Dark colour on top blend into background and light on bottom looks like light Whirligig beetles and backswimmers (swim upside down dark underside, whit upper side)

bats winter

undergo a light 'hibernation" high heart, low body temp, easily aroused

Behavioural adaptations during winter for wolves

walk single file in each others prints

Skunk

warning colouration sulfur alcohol, release opening hissing sounds, stomping feet, gives warning before spraying wants to conserve chemical

mullerian mimicry

when a group of unrelated animals are all defended and bear similar appearances melkweek beetle and milkweed bug; similar pattern different species

Freeze tolerant

when an animals survives the winter with ice between the cells

countershading/self shadow concealment

white tail deer, wolves, snowshoe hair dark on top light on bottom