NCE

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

(1) Trust vs. Mistrust; (2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (3) Initiative vs. Guilt; (4) Industry vs. Inferiority; (5) Identity vs. Confusion; (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation; (7) Generativity vs. Self-absorption; (8) Integrity vs. Despair. **if unable to achieve the task at a certain level will have trouble with the next level

OOH

(Occupational Outlook Handbook) a book used for researching the most common careers in the United States - provides info about trends in occupation, as well as stats on salaries and wages.

V code in the DSM

(called Z codes in ICD-10). Codes to identify issues that may be the focus of clinical treatment, but are not mental disorders

Construct validity

**Does it measure what it's supposed to measure** Construct validity is described as the extent to which a test measures a specific theoretical construct, such as the construct of self-esteem. Convergent and discriminant validity are within this

Content validity

*Does it measure all the parts, the full contents of what it is trying to measure* Content validity is described as the extent to which the items on a test are examples of the construct that the test measures.

Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement ( KTEA-3)

- Ages 4-25.11 -Individually administered battery that provides in-depth assessment of key academic skills - reading, math and written language

Yalom's Therapeutic Factors

- Universality - Instillation of hope - Imparting of information - Altruism - Corrective repeat of the family of origin - Development of social skills - Imitative behavior - Interpersonal learning - Group cohesiveness - Catharsis - Learning to accept painful aspects of life

Kuhlmann-Anderson Test

- group intelligence test for grades K-12 - measures verbal and quantitative intelligence - Relies less on language than other tests

Jerome Bruner - Three Stages of Representation

-Enactive, Action based - which is the representation of knowledge through actions. -Iconic, Image based - which is the visual summarization of images. -Symbolic representation, Language based - which is the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.

Critiques of Rogerian therapy

-While rogers takes into account unconscious in his writing doesn't give it enough emphasis -doesn't take developmental stages into account -not approach for all types of mental illness -assumes people are basically good and healthy

Ann Roe

-psychodyanmic needs-based approach (to career counseling) -jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations - influenced by genetics, environmental influences and party child relationships. -occupations are organized by six levels and 8 fields -our orientation toward or away from other people can influence our career choices

Frued psychosexual stages

0-1 year - oral, 1-3 years old- anal, 3-6 years old - phallic, 6 - 12 years old - latency, 13-18 years old - genital

Frued psychosexual stage - Oral

0-1 year, oral, mouth: Oral desire is the center of pleasure for the newborn baby. The earliest attachment of a baby is to the one that provides gratification to his oral needs, usually his mother. If the optimal amount of stimulation is not available, libidinal energy fixates on the oral mode of gratification, resulting in subsequent latent aggressive or passive tendencies.

Alcohol withdrawal stages

1 - beginning - 8 hours, tremors, abdominal cramping, weakness, sweating, irritable, mood swings, 2. withdrawal - within 24 hours - increased anxiety and mood swings, increased blood pressure and respiratory rate, incontinence, muscles rigidity 3. Severe withdrawn - 12 hours up to 14 days - extreme confusion, hallucinations, agitation, seizure, delirium possible death.

Why would you use nonparametric statistics

1 - the samples variance is similar to the population variance (homogenous sample) 2. data is collected from two samples which are independent of one another (can use a mann -whitney u test 3. data is nominal (categorical)

Frued psychosexual stage - Anal

1-3 years old, anal, bowel, and bladder: Toilet training is an especially sensitive task during this period. The parents' desire for adequate performance shifts the libidinal energy from the oral to the anal area. The child faces increased chances to be reprimanded, to feel inadequate, and an increased ability to perceive a negative evaluation from a caretaker if he fails to perform appropriately. Fixation at this stage can manifest in anal retentiveness (incessant orderliness) or anal expulsiveness (whimsical disorganization).

Carkhuff Empathy Scale

1. Doesn't attend to or detracts significantly from the client's affect (ex: where do you think he went) 2. Substracts noticeable from the clients affect (ex: client v worried, you say "you seem a little worried about this") 3. minimally facilitative, interchangeable with the clients content and affect (ex: You're very anxious about what happened and his whereabouts) 4. Adds noticeable to the clients affect 5. Adds significantly to the client affect and meanings (ex for both: you are anxious about what happened but also afraid for your safety and wondering where this relationship is going)

Object relations theory stages of development

1. Fusion with mother (first 3-4 weeks) 2. Symbiosis with mother (3-8th month) 3. Separation/individuation (starts 4th or 5th month) 4. Constancy of self and object (achieved by 36th month) If go through stages then child will have secure basis for later development.

Stages of addiction recovery

1. Initiation - enter program tries to control addiction 2. Early Abstinence - first 90 days - withdrawal, risk for relapse, needs to learn coping skills. 3. Maintenance - 90 day - 5 years - focus on avoiding relapse, learning about triggers, improve relationships and anger management. 4. Advanced recovery - free of addiction for 5 years, needs to maintain vigilance, support groups or counseling.

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

11 subsets that assess areas like rhythm, visual function and writing - returns a score between 0 -2, with 0 indicating normal function and 2 indicating brain damage.

Wonderlic Personnel Test

12 minute test of general cognitive ability, good predictor of performance, but may unfairly discriminate against cultural groups.

Minimum time period that a client must be unable to engage in substantial gainful activity because of a disability before they are eligible for disability benefits.

12 months

Frued psychosexual stage - Genital

13-18 years old, genital, mature sexual feelings: The child's ego becomes fully developed during this stage, and they are subsequently seeking their independence. Their ability to create meaningful and lasting relationships is concrete, and their sexual desires and activity are healthy and consensual. If a child or young adult experiences dysfunction during this period, they will be unable to develop meaningful healthy relationships.[2]

WAIS full scale IQ score results

130 + - very superior range 120 - 129 - Superior range 110 - 119 - High Average 90 - 109 - average 70 - 79 - borderline 69 & below - extremely low.

Suggested minimum sample sizes

15 for experimental and ex post facto resreach 30 for correlational research 100 for survey research

Alfred Adler

1870 - 1937 - Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Harry Stack Sullivan

1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits - Behaviors can best be understood in terms of social interactions and interpersonal relationships Theorized on "euphoria" that occurs in the absense of internal "tension"

Harry Harlow

1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers that had food v. cloth mothers, monkeys preferred to be with the cloth mothers, monkeys showed attachment to this "mother", when removed from a room would become upset unable to explore, monkeys had long term negative effects)

When was the office of vocational rehab created

1954

When did the state of California pass a law for licensure of Marriage family and child counselors

1962

When did state of virginia pass the first general practice counselor licensure law

1976

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

1976 - Duty to warn, supreme court held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient. On October 27, 1969, Prosenjit Poddar killed Tatiana Tarasoff. fn. 1 Plaintiffs, Tatiana's parents, allege that two months earlier Poddar confided his intention to kill Tatiana to Dr. Lawrence Moore, a psychologist employed by the Cowell Memorial Hospital at the University of California at Berkeley. They allege that on Moore's request, the campus police briefly detained Poddar, but released him when he appeared rational. They further claim that Dr. Harvey Powelson, Moore's superior, then directed that no further action be taken to detain Poddar. No one warned plaintiffs of Tatiana's peril.

When was CACREP established?

1981

Frued psychosexual stage - Phallic

3-6 years old, phallic, genitalia: This is perhaps the most controversial stage of Freud's psychosexual development. This is the stage in which the child begins to experience pleasure associated with their genitalia. In this period of primitive sexual development, the child can establish the roots of fixation with the opposite sex parent, the Oedipus complex.

Frued psychosexual stage - Latency

6 - 12 years old, latency, dormant sexual feelings: During this time, the libido is relatively repressed or sublimated. Freud did not identify any erogenous zone for this stage. The child now begins to act on their impulses indirectly by focusing on activities such as school, sports, and building relationships. Dysfunction at this stage results in the child's inability to form healthy relationships as an adult.

What percentage of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean on a normal curve

68% of the scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean on a normal curve.

REBT - ABCDE Model

A - External event B - belief about event C - accompanying feeling D - Disputing of irrational belief causing the feeling E - change made in self talk

Rational Emotive Therapy

A Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis' theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors; therefore, changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave. Key concepts - people control their own destinies and interpret events according to our values and beliefs.

interpersonal therapy (IPT)

A brief, psychodynamic psychotherapy that focuses on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems. Focus is on one issue, clients are encouraged to remain focused on the problem and to associate concrete feelings rather than abstract feelings.

Minnesota Importance Questionnaire

A measure of an individual's vocational needs and values, which are important aspects of the work personality. measures reinforcing characteristics of a job. It is designed to measure six vocational values (and the 20 vocational needs from which the values derive): Six Values: achievement, comfort, status, altruism, safety, autonomy can be administered to groups or individuals. two forms of tests - one for employees and another for supervisors.

Deindividuation

A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values - more likely to do things the would not have done themselves

Tertiary prevention

AFTER ONSET MANAGEMENT AND AVOID PROGRESSION. Tertiary prevention is defined as the care of a current and active diagnosis as well as preventative measures to keep it from advancing. Examples might be mandatory exercise, contact with other people, and scheduled cognitive retraining.

Secondary prevention

ASSESS AND CATCH EARLY: Secondary prevention is defined as activities focused on preventing an asymptomatic condition. Here there are the hints of a problem, but if it is caught early, it will be kept from growing into a full-blown problem. An example of this would be administering reading, writing, and math tests in schools to identify children who may have problems in these areas, and then taking those children who exhibited problems and putting them into groups to help them. This is where you target the issue, like reading, and get to the problem before it gets bigger.

Acculturation vs. Assimilation

Acculturation is the transfer of values and customs from one group to another while (retains minority culture) Assimilation is the cultural absorption of a minority group into the main cultural body (do no retain minority culture)

Alderian techniques

Acting as if, future autobiography, catching oneself, examination of clients memories, "Spitting in the clients soup" (Expose the client to what they are actually doing)

Morphogensis

Adaptability skill a family may use in handling change.

Erik Erikson's Identity vs. Confusion Stage

Adolescence (12 -18): Identity vs. Identity Confusion Adolescence, ages 12-18, means exploring who the individual is apart from their family and other influencers. Adolescences might focus on extracurriculars that they enjoy, and find their sense of identity in that group.

Optimum group size

Adult group with no co-leader - 8 people children who are 5 or 6 - 3-4 (may be larger with older children)

Erik Erikson's Generativity vs. Self-absorption Stage

Adulthood (40 - 65): Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorption In this stage, from 40-65, the individual looks to encourage the next generation, or become self-absorbed. This is the life stage where many people become parents. An adult who decides to volunteer at the local elementary school is demonstrating the stage of generativity.

Bobo doll experiment

Albert Bandura's famous experiment illustrating modeling (the kids imitated the adults' aggressive treatment of the Bobo doll).

AUDIT

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - 10 questions about drinking habits and how it affects the client's life. AUDIT -C is 3 question modification of this.

horn and halo effect

An person is rated positively (halo effect), or negatively (horn effect) based on one event or skill. The full spectrum of performance is not considered.

Richard Lazarus

Appraisal theory of stress (transactional theory of stress) two forms of coping - problem-focused coping (try to solve problem), emotion focused coping (cope with emotions) emotion focused can help when there is a delay in dealing with the stress, however problem focused coping is usually best strategy

Clinical Instrument for Withdrawal for Alcohol (CIWA)

Assess severity of alcohol withdrawal - each category scored 0 -7 on severity of symptoms, except 10 which is 0-4. <5 - mild withdrawal - no meds needed. 5 - 15 - moderate use benzo to manage symptoms >15 - severe withdrawal - needs admission Categories 1. nausea/vomiting 2. tremor 3 paroxysmal sweats 4. anxiety 5. agitation 6. tactile disturbances 7. auditory disturbances 8. visual disturbances 9. headache 10. disorientation of clouding of sensorium.

Konrad Lorenz

Austrian zoologist. Known for his work on imprinting.

Primary prevention

BEFORE ONSET, try to prevent. Primary prevention is defined as activities taken to prevent the onset of a targeted condition. This might be stress relieving breaks at an office, which lead to a reduction in the levels of anxiety and depression in the office and will lead to fewer cases of mental disorders.

object relations theory

Based on psychoanalytic concepts; -humans primarily motivated by the need for contact with others (people are the "objects" in this theory) Emphasis on early family interactions particularly mother relationship. Infants form mental representations of themselves and others and that these internal images influence relationships later.

Bergen & Kratochwill

Behavioral consultation model

John B. Watson

Behaviorism - key figure in the discipline of psychology for developing the school of behaviorism, which posited that psychology should focus on behavior. After obtaining his PhD in psychology, he continued to explore factors within behaviorism, such as classical conditioning. Did the Little Albert experiment

John Berry

Bidimensional acculturation. In this theory, the process is based around the four strategies of integration, separation, assimilation, and marginalization

Francis Galton

British Psychologist, Darwin's cousin. Known for studies in human intelligent, and inherited intellectual abilities Eugenics work, had belief that superior abilities and intellect were handed down generation to generation. Founded the first mental testing center.

12 irrational beliefs

By Albert Ellis in REBT therapy: 1. The idea that it is a dire necessity for adults to be loved by significant others for almost everything they do 2. The idea that certain acts are awful or wicked, and that people who perform such acts should be severely damned 3. The idea that it is horrible when things are not the way we like them to be 4. The idea that human misery is invariably externally caused and is forced on us by outside people and events 5. The idea that if something is or may be dangerous or fearsome we should be terribly upset and endlessly obsess about it 6. The idea that it is easier to avoid than to face life difficulties and self-responsibilities 7. The idea that we absolutely need something other or stronger or greater than ourselves on which to rely 8. The idea that we should be thoroughly competent, intelligent, and achieving in all possible respects 9. The idea that because something once strongly affected our life, it should indefinitely affect it 10. The idea that we must have certain and perfect control over things 11. The idea that human happiness can be achieved by inertia and inaction (not true we are happier when we are doing things) 12. The idea that we have virtually no control over our emotions and that we cannot help feeling disturbed about things

Countertransference

COUNSELOR displacing feelings onto client

Neo-Fruedians

Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

Rogerian (client-centered therapy)

Carl Rogers -Emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life's challenges - have ability to do so -Therapist is non-directive but supportive With the six factors necessary for growth clients will move towards self-actualization

Emic approaches to therapy

Carl-Rogers Person Centered counseling, Alders Individual psychology, Rogerian. Emphasizes the individual differences rather than similarities

Rosenthal effect

Changes in the subjects behavior caused by the researchers expectations, attitudes or behaviors. Also known as the Pygmalion effect.

Piaget Concrete Operational (7-11)

Child gains capacity to order and relate experience to an organized whole. Children can now explore several possible solutions to a problem without adopting one, as they are able to return to their original outlook. Understand object conservation and reversibility

Jung's Stages of Life

Childhood, Youth, Middle Life, and Older Adulthood.

Problem-solving skills training (PSST)

Children 7-13 - address antisocial behavior, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder, parents can take Parent management training (PMT) simultaneously.

William Glasser

Choice theory & Reality therapy - states that all behavior consists of either "what we do, what we think, or what we feel". One can only control one's own behavior, every behavior is chosen to meet one's internal needs at the time. - 5 basic needs

Clanging

Client's communication focuses on sounds, such as rhyme "I want to tell, oh well, life is hell"

The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:

Cognitive beliefs can be expressed in words, and are the actual beliefs of a person. The behavioral component is the action that accompanies the belief.

John Crites

Comprehensive Career Model 3 diagnoses of career problem (3 Ds): 1. Differential - what are the problems 2. Dynamic - why have the problems occured 3. Decisional - how are the problems being dealt with Developed Career Maturity Inventory

Concurrent validity

Concurrent validity is described as a form of criterion-related validity whereby the test administration and criterion measure happen at almost the same time. This method of criterion-related validity is not predictive.

Racial and Cultural Identity Development Theory Stages

Conformity - self-deprecating or neutral to self & others of same race, discriminatory or neutral toward other minorities, appreciating towards dominant group Dissonance - conflict between appreciating own culture and dominant group Resistance and immersion - self appreciating toward self, feelings of cultural centrism, empathy toward other minorities, depreciating dominant group Introspection - concern with basis of self-appreciation, concern for thoughts throughout. Integrative awareness - self appreciating, group appreciating, selective appreciation of dominant group.

Constructivism

Constructivism proposes the idea that the learner constructs, rather than absorbs, knowledge from his or her experiences, therefore is responsible for his or her own learning.

BF Skinner box Measured

Contingencies of reinforcement - box with a bar that would release food when manipulated by animal - would change the disk, or electrify it (for punishment), to study the interrelationships between stimuli, response, and consequences of those responses.

Wilhelm Reich

Contributed to the body manipulation movement, felt that repeated sexual gratification (orgasms) was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies

Caplan group type

Correlation with prevention types - Primary, secondary, tertiary

The resolution of conflicts and breaking out of destructive habits are the primary goals of

Couples therapy focuses most specifically on conflicts and breaking out of destructive habits.

Linda Gottfredson

Created a developmental theory of careers in the 1980s called "circumscription and compromise" which emphasizes vocational self-concept

Koocher and Keith-Spiegel

Created a problem-solving model for ethical dilemmas in 1998: Step 1: Determine the ethical problem. Step 2: Review the ethical guidelines available that pertain to the problem at hand, including possible solutions that have previously worked with other clients. Step 3: Peruse the impact that other sources may have on the decisions that should be made to resolve the problem. Step 4: Consult with trusted professionals about the problem and possible solutions. Step 5: Assess the human rights and civil liberties of the client, which may be impacted by the solution to the problem, and consider possible consequences of the solution for the problem at hand. Step 6: Create a number of avenues that may be explored in the solution to the problem. Step 7: Evaluate the possible consequences that can be the result of each solution applied to the problem at hand. Step 8: Make a decision about one solution to be implemented. Step 9: Follow through with the decision that was made.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Credited with making sociology into a science, conducted research, wrote books and gave lectures. One of first sociologists to use statistical and scientific techniques. Believed in "sociological functionalism" - all parts of society work together as a machine.

Criterion-referenced

Criterion-referenced means comparing the individual's score to a preset criterion.

Cultural Formulation Interview

Cultural Formulation Interview is a standardized assessment used by clinicians to assess the impact of clients' cultural backgrounds on their presenting problems, with culture being the knowledge, rules, traditions, norms, customs, and behavioral practices passed on through generations. The questionnaire is 16 questions in length and investigates four domains of cultural experience: Cultural definition of the problem Cultural concepts of cause, context, and support Cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help-seeking behavior and finally, Cultural factors affecting current help-seeking

Cognitive-client therapy

David Wexler - 1974 - used information processing theory as foundation of beliefs, combined affects experience with cognitive thoughts, client could gain control of behavior through cognitive deliberations.

Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the opposite of inductive reasoning . In deductive reasoning, knowledge of a particular group is generalized to each of the individuals within that group. **General to specific** IN RESEARCH: tends to come out of a theory, tends to be descriptive, correlational and historical, Attempts to find the relationships between elements of a theory, often requires experimental research.

Tavistick Group Centered Models

Derives from Wilfred Bion's work. Latent group feelings are represented as group prevailing emotional state or basic assumption cultures. Therapy is a consultant, acts as an observer. Encourages members to explore experiences as group members through interaction.

Functional Family Therapy (FFT)

Designed for adolescents (11 - 17) with antisocial behavior. Used the principles of Family Systems theory. Three phases 1: Engagement/motivation - works with the family to identify maladaptive beliefs increase expectations for change, reduce negativity/blaming Goal: reduce dropout establish alliances 2. Behavior Change - guides the parents to use behavioral interventions to improve family functioning, parenting, conflict management. Goals: present delinquent behavior, build better communication & interpersonal skills. 3. Generalization - family learns to use new skills to influence the systems (school church, justice system), Community resources mobilized to prevent relapse.

Goal Attainment Scale (GAS)

Develop list of goals together and weigh the outcomes on a scale that includes both scoring and a description of achievement so progress can be quantified. -2 - least favorable outcome -1 outcome was less than expected 0 - outcome is that which was expected +1 - outcomes is greater than expected +2 out come is the most favorable

Emory Bogardus

Developed Social Distance Scale

John Holland

Developed a tvpology identifying six modal personality orientations. He also created the Vocational Preference Inventory and the Self-Directed Search for determining a person's predominant Holland personality type.

Word Association Test (WAT)

Developed by Carl Jung - Single word is read to the client, client responds as quickly as possible with whatever comes to mind. used to clarify issues of psychopathology, but also as generally getting information about client's personality.

Transactional analysis

Developed by Eric Berne - changes to an individuals life script . Examines a persons relationships and interactions. Berne built upon Frued's concepts and developed observable ego states of Parent, Adult and Child - goal of therapy is to strengthen adult state

Life Scripts

Developed by Eric Berne - people form a life script early in their childhood years that sets the stage for how their future will development. Made decisions in early life to live their live in a way as a means to ensure survival - included by parents, social and cultural influences.

Personal Construct Theory

Developed by George Kelly each person has their own mental framework from which they see the world. People develop their own constructs, or schemas, that they then use to interpret information and experiences.

Strategic Family Therapy

Developed by Jay Haley - seeks to learn the function that the symptom serves in the family. Focuses on problem focused behavioral change. Emphasis of parental power and hierarchical family relationships, role of systems as attribute to family organization. Haley tried to develop a strategy for each issue a client faced.

Empty Organism Concept

Developed by Skinner - infant has the capacity for action build into their makeup, and has reflexes and motivations that set the capacity into random motion, then the behavior is shaped by the adults, related to statisfying rewards or punishments.

Reality Therapy

Developed by William Glasser and his professor G.L Harrington Related to Choice theory (delivery system for this theory) Views all behaviors as choices - doesn't consider mental health conditions. Solution - make better choices. Related to the 5 basic needs. Emphasizes accountability - works with addition, school settings, and w/schizophrenia. Believed transference impedes progress and need not occur if therapist is genuine.

Phases of sexual response

Developed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson 1. Excitement (min to hours) blood to genitals 2. Plateau - increased pulse rate, rapid breathing, raised blood pressure 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution - arousal dropping off, return to normal state

Likert Scale

Developed in 1932 by Renis Likert - used to measure psychological attitudes and the factors that influence those attitudes and feelings. asked the respondent to choose where on a scale from Strongly disagree to completely they lay (BRS is an example of this)

Psychbehavioral Therapy

Developed in 1971 by George E Woody - combo of psychoanalytic and behavioral techniques with variety of electric approaches

Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST)

Developed in 1971, originally 25 yes or no questions with grading where each questions carried different weight, redeveloped to 22 qu's which are scored 0 or 1 based on the answer. 0 -2 no alcohol problem 3 -5 - early to middle problem drinkers 6+ problem drinkers accurate with a 0.05 level of confidence. DAST - Drug Abuse Screening - non-alcohol counterpart of MAST

Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI-4)

Developed in 1988 t identify covert abusers. Revised since then. 15 min to complete, 5 minutes to score, Overall accuracy of 93%, also has adolescent versions (SASSI-A3) - which has accuracy of 94%.

Allen Ivey

Developed structured approach to training Micro skills

Donald Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training (SIT)

Developed to help individuals cope with the aftermath of stressful events. First stage - Conceptualization - focus is on relationship between client and counselor. Second stage - Skill acquisition and rehearsal. Third stage - application and follow through - application of techniques learned.

Eric Berne

Developed transactional analysis and life script theory - to address personality development and interpersonal relationships. Wrote brook : Games People Play

Piaget Preoperational (2-7 years)

Development of symbolic thought draws from sensory-motor thinking. Conceptual ability not yet developed. The child is going through inquisitiveness, egocentrism, and the use of mental representations for objects Egocentric - unable to see from other perspectives Begins to exhibit more curiosity and pretend play

Donald Super

Developmental Self-concept - main idea - one's self concept is important to career choices, people choose a career based on what they are good at. Stages of development (life-career rainbow) 1. Growth 2. Exploration 3. Establishment 4. Maintenance 5. Decline Developed archway model of self-concept determinant, and 4 theaters that we play our roles in, 9 major life roles (child, student, citizen, spouse, homemaker, parent, worker, leisurite, and pensioner)

Bader and Pearson

Developmental model of couples therapy - accepts inevitable change in relationship and focuses on individual and couple growth and development - goal is to assist the couple to recognize the stage they are in and gain skills to process to next stage, problems may arise if couples are at different stages.

Co-leaders in a group

Different reactions can help stimulate group energy and discussions, co-leaders don't need to have same experience, should not be the same sex, more helpful if different sexes. should have a good working relationship, therefore very different theoretical orientations might not be a good idea.

Who developed the archway model of self-concept determinants?

Donald Super developed the archway model as a graphic depiction of the many factors that determine an individual's self-concept. One pillar of the arch corresponds to internal variables such as aptitudes, interests, needs, and accomplishments. The other pillar represents external factors such as family, community, and the work market. The arch between the pillars is the self.

Cluster B personality disorders

Dramatic of excessively emotional disorder - Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

Kohlberg's Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning: Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation

During stage 4 of Kohlberg's moral classification model, people strive to uphold the laws of society with emphasis changing from internalized rules of a personal context to broader legal systems as the figures of authority. Individuals foster an obligation to maintain law and order as examples of good citizenship. A child in this stage will not encourage or engage in activities deemed to be 'wrong'.

Erik Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt Stage

Early Childhood age (1.5 - 3 years): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Muscular Anal Stage In this stage, the young child (18 months to 3 years old) is focused on learning how to care for themselves. A young toddler selecting clothes from the dresser all by himself is a good example of this stage.

Cluster A personality disorder

Eccentric or odd behaviors - Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Freud Ego

Ego is a third element of the mind that attempts to resolve the constant friction between the id and the superego. The ego strives to establish a middle ground in order to rationally and appropriately satisfy impulses, thus helping to fulfill urges without producing guilt or problems. According to Freud, an individual with a strong ego that does a good job of stabilizing the conflict between the id and the superego will maintain a healthy, well-balanced personality. However, an individual whose ego is not strong, or who has a dominant id or superego, may develop a personality disorder due to the lack of balance between the demands of the id and the superego.

Vygotsky Egocentric Speech Stage

Egocentric speech occurs from ages 3 to 7. It focuses on an egocentric child using the social aspect of thinking out loud to solve problems and then remember them for next time. When preschoolers all have different ideas for a game, but they work together to find something they can all play together, they are demonstrating egocentric speech.

Who first systematically applied scientific methodology to sociology?

Emile Durkheim

Social Distance Scale

Emory Bogardus - related to issues of prejudice - asks a individual to agree or disagree with a number of statements about a particular group - looks at intimacy, warmth, hostility and indifference. Measures persons willingness to connect socially with different groups.

Two Factor theory of Schachter and Singer

Emotions are the result of arousal, cognitive interpretation of the arousal and the environment in which the arousal occurs.

Jerome Bruner: Enactive Stage

Enactive stage appears first. This stage involves the encoding and storage of information. There is a direct manipulation of objects without any internal representation of the objects.

In Freuds theory what is behavior influenced by

Environmental Stimuli (physical influences), External social constrains (taboos, rules, social expectations, and 4 unconscious elements - Covert Desires, Defenses needed to protect facilitate and moderate behaviors, dreams, and unconscious wishes.

Who developed transactional analysis (TA) and Life Scripts

Eric Berne

Who developed transactional analysis (TA) and "life scripts"?

Eric Berne is a psychologist who formulated a "life script" theory that addresses personality development and interpersonal relationships. The theory states that people form a life script early in their childhood ears that sets the stage for how their future will develop. Individuals make decisions in their early life to live their life in a particular wav as a means to ensure survival (based upon a number of considerations such as parental, social, and cultural). Transactional analysis (TA) is a psychotherapy used to make changes to an individual's life script in order for a happier, healthier life to develop.

Psychoanalysis development theory that covers full lifespan

Eriksons' 8 stage theory

Frank Parsons

Established the trait-factor guidance approach (people have different traits, occupations requires a particular combination of worker characteristics, voc rehab should match these traits with the job requirements) Three steps: 1. Study individual for specific traits 2. survey available occupations 3. match individual w/occuption

histrionic personality disorder

Excessive emotionality and attention seeking behaviors 5 of following: -Annoying or discomfort when not receiving attention -inappropriate sexual provocation -rapidly shifting and shallow emotions -vague and impressionistic speech -exaggerated expression of emotion -easily influence by others -believes relationships are more intimate than they are -uses physical appearance to draw attention to self

dependent personality disorder

Excessive reliance on others 5 of following - -difficulty making decisions without advice -need for others to assume responsibility for ones actions -fear of disagreeing with others -difficulty self-initiating projects -feelings of helplessness or discomfort when alone -goes to great lengths to get support from others -seeks new relationships when old ones end -preoccupied with the thought of having to care for self

Somatic Symptom Disorder (formerly somatization disorder)

Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns: Disproportionate/persistent thoughts, persistently high level of anxiety about health, Excessive time/energy devoted to these symptoms. more than 6 months, specify if with predominant pain, persistent (more than 6 months), & severity (mild - 1 criterion, moderate - 2 criterion, severe - 2 multiple somatic complaints (or one very severe somatic symptom))

Hawthrone effect

Experimental Subjects behavior can change when they receive attention or know they are participating in research.

Carl Whitaker

Experimental Symbolic Family Therapy - Would interact with family members and play the part of the member who was important to the dynamic. Used "psychotherapy of the absurd" - exaggeration of an idea. View the family as a unit. Developed family nationalism, did boundary setting, separating and rejoining.

Stages of substance abuse

Experimentation Regular use Problem use - problems occur Dependence - chronic use despite problems addiction - physical and psychological need for it, despite problems.

Vygotsky External Speech Stage

External speech begins at birth to age 3, when babies learn through interactions from their caregivers. Babies learn how to share what they need and also learn that they can earn approval and disapproval from their caregivers. A baby might learn that saying "please" makes his parents more likely to give him what he wants.

FICA tool

F - Faith, belief, meaning I - Importance and Influence C - Community A - Address in Care

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Family-focused program for adolescents (11-17) antisocial and delinquent behaviors. Primary goal - collaboration with family to develop strategies. Variety of techniques used, but basic principles: focus on the strength of system, appropriate treatment for developmental level, improve parenting skills.

Rollo May

Father of Existential therapy - we have freedom of choice and are responsible for our fate. focused on anxieties of existence and how humans behave and feel in response to their existence. Stages - Innocence Rebellion Ordinary Creative

Cluster C personality disorder

Fear or anxiety based disorders - avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Freud most controversial viewpoint

Female sexuality - Frued believed that females are weaker than males and inferior in many other ways, believed female sexual organs were inferior, and clitoral orgasm was immature response. Believed superego development in females was weak and that females were more susceptible to neurotic behavior.

Fritz Perls Gestalt Therapy

Focus on the present not the past, people viewed as whole persons. Active expression of emotions in the moment. Removal of masks and facades is goal of gestalt therapy, integration of self and world awareness. Projection, introjection, retroflection, confluence, and deflection all part of this. Additionally Empty chair technique and Role playing

William Perry's Theory

Focused on adult development but specifically as it applied to young adult students. He believed that young adults develop as they change their perspective from the belief in absolute truth to one of multiple truths. He listed nine steps of development that make up this progression. -authorities know everything. -only true authorities are correct -recognizing that all authorities might not know everything, but they are seeking out the truth. -The student tries to retain a dualistic right-versus-wrong position but realizes that there are areas of legitimate uncertainty and diversity of opinion. Can react in two ways - They may conform to what authority seems to want and learn the forms of independent intellectual thought, or oppose what authority wants in areas where multiplicity is important. -everything is relative, though not equally valid, as some answers are better than others. -has to make his own decisions rather than leaning on the opinions of authority figures around him. -owning his personal opinions while also being ready to learn from others

Tuckman 5 stages of group development

Form - come together, rules established, members subdued and hesistant Storm - expression of feelings begin by members who feel individual vs member of the group, may be resistant or signs of cynicism. Norm - Sense of unity and teamwork prevails, members interact with each other and encourage each other. Perform - members take over group process and feel empowered. Adjourn - team recognized time for closure, some mourning on loss of group, reflection on process and celebration.

Habit Reversal therapy HRT

Form of CBT - to help people with tic disorders and with impulse control disorders - Steps: Awareness, identification of triggers, assessment, competitive response, assessment of rationalization, mindfulness.

Carl Jung's Personal unconscious

Formed just after birth, consists of experience that the individual is not aware of. Some memories are forgotten others can be easily recalled, some memories may be repressed others may be subliminal in nature.

Karen Horney

Founder of feminine psychiatry. Critical of Frued, one of the founders of Neo-Freudianism. Theory of Neurosis - believed this came from infant experience of anxiety, then they way a person copes with that causes neurosis. Developed 10 neurosis - developed concept of womb envy.

Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome — Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is caused by a defect of the X chromosome. This genetic disease is more commonly observed in males, since females typically have two X chromosomes, with usually at least one of the X chromosomes is normally formed, able to outweigh any negative effect the mutated chromosomes could have on the individual. This condition is typically less severe in females than in males. Signs and symptoms of FXS include delayed speech/language development, large ears, a long forehead, and behavioral disorders.

Psychoanalysis technqiues

Free association, dream analysis, analysis of transference, interpretation

Foot - in - the - door

Freedman and fraser - related to compliance They did a study in 1966, study about compliance - people were more willing to comply with larger requests they already did a smaller request (the foot in the door)

Who theorized about "primary narcissism"?

Freud - this is a time where as infants individuals are unable to differentiate between self and others . Can be useful, but if not appropriately moved through can cause issues. related to Secondary Narcissism - which is self love that developed later in life.

Paraparaxes

Freudian slips, overt actions with unconcious meanings.

A dreams "manifest content"

Freudian term; the remembered (concious) storyline of a dream, (Latent content is unconscious). Analyze manifest content to get better understanding of clients mind

Etic approaches to therapy

Frued's Psychodynamic, Albert Ellis's REBT - Would use the same approaches regardless of the individual's personality or problems.

The counselor is conducting vocational assessment of a client with disabilities, beginning with the initial rehabilitation assessment. Which of the following should the counselor do next?

Functional capacity evaluation. A vocational assessment usually has a number of steps, beginning with the initial rehabilitation assessment and followed by a functional capacity evaluation. The next steps include a physical conditioning assessment and vocational assessment and then functional education and physical conditioning to prepare for work. Once a vocation is selected, then a workplace assessment, an ergonomic assessment and risk assessment are carried out. The last steps may include vocational counseling, labor market analysis, on-the-job training and job search and placement assistance.

Functionalism Belief system

Functionalism is the theory that all aspects of human society exist only to serve a function, though are indispensable for society's survival. This means that things like religion, government, community, etc., all serve a specific purpose in the lives of humans, and nothing more. For example, societies around the globe create art in order to express their thoughts through the lenses of their culture. Functionalism argues that this creativity isn't something that comes from a divine source or from some innate human quality of the soul, but rather serves a function for people and society. This function can be something like expressing thoughts and cultural ideologies, or it can be an attempt to learn about the world by studying it through art.

Boston Model of group development

Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Preaffiliation Stage - regulation by counselor, expression of concern/anxiety, dependence on counselor. Power and Control stage - Limit setting, clarification and use of the program. Intimacy Stage - handling transference, rivalries, degree of uncovering. Differentiation Stages - clarification of differential and cohesive process, group autonomy. Separation - focus on evaluation, handling ambivalence, incorporating new resources.

antisocial personality disorder

General lack of concern for the rights and feelings of others Diagnostic: -be at least 18 -history of conduct disorder before age 15 -three of following before age 15: -failure to conform to social laws and norms -deceitfulness -impulsivity -reckless disregard for safety of self and others -consistent irresponsibility -lack of remorse -irritability or aggressiveness **may also include inflated opinion of self, superficial charm, and lack of empathy

GAD-7

Generalized Anxiety Disorder /used to get objective data.. evidence based assessment. 5-9 - mild anxiety 10 - 14 moderate anxiety 15+ severe anxiety

ADHD etiology

Genetic disorder, associated with abnormalities in the brain - subnormal activity in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia, relatively small caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and prefrontal cortex.

Cultural Encapsulation

Gilbert Wrenn - tendency of counselors to avoid the reality that their beliefs, values, education training and practice are bound by a specific culturally lens. Can include substituting model stereotypes for actual reality, overlooking cultural variations in favor of believing in an universal idea of the truth, technique oriented approach to counseling (using the same approach regardless of the client).

narcissistic personality disorder

Grandiose behavior along with lack of empathy and need for admiration. 5 of following: -Grandiose sense of self-importance -fantasies of own power and beauty -Believe in personal uniqueness -need for excessive admiration -sense of entitlement -exploitation of other -lack of empathy -envious of others or believes others envy them -arrogant behaviors

R. K. Conyne

Group grid work - Felt that the understanding of the range of group experiences in group therapy was lacking created group grid work to provide a working model of group typology.

tremor entrainment test

Have client perform task with unaffected limb if other limb becomes entrained then probably a functional tremor and fictious disorder is suggested

Robert Carkhuff

Helping and human relationship theory. All human interactions are helping behaviors. some interactions are more equal than others. 4 components of helping relationship - Attending, responding, personalizing, initiating

Interval

Hierarchical values that are at equal distance from each other

Adlerian Therapy

Holistic and goal oreinted. Importance of overcoming feelings of interiority and gaining sense of belonging. Birth order is important. Cooperative collaborative relationship with therapist. 4 Stages - Engagement, Assessment, Insight, Reorientation.

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Holmes and Rahe's measure of stress, which ranks 43 life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each. Top ones - death of a spouse, divorce, marital separation, jail term, death of close family member, personal injury. Less than 150 - 30% chance of suffering from stress. More than 150 - 50% chance of suffering from stress. **could have cultural issues**

Donald Super 4 theaters in which we play out our roles

Home, Community, school, and workplace

Meta-communcation

How something is said, not what is said

Four key elements in helping realtionship

Human relations (empathy, respect, genuineness) Social Influence (competence, power, intimacy, expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness) Skills (Micro skills, communication skills: attending, inquiry, reflection) Theory (theoretical knowledge to understand self, interpersonal relationships, interpersonal skills, problems and choose effective interventions)

Logotherapy focuses on

Human will - Logotherapy was developed by Viktor Frankl, focuses on the search for meaning, human spirit (human will) plays an integral role in logotherapy. Goal is to aid individuals in overcoming obstacles with power of human spirit, Frankl theorized we can find meaning in our lives through deeds by experiencing a value or through suffering.

Freud: Id

Id represents the part of the personality that demands instant gratification and the fulfillment of urges, regardless of the social or personal repercussions.

Addiction Severity Index (ASI)

If positive on MAST or DAST use the ASI to determine what area the drug use has been the most invasive - assess medical, legal, familiar, social, employment, psychological and psychiatric - 180 items on this test. Includes questions about socioeconomic status and psychological needs

If, in a support group, the counselor observes that one member routinely takes over the discussions and sometimes bullies others, this might be described as which of the following?

If, in a support group, the counselor observes that one member routinely takes over the discussions and sometimes bullies others, this might be described as a group pattern. A group pattern refers to processes, the ways in which a group may act. Patterns may vary widely, and some- such as one person taking over--may be detrimental to the group because other members may feel intimidated. The group leader needs to be alert to the patterns that are developing in a group.

Autoplastic

Implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment; change comes from within, automatic

Intrusive (reactive) measurement

Individual is aware of the data collection, can affect the data - Examples - giving questionnaires, interviewing subjects, openly observing subjects.

Woodcock-Johnson IV

Individually administered. Norm referenced. Test of cognitive abilities and test of achievement. Basic skills, fluency, and application are measured in each of these academic domains (i.e., reading, writing, mathematics); academic knowledge in science, social studies, and humanities is also available.

Factors associated with decision-making model of career choice

Individuals risk-taking style, individuals investment (money, time, or deferment of rewards), individuals personal values, and individuals self-efficacy or believe in ability to perform the required behaviors

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is reasoning that flows from the specific to the general **specific to general** IN RESEARCH: Often leads to the development of a theory, begins at the real world, and is practical in nature

Erik Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust Stage

Infancy stage (birth to 1.5 years): Trust vs. Mistrust: Oral Sensory Stage From birth until 18 months, infants are learning about trust and mistrust. In this stage, the infant needs their basic needs met, and they need to know that their caregivers will respond if they cry out. A baby will learn to trust her caregiver will pick her up and feed her when she is hungry, but will become anxious when her needs are not met.

Piaget Sensorimotor (1-2 years)

Infant cannot evoke representations of persons or objects when they are absent-symbolic function. Infant interacts with her or his surroundings and can focus on objects other than self. Infant learns to predict events (door opening signals that someone will appear. Infants also learn that objects continue to exist when out of sight (object permanence) and learn a beginning sense of causality. Exploring the world through their senses

PKU (phenylketonuria)

Infant lacks the enzyme to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine - rare recessive genetic disorder. Ned to get phenylalanine levels at 1-10 mg/dl. Can lead to Intellectual disability if untreated.

Three levels of observation

Informational observation (watches unstructured activities throughout the day), Guided observation (intentional style of direct observation accomplished with a checklist or rating scale to evaluate performance or behaviors), Clinical level (done in a controlled setting for a lengthy period of time).

Vygotsky Inner Speech Stage

Inner speech occurs when older children up to adult age can essentially have two modes for speech: an inner conversation where they talk to themselves and a verbal conversation. An adult who has the reached inner speech does not need to think out loud as they make decisions; they basically talk to themselves and process ideas before they need to speak. For example, a student might use inner speech to remind herself to study for her math test, but use verbal speech to ask the teacher to define a mathematical term.

Interpretationism Belief system

Interpretationism is the belief that interpretation of the physical allows for and aids in analysis of the mental. Essentially, by knowing how things work in the physical world, people can predict the outcomes of related situations. For example, by knowing that exercise increases heart rate, it is predictable that a person going on a jog will have an elevated pulse. The distinction comes from the existence of the thing in two different worlds. There is the physical thing that happens, the elevation in heart rate, and there is the understanding of how this happens, which exists in the mental.

Transactional Analysis techniques

Interrogation, confrontation, illustration, and concentration on early memories

Ecopresis

Involuntary fecal soiling in children who have been toilet trained, diagnosis cannot be made until child is at least 4 years of age per DSM-5.

Ipsative interpretation

Ipsative interpretation means comparing multiple subtest results for one individual with themselves only with no comparison to other people's results. In this example, the tester is comparing one individual's various scores on different subtests with each other, which is an ipsative interpretation.

Narcolepsy-cataplexy

It is characterised by severe, irresistible daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy). Affects 0.02% of adults worldwide. Typically a sign of loss of cells in the hypothalamus that produce hypocretin.

In the Stanford prison study, what caused the guards to treat the prisoners harshly?

It was the social context that determined the behaviors of both the guards and the prisoners. In the Stanford prison study, the setting was so realistic that the participants became guards and prisoners. Their personal identities were masked by the context of being in a prison as either a guard or a prisoner. Even the researcher, Dr. Zimbardo, who took on the role of the prison warden, had to be reminded by one of his own graduate students that this was a research study and not a prison.

Maria Montessori

Italian physician who gained international fame for her philosophy of teaching, which allowed students to learn in a noncompetitive and relaxed atmosphere.

Luft and Ingham

Johari Window

Comprehensive Career Model

John Crites 3 diagnoses of career problem (3 Ds): 1. Differential - what are the problems 2. Dynamic - why have the problems occured 3. Decisional - how are the problems being dealt with

Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC)

John Krumboltz - based on Social learning theory - learning through observation and direct experiences. 4 factors of career development: -Genetic endowments and special abilities -Environmental conditions and events -learning experiences -task approach skills -set of skills individual has developed

Who is best known for the terms "collective unconscious" and "archetypes?"

Jung coined these terms. He believed the collective unconscious is determined by the evolution of the human species, and that it contains universal brain response patterns he called archetypes.

LEARN model for cross-cultural care

L - Listen to what the client/family say about their concept of illness & ideas of western healthcare system E - Explain the assessment using a variety of modalities (pictures, illustrations, test results, and videos) A - Acknowledge the differences and similarities btwen client culture and western culture, focus on similarities R - Recommend a treatment approach and listen to client and family response N - Negotiate treatment approach to accommodate the client and family culture perspective.

Jerome Bruner

Leader of cognitive revolution, pulled away from the behavioral-focused theory previously. Developed 3 tier system for child internal representations. He believed curriculum should foster the development of problem-solving skills through the processes of inquiry and discovery. He believed that subject matter should be represented in terms of the child's way of viewing the world. That curriculum should be designed so that the mastery of skills leads to the mastery of still more powerful ones. He also advocated teaching by organizing concepts and learning by discovery. Finally, he believed culture should shape notions through which people organize their views of themselves and others and the world in which they live. Coined the term scaffolding

Autism Etiology

Linked to ASD - reduced cerebellum, and enlarged ventricles. There is a link between abnormal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.

Alzheimers disease etiology

Linked with genetic abnormalities - familial with early onset tend to have abnormalities on chromosome 21, while later onset is chromosome 19. Those with Alzheimers have been shown to have significant aluminum deposits in brain, malfunctioning immune system, and low level of acetylecholine. Drugs to treat - Cognex and Aricept can temporarily reverse cognitive impairment although not sustained when drugs are removed.

Logotherapy

Logotherapy, developed by Viktor Frankl, is an existential psychology that focuses on the search for meaning. The human spirit plays an integral role in Logotherapy, which is more about the human will or spirit, rather than related to religion or a relationship with God. Frank taught that everything can be taken away from us in life, except for our will to find meaning in our lives. Logotherapy seeks to aid individuals in overcoming obstacles with the power of the human spirit. Frank theorized that we can find meaning in our lives through deeds, by experiencing a value, or through suffering.

OCD etiology

Low level of serotonin, as well as linked with over activity in the right caudate nucleus. Most effective treatment is exposure with response prevention as well as medication- SSRI of the tricyclic clomipramine.

Johari Window

Luft and Ingham Framework for understanding conscious and unconscious bias that can help increase self-awareness and our understanding of others - 4 quadrants Open - known to self, known to others. Can increase through decreasing blind spot, or by reducing hidden part Blind - not known to self, known to others. Reduced by efficient communication and seeking feedback Hidden - known to self, not known to others. Reduced by moving information into the open. Unknown - Not known to anyone. - reduced through exploration and open communication. **Goal of counseling - make open bigger, unknown smaller**

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

Made by Bandler and Grinder - include representational systems, language structure and human modeling. Belief is that if you understand how another person accomplishes a task you can copy this and accomplish it yourself.

homogeneous group

Made up of individuals who are similar Pros: Can concentrate on resolving one issues, can lead to stronger bonds, less conflict and greater attendance Con: members might be limited experientiality, not representative of society, can be hard to find group members

Allopastic

Making changes in the environment

Arnold Gesell

Maturationist who believed that given a normal environment a child's growth and development were predetermined by genetic makeup. He felt that children developed in a predictable, orderly way with little influence from the environment including the parents. A belief that development is most influenced by the environment would be akin to the position of a behaviorist. There are many other theories that hold that development is the product of both nature and nurture, but his was not one of them. The position that development is primarily influenced by either one or the other would be unusual for most developmental theories, which tend to apply their beliefs about development more uniformly to the majority of human beings.

regression toward the mean

Means that if an individual scores very high or very low on the pretest, they are likely to earn a score closer to the mean on the posttest. Unusual pretest score is usually an error due to chance, personal and/or environmental factors.

True Variance

Measured by the square of the correlation of the test - r2 used to explain how much the variability of one factor is caused by its relationship to another factor. This correlation is represented as a value between 0.0 and 1.0 (0% to 100%).

unobtrusive (nonreactive) measures

Measures of behavior that eliminate the problem of reactivity because observations are made in such a way that the presence of the observer is not detected by those being observed. 3 types - content analysis, analysis of existing statistics, historical/comparative analysis Ex - reviewing records, using data already available

One method of calculating intelligence quotient

Mental age/chronological age x 100.

Personal Science

Micheal Mahoney, based on cognitive-behavioral approach. Acronym SCIENCE explains sequential steps. S: specification of the problem C: collection of data/facts I: identification of patterns/reasons for behavior E: examination of choices that can be used to modify behaviors. N: narrowing the options & experimenting with possible modifications C:comparing data/facts E: expanding, modifying or substituting unwanted behaviors for more preferred behaviors.

DSM 5 Substance use severities

Mild - Less than 4 symptoms Moderate - 4 -5 symptoms Severe - more than 5 symptoms.

Mild cognitive disability

Mild — This type of cognitive impairment is the most common. Approximately 85% of individuals diagnosed as intellectually disabled fit into this category. The IQ scores of persons falling into this category range from 50 - 79 **Not used in DSM 5, Intellectual disability in DSM 5 is suggested anything under 70 IQ**

Moderate cognitive disability

Moderate — People who fall into this level of cognitive impairment range from 30 to 55 and are very limited in their ability to be independent.

Carol Gilligan

Morality of care is the feminist response to Kohlberg's moral development theory. Purports that a morality of care reflects women's experience more accurately than one emphasizing justice and rights. Key concepts include the following: Morality of care reflects caring, responsibility, and non-violence, while morality of justice and rights emphasizes equality. The two types of moralities give two distinct charges, to not treat others unfairly (justice/rights) and to not turn away from someone in need (care). Care stresses interconnectedness and nurturing. Emphasizing justice stems from a focus on individualism. Aspects of attachment: Justice/rights requires individuation and separation from the parent, which leads to awareness of power differences. Care emphasizes a continuing attachment to parent and less awareness of inequalities, not a primary focus on fairness.

CRAFFT

Most appropriate tool for screening children and adolescnets under age 21 for drug and alcohol use C - ridden in a CAR driven by someone under the influence R- Do you use substances to RELAX feel better about yourself or fit in A - Do you use substance while ALONE F - do you FORGET you did things while under influence F - Do your FRIENDS/ fam tell you to cut down on use T - Have you gotten into TROUBLE while using

Bandler and Grinder created

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)

Norm-referenced

Norm-referenced means comparing the individual's score(s) to others.

Common weakness of group therapy

Not setting firm goals for the group

Greatest risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea

Obesity and male gender

OCD - difference between Obsessions and compulsions

Obsessions are repetitive thought processes rather than an action. Compulsions are irresistible urges to carry out certain actions.

O*NET

Occupational Information Network compiled by the United States Department of Labor

Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale

One of the most widely used, individually administered intelligence tests, which yields an IQ score. For individuals 2 - 85, measures 5 categories of intelligence - Fluid Reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory. Measures through verbal and nonverbal activities.

Ratio

One value divided by another, providing a relative association of one quantity in terms of the other (e.g., 50 is one half of 100)

Adler - birth order

Only child-This child can often be spoiled due to undivided attention of the parents. Can having difficulty when they are not the center of attention , may have trouble sharing. Can have with leadership skills, be very dependable, and have self-control, but also may be demanding. Oldest child-feeling of being responsible for the other siblings a sense of being in control. tends to grow up to be a leader and one who follows the rules. can appear to have a bossy attitude. feelings of inferiority. Middle child-The middle child may feel left out, may feel life is unfair and may become rebellious and is likely to be the most independent among the siblings. They may feel a need to prove their own self-worth and often grow up to fight for social causes and can be seen as the peacemaker. Youngest child-Often, other family members try to be in charge of the youngest, leading this child to want to grow up quicker and have more control over their own life, and become the most independent.

Yalon group stages

Orientation - members get to know each other, acclimate to the group as it's entity Conflict - members experience differences of opinion and personalities clash Cohesion - group experiences bonding among members and gains a sense of group identity Termination - course of counseling is done, group arrives at an end.

Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the four career development stages identified by Linda Gottfredson?

Orientation to size and power, orientation to sex roles, orientation to social valuation, orientation to the internal unique self: Gottfredson stated that orientation to size and power occurs from age 3 to 5 when children have neither; when they still think concretely; and when they are just beginning to understand what being an adult means. Orientation to sex roles takes place from age 6 to 8 when children learn that adults have different roles and that many occupations are sex-typed. Orientation to social valuation happens from age 9 to 13 when children gain greater awareness of peer, family, and community values and of the variation among the social valuations of different occupations. Finally, orientation to the internal unique self transpires from age 14 on when children's aspirations, interests, and values influence their occupational preferences and choices.

Stages of theory development

Original Paradigm (Freud psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy, behavior therapy), Paradigm modification (jung, alder, patterson, bandura), Paradigm specificity (berne, Jourard, Genlin, Bech, Krumboltz), paradigm Experimentation (strupp, mitchell and Aron, Ellie, Beutler, Wexler, and Lazarus), Paradigm Consolidation (Lazarus, Seay, Beutler).

Transference

PATIENT displaces feelings onto the counselor

A scatter plot depicts

Pairs of scores (x and y axis)

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Persistent preoccupation with organization and mental or interpersonal control 4 of the following: -preoccupation with rules and details -perfectionism that interferes with progress -excessive devotion to work -counter productive rigidity about beliefs and morality -inability to throw away old objects -reluctant to delegate authority to others -rigid or stubborn -hoards money without spending.

George Kelly

Personal Construct Theory, each individual has an underlying fundamental postulate that affects everything. There are 11 corollaries: Construction - base expectations on past experiences individual - everyone interprets things differently organization - personal organization of constructs into a hierarchy Dichotomy - constructs are bipolar Choice Range Experience Modulation Fragmentation Commonality Sociality

Gordon Allport

Personality trait theory, did research of prejudice and discrimination. Created three-tiered hierarchy of personality traits - Cardinal traits (rare but deterministic of behavior), Central traits (present in varying degrees, influence, but do not determine behavior), Secondary traits (present, can influence behavior, strongly dependent upon immediate context).

Paranoid Personality disorder

Pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness, believing the actions and thoughts others directed antagonistically against oneself 4 of following symptoms -suspects others are harming them -doubts trustworthiness of others -reluctant to confide in others -suspicious about infidelity w/out justification -reads hidden meanings into remarks -consistently has grudges -believes there are attacks on their character others do not perceive

schizotypal personality disorder

Pervasive social deficits, oddities of cognition, perception or behavior. Five of the following: -ideas of reference -odd beliefs or magical thinking -lack of close friends except first degree relatives -bodily illusions -suspiciousness -social anxiety (excessive) -inappropriate or constricted affect -peculiarities in behavior or appearance.

4 phases in response to a stressor

Phase 1 - exposure to stressor and increased anxiety Phase 2 - usual coping mechanisms fail to relieve stress Phase 3 - stress increases, new strategies may be attempted and resolution may occur or progression to stage 4 Stage 4 - acute stress

Gottfried Leibniz

Philosopher who believed in personology - a person can change when he or her perceptual awareness is change - based on subjective reality. his theory evolved into person centered psychotherapy.

Piaget's theory focused on what part of our development?

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory focused on the progressive forming of children's and teen's mental abilities.

Satir 4 Communication Impediments

Placating - role played in reaction to stress, trying to please others often in irrational ways Blaming - act of pointing outwards when stress occurs Irrelevance - person displaces the potential problem and substitutes a unrelated activity. Being overly reasonable (responsible analyzer) - person keeps their emotions in check and functions with prevision and monotony of machine.

Erik Erikson's Initiative vs. Guilt Stage

Play Age (3-6): Initiative vs. Guilt: Locomotor stage Children in the play stage, ages 3 to 6, learn through play, and try out new ideas as they explore who they are. They need their caregivers to foster and encourage their interests. If a child decides she wants to learn how to play soccer and she kicks the ball around the backyard, she is showing initiative.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Prader-Willi Syndrome — Prader-Willi Syndrome is caused by a mutation of the fifteenth chromosome. This disorder is inherited from the fathers' side of the family. Symptoms of this disorder include excessive and uncontrolled eating and obesity.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development (big overview)

Pre-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stage 1: Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation, Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation) Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation, Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation) Post-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning (Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation, Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation)

Parent Child interaction Therapy PCIT

Preschool children with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder - therapist observes interactions from outside of the room and provides feedback - two phases - child-directed interaction, parent-directed interaction

Client with schizophrenia shows structural brain abnormalities on a cerebral CT shows what kind of symptoms

Primarily negative symptoms - Flat affect, Algoia (speech impairment), avolition, and apathy. Clients with normal CT's more likely to exhibit positive symptoms and respond better to treatment.

Edgar Shein

Process Model of Consultation - problems will be solved more effectively and stay solved longer if organization learns to solve the problem itself (teach a man to fish)

Ann Roe six levels

Professional and Managerial (highest) Professional and managerial (regular) Semi-professional and managerial Skilled Semiskilled Unskilled

Incredible Years Program

Program for children (4 - 7) with conduct and oppositional defiant disorder, has parent and child component.

Title IX of Education Act of 1972

Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs

Roger Gould Protective devices

Protective devices are false assumptions that are triggered at different ages, give us an illusion of safety - we grow as we learn about these and dismantle them

What is proxemics?

Proxemics is the study of proximity. It refers to personal and interpersonal space and territoriality. Proxemics studies how an individual's proximity to others and things impacts that individual. The term was introduced by the anthropologist Edward Hall in 1966. He found there were measurable distances between people based upon specific circumstances and interactions. Proxemics defines certain types of space: fixed-feature, semi-fixed feature, and informal space. It also defines intimate, personal, social, and public distances, as well as specifying a variety of behavioral categories.

Erich Fromm

Psychoanalyst & philosopher - Scrutinized Freud. -Society and culture play significant role in individual human development. -Theory of personality based on two needs: Need for freedom and need for belonging. Suggested 5 character types: receptive, exploitative, hoarding, marketing, productive (only healthy) -Felt any power can destroy an individuals potential -had concerns about religion - could encourage divisiveness and warfare, and was misguided at times.

Ackerman

Psychoanalytic family therapist who looked at unconscious motives and early relationships

Psychogenic theory

Psychogenic theory says that abnormality stems from psychological problems, such having an outburst due to an internal conflict between ego and superego.

The Digit Repetition Test

Purpose - Assess attention Ask clients to listen to numbers then repeat them, beginning with two random single digit numbers, then goes to three, keep adding a number till can't remember. Normal intelligence - can do 5 - 7 numbers, less than 5 indicate impaired attention.

Purposeful Sample

Qualitative research - identification and selection of information rich cases. Unable to be generalize to the population. May be comprehensive, may involve extreme case selection, or may consist of typical case selection.

CAGE tool

Quick assessment to identify problem drinkers C - Cutting down (do you think about cutting down) A - Annoyed at criticism (are being criticizing your drinking) G - Guilty feeling (do you feel guilty or try to hide the drinking) E - eye opener (do you need a drink earlier in the day). Yes on one question suggests the possibility of a drinking problem. More than two indicates a drinking problem.

Group Grid Work

R. K. Conye To expand practical understanding of group work - two dimensions - one is the level of the group intervention work, other is the purpose of the group work. Purpose - divided into Correction and enhancement subcategories Level - Individual, organization, interpersonal and community

Holland Personality Types

RIASEC Realistic - The builder - aggressive, likes explicit task, poor interpersonal skills Investigative - The problem solver- intellectual, likes systematic, creative investigations, poor persuasive and social skills Artistic - The creator - imaginative, likes self-expression, dislikes systematic, ordered activities Social - The people person - likes interpersonal activities, dislikes working with tools or machines Enterprising -The persuader- extrovert, likes leadership and persuasive activities, dislikes abstract or cautious work Conventional - The organizer - practical, likes structured, orderly activities, dislikes ambiguous or unsystematic work Hexagon - lettes next to each other have more in common than the ones far away

Reactance Theory

Reactance Theory explains that we will rebel against restrictions that limit our freedom. A teenager may demonstrate this by skipping class, or dating somebody her parents would disapprove of.

Immanuel Kant

Reality is based on subjective observations drawn from a person's objective reality or environmental events. Theories are based on interactionism.

Multiple choice questions is testing what ability

Recognition

E.G Williamson

Refined the trait-factor approach from Frank Parson's work Six Steps - Analysis Synthesis Diagnosis Prognosis Counseling Follow-up

Six factors necessary for growth

Related to Roger therapy 1. Therapist-Client Psychological contact - gotta have relationship 2. Client Incongruence or Vulnerability - discrepancy, client often unaware of this 3. Therapist Congruence or Genuinesss - therapist should be self-aware, genuine and congruent 4. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard 5. Therapist Empathy 6. Client Perception - client has to perceive the unconditional positive regard and empathy, so therapist has to communicate this through words and behaviors.

Eigenwelt

Related to existential therapy - World of self-identity (Eigen means "ones own" so means "ones own world" or the self)

Umwelt

Related to existential therapy - the world of the physical or biologicals system (um means around, umwelt means environment).

Enuresis

Repeated urinating during the day or night into the bed or clothes at least twice a week for three or more months, mostly involuntary. Usually treated with a night alarm which makes loud noise when child urinates

Representationalism Belief system

Representationalism is the theory that humans experience representations of the outside world, rather than the outside world itself. This means that when someone grabs a rock and throws it into a lake, they are experiencing an interpretation of the smoothness of the rock through their hands, an interpretation of the ripples the rock makes when it hits the water through their eyes. They do not experience the actual smooth rock itself, or the actual ripples in the lake. Humans, then, do not experience the actual, physical, real world, but rather they experience the representations of this world through their senses.

RCMAS

Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale - assesses anxiety in children and adolescents (6 - 19) , 37 yes no questions.

A couple has two different cultural backgrounds, according to multicultural theorists what counseling orientation is most suitable for both of them.

Rogerian Client centered counseling -it has a emic orientation, bc it emphasizes individual differences rather than similarities, and would take into account the cultural backgrounds.

Enmeshment and Disengaged are closely associated with

Salvador Minuchin

Erik Erikson's Industry vs. Inferiority Stage

School Age (6-11): Industry vs. Inferiority: Latency When children enter grade school, they are entering the school age stage as well. This stage encapsulates ages 6-12. Children learn about the skills related to being successful, as well as learn about ways they might not feel successful. A child being proud because he earned the honor roll has learned about industry.

Splitting

Seeing external objects as all good or all bad (related to Anna Frued's defense mechanisms

Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy

Seeks to strengthen boundaries when family subsystems are enmeshed, or seeks to increase flexibility when these systems are overly rigid. Emphasized that family structure should be hierarchical and parents at the top of this. Joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis are techniques used.

Stratified sampling

Selecting individuals who represent major subgroups in the population.

Heinz Kohut

Self Psychology Self has 4 basic components - nuclear self -biological construct infants are born with Virtual self - image of the baby retained by parents. Cohesive self - should be combo of nuclear and virtual, but trauma abuse other problems can prevent this. Grandiose self - ego centric form of the self that results from feelings of being the center of the universe. Parents failure to empathise with child at heart of psychological problems. Terms: Self-objects, optimal frustration, twinship, tripolar self

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Stages

Sensorimotor (1-2 years), Preoperational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11), Formal Operational (12-18),

Ann Roe Eight occupational fields

Service Business contact Managerial General Cultural Arts and Entertainment Technology Outdoor Service

Severe Cognitive disability

Severe — This category is indicated by an IQ score of less than 30 with less than 4% of people who have been diagnosed with cognitive disabilities falling into this category. These individuals are severely limited in their functional ability and may need another person to feed, bathe, and dress them. Individuals in this category need supervision day and night in order to ensure their safety. **Not used in DSM 5**

Stanley Strong

Social influence model of counseling. client may view counselor as expert (formal training, knowledge and experience), attractive (perceived to be similar to client, and client wants counselors approval), and trustworthy (caring and wanting to help client)

Somatogenic theory

Somatogenic theory states that abnormality is caused by a biological disorder or illness.

Compensatory vs Spillover Theory of leisure

Some people compensate for things they cannot do in their jobs by engaging in leisure activities that are very different from their work, other people use the same skills and do similar activities in their leisure time (work "spills over" into leisure).

Alzheimer's disease stages

Stage 1 - first 1 -3 years, mild anterograde amnesia, diminished visuospatial skills (can wander aimlessly) Stage 2 - 2 - 10th year - retrograde amnesia, restlessness, delusions, aphasia, acalculia (can't do math), Ideomotor aphasia (can't translate idea into movement, and flat mood. Stage 3 - between the 8th and 12th years, severely impaired intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, urinary and fecal incontinence,

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Pre-Conventional

Stage 1: Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. *Birth to age 9/10*

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Conventional Level's

Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation **age 10 up often through adolescense and adulthood*

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Post-Conventional Level's

Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation **young adulthood up**

Erik Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair Stage

Stage 8: Old Age: Integrity vs. Despair Old age, from 65-death, is the time to pause and reflect on one's life, and share what they learned with others. An example would be a woman writing her memoir for her children.

Kohlberg's Post-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning: Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation

Stage five of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by an objective rather than a subjective moral stance. People begin to scrutinize laws not as absolute constructs, but as acceptable only to the degree that they are fair. Personal values and conscience begin to play a distinct role in the assessment of rules and regulations. A person in this stage will risk being fired by speaking up against corporate inequality.

Kohlberg's Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning: Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation

Stage three of Kohlberg's theory of moral development stresses the drive to be 'good' or 'nice' to others in the acquisition of respect for virtuous behavior. The development of good interpersonal relationships becomes a priority. For example, a child in this stage will share their game to make friends and be perceived as terrific.

Kohlberg's Pre-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning: Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose Orientation

Stage two is sometimes referred to as the Individualism and Exchange stage. During this period, children continue to be self-centered in avoiding punishment but also begin to focus on the rewards of good behavior, not simply punishment for bad behavior. A child in this stage will do well on a math test to be rewarded by a sleepover.

Robert Havighurst

Stages of human development where the idea is each stage requires completion of a task to reach the next. Tasks arise from maturation and environmental influences, tasks are acquired via maturation, social learning, and effort.

SOC

Standard Occupational Classification System; provides information based on broad occupational definitions, classifies types of activities associated with different careers.

Standardized tests

Standardized scores are continuous and the units they use are equal. Standardized scores allow us to compare several test scores for the same person., allow for normative or relative meaning which enables comparisons between or amoung individuals, express the individuals score from a mean in terms of the particular standard score distribution's standard deviation.

Jacob Moreno

Started the Theater of Spontaneity in Vienna in 1921, developed the concept of psychodrama (enact conflicts in a theatrical format). First person to use the term group psychotherapy.

Directional hypothesis

States that one group will have a statistically different score than another. Would use a one tailed test.

ANOVA

Statistical test used for more than two groups (3+) one dependent variable (outcome measure) ANOVA w/out repeated measure - three independent samples ANOVA w/repeated measures - more than two dependent samples One way ANOVA - One factor (independent variable - manipulated variable) Two way AVOVA (Factoral) - Two factors (independent variable - manipulated variable) investigated concurrently

Jay Haley

Strategic Family Therapy

Pearson's r

Strength of the linear relationship between two variables - Variables measured on an interval or ratio scale -returns result between -1 and +1 - +1 = Positive linear relationship (up to the right), as x increases y increases with it - -1 = Negative linear relationship (up to the left), as x increases, y decreases & opposite - 0 = no relationship

Strength of correlation coefficient

Strong relationship +-.55 or above Moderate +-.45 to +-.30

Maxie Maultsby Jr

Student of Ellis. Developed Rational behavioral therapy in 1977. Rational behavior therapy more direct way of dealing with emotional state. Emotional re-education - 1. Self-analysis, 2 changing actions 3. cognitive emotive dissonance (refocus attention to bring feeling and thoughts into alignment) 4. Rationalized feelings. 5. habitual practice

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Studied the Sexual response cycle - determined there are four phases of sexual response

J. P. Guilford

Study of intellectual ability and individual differences. -Research in creativity which he associated with "divergent thinking" -Multidimensional aspect of human mind,, shows that IQ tests are unidimensional, some creative people can rank lower due to different approaches. Allowed for greater appreciation of diversity of human thinking and abilities.

Conversion disorder

Sudden onset of sensory (seeing, hearing), or motor (paralysis, weakness) deficits without identifiable physical cause - La Bella Indifference (unconcern) is common

A-B-A design Design

The A-B-A design begins with data collection in the pre-intervention phase (A) and then continuously during the intervention phases (B). The intervention is then removed (returning to"A") and data are again collected. In this way an experimental process is produced (testing without, with, and then again without intervention). Inferences regarding causality can be made, and two points of comparison are achieved. However, the ethics of removing a successful intervention leaves this study poorly recommended.

A-B-A-B study Design

The A-B-A-B study overcomes the failure of A-B-A design by reintroducing the intervention ("B") at the close of the study. Greater causality inferences are obtained. However, even temporary removal of a successful intervention is problematic (especially if the client drops out at that time), and this design is fairly time-consuming.

B-A-B Study design

The B-A-B design (the "intervention repeat design") drops the baseline phase and starts and ends with the intervention (important in crisis situations and where treatment delays are problematic), saving time and reducing ethical concerns.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion was proposed in 1884. It is a combination of the ideas of William James and Carl Lange. The theory states that one's body reacts to a stimulus first and is then followed by the emotional reaction. For example, a spider lands on an individual's arm. The individual jumps and screams in reaction. The individual then interprets the body's reaction as fear, thus leading to actually feeling the emotion of fearfulness. This idea of the physiological response preceding the emotional one was new at the time, and one of the first theories used to explain the science of emotion.

Little Albert Experiment

The Little Albert Experiment was a famous psychological experiment carried out by John B. Watson to show that a human could be classically conditioned similarly to dogs. Albert was classically conditioned to become afraid of rats - this fear was generalized to all other white furry objects.

First professional counseling association

The National Vocational Guidance Association in 1913

What did passage of the Smith-Hughes Act accomplish?

The Smith-Hughes Act (1917) granted federal funds for vocational education and guidance. The National Defense Education Act (1958) provided money for the training of school counselors.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Pre-Conventional Level Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation.

The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong.

Who developed the first intelligence test?

The first intelligence test was developed in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theophilus Simon. They began work on the test as a means to identify students with low intellectual abilities who could benefit from specialized education. Work continued on the test for some time following. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was developed out of that original test, and consists of four areas: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short-term memory. A larger, more diverse sample was used in its development, and it improved upon the original test by further correcting for racial and gender issues.

Robert Park

The first theory regarding acculturation was unidirectional acculturation. This theory stated that as minority, non-European groups associated with European groups, they would gradually adopt European customs, cultures, and lifeways. This process began with cultural assimilation and continued through structural assimilation, intermarriage, a change in individuals' ethnic identity, and the absence of prejudices and stereotypes about minority individuals.

four essential components of informed consent

The four essential components of informed consent before a client can make a decision about care are: 1. Voluntarism: The client must be free to make the decision without coercion, manipulation, or threats although persuasion mav be utilized. 2. Competence: The client must be mentally competent enough to make decisions. 3. Disclosure: The healthcare provider must provide full disclosure about treatment, including what comprises the treatment, any alternate options, and the purpose. 4. Comprehension: The client must be able to understand the implications of treatment.

What is the independent variable?

The independent variable is the variable that is changed - the experimental factor

What was Jung and Piaget's main criticism of Freud's developmental theory?

The main criticism both Jung and Piaget had of Freud's Psychosexual Stages, was that it placed too much emphasis on one's instinctual and biological development, rather than on their mental or emotional growth.

What is the main purpose of norms?

The main purpose of norms is to provide meaning to test scores. A score of 100 means nothing if vou don't know what receiving a score of 100 means. Norms provide a basis for comparison of scores against each other and against the standard. With knowledge of the standard, comparisons can be made. Answer B and C refer to concepts in reliability. Knowing whether a distribution is normal gives the test user information, but it does not provide information about the norms themselves.

What is "Positive Psychology"

The study of the processes that contribute to optimal functioning - not just positive thinking.

Syncretism

The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions.

values clarification process - 3 steps

The values clarification process has three steps: (1) choosing, (2) prizing, and (3) acting: Choosing: Considering options and freely choosing a value that feels appropriate for the individual rather than one imposed b others. Prizing: Feeling positive about the value and explaining or justifying the value to others. Acting: Applying the value to life experiences and interactions with others. When facilitating the values clarification process with clients, it's important to avoid imposing personal values on the client.

Roger Gould's Theory

Theory of Adult development theory- development takes place with the replacement of childhood responses with ones that are more mature. His belief is that we learned behavior as children that we believed would keep us safe. As we grow, we are challenged to give up those old behaviors when faced with a situation that invites a different and healthier response.

Hoppock's Theory

Theory of Career choice - people choose careers to meet some personal needs.

John Hattie

Theory of Self-concept -major concepts include a cognitive appraisal consisting of beliefs about self, expectations from self and others

Daniel Levinson's Theory

Theory of adult development: believed that life is composed of various stages that require us to make decisions, like choosing our life direction. He stated that development takes place as a person moves from one of these stages to another. Stages: Early adult transition Entering the adult world Age 30 transition Settling down Mid-life transition Entering middle adulthood Late adulthood **ONLY STUDIED MEN**

Tiedeman and O'Hara

Theory with two stages of Career Decision Making -Followed the stages of Erikson's stages. Stages: -Anticipation or preoccupation - exploration, crystallization, choice, and clarification. -Implementation or accommodation - induction, reformation, integration.

Which of the following is TRUE of testing people with disabilities?

There exists a need for a growing body of research related to the equivalency between tests administered under standardized and under modified conditions. (Tests administered using modified conditions may or may not veld results equivalent to those obtained using standardized conditions. There are no general agreements about how to modify tests for individuals with disabilities. Since testing individuals with disabilities is a fairl new concept, more research is needed to investigate equivalency of modified test administrations to standardized test administrations. Another topic of further consideration is how the test examiner will interpret results when a test has been modified.)

Non directional hypothesis

There will be statistically significant differences between the groups but does not state which one will have a higher or lower score. Would need a two tailed test.

Bandura's reciprocal causation model

This model contends that behavior is shaped by three factors: a person, his environment, and the behavior itself. Triadic reciprocal determinism implies a complex set of dynamics between man and his environment. However, this model can be simply explained by the fact that a person acts on his environment, his behavior impacts the environment, and the environmental response, in turn, influences future behavior.

Kohlberg's Post-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning: Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-Principle Orientation

This ultimate stage of Kohlberg's six-tier paradigm proposes that moral development is emphasized by truth, integrity and conscience. This moral stage allows people to engage in civil disobedience when affronted by scenarios that run contrary to their internalized moral principles. Here, they are prepared to take action to champion a cause regardless of consequence. For example, an individual will protest at a Black Lives Matter event facing the possibility of being tear-gassed. Very few if any people reach this stage

Down Syndrome

Three #21 Chromosomes instead of two. causes 20-30% of all cases of moderate to severe intellectual disability.

Joseph Rychlak

Three basic motives for psychotherapy - Scholarly motive (learning) , ethical (desire to help client grow & express emotions), and curative (initiate healing process to modify behaviors)

coefficient of determination/True Variance

True variance - found by squaring the correlation coefficient - r2. Degree of common variance used to explain how much the variability of one factor is caused by its relationship to another factor. This correlation is represented as a value between 0.0 and 1.0 (0% to 100%).

John Dewey

United States pragmatic philosopher who advocated progressive education (1859-1952) - thought effective education came primarily through social interactions and that the school setting should be considered a social institution

Yalom effective group leaders

Use moderate amounts of emotional stimulation and executive direction, frequent use of caring functions, and consistent use of meaning attribution.

Chi-square

Used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables. Chi-Square Goodness of fit - does the sample data conform to the hypothesized distribution

ordinal

Used when a hierarchy is present but when the distance between each value is not necessarily equal (e.g., first, second, third place) *Ranking*

nominal

Used when two or more named variables exist (male/female, pass/fail, etc.)

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)

Used with clients with traumatic brain injury to assess cognitive reasoning. Has clients classify cards by color, shape, or number and the rules keeps changing so client must pay attention to the feedback.

Premack Principle

Using a behavior of higher probability (eating moose turds), can motivate and individual to carry out a behavior of lower probability (leaving the moose turds)

Murray Bowen Family Systems theory

Views family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the interactions. Focused on: -role of thinking vs. feeling in relationship systems -role of emotional triangles family issues that reappear over several generations, family projection process in which parents transmit their emotional problems to a child -undifferentiated family ego mass: refers to family's lack of separateness, consisting of a fixed cluster of egos of individuals family members as if they all have a common ego boundary

4 essential component of informed consent

Voluntarism - client must be free to make decision without coercion, manipulation, or threats, although persuasion may be utilized. Competence - mentally competent to make decisions. Disclosure - provider gives fill disclosure about treatment, what comprises the treatment, any alternative options and the purpose. Comprehension - client must be able to understand the implications of treatment.

zone of proximal development

Vygotsky theory - range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to do alone, but possible with help.

WAIS-IV

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - for late adolescents (over age 16) and adults. Intelligence is a global ability made up of interrelated functions, has four index scores - verbal comprehension index (VCI), Perceptual reasoning index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speech Index (PSI). Has 10 subtest as well.

WISC-V

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - for children between 6 - 17. 5 indexes : verbal comprehension, visual-spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, processing speed

WPPSI-IV

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: Test for ages 2.6 to 7.3. It measures verbal comprehension and perceptual organization, older children can measure processing speed

When completing the client assessment and developing the plan of care with a client with an eating disorder, it is especially important to ask the client about which of the following?

When completing the client assessment and developing the plan of care with a client with an eating disorder, it is especially important to ask the client about self-injurious behavior. Clients with eating disorders often engage in superficial self-mutilating behaviors, such as cutting, burning, and hair pulling, and these actions may increase as an outlet for the client's emotional distress as the eating disorder is controlled. All clients with eating disorders should be screened for self-iniurious behavior and should be monitored carefully during therapy.

consensual validation

When the thoughts and behaviors of two people are similar, they validate each other - each feels good in the presence of the other because of their similarities.

Who established the very first psychological laboratory in history?

Wilhelm Wundt.

Choice Theory - 5 fundamental needs

William Glasser developed - related to reality therapy Survival Love and Belonging Power/Recognition Freedom Fun

re-entry woman

Woman who worked, decided to be a stay at home mom till her children were old enough to be in school all day, then returned to career in chosen profession.

Thomas Anthony Harris

Wrote "I'm Okay, You're Okay" Extended Berne's transactional analysis by posting 4 basic life positions: "I'm okay - you're okay" "i'm okay - You're not okay" "i'm not okay - You're not okay" "I'm not okay - you're ok"

Gilbert Wrenn

Wrote book The Counselor in a Changing World (1962) stressed the role of the counseling profession as being focused on developmental needs. Wrenn stressed developmental needs as the focus of the counseling profession. Developmental needs are normal and hence not necessarily neurotic. He did not emphasize needs of the group over those of the individual or vice versa.

Erik Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage

Young Adulthood (19-40) : Intimacy vs. Isolation Young adults, defined as ages 19-40, are focused on finding others to stay close to, such as really strong friendships, as well as life partners. When a couple decides to move in together, they are demonstrating the stage of intimacy.

schizoid personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion Four of symptoms present: -avoidance of or displeasure in close relationships -always chooses solitude -little interest in sexual relationships. -takes pleasure in few activities -indifference to praise or criticism -emotional coldness or detachment -lacks close friends except first degree relatives

avoidant personality disorder

a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation 4 of following - -avoiding work/school activities that involve interpersonal contact -unwillingness to associate with any person who may withhold approval -preoccupation with concerns about being criticized or rejected -conception of self as socially inept, inferior or unappealing -general reluctant to take personal risks or engage in dangerous behavior -does not reveal self in intimate relationships due to fear or shame -not able to excel in new situations due to fear of inadequacy.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

a questionnaire useful for determining the level of depressive symptoms that a person is reporting 0-9 Minimal depression 10-18 Mild Depression 29-29 Moderate Depression 30-63 Severe Depression

t-test

a statistical test used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means Two tailed - is there a difference in any direction One tailed - is there a difference in a particular direction

Geriatric Depression Scale

a tool to assess for risk of depression in older adults Greater than 5 indicates depression, 15 questions about satisfaction with life, feelings about life, and feeling in general.

Anergia

abnormal lack of energy

Deontology

actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Golden rule is the heart of this - Related to Kant

enculturation

all individuals undergo the process of enculturation, or the initial learning of the values, social norms, and traditions of their culture of origin.

selective amnesia

an inability to remember certain details of an traumatic event - can remember some details

Criterion validity

an index of how well a test correlates with an established standard of comparison (i.e., a criterion). Criterion validity is divided into three types: predictive validity, concurrent validity, and retrospective validity. For example, if a measure of criminal behavior is valid, then it should be possible to use it to predict whether an individual (a) will be arrested in the future for a criminal violation, (b) is currently breaking the law, and (c) has a previous criminal record

Six basic human emotions

anger, happiness, surprise, disgust, sadness, fear

PHQ-9

assessment that evaluates degree of depression 0-4 - minimal to no depression 5-9 mild depression 10 - 15 moderate depression 15 - 19 moderately severe depression 20 - 27 severe depression

Behavioral Techniques

behavioral self-monitoring, token economy, skills training, exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, thought stopping, flooding.

Edward Thorndike

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

Freud: Superego

conscious decisions between right and wrong (learned from parents/teachers). superego acts as a moral compass, attempting to subdue the id's wilder impulses

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

describes the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. If you do not resolve the stress that has triggered GAS, it can lead to physical and mental health problems. 1. Alarm 2. Resistance 3. Exhaustion

Fritz Perls

developed Gestalt therapy Wrote "In and Out of the Garbage Can"

BASIC ID

developed by Arnold Lazarus part of multimodal therapy B - Behavior A - Affect S - Sensory I - Imagery C - Cognition I - Intrapersonal D - drug/biological considerations **At times called Lazarus's Seven Modalities

Cyclothymia

disorder that consists of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more - cause is unknown.

utilitarianism

doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority - related to John Stuart Mill

ECT

electroconvulsive therapy; a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient - requires a minimum of 6 sessions are required before client show sustained improvement.

wavy flexibility

excessive maintenance of position

Vygotsky Speech and Language Development

external, egocentric, and inner speech.

Reality Therapy Techniques

humor, confrontation, role modeling, role playing, and defining limits

Jerome Bruner: Iconic Stage

iconic stage appears from one to six years old. This stage involves an internal representation of external objects visually in the form of a mental image or icon. For example, a child drawing an image of a tree or thinking of an image of a tree would be representative of this stage.

Emic worldview

insider perspective, more emphasis on the differences we must understand between cultural groups.

Introjection

integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one's own ego structure - related to Anna Frued's defense mechanisms

Intellectual disability DSM 5

intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social, and practical areas of living. Three criteria: 1.Deficits in intellectual functioning—confirmed by clinical evaluation 2. Deficits in adaptive functioning that significantly hamper conforming to developmental and sociocultural standards for the individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility; and 3.The onset of these deficits during childhood. Mild/Moderate - slower in conceptual development, social and daily living skills. can learn life skills, can live independently with moderate support Severe- major delays in development, often can understand but limited communication skills. Can do simple self-care, need supervision, often live in supportive settling like group home Profound - often have congenital syndromes, cannot live independently, require close supervision and help with self-care activities. limited ability to communicate & have physical limitations. Individuals with mild to moderate disability are less likely to have associated medical conditions than those with severe or profound ID.

Raymond Cattell

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: Factor analysis - three types of traits - source, surface and unique traits, Ties to his 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)

David Kolb

known for experiential learning

Ernst von Glasersfeld

known for his model of radical constructivism.

James Marcia

known for the theory of identity achievement.

localized amnesia

lack of memory for a specific event or events, typically in response to severe trauma and persists for hours or days

Noam Chomsky

language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

Teleology

less interested in how a symptom or a neurosis came about, but more in what its intention might be. What is it for? related to the goals

systematized amnesia

loss of memory for certain categories of information, such as one event or person.

Abnormal Behavior

maladaptive and harmful

Displaced homemaker

may have worked outside of the home prior to starting a family, but struggles to re-enter the workforce afterwards

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode The "average" scores

Heterogeneous group

members who are different from one another Pros: Can gain greater awareness of self and other, representative of society, easier to find group members, more effective use of resources Cons: Wide variety of problems, can be less cohesive, less attendance, more conflict, no intense focus on individual issues.

Gerald Caplan

mental health consultation model

Lev Vygotsky

most famous for social development theory (of child cognitive development) - put emphasis on the importance of social interactions as the key ingredient for how humans understand the world. At the same time, he thought that how people share information shapes their culture and shapes how they learn new things. The theory focuses on the relationship of the learner with their teacher, as well as the sharing of information through language.

MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)

most widely researched and clinically used personality test. originally developed to identify emotional disorders, assess abnormal personality tendencies, rather than normal traits

Arnold Lazarus

multimodal therapy developed in 1971- BASIC ID

A MANOVA

multivariate analysis of variance - used when there is more than one dependent variable (outcome measure) A statistical test used to evaluate the relationship between three or more levels of an independent variable and two or more dependent variables.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

neo-freudian who believed that humans share a collective unconscious. Thought there were specific archetypes developed. Goal of therapy is to transform self by gaining knowledge about self (collective unconcious, archetypes, personal unconcious) then recognize and integrate all aspects of the self.

Etic worldview

outside perspective, puts more emphasis on our similarities than on differences.

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making. Allows children to have high self esteem

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time - body and emotions react to stimuli based on thalamic stimulation of the cortex and peripheral nervous system at the same time.

Kohlbergs three levels of morality are

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Counterbalancing

presenting stimuli in differing sequences to avoid influencing an experiment by the order of presentation.

Mitwelt

related to existential therapy - World of relationships (mit means with, welt means world so "with world" means relationships with others

Automatisms

repeated behaviors that are without purpose, such as drumming fingers on table and tapping foot.

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment. Observational learning happens through cognition (imagining self in situation)

John Krumboltz

responsible for the learning theory of career counseling (LTCC) which is based on Albert Bandura's social learning theory. Behaviorist.

T-score

standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10

Jerome Bruner: Symbolic Stage

symbolic stage, from seven years and up, is when information is stored in the form of a code or symbol such as language. Each symbol has a fixed relation to something it represents. For example, the word 'dog' is a symbolic representation for a single class of animal. Symbols, unlike mental images or memorized actions, can be classified and organized. In this stage, most information is stored as words, mathematical symbols, or in other symbol systems.

A researcher reports that p < 0.05 in his study. This means that

there is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are accurate. With a p < 0.05, if the researcher were to replicate his experiment 100 times he would get the same results at least 95% of the time. This means that there is a greater than 95% chance that the results found in the experiment are accurate. A p value <.05 rules out errors in the study.

Hamilton Anxiety Scale

tool for measuring the severity of a patient's anxiety. Includes somatic anxiety, and psychic anxiety

Type II (beta) error

when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis that should have been rejected. If significance levels this will go up.

Type I (alpha) error

when a researcher rejects a null hypothesis that is true. If significance levels goes down, this will go down too.

Piaget Formal Operational (12-18)

• Child/youth can visualize events and concepts beyond the present and is able to form theories. They are able to think in more abstract and detailed ways as well as to consider varied ideas or perspectives. Also has become more self-conscious, or egocentric. This type of adolescent egocentrism describes a common feeling teens have that all their peers are observing and critiquing them and they are not understood by others.

DSM 5 Substance use disorder remission

"In early remission" - without symptoms 3 - 12 months, may still experience cravings but no other symptoms. "in sustained remission" - more than 12 months, may still crave - can add "in a controlled environment" or "on maintenance therapy"

Virginia Satir

"mother of family therapy" - transformational systemic therapy, conjoint family therapy - emphasized engaging the inner self and analyzing a person's situation and choices