navigation

You are approaching to land at an unfamiliar airport. What types of waypoint information are provided by typical GPS navigation systems?

-Airport name, -city elevation, -runway information, -communication and ILS frequencies

You are flying enroute and need to tune a navigational facility. How can you properly identify the station and determine the operational status of the navigation facility?

-Check for audio identifiers, -check the Morse code against the chart, -check the status of the DME if it is associated with a VOR, -check for unavailability due to maintenance.

what is true about verifying the integrity of GPS signals for IFR navigation

-GPS equipment without WAAS capability must continuously verify the integrity of the signals received from the GPS constellation through RAIM -during flight, GPS equipment provides an alert message if RAIM capability is lost and you must actively monitor an alternate means of nav -if your GPS equipment does not have WAAS capability and RAIM is predicted to be unavailable, you must use other nav equipment or delay or cancel your flight -you can confirm that RAIM is available by checking NOTAMs, contacting flight service, referring to the FAA RAIM prediction website, or by using GPS equipment's RAIM prediction function -ATC or ATIS recordings might alert you to a loss of WAAS. if WAAS coverage is lost, GPS equipment does not display approach procedures that require WAAS capability

You are planning an IFR flight and need to log the results of the VOR receiver check. What entries are required in the aircraft log?

-The date, -place, -bearing error, -your signature

You are planning an IFR flight in an aircraft that is equipped with an area navigation system. What are the characteristics of area navigation?

-You may fly a direct route within the capabilities of the system, which makes it unnecessary to fly over intermediate fixes; -courses are defined by waypoints, which are specified geographic locations used for enroute, departure, arrival, and instrument approach definition, and for reporting navigation progress.

what are the characteristics of Area Navigation (RNAV)

-a method of navigation that permits you to fly on any desired course within the coverage of navigation signals or within the limits of the onboard navigation database -has courses defined by waypoints, which are specified geographic locations used for enroute, departure, arrival, and instrument approach definition, and for reporting navigation progress -enables you to fly a direct route w/o need to overfly the intermediate ground facilities -most commonly used in light genral aviation aircraft in the form of GPS

what checks should you perform to positively identify operational navigation facilities

-check the Morse code identifier against your chart to make sure you are tuned to the correct facility -if tuning a VOR, check for the presence of individual identifiers for the VOR and DME functions -check to see if the VOR is undergoing mantnance by noting the absence of an audio identifier or whether the facility transmits TEST in morse -continuously monitor the NDB's identification bc ADF receivers do not have a flag to warn you when erroneous bearing info is being displayed -check for the presence of the audio identifiers from the VOR, DME, or NDB facility to ensure it is operational

how do you use the VOT to check the VOR receiver

-determine the VOT frequency for the airport in the A/FD -tune your VOR receiver and listen for a series of dots or a continuous tone that identifies the facility as a VOT -verify that the CDI centers +- 4 degrees when the course selector is set to 180 degrees with at TO indication and 360 degrees with a FROM indication

what are characteristics of the wide area augmentation system (WAAS)

-enhances the accuracy of GPS -each WAAS reference station relays the GPS satellite data to a master station where a correction message is prepared and uplinked to a GEO satellite via a ground uplink -WAAS GEO satellite breadcasts position corrections to aircraft equipped with WAAS receivers

GPS equipment with WAAS capability for IFR operations

-equipment must be approved for IFR operations according to TSO-C145 or TSO-C146 -you can use your IFR approved GPS receiver as the sole navigation equipment for domestic enroute and terminal IFR flights without requiring alternate avionics for navigation and operating ground based facilities

what rules govern the use of required navigation performance (RNP)

-may use any underlying navigation system or or combination of systems, provided that the aircraft can acheive the required navigation performance -navigation facility infrasrtructure and your airplanes navigation equipment must be able to maintain the airplane within the specified distance on either side of the centerline of the route 95% of the time -your navigation equipment must be abke to maintain a distance of 2 nm for enroute, 1 nm for terminal, and 3/10ths of a nm for approach from the centerline of a procedure, route, or path

prior to departure, what must you do to comply with regulations regarding the use of VOR equipment for IFR operations

-must ensure that your equipment is maintained, checked, and inspected under an approved procedure -you must have your equipment operationally checked within the preceding 30 days, and it must be within the limits of the permissible indicated bearing errors

what are guidelines you should consider when planning a flight with the intent of using a GPS

-refer to NOTAMs prior to flight to determine if any GPS signals are unreliable -avoid direct to routes for long distance flights. create a flight plan with a number of waypoints based on VORs, other waypoints in the database, or your own waypoints -define your with a minimum of one waypoint for each ARTCC that you pass through and with each waypoint located within 200 nm of the preceding center's boundary -verify that the databases are current before using GPS for navigation

what indications should you expect as the GPS autosequences to the next waypoint

-system advises you of the nect course to be flown as you approach the waypoint -when you pass the waypoint, the nav map highlights the lag to the next waypoint in magenta -flight plan window displays the leg to the next waypoint as the active leg

what must you log after you make a VOR equipment check

-the place -bearing error -the date -your signature

under what conditions would you use a DME arc

-when transitioning from the enroute phase of flight to the approach course -when the final approach course is 90 degrees or greater to the feeder route -when you need to position for the approach without flying the course reversal procedure

GPS equipment without WAAS capability in IFR operations

-your equipment must be approved for IFR operations according to TSO-C129 -airplane must be equipped with the alternate avionics necessary to receive ground based facilities that are appropriate for the route to the destination and to any required alternate; additionally, those ground based facilities must be operational at the time of the flight

After vectoring you away from your course for traffic, departure control tells you to reintercept your course. You make sure the appropriate leg of your flight plan is activated and turn to a 30-degree intercept. What are the remaining steps you should take to intercept a course using GPS?

1. Note the CDI needle's rate of closure and begin the turn to intercept the course. 2. Plan to complete the turn to the heading of the selected course as the CDI needle centers.

tracking a VOR radial and the aircraft begins to drift off course

1. apply intercept angle of approx 20 degrees to return to the airway centerline 2. fly the intercept heading until the CDI centers 3. reduce the drift correction and note whether the CDI remains centered 4. if the aircraft continues to fly through the airway, return to the original heading and let the aircraft drift back to the airway centerline 5. reduce correction by 1/2 and note whether the needle remains centered. make subsequent smaller corrections until the CDI remains centered

what steps do you take to intercept and track the DME arc

1. lead your turn onto the arc about one half NM prior to reaching the arc. continue turning to the heading shown at the wingtip reference 2. turn to a heading that puts the bearing pointer 5 to 10 degrees ahead of the wingtip, and hold that heading until the bearing pointer moves 5-10 degrees behind the wingtip

in what order do you execute the following steps to plan your flight using the GPS?

1. open the flight plan window, activate the cursor, and select the first blank space in the flight plan 2. enter the first 2 waypoints 3. ensure the flight plan is activated 4. continue entering waypoints through your destination

intercepting a course

1. select the course that you want to intercept on the HSI 2. turn the aircraft to intercept heading in the direction that the CDI is deflected 3. note the rate of closure to determine when to begin the turn to intercept the course 4. complete the turn to the heading of the selected course as the CDI centers

Assume that you are tracking the 300-degree radial from a VOR station, but the aircraft begins to drift off course to the left due to strong winds. You turn the aircraft to a heading of 320 degrees to return to the radial. After you are established on the heading, what are the steps to establish a wind correction angle to maintain the 300-degree radial?

Fly a heading of 320 degrees until the needle centers, and then fly heading 310 degrees and note whether the CDI remains centered. If the aircraft flies through the 300-degree radial, fly a heading of 300 degrees, drift back to the radial, and then fly a heading of 305 degrees and note whether the CDI remains centered.

You are planning to use GPS navigation for a flight under IFR. Your GPS equipment is WAAS-certified. What is true about verifying the integrity of the GPS signals?

If you verify WAAS coverage along the entire route of flight, you do not need to perform the RAIM prediction check prior to departure.

You are on a flight in an aircraft with an area navigation system that can maintain 2.1 nautical miles from the centerline of your route 95 percent of the time during enroute maneuvers. Can you fly RNP?

No. the system must be able to maintain 2.0 nautical miles from the centerline while enroute.

While tracking inbound on the 270-degree radial, you notice an area of storms on your course and decide to change course and track inbound on the 250-degree radial. After you receive an ATC clearance for the course correction, what steps do you take to intercept the 250-degree radial?

Select the desired course on the HSI, turn to an intercept heading, note the rate of closure on the course, and complete the turn to the new course as the CDI centers.

According to the Chart Supplement, the frequency for the VOT at your departure airport is 108.00 Mhz. You have identified the facility by listening to the series of dots transmitted from the VOT. What indication confirms the required VOR system accuracy?

The CDI centers with a TO indication when you select 183 degrees and with a FROM indication when you select 003 degrees. (3 degrees off)

How does an HSI differ from traditional VOR indicators?

The HSI display is automatically rotated to the correct position, which prevents reverse sensing.

What is a true statement regarding the use of GPS equipment without WAAS capability for IFR operations?

The airplane must be equipped with the alternate avionics necessary to receive the ground-based facilities that are appropriate for the route to the destination and to any required alternate; additionally, those ground-based facilities must be operational at the time of the flight.

You are flying the arrival phase of your flight using your GPS navigation system. What are the meanings of the navigation blocks shown on your MFD?

The desired track is the course between waypoints, and the track angle error is the angular difference between desired track and actual track.

What condition identifies positive station passage?

The first positive, complete reversal of the TO-FROM indicator

You are approaching PITER intersection enroute to Friday Harbor, Washington. What indications should you expect as the GPS autosequences to the next waypoint?

The system advises you to turn to the next course to be flown as you approach PITER; after passing PITER, the system provides navigation information to the next waypoint.

What is a true statement about the wide area augmentation system (WAAS)?

WAAS enhances the accuracy of GPS, and WAAS-certified GPS equipment provides vertical glide path information for RNAV (GPS) approach procedures.

Concerned about the availability of RAIM, you decide to fly the remainder of your IFR flight using VOR instead of GPS navigation. How does the HSI course deviation indication differ when using a GPS navigation source compared to VOR?

When you use GPS, the HSI displays the lateral distance in nautical miles that you are off course; VOR displays the angular deviation from course.

You are on an instrument flight, and your DME indicates that you are eight nautical miles from the station. Your altitude is 7,000 feet. Can you consider your DME reading accurate?

Yes, because you must be at least one horizontal mile from the station for each 1,000 feet above site elevation to consider the DME reading accurate.

Prior to departure, what is required before you can use the VOR equipment for IFR operations?

Your VOR equipment must be maintained, checked, and inspected under an approved procedure.

You have been cleared for an instrument approach. When would you use a DME arc?

when transitioning from the enroute phase of flight to the approach course