NBS Exam 2

Bank and Bed Renaturation

The riverbank is an interface of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, an area protecting cities from riverine floods and often an important social place with recreational and cultural value. • Its renaturation design should also safeguard ecological functions and flood control. • Riverbank and bed renaturation aim to restore the natural dynamic of the river, which may mean restoring its shape, creating physical structures to direct the flow of water, and provide habitat for aquatic species

Why do commercial plantations dominate?

They provide income for landowners, tax revenue for gov'ts, jobs for local communities, and fiber, food, or fuel resources. Which also reduces the likelihood that the forest will be illegally cleared after establishment. There are concerns that low-diversity plantations of non-native species may be replacing important carbon-rich and biodiverse ecosystems including native forests, ancient grasslands and savannas, peat bogs.• The 'Atlas of Forest Restoration Opportunities' that supports the Bonn Challenge identifies two billion hectares of 'deforested and degraded' land as potentially suitable for tree planting but this includes natural grasslands and savannas that support endangered populations of large mammals• Similarly, research in north-west India shows that although afforestation activities can lead to an aggregate increase in forest cover, in most cases it results in loss of diversity and promotes monocultures.

Three Sisters

Three Sisters System refers to planting corn, beans and squash in the same area. Three advantages of this indigenous system include increased soil fertility, cooler temperature soil, and reduction of weeds.

Fodder Bank

Tropical agroforestry system - mostly in developing countries. Fodder is food for livestock. In nature, animals don't eat corn. They eat grass/shrubs, etc. Fodder bank is to feed livestock especially during the dry season. They improve access to off-season livestock feed among smallholder farmers. Community fodder bank is a group of farmers coming toogether to raise multiple fodder crops including trees, grasses, and legumes largely in non-arable or wastelands to meet the fodder requirement, especially during the lean periods.

What are ecological forest corridors?

Urban forests are often established along drainage lines where additional moisture is available. These forests provide a critical linkage, while screening light and noise effects, allowing safe movement of species in the landscapae. Ecological forest corridors can also be established in upland areas to link important habitats. Where possible, these forests shouold include structural complexity and species diversity to facilitate movement of a broad suite of species.

Mud Motor

Using the force of the water to let mud/sand settle into the shroe

Relocate Appliances - Climate proof House

Washing machines and dryers could be relocated to the first floor to keep them out of harm's way, while boilers could be fixed to the wall above the likely flood level.

River Flood Plain Processes

Water Buffer Carbon sequestration Cleaning Groundwater recharge Infiltration Sediment Trapping Cooling effect Biodiversity

Urban Farming Processes

Water Storage & Reuse Carbon Sequestration Cooling Effect Biodiversity Evapotranspiration Soil and Water Cleaning Infiltration

Trees in Cropland

Windbreaks (shelterbelts) and FMNR , each was restricted to nonoverlapping relevant cropland areas. Regulations and certification programs that promote the integration of trees into agricultural lands; agroforestry certification systems Erosion control, water recharge, and capturing airborne particles and pollutant gases

Delta cities

are often flood-prone regions and highgly influenced by hydrological dynamics, including dynamics between fresh and brackish water and sedimentation. They are also home to highly productive and nutrient-rich wetland ecosystems and soils.

Sustainable agriculture

farming in such as way to protect the environment, aid and expand natural resources and to make the best use of nonrenewable resources

Coastal cities

located along shorelines and benefit from coastal ecosystem services. At the same time, these cities are exposed to the impact of sea level rise, coastal flooding, erosion, and other threats such as subsidence or saltwater intrusion.

Six common pervious pavements

porous asphalt, concrete grid pavers, plastic reinforcement grid, porous concrete, permeable interlocking concrete pavers, and natural rock pavers.

What are biofilms

structure with different microorganisms that develop a film/slim material. This is part of the water purification process and helps break down different materials in the water. NH4 is ammonium. Plants can't absorb this - biofilm helps process and break down ammonium.

What are some plants that are suitable for rain gardens in MA?

yellow birch, switch grass, sage, dogwood, blueberry, cardinal flower, royal fern, tussock sedge

How much of tropical, temperate and montane grasslands, tropical coniferous forests, tropical dry forests and mangroves are classed as intact?

1% -- meaning they have very low/no human influence.

What are the principles of ecosystem conservation? (in a hierarchy)

1. (Most important) Protection - and sustainable management of existing NBS to sustain benefits and biodiversity 2. (Second most important) Enhancement - restoration and rehabilitation of degraded NBS regenerating benefits 3. (Third option) Creation of new NBS

What's wrong with an over-emphasis on tree planting?

1. Does not equate to establishing a healthy forest 2. Inappropriate tree planting can do more harm than good, especially afforestation of naturally open habitats, or planting on high carbon soils. Risk of soil disturbance. Afforestation on peaty soils can lead to losses of soil carbon that outweigh that sequester as trees grow. 3. Afforestation can reduce ecosystem resilience and long-term soil carbon storage and sequestration. Fire-adapted savannah and dryland grassland ecosystems hold large carbon storage below ground. They readily recover from relatively cool and frequent grassland fires, which do not destroy soil carbon, but afforestation risks much greater carbon losses during intensely hot plantation fires and can increase risk of fires on peatland in temperate regions. (leaving an ecosystem can be better than changing/disrupting). 4. Tree planting could be commercial plantations, which do not provide permanent carbon stores. Although harvested timber can lock up carnon in long-lived products (buildings/furniture) this has been over-estimated. A high proportion of harvested wood is used fro paper, card, and short-lived products which soon end up in a landfill or incineration 5. Trees in the wrong place can cause trade-offs between ecosystem services. (single-aged, low diversity, intensively managed plantations deliver wood products but may cause water pollution from soil disturbance and agrochemical use and reduce water availability in arid regions) 6. Distracting from the urgent need to effectively protect remaining intact ecosystems.

Climate-Proof House

1. Green Roofs 2. Solar Shading 3. Fit Insect Screens 4. Treat wooden sills & door frames 5. Switch to water-efficient appliances 6. Green spaces 7. Harvest Rain water 8. Replace timber floors with concrete 9. Relocate appliances 10. Raise electrical sockets 11. Introduce passive cooling measures

5 Principles of Regenerative Agriculture

1. Minimize the physical, biological, and chemical disturbance of the soil. 2. Keep the soil covered with vegetation or natural material. 3. Increase plant diversity 4. Keep living roots in the soil as much as possible. 5. Integrate animals into the farm as much as possible.

Bioretention Areas

A NBS used to augment traditional gray stormwater and sewage infrastructure . Bioretention areas are typically designed as shallow vegetated depressions that can intercept, infiltrate, divert, change volume and velocity, and treat stormwater flow. Bioretention areas can be particularly valuable in older cities with combined sewerage systems or with limited extendt of pervious surfaces and a large volume of contaminated runoff. Well-designed, installed and maintained bioretention areas can add measureable capacity to stormwater management systems Correctly selected plants remove pollutants from stormwater and facilitate water table and aquifer recharge. Bioretention areas can take many forms and shapes for different functions and contexts. Bioretention basins, vegetated swales, rain gardens, retention ponds, infiltration trenches, and detention ponds are examples of bioretention systems. Depending on the stormwater volume to be collected, a water retention area can be either dry or wet. When bioretention systems are systematically planned and implemented, they can add to the richness of urban green infrastructure, enhance biodiversity, and deliver aesthetic, recreational, educational, and quality of life benefits.

What is agroforestry?

A dynamic and ecologically based natural resource management system. Agroforestry integrates trees and wooded patches into farms and productive landscapes, and diversifies and enhances agricultural production. Increased social, economic, and environmental benefits can be derived from any productive area where trees contribute to the productivity of the landscape within and outside cities.

Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park -SLIDE

A flood-proof park for a flood-prone city • Bangkok is a flat city. By harnessing the power of gravity, the park is able to sustainably collect, treat and hold water to reduce urban flood risks in its surrounding areas. • Sitting on a 3-degree gradual incline, the park equipped with several ecological components-consisting of the green roof, wetlands, detention lawns, and retention pond-leaving not a single drop of rain wasted. • The rain and runoff are pulled down through the park's topography to generate a complete water circulation system. • Taking into account a 50-year period precipitation intensity, during heavy rainfall-oftentimes when the public sewage system is overwhelmed-the park is able to hold up to a million gallons of water. On the park's highest point, anyone can see Bangkok's skyline, atop the biggest green roof in Thailand covering 5,200 sq.m., where a rare sight open skies and green grass is free to all. Laid with low-maintenance native grass and weeds which attract local birds and insects. • Underneath the green roof lies a museum and parking space. Additionally, three underground tanks store rainwater absorbed from the green roof. The amount of water it holds can irrigate the park for up to a month. Excessive runoff from the green roof then flows through to four constructed wetlands, two on each side of the park. A series of cascading weirs and ponds slow down the runoff and increase water aeration, aided by native water plants which help filter and clean the water.

Extended Rotation Forest

A forest stand for which the harvest age is increased beyond the optimum economic harvest age, in order to provide larger trees, wildlife habitat, and other non-timber values.

Surface Constructed Wetlands

A free-water surface constructed wetland aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes of a natural wetland, marshland or swap. Free water surface constructed wetlands cleans water through a series of planted marshes and engineered soils that remove contaminants. They imitate a natural wetland ecosystem where plants filter water. Wetland plants are a great natural asset; in addition to purifying water, they support high levels of biodiversity. Since the 60s, the number of constructed around the world has increased between 5 and 50%.

Drawbacks to reduced-impact logging/harvesting methods

A huge management expense. More supervision, planning, and training are required and fewer trees can be removed, reducing output and income. Short-term sacrifices will have to be made to establish new forest management for long-term benefits

Setting Levees Back

A levee, dike, dyke embankment, flood bank, or stop bank is a structure that is usually earthen and that often runs parallel to the course of a river in its flood plain or along low-lying coastlines. • Levee setback is the process of relocating a levee further back in floodplain to provide extra space for the river to flood. • Levee setback provides the river with more floodplain area to interact with and can result in lower flood elevation. • The new space for the river allows new ecological and recreational activities and provides a greater diversity of floodplain habitats.

Planting Mats

A planting mat is a bioengineered technique for salt marsh restoration. It facilitates the re-establishment of salt marsh species. Plants are grown on relatively dense coconut mats, where the roots can grow. The mats are then placed in the marsh protecting younger species during their initial growth phases. The coconut fibers degrade over time but the plants remain.

Tidal Marsh

A tidal marsh is a type of wetland that floods and drains with the tides of an adjacent estuary, coastal rivers, sea, or ocean. • Tidal marshes are found along rivers, coasts,and estuaries. • There are salt, brackish and freshwater tidal marshes .• Tidal marshes provide invaluable protected habitat for many juvenile fish species, birds,and other wildlife, help to cleanse polluted water, and protect against storms and floods.

Facade-Bounded Greening

A type of green wall using technology for irrigation and special substrates for reducing the weight of green facades. They are more expensive than ground-based greening and require higher use of resources in construction and maintenance. Facade bounded greening allows for a combination of 10-15 plant species, most often mosses and perennials and grows fast and uniform. The thin layer of soil inhibits their suitability in cold, temperate regions.

Ground-bounded green facades

A type of green wall with climbing plants rooted in ground planters The climbing or self-clinging plants with adhesive pads as part of their anatomy, can grow directly on the wall or on a special frame connected to the wall. The plants extract water and nutrients from soil at ground level and can grow very tall and adjust to climate fluctuations and different lighting conditions. Many flowering and evergreen species can add aesthetic experience to exterior walls, cool, and freshen the air.

Improved Rice Cultivation

AWD Fertilizer applications, residue and tillage management practices reduce the amounts of nitrogen and carbon emissions

AWD

Alternative Wet and Drying - controlled irrigation. Limit the time rice paddies spend in an anaerobic state thereby reduce annual methane emissions while saving water. When the water level 15cm below the surface of the soil, it is time to flood the soil to a depth of 5 cm. The water in the rice field needs to be kept at 5cm depth to avoid any water stress that could result in loss of crop yields. Threshold of water level at 15cm is called "Safe AWD" which will not result in loss of rice yield, as the roots will be able to take the water from saturated soil.

Nitrification

Ammonia breaks down to nitrite and then nitrate (NO3), an ion. This is the form which plants absorb nutrients. Bacteria present in the wetlands (nitrosomonas, nitrobacter) break the ammonia down Ammonia (NH2) -> Nitrite (NO2) -> Nitrate (NO3)

Agroecology

An applied science that uses ecological concepts and principles to build and manage sustainable agroecosystems. It relies on natural processes like biological control and natural soil fertility without expanding the agricultural land base. The application of ecological science to the study, design and management of sustainable agriculture. It creates diversified agroecosystems that mimic natural systems as closely as possible to enhance sustainable production and self reliance

Estuary

An estuary is a partially enclosed,coastal water body where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean. • Estuaries, and their surrounding lands, are places of transition from land to sea. • Although influenced by the tides, they are protected from the full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms by landforms such as barrier islands or peninsulas.

River bypass or oxbow

An oxbow is a historical river meander that is cut off from the main channel during the natural process of channel migration, or through man-made channelization • Water levels are maintained through larger flooding events overflowing into the oxbow and groundwater seepage. • Based on the habitat proposed, inlet and outlet structures may need to be constructed to regulate the inflow and out flow of water for the oxbow

Animal Herd Management

Animal herd management in the Artic, where remote satellite sensing, meteorology and modelling and complemented with the indegenous knowledge of Sami and Nenets reindeer herders to co-produce datasets The indigenous observers are able to make sense of complex changes in the environment through qualitative assessment of many factors, complementing scientists' quantitative assessment of variables The holistic approach produces better monitoring and more effective decision-making

Restoring hyrdrology

Any aquatic system

What is green grabbing?

Appropriation of land and resources for environmental ends, displacing and marginalizing poor and vulnerable communities through securitization of resources. Large-scale, private appropriation of land and water resources, legitimized with the protection of the environment or financed through mechanisms related to climate change mitigation.

What are macrophytes

Aquatic plants slow down the movement of sediments and water.

Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park -SLIDE 2

At lowest point, the retention pond, during severe flooding, can store excessive water and double in size by expanding into the park's main lawn. Visitors, too, can become an active part of the park's water treatment system by hopping onto any stationary water bikes along the pond, using their exercise to keep water aerated Adjacent to the main lawn is eight "landscape outdoor classrooms", each with different biomes and layouts, lining both sides of the park to serve as diverse multi -purpose areas, including an herb garden, meditation area, reading room, bamboo garden, playgrounds, and earth amphitheater. Whether in the choice of porous components or locally-sourced materials, these outdoor classrooms pay great attention to detail to best complement the park's main ecological features. • Following the planting concept of growing urban forests, 300 varieties of plants and trees have been grown either from seed or as young seedlings which easily adapt to the climate changes and recreate a healthy ecosystem. • The first green avenue made for the people. The first of its kind in Bangkok, the 1.3-kilometer roadrunning perpendicular to the park was revamped to shift priority from cars over to foot and bicycles.• Also lined with corridors of rain gardens on both side to provide shade and reduce runoff from theroad surface.

What are Black Mangroves?

Avicennia germinans, black mangrove, is characterized by long horizontal roots and root-like projections known as pneumatophores. It grows a elevations slightly higher than the red mangrove where tidal change exposes the roots to the air

How much of mangroves have been lost within the last 50 year?

Between 30-50% and they continue to be lost at a rate of 2% each year.

Constructed inland wetland processes

Biodiversity Water cleaning Overflow Water collection Cooling effect Carbon sequestration Evapotranspiration Infiltration Clean Recharge Sediment trapping

Bioswales & Raingardens

Bioswales and rain gardens are shallow, densely vegetated ground depressions, with a variety of trees, shrubs, and grasses to collect stormwater from adjacent impervious surfaces. • During storms, they become flooded and facilitate ground infiltration and cleaning of stormwater simultaneously. • During dry seasons, swales and raingardens contribute to the quality of public areas. • Bioswales are common in streets and other linear infrastructure; rain gardens are common in parks, squares, and private gardens.

Usaquen Urban Wetland

Bogata Colombia The 8.500m2 landscape project, completed in 2016, aims to transform and revitalize an emblematic public space in northeastern Bogota. Its design concept is based on the wetlands of the Bogota Savannah, a neighboring rocky area, and the typical plant species. The project recreates the geometry of the half aquatic, half terrestrial ecosystem, its colors, and tectures. A rainwater garden in the main square uses recycled water and creates a native urban wetland that blends with its surroundings, the Andean hill backdrop, and preserves the native vegetation in its natural habitat. Despite the seemingly wild, natural, and free-form aspects of the urban design, a clear, rationalized structure and construction style underlies the spatial composition. Public space renewal program, design oriented: launched as an idea competition, water cleaning and water reuse as social interaction catalyst Benefits: education, health, economy, heat stress risk reduction

Processes of Green Cooridors

Carbon Sequstration Evapotranspiration Air Cleaning Infiltration Biodiversity Shade Cooling Effect

Salt Marshes - Processes

Carbon sequestration Water and Air cleaning Biodiversity Cooling effect Sediment trapping and Soil Elevation Wave and Surge Reduction

Floating Wetlands

Constructed floating wetlands have plants installed on floating structures that are placed in existing waterbodies to filter contaminants. • Existing contaminated water bodies, urban rivers, canals, and ponds may be treated with floating wetlands. • Secondary benefits include water cooling and habitat for wildlife.

Reforestation

Conversion from non-forest (<25% tree cover) to forest (>25% tree cover) in areas ecologically appropriate and desirable for forests.

River and Stream Renaturation Processes

Cooling Effect Shade Soil Stabilization Evapotranspiration Biodiversity Infiltration Soil and Water Cleaning Water Buffer

Processes within Bioretention Areas

Cooling Effect Evapotranspiration Carbon Sequestration Water Collection Shade Biodiverstiy Infiltration Sewer Overflow Water and Soil Cleaning

Green Roofs - Climate-Proof House

Covering roofs with live greenery not only reduces heat penetration therefore slashing the risk of overheating, it also helps alleviate any potential flood risks as more water runoff is absorbed. And, as an added benefit, green roofs provide a habitat for biodiversity and will absorb gaseous pollutants too.

Conservation Agriculture

Culitvation of cover crops in fallow periods between main crops Prevent losses of arable land while regenerating degraded lands Promote maintenence of a permeable soil cover, minimum soil disturbance, and diversification of plant species. Enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and to improved and sustained crop production.

Forest Farming

Cultivating crops under tree canopy Agriculture within an existing forest Shade crops: mushrooms, ginseng

NBS Techniques in Aquaculture

Cultivation of bivalve shellfish and seaweed aquaculture presents a global opportunity to restore coastal habitats and ecosysetm function and meet food security goals

Saproxylic Material

Dead and Decaying material

Grazing - optimal intensity

Defined as the offtake rate that leads to maximum forage production. This prescribes a decrease in stocking rates in areas that are overgrazed and an increase in stocking rates in areas that are undergrazed. A gradient of intensive to extensively grazed pastures reduces overall disturbance to plant-insect interactions. Nearly 70% of water use for cattles occurs during farm grazing, managed grazing practices can reduce water use. Erosion control and water recharge

Mud Motor Technique

Designed to gradually deliver additional growth to salt marshes. Dredged mud is placed out in the open, and close to the marsh, spread out so the tidal flow can slowly wash it off and deposit it in the salt marsh. This method imitates the natural sediment movement and allows the marsh to adjust gradually. The mud can be obtained from local sources, including harbor maintenance works.

Detention Pond

Detention ponds are deeper and less biologically diverse bioretention areas than bioswales and rain gardens. • Detention ponds can be completely filled up with water during storms; they infiltrate much of it into the ground; and discharge the overflow into the sewer system. • The remainder of the time they remain dry. Detention ponds can provide attractive scenic elements in public areas, around playgrounds and sport fields

Rotational Grazing

Dividing land into 4-6 blocks and moving animals around Improves soil health, allows deeper root systems, increases plant nutrients, reduces soil erosion

Regenerative Agricultural

Evolution of conventional agriculture, reducing the use of water and other inputs, and preventing land degradation and deforestation. It protects and improves soil, biodiversity, climate reslience, and water resources whil making farming more productive and profitable

What are Intensive vs. Extensive Green Roofs

Extensive green roofs consist of several horizontal layers-- bioengineered growth medium; membranes to support and control plant roots; buffers to collect, filter, store, reuse, or discharge water, as well as structural and insulation layers. Performance criteria based on desired plant typology and the quantity of water determine the thickness and composition of the layered structure. The roofs are not normally accessible to the public and have drought resistant plants that can withstand variations in temp and sun exposure. Intensive Green Roofs: the structure has a thicker substrate layer supporting higher variety of vegetation. In addition to water management and cooling, they provide amenities to building residents -- opportunities for gardening, exercise, sunbathing, relaxation and socializing. Intensive green roofs have good returns on investment of lowering building energy bills. They provide habitats for attractive species, birds, bees, and other pollinators. Installation and maintenance come with a higher price tag than extensive green roofs. Rooftop gardens are a special type of intensive green roods, which serve as a productive garden for urban farming. Rooftop gardens require higher investments and robust structural capactiy of the roof to support the higher installation and maintenance but offer higher use and accessibility to people. A special type of green roofs is constructed with a system of crates located under the vegetation layer that stores rainwater. The crate system can be dynamically controlled and drained at a later preferred time. In return, stored rainwater can be used for irrigation.

FMNR

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration

Rice-fish co-culture

Farming technique for over 1,200 years in south China, recently designated a globally-important agricultural heritage system by the UN A mutually-beneficial relationship has been documented: fish reduce rice pests; rice moderates the fishes' environment, a relationship that reduces by 68% the need for pesticides and by 24% the need or chemical fertilizer compared with monocultures The findings suggest modern agricultural systems might be improved by exploiting other synergies between species

Treat wooden doors, frames and sills, or switch to inherently resilient ones - Climate Proof house

Fixtures that can get wet and then dry out with minimal damage will increase your home's resilience to flooding and limit the time it takes to recover after an event, should the worse happen. Options include treating existing wooden doors, frames, and sills with a preservative to keep water out or switching them to something inherently resilient.

Floating Farming

Floating agriculture is a way of utilizing inundated areas for flood production,. The method creates buoyant beds filled with compost from decomposing vegetation, which becomes a growing substrate for crops. The beds float on the surface of the water, creating additional areas of land suitable for agriculture. Floating cultivation can be up to 10 times more productive than traditionally farmed land but are not suitable in waterbodies that experience high flow velocities.

Failure to ensure benefits for biodiversity

Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR through the WWF); created all forests as "forest restoration" and do not clearly distinguish reforestation from afforestation, native from non-native species or plantations from natural forests. Although Bonn Challenges guidance encourages signatories to consider setting aside land for biodiversity, there are no quantitative targets, checks or safeguards to ensure a balance between working plantations and regeneration or restoraiton of natural woodlands. Perhaps due to a lack of such safeguards, an estimated 45% of Bonn Challenge pledges in tropical regions are for commercial plantations, 21% for agroforestry.

Green corridor functions and benefits

Functions: Air pollution regulation, water pollution regulation, biodiversity, heat regulation, pluvival flood regulation Benefits: Heat stress risk reduction, pluvial flood risk reduction, tourism and recreation, carbon storage and sequestration, human health, biodiversity, cultural

Benefits and functions of mangroves

Functions: Coastal Flood regulation, salt intrustion regulation, sea level rise adaptation, coastal erosion regulation, biodiversity Benefits: Coastal flood risk reduction, resources production, tourism and recreation, carbon storage and sequestration, water quality and sediment management, biodiversity

Bioretention Areas Function and Benefits

Functions: Regulation of susidence, soil pollution, water pollution, heat, and pluvial floods Benefits: Risk reduction of pluvial flood, water quality and sediment management, social interaction, biodiversity, education, stimulate local economies and job creation, carbon storage and sequestration

Functions and Benefits of Urban Farming

Functions: Regulation of: landslides, drought, air pollution, soil pollution, biodiversity, heat, pluvial flood Benefits: Pluvial flood risk reduction, social interaction, resources production, carbon storage and sequestration, stimulate local economies and job creation, human health, education

What are functions and benefits of urban forests?

Functions: Riverine flood regulation, pluvial flood regulation, subsidence regulation, heat regulation, air pollution regulation, soil pollution regulation, landslide regulation, biodiversity Benefits: Pluvial and riverine flood risk reduction, heat stress risk reduction, resources production, tourism and recreation, carbon storage and sequestration, human health, biodiversity, coastal flood risk reduction, stimulate local economies and jobs

What are the functions and benefits of open green spaces?

Functions: Subsidence regulation, air pollution regulation, water pollution regulation, drought regulation, biodiversity, heat regulation, pluvial flood regulation Benefits: Pluvial flood risk reduction, social interaction, heat stress risk reduction, biodivresity, toursim and recreation, human health, stimulate local economies and job creation, carbon storage and sequestration.

What are functions and benefits of building solutions?

Functions: drought regulation, air pollution regulation, biodiversity, pluvial flood regulation, heat regulation Benefits: Coastal flood risk reduction, pluvial flood risk reduction, Riverine flood risk reduction, Heat stress reduction, tourism and rec, carbon storage and sequestration, stimulate local economies and job creation, education, biodiversity, cultural, social interaction

What are Smart Green Roofs

Green Blue Green Structure. Includes a Smart Flow Control that helps capture and retain stormwater.

Green Boulevard/Avenues

Green boulevards and avenues are among the most attractive urban typologies, historically proven to improve business, increase property taxes and enhance the prestige and desirability of cities. Functioning as environmental corridors from the start, they are instrumental in climate adaptation. An unpaved, vegetated medium can be integrated into the green infrastructure network for climate adaptation and help prevent floods. Continuous tree canopy efficiently mitigates urban heat, provides shade and shelter for small species, and promotes walking.

What are the types of Forest Fires?

Ground Surface Crown

What are the 7 layers of a integrated ecosystem? (Netherlands project)

Ground cover (clover, mushrooms, strawberries) Rhizosphere (Root vegetables, like carrots) Herbaceous layer (Rosemary, lavender, savory) Climbers Shrub Layer (Berries and currants) Low tree layer (Smaller fruit layers and nut trees) Canopy (Large fruit and nut trees)

What are Red Mangroves?

Growing along the edge of the shoreline where conditions are harshest, the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) is easily distinguished from other species by tangled, reddish prop roots.

What climate effects does a climate-proof house address?

Higher temperatures Flooding Water Scarcity Higher Emission Air pollution Biodiversity loss More Insect Pests

Subsurface gravel wetland

Horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands treat contaminated water by pumping it slowly through the subsurface gravel beds where it gets filtered through the root zone and the soil in a vertical or horizontal flow pattern. Subsurface wetlands offer the advantage of space efficiency and ability to prevent mosquito breeding

What is the Grain-for-Green program?

In china, they rapidly increased tree cover to restore degraded agricultural soils but used mainly fast-growing, non-native species that have reduced water supply and resulted in a decrease of 6% in native forest cover as farming was displaced to new areas.

Grazing - Improved feed

Inclusion of energy-dense feeds (cereal grains) in the ration, with the greatest potential in production systems that utilize little or no grain to feed animals. Inclusion of cereal grains reduces methane emissions

IKSPs

Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices - the skills and beliefs, knowledge, and philosophies developed by societies with long histories of interactions with their natural environments

Amphibious farming

Inspired by the ancient Aztec way of farming called Chinampas, amphibious farming uses artifical islands build in water. The islands are secured in place by driving wooden stakes into a lakebed and establishing a perimeter with woven reed fences. Amphibious farming areas create a grid, with large enough canals between the island crop beds for a small boat to move through. Planting beds use compost produced in situ as the growing medium.

Harvest Rainwater - Climate Proof House

Installing a $50 water butt can save an estimated 400 liters of water per person per year and help curb energy emissions. For homes that have a water meter installed, a water butt could save you money too.

Solar Shading - Climate Proof house

Installing shutters, curtains, or reflective blinds at the window will help protect your home from the sun's heat, reducing indoor temperatures

Conservation agriculture

Is a farming system that can prevent losses of arable land while regenerating degraded lands. Promotes maintenance of a permanent soil cover, minimum soil disturbance, and diversification of plant species. Enhances biodiversity and natural biological processes above and below the ground surface, which contribute to increased water and nutrient use efficiency and improve sustained crop production

What is a phytoremediation forest?

It consists of trees and shrubs with specific metabolic qualities that allow such vegetation to clean polluted soils inclusive of those on landfills and abandoned urban areas. The roots and microorganisms remove, transfer, stabilize, or detoxify contaminants in the soil and groundwater, improve ecological conditions and help prepare the sites for future development.

Green Spaces Climate-Proof House

Lawns are a natural way to reduce flood risk as they absorb more water than paving, so it pays to keep your garden as green as possible. If a driveway is a necessity, use permeable materials like gravel that will let water soak through and drain away easily.

Wind break/green belt

Line of trees to reduce wind velocity

River Cities

Located along the large river systems, benefit from fertile soils and access to river trading, but also experience seasonal water-level fluctuations, and are often susceptible to flooding

Mountainous Cities

Located at higher elevations, often with steep slops, are characterized by an extensive network of streams, and are vulnerable to flash floods from stormwater, erosion and landslides

Chulalongkorn Centenary Park, 2012-17

Location: Bangkok, Thailand The Chulalongkorn Centenary Park in Bangkok is the first critical piece of green infrastructure for the city, designed to mitigate detrimental ecological issues. It has added a much-needed outdoor public space to the gray city in 2017. Its green roof is the largest in the country, and the park's filtration system treats water from neighboring areas. It has become a showcase for ecological and social impacts of lanscape architecture in dense urban areas. Its site area spans 48,000 m2 and is 1.3 kilometers in length, and it sits in the campus area of Chulalongkorn University. Urban green and natural icon, design oriented: launched as an international competition, integrated in educational and cultural instituion Benefits: Pollutants reduction, biodiversity, tourism, social interaction,

Chulalongkorn Centenary Park

Location: Bangkok, Thailand The Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park is the critical first park of Bangkok's green infrastructure designed to mitigate environmental degradation and add much-needed outdoor public space to the gray city. The park water treatment system is built around constructed wetlands with detention lawns and retention ponds. The constructed etlands follow the slop of an incline plane, and steps down through a series of weirs and ponds. Water passes through a weird, cascades down, flows through a plant-filled pond below, passes through another weird and flows through another pond. Water is cleaned every time is passes through plants until reaching the retention pond, where children and adults can safely play and enjoy the water. Urban icon, design oriented: launched as an international idea competition, integrated in educational and cultural institution. Also a part of urban green space Benefits: pollutants reduction, biodiversity, tourism, social interaction

Farming Kindergarten, 2013-15

Location: Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Vietnam Architects in 2013 conceived a new kindergarten building as a continuous productive green roof supply fresh produce, providing a food-growing experience to children. The building is located next to a shoe factory and serves about 500 children of the factory workers. The contemporary design of the kindergarten provides a large playground and innovative combination of developmentally important activities: growing food and hands-on learning. The kindergarten projects aim to preserve a better understanding of the natural processes and to make it more fun for early learners to spend time outdoors. Benefits: Health, Education

Julio Mario Santo Domingo Library Park, Completed 2010

Location: Bogota, Colombia The Santo Domingo Library and gardens set in 55,000 m2 space, offer extraordinary benefits to the population of the nothern districts of bogota- Usaquen and Suba. The restoration in 2010 involved conserving many existing plants while adding new ones. The gardens create and excellent education space and contain many rediscovered indigenous plants that are endangered, reviving a process of ecological restoration. The project demonstrates how important a healthy, green space cna be to the mental wellbeing and physical health of urban dwellers. Private donation from local stakeholders, equity promotion through playing and learning, linked to cultural amenities, Benefits: Education, Biodiversity, Health

Bicentenario Park, 2007-16

Location: Bogota, Colombia Bicentenario Park was conceived as a revitalization project in downtown Bogota and inaugurated in 2016. It is a reinforced concrete bridge that adapts to the topography of the terrain and meets a vast number of urban technicisms and norms of the city. In order to transform this bridge into a green public space of 4,600m2 a series of extensive and intensive green roofs were designed, resulting in eight small vegetated squares. A wide variety of native and adapted plants were selected by the Botanical Garden of Bogota. The new Parque Bicentenario restoration has become a healing factor in the division of south and north sectors of Bogota. Benefits: Heat Stress Reduction, Equity, Recreation, Social Interaction, Design oriented: launched as idea competition,

Rio Bogota Environmental Flood Control Project

Location: Bogota, Colombia The objective of the Rio Bogota Environmental Recuperation and FLood Control Project was to transform the Bogota River into an environmental asset for the Bogota Capital metropolitan region by improving the water quality, reducing flood risks and creating multifunctional areas along the river. The project rehabilitated 8 areas - wetlands and meanders - with a total area of 175 hectares, which function as flood detention areas, ecological habitats, and public spaces. The main strategies focused on reduction of flood risk and establishment of multifunctional zones along the river. Environmetnal improvement works included river dredging, embankment construction, meanders and wetlands, and the construction of a recreational landscape. Water as leverage to establish partnership with local gov'ts, strengthening the capacity for the day to day implementation, Creation of a new urban park and city ecological structure Benefits: Flood risk reductino, recreation, economy, heat stress risk reduction

Greening Cairo's roofs, 2001-03

Location: Cairo, Egypt The objective of the Cairo and Alexandria Green Roof program was to offer low-income suburban families a possibility of growing their own food and creating income-generating opportunities. The program was wholeheartedly embraced by local women, who began to produce fresh vegetables and use the roofs for social gatherings in a safe, semiprivate setting. FAO initially trained 48 families in the use of hydroponics systems and green techniques, eliminating the use of pesticides. Since then the project has become an urban and peri-urban horticulture model. Benefits: Envrionmental, Climate, Micro-economy, Gender Empowerment

Chattanooga Renaissance Park, 2005-13

Location: Chattanooga Completed in 2006, Renaissance Park has been a catalyst for reinvestment in Chattanooga's growing northshore neighborhood ever since. The park is an environmentally focused brownfield redevelopment project that successfully demonstrates how a once polluted area can be restored to a natural park setting within an urban-driven landscape. A created wetland system now collects and cleans runoff before released into the Tennessee River and is the centerpiece of the park that now serves as an amenity for adjacent new residential and mixed use developments. Brownfield restoration, stimulate neighborhood reinvestment, water cleaning process as design element of park design Benefits: Environmental, biodiversity, education, heat stress risk reduction

Shorter's Wharf Restoration, 2002-present

Location: Chesapeake Bay A group of conservation partners -- U.S. fish and wildlife service, the audubon society, the conservation fund, marlyland department of natural resources, and the US geological survey are leading a series of experiments which focus on the preservation and restoration of the Chesapeake Bay marsh. 26,000 cubic yards of sediment dredged from the blackwater river were mixed with water and sprayed across 40 acres of inundated marsh in the beginning of the project. This allowed between 4 and 6 inches of sediment to accumulate and raise the surrounding area to the elevation of high marsh. Subsequently, 213,000 clups of grass were planted, followed by the removal of earth and additional plantin gof hundreds of thousands of marsh plants. Lessons learned from this project are shared with specialists working to restore other endangered marshes and attempting to replicate this success. Salt Marsh restoration approach, Sediment reuse from adjacent sources, Funded by Environmental agencies. Benefits: Flood protection, Health, Education, and Biodiversity

St. Kjeld's neighbourhood: Taisnge Plads 2013-15

Location: Copenhage, Denmark The bioretention project is part of The Climate Neighborhood' project, in the St. Kjeld's neighborhood, launched as a neighborhood renewal program. The bioretention area was sloped to collect rainwater at the bottom, where it seeps into the ground instead of being directed to the drains. Water fromt he streets collects in the waterbeds, which are filled with mould that filters the water. The climate adaptation creates capacity in the drains to prevent flooding. The entire St. Kjeld's neighborhood is a showcase for ground-breaking climate adaptation soulutions. Showcase for climate proof public space, integrated in neighborhood renewal program, participatory process with local communities Benefits: heatlh, flood and heat stress risk reduction

Salt Marsh Development in Delfzijl; Marconi

Location: Delfzijl, Ems-Dollard estuary (NL) • Salt marshes were constructed along the coast of Delfzijl(Netherlands). • In addition, a pioneer salt marsh was constructed along the coast, consisting of a pilot salt marsh of 15 hectares, a bird breeding island and a salt marsh park(city salt marsh) of 13 hectares. The pilot salt marsh is used to develop knowledge about how to design and construction affects the development of a man-made salt marsh. • The pilot salt marsh consists of six compartments with different percentages of mud (a mixture of clay and silt with a grain size smaller than 63 μm) in the upper meter of the subsurface. Some of the compartments were seeded with Long-spiked Glasswort. • After construction, the development of the salt marsh was intensively monitored between. Monitoring focused on morphological development and biodiversity.

Salt Marsh Development in Delfzijl, Marconi Project

Location: Delfzijl, The Netherlands Delfzjil project is restoring salt marshes by reusing sediment from the part of Delfzijl and the Eems-Dallard Estuary. The project was launched by the municpality of Delfzjl and is a part of the Marconi Buitendijks regional development effort. In addition to testing the technical aspects of salt marsh restoration, the project addresses several major issues faced by municipality; a shrinking population, sea level rise combined with subsidence, adn the poor ecological condition of the Ems-Dollard. The new marsh will improve water quality, provide new habitat for many species, enhance coastal defenses, and increase the attractiveness of the coast for tourism and recreation. The know-how generated by the project will be available to other locations through technical manuals. Salt Marsh Restoration, Regional development effort, knowledge development for applicability Benefits: Flood protection, Biodiversity, Education

Pioneer Salt Marsh Restoration for Coastal Protection

Location: Eastern Scheldt, The Netherlands In this project, Spartina anglica plants fixed in coconut mats are applied at three locations in the Eastern Scheldt in order to investigate the potential of this method to re-establish pioneer salt marsh. • Under the right conditions (e.g., sufficient sediment input), the Spartina plants grow out and form larger tussocks and subsequently meadows, thus adding to coastal protection, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. • The company Nautilus-Ecociviel grew Spartina plants in mats of coconut fiber and grew them for 1.5 years in freshwater basins, as no saltwater basins were available. Mats were rolled up for transportation. • A special boat was used to bring the mats to the right place during high tide. • The actual installation of the mats was simple. During low tide the mats are rolled out on the mudflat and fixed with biodegradable pins. • Edges of the mats were dug into the bed to prevent dislodging. • Single plants were planted according to the design scheme

Freetown, the Tree Town Campaign, 2020-23

Location: Freetown, Sierra Leone Within and surrounding the urban space around the capital, Freetown, trees have given way to buildings, a bleak testament to ongoing deforestation and environmental degradation in Sierra Leone. The Freetown Municipality began a one million tree planting camapign in 2020. In addition to a diverse native tree species with extended canopies and strong roots, private compound and community-based trees include mango trees to provide additional fruit harvesting community benefits. Educational workshops, community-based stewardship, planting and growing models establish ownership and value in the campaign at the community level. Community involvement, private and public scope, environmental stewardship for sustainability Benefits: Education, Health, Biodiversity, Employment

Mangrove restoration at Gazi bay

Location: Gazi Bay, Kenya Gazi Bay mangrove forests have been used by local people as a source building and fuel wood as well as for fishing. Consequently, significant mangrove deforestation occurred with much of the forests cut down or otherwise degraded. Without the trees, the shores of the bay became muddy and vulnerable to erosion. Recent mangrove rehabilitation projects used a community participatory approach to restore degraded areas of Gazi Bay and successfully restored the functions of mangroves so they could continue providing goods an dservices to the local community, while maintaining the integrity of its own ecosystem. The project included the planting of 6,000 mangrove trees in 46 experimental plots. Following the restoration, the women of Gazi, with support from the Kenya marine and Fisheries Research Institute established an ecostourism venture that benefits from the value of the mangrove's scenic beauty and diversity. Mangrove restoration approach, Community involvement, gender empowerment Benefits: Flood protection, Social, Econmy, Education

Sanya Mangrove Ecological Park

Location: Hainan Island, China The 30 - year urban development has brought tremendous ecological damage to Sanya. Detritus from garbage covered waterways and the concrete flood wall had erased the mangrove and floodplain ecosystem, and had blocked the connection between sea water and rainwater in upstream cities. The goal of the design was to restore the mangrove ecosystem and had blocked the connection between sea water and rainwater in upstream cities. The goal of the design was to restore the mangrove ecosystem and demonstrate other urban restoration and ecological restoration projects. The design solved four major site problems for mangrove restoration: strong tropical monsoon floods gathered in the upper reaches; polluted urban runoff; travel ability, and combining public recreation with natural restoration. The Park is a great success in restoration and not only demonstrates its benefits to nature, but also brings tremendous improvement to public services. Mangrove restoration approach, showcase of ecological restoration in a city envrionment, Envrionemntal stewardship Benefits: Flood protection, recreation, biodiversity, and education

Kibera's vertical farms, 1980s to date

Location: Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya Urban agriculture in Nairobi is practiced in backyard farms, on open spaces under power lines, along roadsides, railway lines, and riverbanks, as well as on institutional land. In the mid 1980s, when the urban population reached one million mark, 20% of Nairobi households were growing crops and 17% kept livestock within the city limits. It is estimated that 30% of households in Nairobi are involved with urban farming. Social value is created by the promotion of value-chain development and direct producer-consumer marketing. Family time and labor spent on urban agriculture depends on teh size of land, intensity of the practice, and number of livestock. In the peri-urban transition areas, most labor for vegetable produciton is provided by women. Households largely involved in urban farming, Collaboration of local community in research surveys, Woman Empowerment Benefits: Economy, Gender Empowerment, Education

Building community-driven vertical greening systems for people living on less than $1 a day

Location: Lagos, Nigeria Low-income residents of lagos installed an interior vertical greening system (VGS) prototype to grow produce, herbs, and cool the immediate environment. VGS is a compact, affordable, low-tech passive technology. Yet, even in this challenging environment it can be effective and popular. Community engagement surveys shwoed that VGSs reduce internal air temperature by an average of 2.3 C. Many users pointed out the benefits of being able to grow medicinal plants, such as bitter leaves to treat diabetes, plants to treat malaria, as well as pumpkin leaves for general consumption. With the right kind of community entrepreneurship, VGSs can evolve into a viable commercial product and become a source of income for the community. Benefits: Heath, Education, Economy.

Liberia's Mangrove Forests and Coastal Mangrove 2011-14

Location: Liberia Since the 80s, almost 65% of Liberian mangrove forests have disappeared, owing to urbanization, construction of infrastructure, mining, and oil extraction. Recent conservation and restoration efforts called for extensive community engagement process with various stakeholders working together to establish new and more sustainble land use rules. As a result, marine and coastal protection areas were established, to significatly imapct agrcitulure, fisheries, and forestry. In addition to ecosytems restoration objectives, mangrove protection and restoration mesasures were viewed within the framework of economic development and poverty alleviation. The project anticipates increased employement, new enterprise, and property ownership as beneficial outcomes. Mangrove restoration approach, community based land use mapping, awareness of key gov't agencies and local communities Benefits: Flood protection, social, economy, education, gender empowerment

Agricultural Sector Wide Approach (ASWAp) 2011-15

Location: Lilongwe, Malawi Medium-scale farms have become a major force in Malawi's agricultural sector. Malawi's most recent official agricultural survey indicates that urban farms account for over a quarter of all land under cultivation in Malawi. Millions of urban Africans cultivate vegetables and fruit trees in home gardens, both for their families and for sale. Urban agriculture is playing a critical role in generating extra income for some of the more disadvantaged groups, especially low-income, female-headed households, and low-skilled populations. In Malawi, 700,000 urban residents practice home gardening to meet their food needs and earn extra income. Commercialization of agriculture value chain, Partnership between agrobusinesses and smallholder farmers, coordinated investments by clusters of production Benefits: Economy, health, Social

Chacrita Productiva, 2011-14

Location: Lima, Peru Lima's population growth and economic development is driving unprecedented demand for a greater variety and higher quality of food. On a small scale, urban agriculture is carried in small spaces - patios, flower pots , small public spaces - ranging form 1m2 to 10,000 m2. The crops grown in these areas are mostly used for home consumption. Only natural fertilizers are used in production. Defintion of metropolitan urban agriculture program, development of infrastructure to reuse treated water for irrigation, boost local economy and job creation Benefits: Economy, Health, Education, Recreation

Cuernavaca Ferrocarril Linear Park, 2016-20

Location: Mexico City, Mexico Located at the Heart of Mexico City, the project consists of an active urban forest of 4.5 km in length, which crosses 22 districts and buildings. This green corridor is an active, programmed and sustianable connector of spaces. It created spaces that contributed the spirit of community and it has promoted a sense of ownership of public space by people. It also achieves a high social value by stregnthening identity and memory of the history of the place, by creating a sustainable and high quality environment for people to linger and use at their own leisure. Showcase for coexistence of infrastructure and social interaction, design oriented: launched as an international idea competition, Active participatory process with neighbors Benefits: Education, Culture, Biodiversity, Health, Community

Room for the River Program

Location: Nijmegen, The Netherlands The Room for the River program was developed to proide high water level protection for 4 mill people along the Waal River catchment areas. To mitigate rising water, an exisiting levee was relocated 350 meters inland. A channel to cope with high water was excavated between the levee and the river, leaving an isalnd between the channel and the river. Relocation of the levees provided the river more room that resulted in reduction to the water level. In extreme floods, the water level reduces as much as 35 cm. The project increased spatial quality and environmental benefits tremendously. The entire area became a river park where nature and recreational activities now co-exist. Gov't implementation leadership, Environmental stewarship in working with water rather than against it, Creation of new river waterfront and a new district development Benefits: Flood risk reduction, health and wellbeing, economy, recreation, biodiversity

Tanner Springs Park, 2009-12

Location: Portland, Oregon The celebrated Tanner Springs Park is centered around a bioengineered wetland. The project captures and filters stormwater from every roof and paved surface in the surrounding area, reduces flooding during extreme percipitation events, improes water and air quality. This high performance constructed wetland of one acre boasts a great deal of biodiversity and offers a pleasant, accesible social hangout for the neighborhood and delivers significant social benefits for the community. The park also features a boardwalk, art installation, recreational path. Park programming emerged through a series of participatory charrettes within the community, which built a strong sense of pride and ownership among the participants. Climate awareness and identity ,Public space renewal program, participatory process with local communities Benefits: health, education, heat stress risk reduction

Araucarias Square: Rain Garden and Pocket Forest 2017-18

Location: Sao Paulo Brasil This is the first rain garden implemented in a Brasil city in 2017 with the active involvement of residents. The garden collects runoff across a surface of 900m2 that would otherwise go directly into the drainage system, and which used to flood lower areas of the city. After its implementation, the vegetation thrived and runoff has been reduced. Residents and leaders of the grassroot movements actively particpated to transform this remnant derelict piece land,. Social media was also used to invite and motivate other volunteers in the collective efforts to plant pocket forests in small plots of land. This social experience, with people of all ages coming from various districts to actively contribute to nature's reconstruction in the park, has alos led to private funding contributions to maintain and protect the new pocket park. Showcase for climate adpatation, community and local stakeholder invovlement, funded by local resident Benefits: community, education, identity, flood and heat stress risk reduction

Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets)

Location: Seattle, USA The Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) project introduced bioretention, along a typical curbless neighborhood street with informal drainage infrastructure and traffic calming. The project created a sense of place and community in the neighborhood. The project helps local residents understand their own role and contribution to managing stormwater and envrionmental impacts. The addition of a sidewalk that separates pedestrians from traffic increased the feeling of safety. As a result of the project, many community members have become stewards in efforts to improve water quality and stream health in Pipers Creek. SEA Street has created environmental awareness and community aciton. Integrated in sewerage system expansion, infrastructure renewal and traffic calming strategy, participatory process with local communities Benefits: Health, Education, Flood and Heat Stress Risk Reduction

Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project

Location: Shandong, China Counties of Shandong Province initiated the revegetation of degraded mountainous areas through the planting of trees and shrubs on highly degraded hillsides with a shallow soil cover. The main goal was to protect agricultural land, improve productivity, and stabilize a newly created alluvial plain near the mouth of the Yellow River. A protective layer of vegetation was established along the roads, the canals, and in areas designated for afforestation. The initiative aimed to strengthen project management capacity of the local and provincial gov'ts. Participants received technical assistance, learned to monitor and evaluate the results, and took part in study tours. Government leadership, participatory process, knowledge development for future application Benefits: Governance, Education

Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, 2009-12

Location: Singapore Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park was designed as an ambitious water management and park project, with a focus on recreation and social interaction. it is one of the largest and most successful parks in Southeast Asia. To realize the park, an old concrete canal was stripped of concrete and naturalized in a 3-kilometer long meandering river with open lawns and gently slopping grassy banks on both sides. The park offers many ammenities, picnic areas, walkways, and cycle routes. It also includes allotment gardens where residents can rent and raise planter beds. A designated butterfly habitat area, and other areas with emphasis on biodiversity complement active recreation areas. Paradigm shift for traditional flood infrastructure, long-term initiatvie to transform country's water bodies, residents changed view and ownership toward the river park Benefits: Social, Health, Stress and Flood Risk Reduction

The Rail Corridor Project, 2015-21

Location: Singapore The closure of Keratapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) railway in 2011, bisecting Singapore released 24km of continous land spanning the entire nation. In the face of population growth and urbanization, Singapore made the bold decision to transform the 100-hectare site into public space to provide benefit to its people and the environment. The design included the creation of 8 themed stretches and 10 activity nodes, dedicated to different sports or leisure activities. The project reinvented hidden space within Singapore to inspire movement and new ways of experiencing the environment. It allows people to enjoy the interactions between city, nature, land, water, community and art, as well as enjoy heritage sites. The rail corridor has become a green, vibrant and healthy space to engage residents and visitors with Singapore's natural and built heritage. Symbol for sustainable development of public space, long term vision, framework, and design strategies to guide progressive implementation, Launched as an international competition for masterplan development Benefits: Education, Historic value, health and sports, heat stress risk reduction

Mangrove plantation in Vietnam

Location: Thai Bin, Vietnam Restoration and rehabilitation of mangrove forests have been a central focus of both governmental and nongovernmental actors in Vietnam, as a means to combat the loss of natural coastal protection by safeguarding sea levees, reducing the risk of flooding and protecting livelihoods. The investment has translated into the creation of 9,400 hectares of forest (8.9K of them mangroves) in 166 communes and the protection of approx 100km of levee lines. It is estimated that approx 350,000 beneficiaries were reached directly by the project's intervention while another 2 mill were indriectly protected through the afforestation efforts. Mangroves have also had a positive impact on the provision of additional income for coastal communities through an increase yield of aquaculture products such as shells and oysters. Mangrove restoration, equitable distribution of flood protection, boost economic growth Benefits: Flood protection, community, health and wellbeing, economy.

Toronto Strategic Forest Management Plan, 2012-22

Location: Toronto, Canada The City of Toronto recognizes the value of urban forests and aims to increase its tree canopy cover to 40%. The City's focus is on maximizing the potential ecological, social, and economic benefits of urban trees. The Urban Forestry branch of the Parks, Forestry and Recreation division maintains over 4 million trees on public property and works with local groups and residents to expand and improve the urban forest throughout the city. Since 2013, the city has been planting aprox 100,000 trees on public lands - parks, streets, ravines- per year, with ambitions to increase that to 300,000 trees per year through new private-public partnerships with private landowners Equitable distribution, increase awareness, promote environmental stewardship Benefits: Governance, Health, Biodiversity

Urban Food Forest, Rijnvliet, 2017-to date

Location: Utrecht, the Netherlands Residents of the Rijksstraatweg and the Metaalkathedraal areas proposed the concept of a food forest in the new urban development of Rijnvliet in 2017. The municipality developed a public space for this purpose- the edible residential area. All plantings were chosen for their value to nature, with strong preferences for edible plants and trees, even in the private residential gardens. The municipality has also accorded Rijnvliet a central food forest of 15,000m2, dedicated space built on seven mulitple layers that form an integrated ecosystem. A neighborhood orchard for recreational activities and play areas for children is also in planning. Residents, the school, and the municipality regularly discuss fresh ideas to implement. Community involvement, Educational scope, integrated with housing development Benefits: Community, Food, Biodiversity, Awareness

The Green Belt of Vitoria-Gasetize, 1990s to 2008

Location: Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain The Green belt is a group of peri-urban parks of high ecological and landscape value, strategically linked by ecorecreational corridors. It is a result of an ambitious envrionmental restoration project initiated in the early 1990s around the outlying areas of Vitoria-Gasteriz with the objective of creating a large, green area for recreational use around the city. It offers many different environments with a wealth of natural features. Woods, rivers, wetlands, meadows, fields, groves, and hedgerows are some of the varied ecosystems that coexist. Some of these ecosystems, such as the restored wetlands of Salburuaor annd the River Zadorra ecosystem, have won recognition at international level ofr high environmental value. Sustainable stewardship and urban development, international recognition and city icon, long time restoration strategy of peri-urban areas Benefits: Health, Equity, Environmental Sustianability

Floating Farms, ongoing

Location: Xochimilco, Mexico City Waterborne chinampa farming system- also called floating gardens - is a form of ancient raised bed agriculture that continues to be successfully used by small farmers today. Chinampas are long and narrow floating garden beds separated by canals. The garden lot is built of layers of woven wetland reed mats, stacked on top of each other while alternating directions of a weave, and interlaced with mud and thick mats of decaying vegetation. The layered bed accumulated additional highly fertile fluvial sediment and makes for an exceptionally productive growth medium. The benefit of a chinampa system is that the water in the canals provides a consistent passive source of irrigation that allows for efficient and reliable agricultural practice. Preservation of cultural knowledge and agricultural heritage, local community empowerment, boost of local economies and tourism. Benefits: history and identity, education, economy

Saw Mill River Daylighting Project, 2001-12

Location: Yonkers, NY The Saw Mill River in Yonkers was kept underground in the 20s after industry together with residents had turned it into a polluted sewer. It remained burreid until 2001 when the groundwork Hudson Valley - an environemntal NG focused on improving the physical and social environmetn of urban communities- began to investigage a possibility of recovering the river and securing funding for the project. The Saw Mill River Coalition established the project and conducted the initial research and public outreach. As a result of these community eforts, a section of the river, previously hidden by a large parking lot, was daylighted and naturalized. The project was so successful that more sections of the Saw mill river in yonkers are now being dalylighted. Yonkers demonstrates that daylighitng can be good for the environment, community, economy, and the municipal budget. Enviro Organizations intiated the process by public discussion, Grant funded, which provided opportunity to leverage other fundign sources, the project sparked for downtown revitilization project Benefits: Recreation, Biodversity, Social and Urban Revitlization

Mangrove forests

Mangrove flood protection benefits have been estimated more than $US65 billion per year globally.• Mangrove forests also help stabilize the coastline because they reduce erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides. • In addition to flood mitigation, mangrove forests also provide multiple economic and social benefits to coastal communities. • Mangroves act as filters for nutrients and sediment, reduce erosion, maintain water quality, and offer to feed and breeding habitats for fish, birds, and crustaceans, critically contributing to the livelihoods of many fishing communities. • In the last 50 years, between 30 and 50% of mangroves have been lost globally, and they continue to be lost at a rate of 2% each year. • Major causes of destruction to mangrove ecosystems include deforestation, aquaculture expansion of in coastal areas for shrimp farming, aquaculture ponds, freshwater diversion and land reclamation and other forms of unsustainable use of coastal resources and development. • It has been estimated that 62% of global losses between 2000 and 2016 resulted from land use change, primarily through conversion to aquaculture and agriculture. Up to 80% of these human-driven losses occurred in Southeast Asia. • However, there is great potential to restore many mangrove areas by planting seedlings in combination with the restoration of hydrological flows.

Restore Hydrology

Mangrove forests rely on the rides for their growth and expansion. The strategic removal of certain water control devices will recover tidal influence and recreate the conditions for mangrove development, especially in areas where human activites previoulsy restricted tidal environments

What is the blue forest?

Mangroves

Why do global mangrove losses occur?

Mostly from land use change, primarily through conversion to aquaculture and agriculture. Up to 80% of these human-driven losses occurred in Southeast Asia.

NBS Techniques in Forest Managements

Natural Forest Management Extension of Logging Rotations Reduced impact logging practices Voluntary certification practices Promoting polycultures Native over exotics Early thinning

What are NTFPs

Non-timber forest products Medicinals Food Products Decoratives Handicrafts

What are White Mangroves?

Occupying higher land than the red and black mangroves, the white mangrove has no visible areial roots, (no pneumatophores or prop roots). However, when it is found in oxygen-depleted sediments or flooded for extended periods of time, it often develops peg roots.

Rainwater Harvesting

Originated 6,500 years ago and revived in the 70s when the Alwar district of India's Rajasthan state was declared a 'dark zone' - indicating severe drought and rapid depletion of groundwater Many traditional rainwater harvesting strucutres that had fallen into disrepair were refurbished and new ones built, all of which helped replenish the aquifers.

Introduce passive cooling measures - Climate Proof house

Passive cooling measures i.e., those that require little to no energy consumption, are a practical way to combat overheating. Low-cost options include ceiling fans, or night purging, where you keep windows closed during the day and open at night to flush warm air.

What is PES?

Payment for Ecosystem Services.

Permeable Pavements

Permeable pavements are alternatives to traditional pavements, such as pervious asphalt, pervious concrete, interlocking pavers, and plastic grid pavers,and are especially effective during less intense storms for reducing surface runoff. They infiltrate, treat, and store rainwater and reduce runoff by allowing rain and snowmelt to seep to underlying layers. • They generally consist of a surface pavement layer, an underlying stone aggregate reservoir layer, and a filter layer or fabric installed at the bottom. • Permeable pavements can be used at commercial, institutional, and residential sites in spaces that are traditionally impervious, such as pedestrian walkways ,driveways, bike lanes, parking lots, and low volume roadways.• They are avoided at spill sites as they clog the pavement.

Permeable structures

Permeable structures help mangrove forest restoration by capturing sediment and providing substrate for mangroves to grow naturally. • The permeable structures are placed as a grid system facing the direction of the tidal current to maximize the sediment capture and dampen erosive waves. • The construction can be done by local communities with structures made of local materials such as bamboo, twigs, and other brushwood.

Natural Playgrounds

Playgrounds with trees, flowers, rocks, and water features help children develop skills such as sensory, tactile perceptions, creativity, and appreciation for nature. Playgrounds encourage social and physical activity for all ages. Ponds and other blue-green infrastructure in playgrounds can provide educational opportunities to children, and enjoyment to others, while contributing to stormwater management.

Avoided grassland conversion

Prevent the conversion of grasslands to tilled croplands; improved land tenure; intensification of existing croplands. Important habitat for nesting and foraging birds Permanent grasslands provide "biological flood control" and maintain ecosystem water balance assuring adequate water resources Soil macroinvertabrates are important prey for breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland.

What is an urban shelterbelt?

Protects city-dwellers from dust storms. However, in China, Uighur communities downstream suffer because the heavy irrigation demand of the shelterbelt is drying out the native riparian forests on which they depend.

Raised bed farming

Raised bed farming is a low-cost technique in urban areas where soil pollution can be a threat. Raised beds can be built to any size, using any noncorrosive material, as long as the structure provides good drainage. Raised beds have many advantages: in temperate regions with cold winters, the beds warm up quicker than the barren ground in the spring, thereby extending the growing season. In area with limited sun, beds can be tilted to maximize the exposure for plant growth. In cold months beds can be covered or converted into greenhouses.

Best Agricultural Management Practices

Reducing excessive fertilizer Improved manure, compost management Soil amendments - biochar application mulching efficient irrigation - drip and rainfield integrated pest management (IPM) Companion planting Raised bed

Pocket Parks

Relatively small open spaces distributed throughout the urban fabric. Pocket parks serve the immediate population of a neighborhood and provide a wide variety of small-scale recreation possibilities, such as playgrounds, dog parks, workout stations, water fountains, and other props for neighborhood recreation. Pocket parks can also appear on vacant lots through community initiative.

Bioengineering Techniques

Renaturation relies on several bioengineering techniques to recreate the natural course of a river and connect it to its landscape for floodplain and riparian corridor vegetation, riverbank stabilization, and restoration of the riverbed. • The natural river dynamic rests on the use of plants, rocks, and other natural elements, as well as geotextiles and membranes to create ecologically rich and, structurally stable environment mimicking natural conditions while providing space for recreation.

Replace timber floors with concrete - Climate Proof house

Replacing lower-level timber floors with solid concrete is a practical measure that will further increase your home's resilience to flooding

Raise electrical sockets - Climate Proof house

Repositioning electrical sockets to they sit above the likely flood level helps guard against flood damage

Climate-Proof residential gardens

Residential gardens can have a large cumulative impact in stormwater reduction if they are integrated into larger green infrastructure networks. Each garden manages stormwater from buildings, roofs, and courtyards, capturing and reycling stormwater. The vegetation also helps mitigate heat, while trees, bushes, and other vegetation provide habitat. Residents can also use gardens for growing vegetables and recreational uses.

Retention Pond

Retention ponds are bioretention areas characterized by a permanent body of water and vegetated edges. • Retention ponds collect stormwater from the surrounding areas; add storage capacity and ease the pressure on the surface water treatment and sewerage systems. • Retention ponds offer the added benefit of storing water for further reuse during drought conditions, while simultaneously providing habitat and enriching the diversity of public green spaces

Examples of IKSPs

Rice-fish co-culture Agricultural Diversity Rainwater Harvesting Animal Herd Management Mechanical Pest Management Mexican Bean Beetle Control

Salt Marsh

Salt marshes are transitional coastal wetland ecosystems that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. • Salt marshes occur along low wave energy coastlines as a result of fine sediment accumulation and colonization by halophytic or salt tolerant plants. They are a common habitat in estuaries world wide, particularly in the middle to high latitudes, and are among the most productive ecosystems on Earth. • Based on their position with respect to the mean water level, the extent of salt tolerance, and the composition of species, three main types of salt marshes exist: pioneer zone, the low marsh, and the middle or high marsh. • Salt marshes serve as a buffer from storms and floods and help prevent erosion by reducing waves and surgesnd help prevent erosion by reducing waves and surges and stabilizing sediment.

Salt Marsh 2

Salt marshes reduce flooding by slowing and absorbing rainwater. Saltmarshes also provide other essential ecosystem services: they filterpollutants from land runoff and hence help maintain water quality;provide critical habitat for marine species at different stages; andrepresent carbon sinks as they accumulate carbon in the soil. • Salt marsh ecology is a complex food web and biomass that comprisesprimary producers, and primary and secondary consumers. • Among primary producers are vascular plants, macroalgae, diatoms,epiphytes, and phytoplankton, while primary consumers are composed ofzooplankton, macrozoa, mollusks, and insects. • The low physical energy and high grasses provide a refuge for animals, a safe and abundant habitat, and breeding grounds for the birds.• Tides supply nutrients for plants and carry out organic material that feeds fish and other coastal organisms. • Over time, salt marshes build layers of deep mud and peat, which are waterlogged, root-filled, spongy, and have extremely low levels of oxygen. This capacity to grow as a physical barrier and keep pace withthe rising sea level may render salt marshes instrumental in protecting human habitat from flooding

What are halophytes?

Salt tolerant trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone. Some examples include New Zealand Spinach, Common Ice Plant, Saltwort, Sea Asparagus

Fit insect screens - Climate Proof house

Screens offer protection from insects carrying diseases, such as mosquitos, while still allowing you to keep windows open in the evening for natural ventilation.

What are the parts of a wetland?

Sediment Basin -> Inlet Pool -> where nitrification happens -> Macrophyte zone -> high flow bypass -> outlet pool

Sediment Basin

Sediment Basin has macrophytes (aquatic plants) which slow down the movement of sediments and water. Water with less sediment moves to actual wetland area/inlet pool. Vegetation affects the process of cleaning the water. water with less sediment moves to actual wetland area/inlet pool.

Mangrove Processes

Sediment Trapping Cooling Effect Biodiversity Fresh Water Balance Carbon Sequestration Wave and Surge Reduction

Benefits of Agroforestry

Shields livestock and crops from wind and extreme weather Increases crop yield Provides habitat for pollinators Sequesters carbon Builds soil health Creates microclimates Slows runoff, reduce soil erosion, and improve water quality

Stream Daylighting

Small streams provide a wide array of benefits to communities, such as nutrient and pollution removal, groundwater recharge, and flood mitigation. • In some urban areas, streams were previously enclosed by concrete pipes or simply filled in.• This could lead to floods, soil subsidence, and consequently to severe damages such as building collapses. • Daylighting is a technique to remove layers of concrete and recreate the natural shape and dynamic of streams, resulting in increased wildlife and aquatic habitat, and better regulated stormwater runoff treatment and intake

Grazing - Legumes in Pastures

Sowing legumes (high in nitrogen) provides other ecological services including improved soil strucutre, erosion protection and greater biological diversity.

Street Tree Canopies

Streets with large tree canopies enahnce the image of a city, increase its competitiveness, deliver economic and environmental benefits Some cities are famous for a particular type of tree and attract seasonal tourism based on tree blooming schedule Tree canopies circulate rainwater, create local microclimate, absorb pollution, provide shade, and attenuate heat. Heat reduction translates into lower cooling bills for buildings. Cooler streets with large tree canopies promote walking and social interaction and generate more retail and hospitality revenue.

Switch to water-efficient appliances - Climate Proof House

Switching to water-efficient appliances is an easy way to reduce the amount of water we use in our homes. Installing a low-flow shower and ultra-low flush toilet can save a combined total of up to 15,000 liters of water per person per year. Water-efficient washing machines costs only slightly more than standard models yet could save around 5,000 liters of water per person per year.

Uneven Age Management in Forestry

System of management that periodically selects individual trees or small groups of trees for harvest

Shorter's Wharf Restoration

The Problem: • Nutria, an invasive rodent released around the Chesapeake for fur trappers during the last century, likes nothing more than to devour salt hay from its roots—and by the late 1990s, its population ballooned to nearly 50,000 animals. • Those roots hold the sediment in place, and without them, the soil collapses and erodes quickly with each passing tide. • Nutrias converted thousands of acres of high marsh to low marsh and open water.• The rodents are so damaging that, in 2002, Congress authorized $4 million per year for five years to eradicate nutria from Maryland and Louisiana. At the same time, the sea level has risen in the Chesapeake from a combination of geology and humans' carbon-dioxide exhaust,intensifying marsh erosion and bringing storms and their surges closer inland. • In 2003, flooding from Hurricane Isabel pushed saltwater highigh intohinto the marsh, as high as the upland loblolly pine forests. Saltwater soaked into the dry ground and into the pines' roots, killing them. • Now, stands of pallid trees known as "ghost forests" fringe the marsh, serving as sentinels of change as their dead roots slowly loosen their hold on the soil. When those dead trees fall, the sediment collapses beneath them, sometimes falling several inches. Water then pools in these root-less holes and spreads outward, eroding the marsh from the inside out

Who funded the Trillion Trees initiative?

The Trump administration signed up for the World Econmic Forum's Trillion Tree Initiative while also opening up previously protected forests for logging.

Stream Buffer

The distances loggers have to be from a stream when cutting down logs. The bigger the distance, the better for biodiversity.

Urban Green Corridors

The most efficient way to create a green corridor is to plant deciduous trees as large canopies. Trees can be placed along the streets, open train tracks, and other transportation and infrastructure corridors, in open and derelict spaces. Green corridors should be designed for multiple functions such as new bike paths, walking, and jogging routes, in addition to water management areas. Green corridors can help establish better landscape connectivity across the city and improve ecosystem functions

What is proforestation?

The practice of protecting existing natural forests fosters continuous growth, carbon accumulation, and structural complexity. Leaving forests to grow to their potential, with minimal intervention and natural regeneration of native ecosystems.