NATURAL HISTORY COMPLETE FINAL EXAM

Pitcher-Plants

"Carnivorous" plants that contain water with a lethal dose of digestive enzymes. Have ziptie hairs that produce glue and patterns that encourage bug to keep walking and point downward to prevent escape. The bug will then drown. This is both an Adhesive Trap and a Pitfall Trap.

Sundews

"Carnivorous" plants that mostly eat invertebrates. They have modified leaves with hairs that produce a "glue". Leaves will slowly fall over the prey so that more hairs make contact with it. This is an Adhesive Trap

Nuthatches and Blister Beetles

(A) add defensive compounds to the entrances of their nests by grabbing (b), which excrete Cantharidin, a repellant terpenoid.

Adaptations for Lack of Sunlight

- Leaves with large surface area, ex Round-Leaved Orchid - Leaves that are parallel to the ground - Thin, flat leaves: less energy spent building support tissues - Chlorophyll B more abundant in shade plants - Having lots of leaves - Colonial Growth - Blooming before tree leaves open: Spring Ephemerals

Adaptations for Too Much Sunlight

- Leaves with small surface area - Leaves grow on a 45-degree angle - Leaves that are highly dissected: have reduced surface area

Nest Defence

- Mobbing - Feigned injury displays

Vulture Scavenging Adaptations

-Featherless Head: for avoiding bacteria contamination when inserting head into unpleasant places -Meat hook tip -Raptorial Bill -Enlarged Nasal Chamber: big surface area allows for better contact with scent -Large olfactory bulb in brain -Huge nares (nostrils) that are not separated -Gliding and Soaring -Teetering Flight -Low and Slow flying for locating plumes of scent -Communal Roosting

double fertilization

1 becomes embryo and the other food for the embryo

Drawbacks of Capturing Prey

1. It can fight back 2. It can injure the predator 3. Predators may consume an animal containing toxins (bioaccumulation)

Aerial display (3 types)

1. Midges fly in the air to attract mate. 2. Ebony Jewelwing :male performs an aerial dance and she will open her wings repeatedly if she approves, if not, opens wings flat. 3. Male fireflies have aerial light display

Olfactory/Chemical Advertisement

1. Moose pee to spread sex pheromones ( and bull licks the air)

Benefits of seed dispersal

1.Avoids crowding/ competition. 2. Prevents in-breeding 3. Prevents spreading of disease or parasites 4. Save some of the offspring from being eaten. In addition, it varies each year in number of seeds. → if environment is bad, can abort seeds.

Sex pheromones

1.snakes slither and leave behind pheromones that can be followed. 2. Female moths have species specific scent

Purple Loosestrife

2 stamen and a pistol. Example of Heterostyly: vary in length.

How long does it take to build an orb web?

20 minutes

Repertoire

5-200 songs that birds have. for the female to judge and chose a mate.

How many types of silk may a spider web contain?

6 or more

Parental investment for moose

8 months of pregnancy, then protect them for a year for a total of 20 months. 95% of parental care in mammals are provided by female.. like with moose.

birds and biparental care

90% of the time

Torpor (Torpid State)

A [short-term] deep sleep where the animal is inactive and body temperature is lowered to conserve energy. A type of dormancy. Revive by shivering. Example black-capped chickadees.

Facultative Brood Parasite

A brood parasite that always has its own nest and raises young and usually but not always parasitizes its own species. An insurance policy; if your nest fails, one lone baby might make it

Sclereids (stone cells)

A cell that is rigid and heavily forcified with lignin; often present in large numbers in seed coats and pits.

Food Pile

A centrally-located pile of stored food. Poplar is the favourite winter food of: Ex: Beavers

Flehmen

A characteristic pose of larger mammals when picking up airborne *pheromones; the head is raised, mouth opened, and lips pulled back to better expose the Jacobson's organ. Panting. Example: Fox, moose

Anticoagulants

A chemical that prevents blood from coagulating used by some parasites.

Blind Stagger

A condition in which Moose are unable to orient themselves and eventually die. This is brought on by Brainworms entering the wrong host. While they reside in the sinus cavity of deer, they will actually eat the brain of a Moose.

Stabilimentum

A conspicuous zigzag pattern made in the middle of the web by Argiope spiders. It may tell birds to avoid flying through the web, or may serve to attract insects by reflecting ultraviolet light.

Constitutive defence

A defence that is always present in the plant. As a structural component or a secondary metabolite.

Pitfall traps

A depression or pit in the ground dug by Ant-Lion larvae to trap prey.

Spring Ephemerals

A family of plants that bloom in deciduous hardwood forests before leaves bloom as a strategy to survive shady habitats. Ex: trilliums

Aestivation

A form of dormancy like torpor that is used in extreme heat used by desert animals. It is usually performed in hidden and cooler sites, such as in burrows deep beneath the ground. (ex: desert tortoises, snails)

Roost Site

A good place to spend the night that is sheltered. Usually on a tree that is covered in snow, so as to create more insulation. Coniferous trees popular.

Terpenoid(s)

A group of important plant chemicals that lack nitrogen; used primarily for metabolic functions and secondarily for defence

Nail/Unguis

A knob on the tip of a duck's beak that is loaded with tactile cells.

Midden

A large cache of food. Usually refers to the massive piles of cones stored by Red Squirrels in preparation for winter.

Cardiac glycosides

A major group of terpenoids. A kind of heart poison (ex: milkweeds)

Megarhyssa Ichneumon

A member of the Ichneumon Wasp family that bears a massive ovipositor. This ovipositor acts as a drill that locates grubs underneath tree bark and deposits eggs inside.

Creche

A mixed brood

Phytoecdysones

A moulting hormone found in Braken fern and rock polybody

Spermatophore

A package that contains sperm; produced by small animals, ex: Springtails. They explode when stepped on, thus inseminating the female.

Endoparasite

A parasite that lives inside its host.

Ectoparasites

A parasite that lives on the outside of its host. Examples: Leeches, Ticks, Arrenurus Mites, Flat Flies (parasitic only as adults)

Heat Pit

A pit located between the eyes and nostrils of rattlesnakes, boas, and pythons, capable of detecting infrared changes in temperature as small as 0.001 C.

Mycoheterotroph

A plant that obtains all of its nutrition from carbon-based compounds obtained from from fungi. Ex: Indian Pipe, Coralroot

Mixotroph

A plant that obtains its nutrition both through autotrophy (producing carbon products via photosynthesis) and heterotrophy (taking carbon-based compounds from fungi or other living sources)

Obelisk (posture)

A posture used by some insects to shade their bodies (ex: dragonflies and damselflies)

Herbst Corpuscules

A pressure-sensitive group of cells associated with tactile sensory perception. Found in the tips of Sandpiper bills and in the tips of Woodpecker tongues.

Preening

A process by which birds attempt to rid themselves of ectoparasites.

Grooming

A process by which mammals attempt to rid themselves of ectoparasites.

Hibernaculum

A sheltered area where animals go dormant, usually for a long period of time. Example: snakes, bats, groundhogs.

Amplexus

A special hold used by male frogs and toads to remain coupled with the female during mating; may also have a stimulatory function.

Pectinate Toe

A special middle toe for preening used by Herons to get rid of parasites.

Intromittent Organ

A specialized organ for introducing sperm into a female's reproductive tract.

Ovipositor

A specialized organ for laying eggs. ex: Megarhyssa Ichneumon

Larder

A stash of food. Ex: Shrikes will impale voles on the branches of a hawthorn tree. Owls will also stash and even defrost extra food.

Camouflage

A structural adaptation that enables an organism to blend in with its environment.

Cellulose

A structural element in some plants, which is a digestibility reducer. Comprimises 50% of the plant's cell wall. (ex: MOST plants)

Mycorrhizae

A symbiotic association between a soil fungus and plant roots. Increases uptake of nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorous, and prevent the uptake of toxic compounds. Ectomycorrhizae: form sheet around roots Endomycorrhizae: inside roots

Cantharidin

A terpenoid excreted by blister beetles

Mist net

A very fine net that's used to catch small migratory birds

V shaped flock

A way of flocking that promotes lift by allowing the bird behind to gain additional lift from the wingtip in front. Example: geese

Thermal hopping

A way of travelling that predatory birds use during migration by soaring up one and gliding down another (ex: turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawks)

Freeze tolerance

Ability of an animal to 'freeze alive' by producing antifreeze in its cells and allowing ice to form between the cells (ex: gray tree frogs, chorus frogs, adult box turtles)

Supercooling

Ability of an animal to produce cryoprotectants so that it is able to avoid freezing. When its internal liquids are at temperatures below their normal freezing point. No ice form inside of the animal. Example; wooly bear, painted turtle, anglewing butterfly.

Hyperlipogenesis

Ability to convert food into rich fat stores

Synchronous hatching

All eggs in a nest will hatch within minutes of one another. This is due to the fact that birds will not incubate until all eggs are laid, and inside the eggs, hatchlings communicate so as to all emerge at the same time.

Frontal Eye Placement

Allows for greater depth perception (to scan for prey)

Side Eye Placement

Allows for greater field of view (to scan for predators)

Obligate Parasites

Also called Holoparasites. A parasite that acquires ALL of its nutrition from other living animals.

Eye spots

Always on display make the animal look larger.

Parasitoid

An animal that lives in or on its host and obtains its nutrients from it, killing it in the process.

Parasite

An animal that lives on a host and obtains its nutrients from it, usually without killing it.

Brainworms

An endoparasitic Nematode that lives and reproduces in the head sinus of deer. Deer poop out juvenile brainworms, which are eaten by snails, which are then inadvertently eaten by Deer.

Cowbird

An obligate brood parasite that lays eggs quickly that are thick-shelled and fast-hatching. May remove a host egg to do so, and watches for nestbuilding. May even drive other birds off their own nests in order to lay eggs in their nest.

Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal)

An organ inside the mouth that allows animals to 'taste' smell. Example snakes, foxes and moose.

Heterotroph

An organism that obtains all of its nutrition from carbon-based compounds produced by other organisms.

Autotroph

An organism that uses atmospheric carbon dioxide as its sole source of carbon for manufacturing carbon compounds. In other words, a self-feeding organism (most plants)

Rictal Bristles

Analogous structures to vibrissae found in Whippoorwills.

Scat

Animal Poop

Bergmann('s Rule)

Animals in colder climates tend to have a lower surface area to volume ratio. They are more rotund (ex: polar bears) Northern Gulls are a prime example of all three rules.

Cavity Adopters

Animals that adopt and live in already-made cavities. Ex: Nuthatches

Exotherms

Animals that cannot produce their own body heat (ex: reptiles and amphibians)

Generalists

Animals that eat a wide range of food. (beavers)

Detritivore

Animals that eat dead plants (Example: Springtails, millipedes, earthworms, orbited mites)

Herbivory

Animals that eat plants

Filter feeder(s)

Animals that feed by filtering plant matter from water (Example: Clams, black fly larvae, ducks)

Endotherms

Animals that heat their bodies internally (ex: mammals and birds)

Obligate Scavengers

Animals that obtain all of their food from scavenging. Ex: Vultures

Bodyguard(s)

Animals that offer protection to other animals for payment. carpenter ants as body guards for aphids.

Seed predators

Animals that specifically want to eat the seed itself (sparrows, grosbeaks, chipmunks, American goldfinches)

Sorbitol

Another type of antifreeze substance

Motus

Antennas that pick up signals from nanotags on birds

Glycerol

Antifreeze substance that reduces the freezing point of water

Hyoid apparatus (hyoid horns)

Apparatus that allows hummingbirds to pull back their tongue.

Black-Billed Cuckoo

Are intraspecific brood parasites (will lay eggs in nests of their own species), and interspecific brood parasites (will lay eggs in nests of other species, i.e Yellow Billed Cuckoos)

Tannins

Astringent compound (drying) that can't be hydrolyzed

Hygroscopic

Attractive to moisture. Spider silk must be hygroscopic, otherwise it would be too brittle, making it easy for prey to escape.

Male parental care

Bass and bluegill sunfish guard their offsprings. Also, Giant Water Bug wings are glued together with the eggs until they hatch on his back.

Model

Batesian mimicry, the well-defended and usually aposematically-coloured animal that the harmless mimic. Example monarch. (viceroy is mimic)

Beaver Grooming

Beavers have specialized grooming claws that resemble double or split toenails.

Group care

Bees/ Wasps and ants do this.

Warning behaviour(s)

Behaviours employed by animals that are chemically armed to warn away predators (ex: skunk dance)

Cold hardy

Being tolerant to subzero temperatures without damage. Animal equivalent to freeze tolerance. Gained through acclimation. It is the equivalent to freeze tolerance. Example: Balsam fir, black spruce.

Accipiters

Bird Hawks. Use their talons to kill.

Pellets

Bird waste ejected from the mouth.

highly Altricial

Black bear cubs are born helpless.

Proboscis

Body part used to draw nectar from plants (Example: Butterflies)

Lethargy

Body temp drops minimally, animal is easily roused. A type of dormancy. Example: raccoon and porcupines

Examples of Larval Parasitoids

Braconid Wasps, Tachinid Flies, Flesh Flies

Aposematic colouration/warning colouration

Brightly coloured animals that are chemically armed (or mimicking a chemically armed animal) (ex: skunks, milkweed tussock caterpillar)

Lamellae

Bristle-like structures along mouth of dabblers/puddle ducks that are used to filter food (Example: Swans, mallards)

Funnel Weavers

Build flat, sheet-like webs at ground level or in tree openings. The spider hides and waits in a tubular funnel at one end.

Orb Weaver Spiders

Build spectacular webs that act as flight-intercept traps.

Thrashing

Bulls vocalize and trash with their antlers and break branches off. This shows their power to female, but it is risky. It can attract predators.

Microfibrils

Bundles of cellulose fibers

Chemical defenses

Can be produced naturally or through the sequestering of toxins from plants. Example: milkweed tussok caterpillar, monarch butterflies, lady bugs, wasps.

Bladderwort

Carnivorous plants whose underwater leaves act as Suction traps, sucking animals inside and breaking them down with digestive enzymes.

Moulting hormones

Cause the insect to moult prematurely which results in death due to undervelopment. Found in Bracken fern and Rock Polybody.

Juvenile hormone(s)

Cause the insect to stay forever young resulting in no sexual reproduction. Found in balsam fir and mustards

Phototoxins

Causes phytophotodermatitis. Found in St. John's wart.

Radula

Chainsaw-like structure used to chew food (Example: Slugs and snails)

Masseters

Cheek muscles that power cheek teeth. Example: Moose

Alkaloid(s)

Chemical defence that DOES contain nitrogen. Usually more highly toxic/fatal. Often uses aposematic colouration (ex: asters and buttercups)

Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)

Chemical that is so lethal (burns) that it is stored in a separate compartment within the cell structure. It shuts down cellular respiration, starving cells of oxygen and quickly killing them. Found in bracken fern. (ex: cherry, birds foot, treefoil)

Strigolactones

Chemicals released by plants to attract mychorrizae-forming fungi to their roots; used also by parasitic plants to locate a host. These are tracked by Cancerroot roots, which form haustoria in the roots of other plants, making it a holoparasite.

Spatial separation in the same plant

Closed ginger land on top and insect muscles their way inside.

Gliding

Coming down the next thermal

Leks

Communal display grounds Ex: Turkeys Ex: Sharp-tailed Grouse

Chlorophyll and xanthophyll pigment(s)

Compounds that allows coniferous plants to convert solar radiation into heat. Example: Black spruce.

Compound Eyes

Comprised of units called ommatidia which contain sensory cells

Selective Feeding

Consuming only the edible portions of an animal. Ex: Fishers (a type of weasel) will skin Porcupines, tearing them open from their bellies.

Root Nodules

Contain bacteria that fix nitrogen (transform it into a form that plants can use)

Wonderful Net (Rete Mirabile)

Countercurrent heat exchange that allows outgoing blood to be heated so that extremeties don't freeze (ex: duck's feet, beaver's tails)

Mafia hypothesis

Cowbirds may threaten other bird parents into raising their young

Sheet-Web Spiders

Create a bulky structure with a number of vertical knockdown strands situated above a horizontal sheet under which the spider rests.

Nursery Web

Creates a web before it hatches to guard the offspring. Ex: Female Nursery Web Spider: carries their egg sac with their jaws.

Thermogenesis

Creating of one's own heat through shiverring (birds)

Insect Hearing

Detect sound vibrations (tiger moths, lacewings, preying mantis)

Analogous structure

Different components in different animals all serving the same function. . Mandibles are equivalent to radula, cheek teeth are equivalent to mandibles.

Dessication

Drying out

Yolk size

Ducks, grouse, and sandpipers have large eggs and 40% yolk, whereas songbird have smaller eggs and 25% yolk. This is because songbirds have altricial offspring and elaborate nest because offspring stay for 2 weeks.Ducks are in the egg longer so need more

Scavenging

Eating dead animals

Parasitoid

Eats its host from the inside, eventually killing it

Ootheca

Egg case that protects from environments (ex: preying mantids, walking sticks)

Ovary

Egg holding area in the pistil

Navigational compass

Electromagnetic field used by birds to map their migration route

Prickles

Epidermal outgrowths (hairs). Example roses, prickly ashes.

Courtship and food as gift giving

Ex: Cedar waxwing—use real food or stimulated food (or leaf)⇒ courtship feeding. Ex: Terns: bringing them fish—demonstrates he can provide. Ex: spiders, scorpion flies, and dance flies ⇒ to avoid being eaten.

spatial separation on the same plant

Ex; conifers female on top and male on the bottom

Subcutaneous fat (white fat)

Extra fat added for insulation. its function differs between the two groups: mammals use the fat largely for insulation while birds burn it as fuel to power their muscles. (birds and mammals)

Three Owl Hearing Adaptations

Facial Disk: acts as a "satellite dish," collecting and directing sound to their ears Wide-set Ears: horizontal discrimination Asymmetrical Ears: vertical discrimination

Brown fat (also called subcutaneous fat)

Fat that is deeper in the body and surrounds organs. Allows for hibernation.

Expandable Cheek Pouches

Feature of Chipmunks that allows them to make fewer trips when storing food and thus conserve energy.

Nest Sanitation

Fecal sacs contain droppings of young that make the nest easy to clean, and some birds add greenery to the nest that repel mites and other nest parasites

Parasite

Feeds off host without killing it

egg case and spinnerets

Female wolf spider creates cradle of silk and carries an egg case (all eggs held within) and it is held by her and they stay on her back until they hatch.

Rattle Snake

Females are larger and males. Has an infrared heat sensor for locating prey.

Internal fertilization

Fertilization that takes place inside the egg donor's body. Better guarantees that sperm will meet the egg.

External fertilization

Fertilization that takes place outside the egg donor's body.

No parental care

Find the right habitant and then leaves. Ex: American Toad,Dragon flies. Ex: Smooth Green Snakes lay eggs under rotting logs where it is safe and a good temperature.

Rumin

First part of the stomach in large animals such as moose. Bacteria live inside it and aid in digestion.

Guards their eggs

Five-lined Skink and Red-backed Salamanders ( in moist logs hangs them in a basket and guards)

Murmuration

Flocking behaviour possibly intended to confuse predators (starlings)

Bifid Tongue

Forked tongue that snakes use to determine direction of prey by analyzing scent molecules on each tip, with the help of the Jacobson's organ.

Alkaloid

Found in Asters & Buttercups. A bitter-tasting nitrogenous chemical compounds used for defence

Haller's Organ

Found in some ectoparasites, it helps locate host by detecting humidity, temperature, and carbon dioxide.

Tongue Flick

Frogs flick their tongues at prey, unfolding it and slapping it down on top of prey.

Seed dispersers

Fruit eaters that poop out seeds and spread them around.

Soaring

Going up a thermal

Grasp Ejectors

Grab eggs from nest and toss them out

Wind pollinated

Grass, sedges, ragweed, coniferous tree pollen, but not goldenrod.

Grey Jay Scatter Hoarding

Grey Jays will cache food all summer and fall, and their enlarged salivary glands create sticky saliva that helps keep food in place under bark or lichen. They nest early so they can spend more time storing, and have an amazing spatial memory due to their enlarged hippocampus.

Huddling

Group behavior that helps conserve warmth

Soft Hair Defense

Gypsy moth caterpillars and wooly bear caterpillars are covered in this making them hard to eat.

Trichome(s)

Hairs that can make it difficult to eat the plant/decrease mobility. It can be glandular or non glandular. Glandular ones release glue like substance. Example : ragweed, water smartweed

Body armour

Hard exoskeleton, fur, quills, etc (ex: beetles, porcupines)

Canine Teeth

Help to capture, grip and kill prey. Powered by the Temporalis.

Flattened Body Shape in Parasites

Helps the parasite to climb through feathers and hair. Ex: flat flies, lice

"Cement"

Hemicellulose & Pectin are binding agent. It holds bundles of cellulose together. It acts as a digestibility reducer.

Startle Patterns

Hidden patterns used to scare predators (underwing moths, polyphemus moths, grey tree frog, ring-necked snake)

Phytoestrogen(s)

Hormones that can cause mammals and birds to abort babies or make them sterile

Haustorium

In a parasitic plant, the special root structure that attaches to and penetrates a host's root cells, absorbing nutrition from those cells.

Secondary metabolite

Includes calcium oxalate crystals and tannins. It's a defence that only exists as a defence and isn't essential to the plant's structure.

'Wound hormones'

Includes jasmonates , ethylene and salicylic acid. These chemical messangers that raise the alarm by travelling through the plant and even to other nearby plants

Love Darts

Intromittent organs used by slugs and snails for delivery of sperm to egg.

Phytojuvenile

Juvenile hormone found in balsam fir and mustard

Snow bed

Kind of snow den created by a bird to act as a shelter (ex: ruff grouse)

Cheek teeth

Large chewing teeth used by herbivores. Example: Moose, deer, cows, rabbits.

Pinnae

Large external ears which can be pivoted to better receive sound (ex: deer, moose)

Bashing stamens

Laurels have pressure building system that when they are touched will whack the insect and leave pollen on them.

Blow Flies

Lay eggs on dead animals. Obligate scavengers only in the larval stage.

Tapetum lucidem

Layer of cells in the retina that produces eyeshine

Phytochrome(s)

Light sensitive pigments in plants

Phytochromes

Light-sensitives that cause cells to go dormant and make the plant more responsive to low temperatures

Repulsion

Main defence of most terpenoids, which usually taste bitter to repel the animal

Phalatopes

Males do incubation because they are polyandrous.

Bats

Mate in the summer and give birth the next spring. Actual gestation is 40 days, but it is not delayed implantation. The female stores the sperm and before spring she will let it out internally. Ex: Bees do this too!

Aggressive mimicry

Mimicry that is designed to lure prey by acting harmless/appealing to them (ex: Photinus VS photenous fireflies)

Thorns

Modified branches

Spine(s)

Modified leaves (ex: thistles)

Winter mobility adaptations

Moose have long legs for traversing deep snow Snowshoe hares have wide feet Ruffed grouse grow snowshoe scales

Geolocator

More advanced way of tracking migration

Navigational systems

Nighttime migrators may use the moon and stars, landmarks, temperature cues, memory, etc. Daytime migrators use visual landmarks, memory, position of the sun in the sky

Bogs

Nutrient-poor environments that lack soil. Dominated by plants from the Heath Family, that have fungal partners associated with their roots.

Nest Defence Peak Times

Occur when parents have the most to lose. Precocial birds=hatching time, altricial birds=fledgling time

Asynchronous hatching

Occurs in Owl and Hawk egg clutches. Incubation begins with the first egg laid, and may lessen feeding stress on parents, reduce odds of losing entire brood, and ensure survival of some young in times of food stress.

Hemipene

One or two eversible intromittent organs possessed by male snakes. Only one hemipene is functional at a time.

Stomata

Openings for gas exchange in the epidermis of a plant, consisting of a pore between two guard cells.

the most altricial

Opossum: have 13 day gestation and are put in the pouch

Brood Reduction

Opossums have 20-50 babies but only allow 13 to live. Acts as a forced natural selection. Also happens in eagles, which commit siblicide. Muskrats may kill the babies of competing neighbours. When a female tree-swallow re-mates, the new male kills all of her young.

Eimer's Organs

Organs found in the nose protuberances of the Star-Nosed Mole that contain highly-concentrated sensory cells.

Young cowbirds

Outcompete, crush, and can knock nestmates out of the nest

Contour feather(s)

Outer feathers on birds. The feathers that give a bird its form and general appearance.

Controlled Hyperthermia

Overheating, whereby an endotherm allows its body temperature to rise above its normal operating level; a physiological response to extremely high temperatures (ex: mourning doves)

Lampreys

Parasites that are actually fish equipped with sharp teeth for latching. They have barbs on their hypostome in order to better attach to their host.

Cerceris Digger Wasps

Parasitoids only at the larval stage. Adults will paralyze caterpillars, dig holes in the ground WITH MANDIBLES, lay their eggs in the stunned caterpillar, and then seal off the tomb.

Thread-Waisted Wasps

Parasitoids only at the larval stage. Adults will paralyze caterpillars, dig holes in the ground, lay their eggs in the stunned caterpillar, and then seal off the tomb.

Spider and Digger Wasps

Parasitoids only at the larval stage. Adults will paralyze spiders, dig holes in the ground, lay their eggs in the stunned spider, and then seal off the tomb.

Edible capitula

Part of egg that is edible to certain insects which will bring it underground. Allows the egg to survive the winter. A walking stick egg.

Facultative Scavengers

Part-time scavengers. Ex: Golden Eagles, Gulls, Ravens

Baculum

Penis bone Ex: Seals, Walruses, and moles

Photoperiod

Period of the day where there is sunlight

Anthocyanin

Photopigment that causes some leaves to turn red in the fall

Silk Tent

Physical defence used by Eastern Tent Caterpillar

Puncture Ejectors

Pierce eggshell and toss it from nest

Thanatosis

Playing dead, Hog-nosed snakes do this, Virginia possums and blister beetles

Hermaphrodite

Possessing both male and female reproductive organs. Sedentary or slow moving animals double their chances of reproducing in this way. Ex: slugs, snails, sponges, clams

Communal Roosting

Practiced by Vultures. Vultures will watch the behaviour of other vultures and follow leaders in hopes of finding food.

Raptorial Legs

Preying mantises use these legs, which are armed with spines, to pin prey.

Acclimation

Process of becoming cold hardy, which is triggered by 2 stages, first: the photoperiod becomes shorter, second: colder temperatures (but not below freezing)

Osmetarium

Projection from the mouth of a giant swallowtail caterpillar that looks like a snake's tongue

Phytoproteins

Proteins inhibitors that interfere with the animal's ability to take in proteins. Resulting in deficiencies in products such as amino acids that affect the animal's growth and development.

Talons

Raptor Claws

Meat Hook Tip

Raptorial beak adaptation for tearing into prey. While Shrikes are not raptors, they still have Meat Hook Tips on their beaks and depend on them entirely for hunting

Tappen

Rectal plug that keeps bears from fouling the den during dormancy

Coprophaging

Reingesting feces in order to extract more nutrients. Example: rabbits

Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction accomplished by the union of sperm and egg, each usually provided by different donors.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction accomplished without union of sperm and egg; i.e a cell splitting into two identical copies.

Stopover

Resting place used by birds during migration. Important for rest/fuel

Central Foveae

Retinal adaptation in raptors that helps them locate prey

Temporal Foveae

Retinal adaptation in raptors that helps them lock onto and pursue prey

Retinal Foveae

Retinal pits in raptor eyes that are packed with cones allowing for superior daytime vision.

Cutebra

Robust Bot Fly that is endoparasitic only in the larval stage. The mother fly lays eggs on the ground that act as temperature-activated land-mines

Visual displays in birds

Ruffed grouse use their neck ruff ( feather lifter up) and tail display

Caeca

Sacs that contain digestion-aiding bacteria on the intestines.

Feigned injury displays

Sandpipers lead predators away with a Rodent Run Ducks give a Broken Wing Act

Bear's parental investment

Say with mother for about 1.5 years, born prematurely and largest threat they need to be protected from are males.

Carrion Beetle Larvae

Scavengers only in the larval stage equipped with special antennae to smell death. Some will bury and move carrion

Benefit of Hunting at Dusk

Scent trails are easier to track at dusk because the earth is still warm but the air is cold, effectively sandwiching the scent of prey close to the ground.

Venom

Secretions that interfere with a recipient's physiological processes. Used to immobilize and initiate internal digestion in prey by way of digestive enzymes. Can also be used solely for defence.

Bohemian Waxwing

Seed dispenser with a large gape and short intestinal tract for seed dispersal

Paternity Dependent Nest Defence

Seen in Red Winged Blackbirds, which will defend more strongly the more they are assured of their paternity of the eggs i the nest.

Olfactory sense

Sense of smell, can be used to detect danger

Allen('s Rule)

Short extremities are better for the cold (ex: polar bears, arctic fox)

Plumes

Silk Moths release pheromones. Have 4 million sensory pores for pheromones and only live for 10 days as adults.

Constrictors

Snakes that subdue their prey by suffocating them. Ex: Gray Rat Snakes, Milk Snakes

Mandible(s)

Snipper-like mouth pieces that cut leaves (Example: Caterpillars - do not have digestive enzymes, so instead eat lots of food and only digest a small amount.)

Down feather(s)

Soft underfeathers for insulation

Tobogganing

Some animals travel through deep snow by sliding on their bellies and pushing themselves along with their feet. (ex: river otters)

Silica (silicon dioxide)

Some plants use it to become very dense and reduce digestibility. Found in horsetails and grasses. Takes thousands of years to decompose.

Mixed Function Oxidases

Special digestive enzymes that help neutralize toxins (groundhogs)

Rhodopsin (and cryptochrome)

Special pigments in the eye that are believed to allow birds to see a three dimensional electromagnetic field

Specialists

Specialize in eating one kind of food. Advantage: less competition. Disadvantage: food may become scarce or extinct

Palps

Spider mouth-parts used as a syringe to inject sperm into females

Vigilance

Staying alert in order to ensure safety

Crypsis

Staying still in order to camouflage to be effective

Secondary function of phermones

Stimulation and territory dominance ex: Snowshoe hares-- pee on the female ex: porcupine will shoot urine up to 6 feet at the female.

Slash and Shock

Strategy for subduing prey. An attempt to make prey bleed enough so as to go into shock. Ex: Wolves

Shake 'n Break

Strategy for subduing prey. Canines hold onto prey while the predator shakes it violently in an attempt to snap its neck Ex: Foxes

Lignin

Strengthening compound that gives the plant stiffness

Digestibility reducers

Structural components of the plant that double as ways of making digestion harder for animals. Such as pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose and more.

Lodges

Structures built by beavers or muskrats

Cryoprotectant(s)

Substances that protect life by preventing freezing

Hyperphagia

Sudden onset of extreme hunger developed by migratory birds before flight. Usually lasts for a few days

Annual

Survive in seed form each year

Extrafloral nectaries

Sweet nectars etc that can be used to draw animals that will protect the plant from harm. Some plants can even use chemical signals to 'call 911' for help (ex: wasps, ants, etc.)

Stilting

Technique used by some animals to raise up their body from the ground and allow for more air flow (ex: tiger beetles)

Oleoresin

Terpenoid filled sticky substance oozed by some plants. Found in pinecones and balsam fir.

Autonomy

The ability to voluntarily lose a body part when under attack. Example: five lined skink

Rumination

The act of chewing food, swallowing it, and bringing it back up to chew it and swallow it again.

Predation

The act of killing another animal for food. Process: Locating, Capturing, and Killing/Immobilizing.

Vein Drain

The act of severing the vein of a leaf in order to avoid overdosing on terpenoids (milkweed beetles)

Irruption

The appearance of exceedingly large numbers of a species in an area with an abundance of food. Driven by an unpredictable lack of food in the species' usual range. Ex: Crossbills, Bohemian Waxwings, Great Grey Owls

Gloger('s Rule)

The colder the climate the paler the animal. Example polar bears and snowshoe hares.

Necrophagy

The consumption of dead animals. Ex: Carrion beetle larvae

Neurogenesis

The creation of additional brain cells in the hippocampus. A trait of scatter-hoarding birds ex: Chickadees

Eyeshine

The glow that is reflected in animals eyes at night. Created by TAPPET LUCIDEM. Example: dogs, mice, northern flying squirrel

Definitive Host

The host in which an endoparasite reproduces. Ex: brainworms and deer, robins and flukes

Intermediate Host

The host in which an endoparasite spends its larval stage and does not reprodice. Ex: brainworms and snails, robins and aquatic snails

Bioaccumulation

The increasing accumulation and concentration of organic toxins in the upper level of the food web.

Infanticide

The killing by an adult animal of the young of its own species

Siblicide

The killing of one sibling by another. The oldest usually kills the youngest

Egg Dumping

The laying of an egg by a bird in another bird's nest.

Extra-Pair Copulation

The mating of a paired bird with another bird that is not its mate. EPCs almost double the number of the male's offspring. Female Scarlet Tanagers solicit EPCs from males wandering in from distant territories to promote genetic diversity

Hypostome

The mouthpart of a tick or mite used for feeding and attaching to the host. Ticks and mites have barbs on this mouthpart in order to attach to prey

Gizzard(s)

The muscular digestive organ of a bird that grinds up hard objects (i.e., seeds); especially well developed in granivorous and seed-eating birds. Example Owls, crossbills, turkey vultures, Ruff grouse

Glochidium

The parasitic larval stage of the clam.

Browse line

The point up to which deer have been eating foliage (ex: white tail deer)

Scatter Hoarding

The process of creating hundreds of solitary caches of food. Ex: Gray Squirrels

Positive Phototrophism

The process of growing away from the shade and toward sunlight. A strategy of shade plants.

Echolocation

The process of locating objects or prey by emitting an ultrasonic call and analyzing the echoes of that call. ex: Brown Bats, Shrews

Photosynthesis

The production of carbohydrates and other organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water, using the energy of sunlight

Sequestering

The retaining of poison through eating certain plants (ex: monarchs, anything that eats milkweed)

Tactile Sense

The sense of touch. ex. Raccoons have touch-sensitive front paws that help them locate food.

Phytophotodermatitis

The sensitivity to UV light that results from phototoxin cosumption

Brood Amalgamation/Creching

The taking of of other babies by a mother that are not hers. May allow for safety in numbers, both for donor's and recipient's young

Hopscotch

The way that most nighttime migrators (small birds) travel. They beat their wings and then glide until it's necessary to beat again. Make's a bounding pattern.

Cuckoldry

Theft of a male's paternity by another male mating with his female. Ex: Older male Purple Martins will mate with the females of younger males

Basking

Thermoregulating by exposing the maximum surface area of an animal's body to the sun.

Calcium oxalate crystal(s)

They are in stems and leaves of some plants. Create a burning sensation and could end up with the animal choking. Found in Skunk cabbage and Jack in the pulpit.

Thigmotropism

Touch-response in plants. Wild cucumber has tendrils that will climb and curl around other structures. Strategy to survive shady habitats.

Cellulose

Tough structural component that makes digesting and chewing plants difficult.

Drag Trail

Trail that beavers use to carry sticks to their Food Piles

True or False: Cats attempt to subdue prey by biting into the neck vertebrate.

True

True or False: Spiders recycle silk from broken strands.

True

True or False: Weasels bite into the cranium of their prey.

True

Subnivean Space

Tunnels in snow that allow small animals and some insects to travel in snow without being overly exposed to the elements

Reversible toe and anti-slip pad/scales

Used by Ospreys and other birds of prey to better grip slippery fish or prey that cannot be seen in tall grass or underwater.

Pheromone(s) (Attack Pheromones)

Used by animals to signal an aggressive defence (and other things) (ex: wasps, yellow jackets)

Labral Brushes

Used by black fly larvae to filter feed

Stylet(s)

Used by insect to tap into sap (Example: Aphids)

Panting

Used by some birds and mammals to create evaporative cooling effect. Hot air is passed through moist respiratory tract which cools it down. Example: foxes, birds

Serrated Beaks

Used to aid in catching fish. Ex: Mergansers

Olfactory Hunting

Using the sense of smell to locate prey

Nighttime migration

Usually songbirds engage in this activity because it is calmer, cooler and safer to fly under such conditions. Many small birds need to feed continuously as they travel and rely on stopovers. Others feed while flying

Glycogen-rich Rods

Visual adaptation in owls allowing for superior nocturnal vision=larger eyes gather more light

Plant Requirements

Water Sunlight Nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium)

Banding

Way of tracking migratory birds. Individuals using this method will record the bird's species, sex, weight and wing length.

Behavioural group defence

When a behavioural defence involves group behaviours (ex: wasps defending nest, dear yarding, birds in a flock)

Inducible (defence)

When a defence can triggered anytime, especially during an attack. Water Smartweed is an example.

Aggressive defence

When a defence is an attack rather than based on fleeing (ex: wasps, small birds mobbing)

Growth hormone manipulation

When a plant contains moulting hormones or juvenile hormones which affect an insect's usual lifecycle

Autophagy

When a plant kills off part of itself and withdraws the nutrients as a response to undernourishment, damage or necrotrophic pathogens.

Automimicry

When a vulnerable part of a plant (i.e. a bud) mimics a defensive part (i.e. a prickle) (ex: rose buds)

Batesian mimicry

When an animals that is not poisonous adopts the aposematic colouring of an animal that is Example bees, wasps & hoverflies; viceroy & monarch butterflies

Behavioural Freeze Avoidance

When animals avoid freezing by burrowing below the frost line or migrating. Example American toad, spotted salamander.

Flocking

When birds gather in a group. Example: warblers, waxwings.

Yarding

When deer gather in a group as a group behavioural defence (ex: white tailed deer)

Mixed species flock

When different species are in the same flock. Works best if food source is difficult to come by (bugs) and the different species eat different types of bugs. Example warblers.

Coincident disruptive patterns

When disruptive patterns are aligned by body posture (ex: American bittern, leopard frog)

Single species flock

When one type of bird is in a single flock. Best when food source is easy to fine because it allows the flock to feed in the same place. Example: waxwings

Mobbing

When small birds attack larger predatory birds in a group. Particularly while they are sleeping

Evaporative cooling

When sweat or water or some other liquid is used to cool down the animal's external temp. Includes turkey vultures, honeybees

Bicolouration

When the animal is lighter on one side of its body than the other (ex: backwimmer [water bug])

Background matching

When the animal's patterns generally match their environment. Example: American bittern to cattail marshes, fawns, grouse to forest floor)

Counter shadowing (AKA obliterative shading)

When the lower part of the body is lighter than the upper part, creating a more one-dimensional effect. Example: deer, cougars, hares.

Mullerian mimicry

When two animals who are poisonous have similar aposematic colouring. Example wasps, honey bees.

Frostline

Where the ground stops freezing

Parasitic Castration

Whereby a parasite chemically reduces a host's sex drive in order to ensure safety

Aggressive Mimicry

Whereby an animal uses behaviour or appearance (i.e a modified body part) to resemble an edible item or harmless animal for the purpose of deceiving prey. Example: Alligator Snapping Turtle, Angler Fish

Bruce Effect

Whereby pregnant female rodents spontaneously abort when they detect a strange male. This is a response to crowding pressures.

Vibrissae

Whiskers. Have sensory cells at their bases and used by River Otters in the water, where slight changes in water current can help locate prey.

separate plant spatial separation

White champion

Moose Dietary Habits

Will eat high-sodium aquatic plants (water-shields) in the summer, and ingest roadside ditch mud and water in the winter.

Snake Hunting Process

With the aid of the Jacobson's Organ, snakes are able to analyze the precise number of scent molecules on each tip of their forked tongues in order to determine the direction that the prey is in.

Wolf Scat

Wolves swallow side bones that could hurt their digestive track they pass indigestible pieces through their body and has hair around it to protect them.

Hibernation

[Long term] Heart rate slows, body temperature goes down, animal is largely inactive. Example: groundhogs, jumping mice

Northern Flicker

a black mark is how to distinguish gender.

heterostyly

a cross-pollination strategy in which a plant species produces different forms of flowers, each with a different combination of stamen and pistil heights

Masquerade

a form of camouflage in which an animal's body is shaped like a piece of its environment (i.e., a twig) or something inedible. Some animals create their own by adding camouflage material to the body (i.e., bird feces). Example; walking stick, green looper, inchworm, giant swallow tail caterpillar.

Rut Pits/Wallow pits

a hole in the ground the moose will pee in and roll around in to further expose their pheromones.

Incisor(s)

a modified teeth that beavers (and other mammals) are armed with. Beavers are able to sharpen them because the back are made of a softer tissue, enamel. They never stop growing and self-sharpen.

Dormancy

a state of inactivity characterized by reduced metabolic activity and a drop in some or all of body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. (Includes torpor, hibernation, lethargy)

Deflection structure

a structure on a non-vital part of an animal's body that directs a predator's attack to it; i.e., the antenna-like tail on the hind wing of certain butterflies, and Underwing moth

Brood patch

a tract of featherless, highly vascular, flaccid skin that transfers heat to eggs during incubation

Disruptive colouration (patterns)

a type of *camouflage in which patterns create the visual illusion of false edges or boundaries, thereby breaking up the visual outline of an animal and rendering it unrecognizable Example chickadee, raccoon, Band winged grasshopper, leopard frog, milk snake, song bird, canada goose.

Contact guarding

a way to ensure paternity. ex: Moose, dragonflies, damseflies.

Poricidal pore

agitated by bees at a specific wing vibration frequency to release pollen

Self-incapability/Self-sterility

allows plants to avoid self-pollination

Holoparasite

an obligate parasite. Ex: Witch's broom, dwarf mistletoe

Pollen Grains

analagous to the penis and intermittent organ that brings sperm to the egg.

Seed dispersal

analogous to parental care in animals

Velvet

antlers are covered with this, has blood vessels inside to feed growing bone ( from April to August) Their bone is made out of Calcium.

Temporalis

are muscles that power incisors in moose

Brood patches

bare patches that as wrinkles and somewhat soft with blood vessels to incubate eggs to 37 Celsius. Once incubation is complete hair regrows. Ex: Female ducks and Grouse

3 forms of adult males in Bass and Bluegill Sunfish

big and colourful, resembles juvenile, and resembling female Allows for Satellite male.

Parental care examples

body armour, chemical defence (terpenoids/bitter) Es: Milkweeds with cardiac-glycosides/terpenoids

Hermaphroditic

both male and female and usually sedentary

Biparental care

both parents assist. Ex: Wolves and foxes

Synchronized display

by Sandhill Cranes

Delayed implantation

can mate and give birth when the time is right Ex: Bears mate in June and give birth in January; it appears to take 7 months, but it is 2

House Finches

chose on the brightness of the bill, which tells them about their diet and ability to produce.

Mallard Ducks

chose their mate based on the bill. It can demonstrate age and health.

Tymbals

cicadas (lightening/heat bug) structure that produces sound when plucked by muscles at very high speeds. (the sounds is like a lid popping)

Tympanum

circular structure situated on the side of the face allows for hearing. The females have a smaller one, but she is the one who choses the best singer. Perhaps the males is larger to judge competition. Ex: Bullfrog

Main functions of songs

claim territory and attract a mate

Flower advertisement

colour and shape attract different insects and are a long range attractant. Ex: Bees= Blue Ex:Yellow=Flies

Crepitate/Crepitation

crackiling sound produced by folds of hind wings rapidly snapping open and closed during flight. Ex: Band-winger Grashoppers

self-pollination

dandelions

Spital flower arrangment

direction of pollen prevents self-pollination.

Sexual Dimorphism

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves. Ex: With Phalaropes it is reverse. The female looks more flashy and colourful and the male choses female.

Ruffed Grouse advertising

drum by rapidly flapping their wings.

Tine

each point of a deer's antler (which changes with age)

Temporary.Ephemeral ponds

egg-laying habitant for freeze-tolerant frogs

Ovoviviparity

eggs are held internally until they hatch, but are not nourished internally. Ex: Norther water and Garter Snakes.

over production of pollen

ensures reproduction

Startle sound

ex: beaver tail slap

Satellite Males

exploit efforts of other males. Ex: bullfrogs attack when they find a cheater.

Precocial

fairly advances moose. They are able to stand in a few hours, walk in days and then run.

Pseudonectaries

fake modified hairs look like nectar Ex: Grass-of-Parnassus

Adipose tissue

fat tissue of which there are two types, white (subcutaneous) and brown.

Polyandrous/Polgyny

female has multiple mates and abandons the male with eggs

pistil

female plant structure that produces eggs with 3 parts

sexual selection

females make the choice and is the driving force in evolution.

Extendible Throat Sac

fills with air and amplifies sounds. Ex: American Toad, frogs. The Leopard frog has two sacs.

White Water Lily

first female and traps flies with sweet nectar and next morning opens as a male and they fly off with pollen

Palm

flat part of an antler (which changes with age)

Blastocyst

floats around in uterus and then is implanted in the wall of the uterus to begin gestation

Spring boards

foamflowers when raindrop drives it a springboard mechanism disperses seeds.

Fake sex pheromones

given off by Bee and Fly Orchids They offer sex instead of food with fake replica of insect.

Young Common Merganser

gives visual cues to protect chicks

Twayblades(Orchid)

glue with pollen hardens on the plants back. Vibrations cause it to go off before the insect.

Pollen tube

grows down through the stigma and style and into the ovary. Transports the nuclei;one for the tube and two for the embryo.

Bunchberry/Pop flower

grows in colonies and is like land mines. Stamen springs free and smashes insect to deposit pollen. Quickest plants

Cardinal flowers

have long spurs so hummingbirds with the hyoid can access it

Warblers

have two separate songs for mate selection and territory.

Barnacles

hermaphrodites who attach to whales.They use internal fertilization.

Delayed implantation in Fishes and Weasels

in fishes it is delayed for about 11 months because the best time to mate is early April and just prior to that is when it is the best time to give birth.

Underfur

in mammals, the dense woolly hairs located under the guard hairs and next to the skin that trap air and act as insulation in cold temperatures

Rendezvous site

in mid summer to fall they are moved from the den site to here and are visited often.

Zoochory

involves using animals for seed dispersal. 1.stick tight seeds: hook and barks catch on the hair or fur. 2. Burdock seeds: like little hooks/velcro

Wandering penis

is 40times the length of the barnacle.

Incubation

is also an investment

Milkweed

is help in shallow cups and is accessible to all.

Visual advertisement

is key for ducks who cannot sing.

Preocial chicks

leave after hatching

Clasping

like handcuffs for bondage and long copulations. Ex: Walking sticks

Style

long neck of the pistol

Winnowing

loug laugh0like sound produced by the tail feathers. Serves as territorial and courtship function. Ex: Snips (sandpipers).

Temporal separation/ dichogamy

male falls off and becomes female. ex: jewelweed.

Dobson fly

male has tusks as an ornament

Stamens

male plant structure that produces sperm

floating devices

many aquatic plants have them

Boom or Bust Strategy

many plants can abort seeds if conditions are poor.

Pseudopollen

modified hairs that look like stamen ex: Grass pink orchid Landing platform and hinged petal that makes bee fall in the coffin winged.

Wolves parental investment

mother goes underground for 5 weeks and father drops food down the hatch. Live in packs ( up to 7). Once they eat meat it is cooperative.

Host plant

must chose the right plant Ex: Giant Swallow Tails can only lay eggs on Prickly ash or Hop tree, because it is all the caterpillar will eat Ex: Monarch butterfly is the same, but on Milkweed.

Columbine

nectar leaves with long spurs-- bumble bees with long tongues can access it.

tubes in plants

nucleus and sperm nuclei

Buzz pollinated

offers only pollen as food. Bees pollinate these and the poricidal pore points down and the bee buzzes and shakes it out into their pollen basket

Parental care in turtles

only lay eggs in spring, dig and burrow their eggs in the ground and leaves and sex of turtles is determined by temperature of soil (thus global warming :O)

cross-pollination

outbidding is better for genetic diversity.

Elaiosomes

packages of protein in Spring Ephemerals Ex: Aunts will collect them and store in colonies

Spring Ephemerals

pay animals to disperse their seeds.

Physical Defenses (Mechanical protection)

physical protection; i.e., woody bark, *prickles, *thorns, and *spines, Soft hairs, shells and quills are examples of this term.

Brood site deception

plant pretends to offer place to raise young. Ex: Red trilliums that smell like rotting flesh attacks carrion ( to lay eggs)

Fungus Gnats

pollinate Wild ginger that smells like rotting fungus.

Entomophily

pollination by insects/animals. Ex: honeybees,moths, wasps, and butterflies.

Calcium

requires in shells and inside yold

Wind-dispersal

requires small pollen and lightweight

dummy nest

round structure that resembles a nest that tells female he can feed and build. ( takes a lot of energy to produce) Ex: Marsh Wrens

stridulation

rubbing wings and legs together to produce sound. Ex: Crickets and Grasshoppers

Close range attractants

scents Ex: Evening primrose smell only comes out at night,

Basswood

seed has sails to help them fly Ex: also seen in Maple Samaras

Helleborne

sends off wound hormones to attract insects ( like there is a caterpillar) but still gives food! Also attracts predatory wasps.

Wheel position

shape of their claspers and opening of the back of head is open. It looks like a heart, and she bends to touch the sperm area. Also have Tools can remove the sperm—they stick around to make sure. Ex: damselflies and dragonflies

Sparring

shoving back and forth, happens after rut, and demonstrates strength and size. Ex: in white tail deers can get stuck and starve to death

Ornaments

size or colour of the animal which demonstrates something about their health,sex, or if they are a prime mate. Ex: size of Atlantic Puffin's bill There bills have a groove for every 2 years, and will only mate with them after four years. Ex: Deers' antlers.

Pink lady's slippers

slit opening, tricks insects and offers no foods, insect blocked inside by staminode and sticky pollen masses.

Saddlebags

slits of flower clamps pollen on the foot of insect (primarily butterflies/bees) and it unclamps on another plant Ex: Milkweed

Plan B/ Cleistogamous flowers

small flowers underneath that do not open but have full sexual function. Insurance policy for seed production.They also self-pollinate.

Bronchi(Bronchus) and trachea

songs are made between these two organs.

stigma

sticky and receives sperm

Nectar

sugar water that is used to entice animals to pollinate the flower.

Guard hair(s)

the longer, coarser hairs that make up the outer coat or pelage of a mammal.

rut

the peak breeding time for Moose ( mid September to early October)

Ballistic Ejection

the pods shrink and the seeds are squeezed out on by on spring ephemerals. Also seen with Orange Jewelweed: traps are tense when the seed matures and when touches the straps act as a catapult and seeds are thrown metres away.

Cuticle

the waxy surface of all exposed parts of a plant; helps a plant retain water. They contain a waxy compound called cutin.

Copulatory plug

to plug the female. 1. Mosquitos' sperm hardens like cement plug and occasionally use anti-aphrodisiac. 2. Snakes do this too! 3.Honeybee—the male mates with the female and during the act the genitalia explodes (and he dies) and it is imbedded inside her.But it is still not 100% guarantee.

Queen Anne's Lace

umbel closes when the plant detects rain (even when dead) by detecting changes in humidity

Nectar guides

visual systems to tell insect where nectar is located Ex: Brown-eyes Susan has an approach we cannot see which is created by UV light. Also seen with Marsh Marigold

Syrinx

vocal organ

Edible capitulum

walking sticks are buried underground by ants because they offer food with the edible capitulum

hyrochory

water dispersal

splash cups

when mitrworte matures it holds black seeds and when rain falls it makes them fall out

Anemophily

wind pollination. Downside? wrong destination

drumming

woodpecker's use of nonvocal advertising to attract a mate.