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Rational Emotive Therapy

(RET), founded by Albert Ellis it helps people understand their environment through neutral perceptions and taught people to override irrational thoughts with rational ones.

Transference

(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another noun- during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst

Two processes within adaptation

1) Assimilation- modifying the relevant environmental events so they can be incorporated into the individual's existing structure 2) Accommodation- modifying the organization of the individual in response to environmental events

4 Etiologies of Medical Disorders

1) Congenital Defects 2) Degenerative Disorders 3) Acquired Disorders 4) Unknown Origin

4 Types of Testing Validity

1) Content 2) Construct 3) Concurrent 4) Predictive

Kübler-Ross' 5 Stages of Grief

1) Denial 2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance

Yalom's Leader Functions

1) Emotional Stimulation 2) Caring 3) Meaning Attribution 4) Executive Leadership.

Brinkerhoff's Six Stages of Evaluation

1) Evaluation of need assessment & goal setting 2) Program design 3) Program implementation 4) Evaluation of learning 5) Evaluation of usage and endurance of learning 6) Evaluation of payoff

Corey's Stages of Group Development

1) Formation 2) Orientation & Exploration 3) Transition 4) Working 5) Consolidation & Termination 6) Post Group

3 prominent people in career guidance

1) Frank Parsons: wrote "Choosing a Vocation," known as the "Father of Voc Guidance," trait-factor 2) Edmund Williamson: advocated for use of Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale and trait-factor 3) Anne Roe: Voc psychologist who suggested career choice theory based on personality traits, relied on Maslow; developed a system of job classification

Advantages of computerized evaluation

1) allows a large amount of info to be collected quickly 2) determine results more accurately as well as quickly 3) keeps testing conditions more consistent 4) more convenient to store results

4 main psychiatric disorders associated with dual diagnosis

1) anxiety 2) depression 3) personality disorders 4) schizophrenia

Describe the three main types of environmental barriers faced by people with disabilities

1) architectural 2) service 3) societal

What should a counselor avoid doing in a feedback session?

1) arguing with client 2) not focus on disability or weaknesses 3) avoid confusing the client

Process of case management

1) assess client's specific needs 2) decide whether or not the counselor is suited to fulfill those needs 3) if outside help is needed, acquire it 4) discuss needs and services with client 5) provide services and ensure service from outside agencies are received 6) ongoing monitoring of progress

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy

1) basic 2) subtractive 3) addictive

What are some of the major cultural factors that can affect a person's ability to receive services?

1) biases 2) cost 3) level of trust 4) level of willingness 5) stigma

What are the ethics around establishing fees?

1) client's ability to pay must be evaluated, if they cannot afford services the counselor must refer them to another agency 2) Counselor's must inform clients of the Fee for Service 3) A counselor is prohibited from charging any non-agency fees

What actions make someone an effective supervisor?

1) encourages the giving and receiving of feedback and encouragement 2) Cooperates with subordinates 3) Demonstrates the skills and attributes to be followed 4) Demonstrates a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction in their work 5) Discusses problems as soon as they arise

Advantages of Group Counseling

1) extension of client social support system 2) improved ability to communicate

What are the four categories in the MBTI?

1) extroversion vs. introversion 2) Sensing vs. intuition 3) Thinking vs. feeling 4) Judging vs. organizing

What are the 5 stages of a group?

1) formation 2) start-up 3) transition 4) working 5) termination

What steps should a counselor take when working with a group form a different cultural background?

1) gather information about the culture 2) Understand how groups in that culture communicate 3) Ask questions to clarify any confusion

If English is not a first language for a client what should the counselor do?

1) gather information about the other's culture 2) identify the cultural factors that may affect the person's ability to communicate 3) determine whether the client speak English well enough to communicate 4) identify and implement strategies to minimize the language barrier

What are the three goals of a cognitive group approach?

1) help each group member improve their self-opinion 2) Help each member distinguish fantasy from reality 3) Help members find the information and resource they need

Steps of Strategic Planning

1) identification of goals 2) assessment of counselor ability to meet these goals 3) outlining of specific techniques that can be used to achieve 4) carry out the chosen intervention 5) evaluate progress on a continuous basis

What is the process of a transferable skills analysis?

1) identify client's skills 2) Look at each skill to determine if it is transferrable 3) Use resources to identify compatible occupations 4) Use a job matching system to find specific jobs

What are some ground rules for therapy groups?

1) no eating or drinking 2) Confidentiality 3) Respect for self and others

What are some barriers a person with a psychiatric disability might face?

1) occupational- functional limits such as anxiety or lack of motivation 2) social- inability to interact appropriately with others 3) societal- how others view the disorder

The 5 Layers of the Person (Perls)

1) phony layer 2) phobic layer 3) impasse layer 4) implosive layer 5) explosive layer

Ethical principles of research

1) protecting the rights of participants 2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws 3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision 4) respect of the culture of participants 5) minimize the harm done to participants

Kirkpatrick's 4 Levels of Evaluation

1) reaction level- measures client's reaction to program 2) Learning level- evaluates program by testing clients' new knowledge 3) Behavior level- evaluates program by monitoring client behavior 4) Results level- evaluates program by analyzing progress made toward original goal/s

What are the steps of the desensitization process?

1) relaxation training 2) Construction of an anxiety hierarchy 3) Desensitization in imagination 4) in vivo or "real" life desensitization

Interpreting Test Results

1) review results looking for trends and patterns 2) organize information in a way that makes sense 3) check the validity and reliability of tests and focus on client strengths/abilities

Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development

1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) Concrete Operations 4) Formal Operations

What are four types of employment a person with a psychiatric disability may be able to receive?

1) standard 2) sheltered 3) supported 4) transitional

4 approaches to family therapy

1) strategic 2) behavioral 3) psychodynamic 4) object relations

Culture

1) the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time 2) a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc. 3) a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business)

Steps of Mediation

1) the people involved in the dispute select a mediator 2) mediator establishes a format 3) mediator will host a joint meeting between all parties to discuss issue/s 4) mediator will facilitate a discussion of solutions

What are the goals a person must achieve in order to adapt to a disability?

1) the person must recognize their skills and understand the opportunities that are available to them 2) must alter the personal beliefs they hold that get in their way 3) must recognize opportunities to overcome and circumvent physical limitations 4) must not let the disability control areas of their life which are not relevant

3 Adlerian Principles

1) the strongest motivation of a person is to find a place in society and its groups 2) Reality is a matter or perceptions that can be altered or improved through therapy 3) Assimilation is a strong source of motivation so it is natural for an individual to change his behavior to gain acceptance of a group

What is society's role in the rehabilitation process?

1) to ensure equal rights for a disabled person 2) ensure the people with disabilities have access to necessary services 3) ensure that people with disabilities has access to employment

Counselor-client relationship concerns

1) treatment plane developed with input from client 2) close monitoring to check for Tx plan effectiveness 3) Realistic and attainable goals 4) the economic, transportation, and social support of client are taken into account

Socioeconomic Classes

1) upper class 2) upper middle class 3) lower middle class 4) working class 5) working poor 6) poor

What four broad categories are theories on human growth and development divided into

1. Learning 2. Cognitive 3. Psychoanalytical 4. Humanistic and Self theories

What are Freud's five stages of development?

1. Oral- birth to 18 months 2. Anal- 18mos-3yrs 3. Phallic- 3-5yrs 4. Latency- 6-12 yrs 5. Genital 12-19yrs

What three broad areas does systematic development occur over the life span?

1. Physical 2) Cognitive 3. Psychosocial

The mean of the Wechsler is _______ and the standard deviation is___________

100/15

Frank Parsons

1900s he set up centers to help individuals search for work; was the first to heavily focus on sociocultural issues.

When did school counseling gain momentum?

1960s

When did the Group Movement begin?

1960s

Forming

1st stage of group development; individual's behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict.

Position/rank

1st type ranks don't tell us much; percentiles tell us more information

______ hours per session is a good norm for a group

2 hours

Storming

2nd stage of group development; different ideas compete for consideration

Conventional Morality

3rd stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, teenager/adult gets more comfortable to conform than to oppose the rules of society, they begin to understand morality as a system of customs and rules which benefit all of society.

Norming

3rd stage of group development; the team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this stage; compromise is necessary in order to make the team function

Preforming

4th stage of group development; teams can function as a unit as they find ways to get the job done smoothly and effectively without inappropriate conflict or the need for external supervision.

You must keep client records for at least ______ years after last contact

5

An effective adult counseling group has ______ members.

5-8 people

Around _____ of male therapists have sexual intercourse with clients, while ______ of female therapist have sex with clients.

5.5% / 6%

Adjourning

5th stage of group development; group dissolves and members go their separate ways

How many people with in 1 standard deviation

68%

Women make _____ cents on the dollar that a man makes

76

Over _______% of jobs are not advertised?

76%

Physiatrists

A Dr. with expertise in body mechanics

Psychosis

A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders

Career

A broad path including a variety of jobs and occupations (medicine field)

Qualitative (as related to growth and development)

A change in structure or organization (ex. Sexual development.

Status Attainment Theory

A child will eventually secure job commensurate with hi or her family status

Dichotomy

A choice between two opposing answers

The Branum Effect

A client will take results fro a test and apply it to themselves no matter what the results say.

Urie Bronfenbrenner

A co-developer of the National Head Start Program; proposed a theory of development that is an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem the mesoystem, the exosystem, and the macro system

Split Half Method

A counselor during research decoded to split a standard test in half by using the even items on one test and the odd items as a second test- tests for reliability

Cultural Encapsulation

A counselor imposing goals form their own culture on people from another culture

Pictorial Sociogram

A diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members

Relational Ethics

A family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.

Referral Fee

A fee paid for recommending or referring a potential client or customer

Huntington's Disease

A genetic disorder that surfaces around age 30 causing anxiety and physical weakness as well as psychiatric and cognitive issues

Skew

A graphical measure of extreme scores. Extreme scores, often referred to as outliers, are scores that fall at an unusual or unexpected distance from the other scores.

Kurtosis

A graphical measure of variability among scores. There are three types of kurtosis- Leptokurtic, Platykurtic, & Mesokurtic

Risky Shift Phenomenon

A group decision is often more liberal than an individual decision

Control Group

A group of participants not subject to the intervention to establish a baseline

Thought Stopping

A learned response which teaches the user to recognize and change unhealthy thoughts

A Life Script

A life drama or plot

Premack Principle

A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior

Yerkes-Dodson Lay

A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance

A double bind

A no win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.

Open-ended Script

A person has no direction or plan

Always Script

A person will always remain a give away

Entropy

A popular term in family therapy, it is when a dysfunctional family are either too open or closed.

Secondary Groups

A problem or disturbance is present but not severe

Rorschach

A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. The Rorschach uses 10 ink blot cars and the client is asked what they see.

TAT

A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. There are 30 of an ambiguous nature and the client is asked to tell as tory about them; attempts to determine underlying needs, attitudes, and responses to environmental conditions.

t-Test

A simplistic form of analysis of variance it is used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different

Role Conflict

A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way they actually behave

Case Study

A specific action, person, or group is studied to learn more about them specifically

Meta Analysis

A study that analyzes the findings of numerous studies

Speed Test

A test that measures time; designed not to be completed but to see how far the respondent can get within a certain pre-set amount of time.

Objective Test

A test with a specific scoring procedure

Restraining

A therapist may warn the family or individual about a negative consequence of change. This helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.

Casual Comparative Design

A true experiment except the groups were not randomly assigned

Frequency distributions

A way to describe our data and how often it occurs: graphs, charts

Displaced Homemaker

A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family.

Compensatory Effect

A worker compensates for things he or she cannot get at work

Statement of Disclosure

A written document that lets the client know about the procedures and practices of the services they are to receive. Includes: billing, office hours, counselor credentials, and confidentiality procedures

An ¬______ time series design is the simplest type of single subject research and was initially popularized by behavioral modifiers in the 19060s-70s

AB or ABA

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of what association?

AMECD- The Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development

Exceptions to confidentiality include

Abuse/neglect of vulnerable population, sexual abuse, danger to self or others, ROI is signed, court order, Insurance agency, supervision

What are the three traits necessary to cope with a disability?

According to the somatopsychological approach 1) the ability to identify activities that they can still participate in 2) the ability to acknowledge of quality of life in spite of disability 3) the ability to discover techniques for improving quality of life

A _________ test measures actual knowledge.

Achievement

Who's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?

Adler

In TA the _____ ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings

Adult

How many people and how much time is appropriate for a counseling group?

Adult groups should meet to 1.5-2 hours and have about 8 groups. Groups with kids should meet for shorter amounts of time and have no more than 4 members.

What methods are used to market RC services?

Advertising & Networking

When working with an _______ family the best approach would probably be Bowen's family therapy or Jay Haley's Strategic Family Therapy.

African American

What are some of the cultural characteristics a person with a psychiatric disability if they belong to the African or Asian American culture?

African Americans are less likely to seek or accept help for a for a psychiatric disability and Asian Americans are even less likely to ask for help

Sleeper Effect

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

Culture Epoch Theory

All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.

Monolithic Perspective

All members of a specific race or group are seen as identical to each other

Horizontal Sampling

All study participants share a specific set of characteristics.

Hawthorne Effect

Also called the observer effect, when an exceptive outcome occurs just by the presence of the experiment or experimenter

AAMFT

American Association for Marriage and Family Counseling Therapy

AAS

American Association of Suicidology.

ACA

American Counseling Association

Virgina was the first state to license counselors in 1976. APGA (later the AACD & ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensure was the _____

American Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)

APGA

American Personnel and Guidance Association

A vertical relationship in when the counselor is viewed as __________

An Expert

Avocation

An activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money

How might the conditioning response be used in sports?

An athlete is trained to react in specific ways to specific stimuli, these behaviors may be different than natural responses

Time Out

An extinction technique where the individual is removed from the situation and put into a low stimulus environment

Transmarginal Inhibition

An organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, first detailed by Pavlov

Describe "Insurance"

An organization agrees to cover the costs of the item insured in trade for dues and fees

Muscular Dystrophy

An umbrella term for a degenerative muscle condition

ANOVA

Analysis of Variance- used when two or more groups need to be compared, yield an F-statistic which if it exceeds the critical value the null hypothesis is rejected

Content

Analysis of the client's material

_________ suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. Her work is also known as a "person environment" theory. She utilized a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels.

Anne Roe

Higher Order Needs

Any need which is not physiological

Covert

Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed

Nonsummativity

Any system, including family, is greater than the sum of its parts and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each other's behaviors

Trait and Factor Theory

Approach that attempts to match the worker and the work environment. The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. Devised by Parsons and Williamson.

A _________ test measures potential.

Aptitude

Define Universal Culture

As humans we are biologically alike and have the same biological needs

Milton H. Erickson

Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypothesis

Nathan Acherman

Associated with the theory of psychodynamic family counseling; concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them.

AMCD

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

Postmodernism

Assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only one people's individual perception of what constitutes reality or the truth

Harry Harlow

Attachment is an innate tendency and not learned behavior; used baby monkeys to demonstrate this and found that they preferred a comforting "mother" over a feeding "mother"

Erikson's second stage of development

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- 1½-3, toddler asserts themselves and develops some sense of independence

Ginzberg's Developmental Approach

Based on developmental factors that relate to occupational choice 1) Fantasy, birth-11: children dream of future work 2) Tentative, 11-17: the teen begins to view career in terms of abilities, background, and education3) Realistic, 12- early 20s: person compromises between abilities and aspirations. *Later expanded theory to say that career development is a lifelong process

Hoppock's Theory

Based on the work of Henry Murray and is considered a personality approach

Extinction

Behavior Modification Term: the process of getting a behavior to disappear with little or no reinforcement

Maturation Theory

Behavior is guided exclusively via heredity factors until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. An individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.

Contextualism

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Traditionally, ______ counseling caused the most ethical concerns.

Behavioral

BCP

Behavioral Control of Perception, an idea advanced by Glasser which states that thoughts, feelings and actions are controlled by the individual's perceptions

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertive trainers refer to this as_______

Behavioral Rehearsal

Sensate Focus

Behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. It works like systematic desensitization where a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.

A counselor who favors a __________ mode of career counseling would most likely suggest a site visit to a work setting

Behavioristic

Mores

Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community. If mores are broken, people often punished.

James Framo

Believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love hate feelings in kids. The more pathological early life experiences the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fir the internal love hate scenario from childhood

Lewis Terman Americanized the______

Binet

Triangulation

Bowenian idea when a dyad is under stress and they add a third person; creates "an odd man out"

Differentiation

Bowenian idea- A person with a well-differentiated "self" recognizes his realistic dependence on others, but he can stay calm and clear headed enough in the face of conflict, criticism, and rejection to distinguish thinking rooted in a careful assessment of the facts from thinking clouded by emotionality

Emotional Cutoff

Bowenian idea- describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them.

Genogram

Bowenian idea- pictorial diagram of a family that uses symbols and types of lines to indicate interfamily patterns as well as individual issues

Ecological Systems Theory

Bronfenbrenner- the process of human development as being shaped by the interaction between an individual and his or her environment

Item Difficulty Index

Calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered questions correctly divided by the total number of persons tested.

Linda Gottfredson

Came up with the developmental theory of career which focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity.

John Dollard and Neal Miller

Came up with the frustration-aggression theory

Raymond B. Cattell

Came up with the ideas of fluid and crystalized intelligence

Victor Vroom

Came up with the motivation and management expectancy theory stating that an employee's performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards such as $$, promotion, or satisfaction?), expectancy (what does the person feel they are capable of doing) and instrumentally (will the manger actually give the employee the promised reward and raise?)

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___

Caplan

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that genetics helps to determine intelligence and education and hence influence one's ______

Career Choice

Roe's theory states ________ is influenced by genetics, parent child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence.

Career Choice

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of _____

Carl Jung

Discontinuous (in relation to human growth and development)

Certain changes in abilities or behaviors that can be separated from others, which argues for stages of development.

CCMHC

Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor

CRC

Certified Rehabilitation Counselor

Accident Theory of Career Development

Chance factors influence one's career choice

Autoplastic

Change comes from within

Quantitative (in relation to human growth and development)

Change in number, degree, or frequency (ex. Changes in intellectual development)

Qualitative

Changes that may not be measurable on their own; the whole individual must be looked at.

Edmund Griffith Williamson

Chief spokesman for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory for counseling which transcended vocational issues.

In TA the _______ is made up of three stages- the natural child, the adapted child, and the little professor.

Child state

Little Hans

Cites psychoanalytic theory; Hans was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration to anxiety to explain it.

Experimental Conjoint Family Therapy

Closely related to the work of Virgina Satir, The primary goal of therapy is to improve intrafamily communication. There are four basic patterns preventing good communication when under stress 1) defensive postures 2) placating, blaming, overly responsible 4) irrelevant

Zone of Proximal Development

Coined by Vygotsky- describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which the child is capable of with an teacher.

CAT Scan

Computed Axial Tomography , the least evasive of all diagnostic imaging, uses both computer and x-ray to construct a graphic image

CAC

Computer Assisted Counseling- a program that helps perform counseling services

CMC

Computer Managed Counseling- help run a practice

Piaget's 3rd Stage of Development

Concrete Operational- 7-11, logical operations are developing, can put objects in order, understand conservation of matter

Francis Galton

Conducted research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.

Daniel J. Levinston

Conducted research at Yale which found that 80% of men experienced moderate to sever midlife crisis.

Neal Miller

Conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes.

1st Stage of Minority Identity Development

Conformity- self depreciation attitude and identification with the majority

Objective Test

Consistently factual and leaves no room for biases

Holland's ___________ type values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role."

Conventional

______ research does not make use of the paradigm in which an IV is experimentally introduced

Correlation

CACREP

Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs-1981

APA is to psychologists as ACA is to _____

Counselor

Robert Carkhuff

Created a 5-point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect.

Transactional Analysis

Created by Eric Berne there are three ego states 1) Child 2) The Adult 3) Parent

Fixed Role Therapy

Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role and is instructed to read the script at least 3x/day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.

The Gelatt Decision Model

Created by Henry Gelatt it refers to information as "the fuel of the decision" and that information can be divided into three categories 1) predicative 2) value 3) decision

Robert Williams

Created the Black Intelligence Test to demonstrate that blacks are smart when given tests with info they are familiar with

Two Types of Intelligence

Crystalized and Fluid

CPT

Current Procedural Terminology - a systematic medical listing and coding of procedures and services.

Carl Whiaker

Dean of experimental family therapy. Stated that experience, not education changes families because experience goes beyond consciousness.

All ______ theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from various career options

Decision Making

Mary Cover Jones

Demonstrated that learning could seen as a treatment for a phobic reason

Interposition

Desensitization in the imagination

5 levels of consumer initiative

Designed by Oncken & Wass to measure personal initiative. 1) wait-until-told 2) asking 3) recommendations 4) do-it-and-report-it-immediately 5) do-it-and-report-routinely

Mann Whitney U Test

Determines whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric

Emory Bogardus

Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups.

Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy

Developed by Whitaker, a hands-on approach where role play and mimicking are used in sessions to bring about change

Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations

Development theory purposed by Sullivan which sees interpersonal and sociocultural demands as more important than biological changes. Incudes- 1) infancy 2) childhood 3) juvenile era 4) preadolescence 5) early adolescents 6) late adolescence

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Devised by Leon Festinger- suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to dissonance

DOT

Directory of Occupational Titles, book published by the Dept. of Labor since 1939, it lists over 28,000 jobs and describes requirements, training, and number of people employed

Lev Vygotsky

Disagreed with Piaget and felt that development did not take place naturally. HE felt that stages unfolded due to educational intervention. He coined the term "Zone of Proximal Development"

2nd Stage of Minority Identity Development

Dissonance- current self-concept is challenged, there is conflict between appreciating and depreciating self

Stanine Scores

Divide the distribution into 9 equal intervals with Stanine 1 as the lowest and 9 as the highest, in this system 5 is the mean

Validity

Does the test measure what it says it does?

The most popular developmental career theorist is _________. HE emphasized the self-concept.

Donald Super

The Contrast Effect

During job interviews, when a client is seen after other clients who appear worse than the current client, the client will be seen in a more positive light.

Research demonstrates that structured exercises with feedback _________ in the group serve to improve communication between group members.

Early

When does conformity peak?

Early teen years

ERIC

Educational Resource Information Center- research bank

EKG

Electrocardiogram- provides data on the heart

EEG

Electroencephalogram- monitors brain waves

EMG

Electromyogram- measures muscle tension

Awfulization

Ellis made up term meaning the tendency to think of things in a negative light

The human relations core for effective counseling includes_____________

Empathy, positive regard, genuineness

Bordin

Emphasized he unconscious processes of the mind in terms of career choice. He thought career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. He felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

A.A. Brill

Emphasized sublimations an ego defense mechanism

A horizontal relationship (I-Thou) assumes _____ between persons

Equality

Integrity vs. Despair

Erickson Stages of development, starts at 60yrs when a person starts to reflect on life- did they live a meaningful life or one with regrets?

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erickson's Stages of Development- newborn will wither trust or not based on the reliability of having needs for food and comfort met.

T.X. Barber

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism

Irvin Yalom

Existentialist, well known for studies in group work

In Vivo

Exposure it the actual situation in real life

Construct Validity

Extent to which scores suggest that a test is actually measuring an ABSTRACT theoretical idea (such as anxiety, personality, introversion, etc.).

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV they will use a ______

Factoral Design

FERPA

Family Educational Rights and Privacy act- allows parents and a student 18+ to view their educational records

Robert Rosenthal

Famous for his research regarding the experimenter effect

John B. Watson

Father of American Behaviorism- conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising; conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.

William McDougall

Father of Hormic Psychology; felt genetics played a role in group interactions; believed in eugenics in order to breed more desirable people.

Eric Berne

Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.

Emile Durkheim

Father of sociology; how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity.

Empowerment

Feelings of intrinsic motivation, in which people perceive their abilities to have impact and meaning and perceive themselves to be competent and capable of self-determination.

Robin Skynner

Feels that kids who had poor role model as children posses protective systems. This simply means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectation of people in current relationships carried over from childhood

What are some of the behavioral differences between male and female children?

Females- use more feeling words at an earlier age, better understanding in non-verbal situations, more suicide attempts; Males- better visual-perspective skills, more often successful in suicide, punished more

Tertiary Groups

Focuses more with individual difficulties that are more serious and long standing

Piaget's 4th Stage of Development

Formal Operational- 11-15, ability to think abstractly begins to develop, hypothesis can be tested and logical problem solving can occur.

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of the others in group in the ________ stage.

Formative

Group Stages

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning

Stanley Coopersmith

Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem.

Maccoby and Jaklin

Found through research that males are better than females when preforming mathematical calculations.

Aaron T. Beck

Founded the Beck Depression Inventory and is the father of Cognitive Therapy

______ has been called the father of vocational guidance

Frank Parsons

Projection

Freudian idea- act or technique of defending yourself against unpleasant impulses by denying their existence in yourself, while attributing them to others

Regression

Freudian idea- defense mechanism leading to the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way

Reaction Formation

Freudian idea- in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable and are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.

Sublimation

Freudian idea- mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.

Repression

Freudian idea- psychological attempt by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious

Ego

Freudian term, the defense mechanism that helps the individual accomplish real world objectives like education or career

Id

Freudian term, the force that seeks to satisfy basic instincts or drives toward gratification

Superego

Freudian term, the psychic mechanism which governs the ego, inability to satisfy results in shame, guilt, and other internal conflicts

Manifest Content

Freudian term- in a dream it is the surface content, or the actual dream itself

Ego

Freudian term; he part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.

Oedipus Complex

Freudian term; the complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to exclude the parent of the same sex.

Superego

Freudian term; the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

Latent Content

Freudian- the deeper meaning of the manifest content, this is the deep level within the unconscious.

GATB

General Aptitude Test Battery; measures 12 job related aptitudes including-intelligence/general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude, clerical perception, form perception, motor coordination, manual dexterity, and finger dexterity

Erikson's seventh stage of development

Generativity vs. Stagnation- 40-64, desire to produce something of value and contribute to society

A goal of ________ is to eliminate "it talk" and replace it with "I" statements

Gestalt

Hot Seat

Gestalt Therapy Technique often used in group sessions the counselor confronts the person in the "Hot Seat" while other group member just listen, the members will then get an opportunity to relate their own experiences to that of the one in the "Hot Seat"

Top Dog/Underdog

Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client acts out the dialogue between two selves- a self who attempts to grow & change and a self who undermines the process & stays stuck

Perl's Phony Layer

Gestalt Therapy: 1st layer- people live according to rules imposed from the outside and become frustrated when others do not understand who they really are

Perl's Phobic Layer

Gestalt Therapy: 2nd layer- a person presents a layer which others think they should be

Perl's Impasse Layer

Gestalt Therapy: 3rd layer- attitude of phony role playing hardens and becomes a barrier to growth

Perl's Implosive Layer

Gestalt Therapy: 4th layer- willingness on the part of the person to expose true self

Perl's Explosive Layer

Gestalt Therapy: 5th layer- when a person gives up the unreal/false personality built by outside expectations

Figure Ground Relationship

Gestalt term, refers to how a person perceives an event, the drawing of the vase/faces the one that is perceived is the foreground and the other is the background

Equivalent or Alternative Forms

Giving people two or more different tests that are designed to measure the same thing and comparing results

_______________ Theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote Schools Without Failure

Glasser's

Inductive Reasoning

Goes from specific to a generalization

Co-leaders are apt to work at cross purposes when they do meet between ______

Group Sessions

Structured Groups

Groups that are focused on a central theme- job skills, anger management, etc.

The ________ was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. It lists jobs in 14 areas of interest

Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

Vertical Test

Has versions for carious age brackets or level of education

Counseling Groups

Have the purpose to address the problems of group members through growth, development, removing blocks/barriers, and prevention.

Psychoeducation Groups

Have the purpose to disseminate information and teach skill-building to group members

Psychotherapy Groups

Have the purpose to promote remediation of issues, treatment of issues, and personality reconstruction for group members

Sleep Medications

Help a person fall asleep and stay asleep; often the same meds used to treat anxiety but in higher doses

Standard Error of Measurement

How reliable or consistent your score is with the test population standard deviation x the square root of 1-reliability

Face Validity

How well does a test appear to measure what it claims to measure?

Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis is a theory based on observations but are of no use unless they are tested. All hypothesis are subject to rigorous experimentation to determine truthfulness.

Cle Madanes

Insists that symptoms serve a function. For example a child sees a parent as depressed. They throw a glass on the floor shattering it this results in the parent becoming less depressed and rather angry and powerful.

Erikson's eighth stage of development

Integrity vs. Despair- 65- death, life is meaningful, no regrets

IAMFC

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors

Parsimony

Interpreting the results in the simplest way. Also called Occam's Razor

Interval Schedule

Interval schedules require a minimum amount of time that must pass between successive reinforced responses (e.g. 5 minutes)

Erikson's sixth stage of development

Intimacy vs. Isolation- 20-39, seeks committed life partner, friends

One of the primary problem in counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized ______ processes.

Intrapsychic

Eros

Intuition; from Jung to mean women operate by intuition

Kruskal-Wallis

Is used instead of a one-way ANOVA when the data is nonparametric

J.P. Guolford

Isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He is also remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking

What is a null hypothesis?

It exists when the researcher's original hypothesis is incorrect

A.A. Brill

Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.

Preconventional

Kohlberg's first phase: two parts- a child doing what is right to avoid punishment; an older child doing what is right as way to avoid consequences and because it is in the interest of the other

Post conventional Morality

Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws. And restrictions

What is the Heinz Story?

Kohlberg- a man cannot afford his wife's life saving medicine, he tries to convince the pharmacist to sell him the med at a discount but the pharmacist refuses so the man steals it. - A person's response to this scenario indicates what stage of moral development they are in.

Social Learning

Krumboltz: stressed the importance of modeling and vicarious learning in career choice

KOIS

Kuder Occupational Interest Survey: Takes 20-30 minute to administer and is written at a 6th grade reading level

Ecosystems

Larger systems often impact the client and the family functioning such as church, school, community, etc.

An deductive children counseling group has _________ than an adult group?

Less

Investigative

Likes to sell to others or preform leadership tasks, values power and status.

Psychometric testing

Literally = "brain measuring"; gauges human developmental stages

Criterion Validity

Looks at the relationship between a test score and an outcome; combines concurrent and predictive validity

Inferred Emotional Consequences

Maladjustment and ill temper, Self-consciousness, irritability, and hypersensitivity are attributed to a people with disabilities

Males or females have the higher suicide rate?

Males have the higher success rate of suicide but women have a higher attempt rate.

In children, which concept is most easily understood volume or mass?

Mass, an understanding of volume does not come unto the concrete operations stage

Logos

Meaning logic; from Jung to mean men operate by logic

Achievement Test

Measures the amount of knowledge or content already gained

Personality/Interest Test

Measures the strength of one's interests in broad fields of activity - examples include art, mechanical activities, sports

Horizontal Test

Measures various factors during the same testing procedure

MMPI-II

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- a standardized personality test

______ is the most common score; it is the least important measure of central tendency

Mode

Aspirational Ethical Guidelines

Moral compulsions to behave in a way that is perceived as moral and proper

Therapy in relation to group work is _____ than counseling

More severe

MBTI

Myers Briggs Type Indicator- personality test with four domains

MBTI

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: psychological test based in Junian theory; four categories 1) Extroversion - Introversion: Where do you prefer to focus your attention?: Where do you get your energy? 2) Sensing - Intuition: How do you prefer to take in information? 3) Thinking - Feeling: How do you make decisions? 4) Judging - Perceiving: How do you deal with the outer world?

Is it ethical for a counselor to use an unfamiliar assessment?

No, a counselor must be familiar with the tools they use and in how to interpret/use them.

Is it appropriate for a counselor to discuss the abilities of other rehab professionals with a client?

No, as it is not professional conduct as described by the CRCC

Chi Square

Nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from expected theoretical distribution

A ________ each item is independent if all other items. This allows the person to be able to be compared with others who took the same test.

Normative Format

Centration

Noticing key features of an object while not noticing the rest (occurs in preoperational stage)

An intergenerational family therapist says they are concerned with _______. They are referring to the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether alive or dead.

Nuclear Family Emotional System

The Occupational Information Network

O*NET is an online job information database

OOH

Occupational Outlook Handbook, gives the required training and salary fir particular jobs

Midlife Crisis

Occurs between 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women, during the Generativity Stage

Hedonism

Occurs in the second stage of Kohlberg's developmental theory- the child begins to think that "If I am nice to others, I will get what I want."

Positioning

Occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition

Convergent Thinking

Occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept

Enmeshment

Occurs when family members are over involved with each other and loose their autonomy

Free Choice Test

Often a short answer format, allows the responder to answer in in manner they wish

Anna O.

Often cited as the first psychoanalytic patient, she suffered from hysteria and was give hypnosis treatment which influenced Freud's psychoanalysis

What program was established by the Social Security Act of 1935?

Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) offers benefits to people with disabilities and retired people

Holophrases

One or two word sentences often spoke to children 1-4 years old

Quid Pro Quo

One thing for another

Is it ethical for a counselor to talk about a client with another professional?

Only if the reason for talking to another professional is in the best interest of the client

Group IQ Tests

Otis Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, & California Test of Mental Abilities

Roe's 3 basic parenting styles

Overprotective, Avoidant/Rejecting = emotionally cold and hostile, Acceptant/Democratic

A holistic approach to care may require a team of professionals, who might be on the team?

PCP, PT, OT, Mental Health Professional, Vocational Counselor

How does a family aid the development, education, and function of its members?

Parents and grandparents pass their heritage down to children and thus teach them what is and is not acceptable. A family can also be a healthy support system for its members

Cluster Sampling

Participants are randomly selected from a pool of people easily accessible.

Stratified Sampling

Participants are selected for specific traits or characteristics

Random Sampling

Participants are taken from the general population w/o regard to characteristics then randomly assigned to a control or experimental group.

Name 3 Behaviorists

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, they developed the premise that humans develops in response to their environment

Transmarginal Inhibition (TMI)

Pavlovian, the point at which a person shuts down due to an extreme stimulus,

Third-Party Payment

Payments for healthcare services made by an insurance company or health agency on behalf of the insured

Propinquity

People who are in close proximity to each other and are attracted to each others

Task/Work Groups

People who come together with the goal of completing a job/project

_____________ suggested 5 layers which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.

Perls

Figure-Ground Relationship

Perls-a way in which a person perceives a chain of events and what they see as important or unimportant; he believed these relationships are constantly changing.

Dualistic Thinking

Perry's 1st stage of intellectual development- knowledge is absolute; there is Truth and Falsity, Right and Wrong, Good and Bad

Relativistic Thinking

Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- individuals are able to discern patterns or regularities and approach grey areas of knowledge; may recognize such strategies as analysis of evidence, comparison of interpretations, or designing experiment

Multiplicity

Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- most knowledge is still seen as absolute however, in some fields or on some questions, we don't have all the answers; begin to realize that knowledge does have its grey areas, and authorities may not be infallible

Commitment in Relativism

Perry's 4th stage of intellectual development- skilled in rational (formal operational) processes and drawing upon the accumulated learning and experience individuals can commit themself to the opinions, ideologies, values, and interests with which they will identify.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs starting at the bottom?

Physiological, security, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Conservation

Piaget learning concept that is acquired between the ages of 7-11 where a child understands that volume, weight, and mass of an object stays the same even when the shape changes

Arnold Lazarus

Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.

Andre Salter

Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating paradigm, dubbed conditioned reflex therapy

Family Sculpting

Popularized by Satir, an experimental/expressive technique in which the family members place other family members in position that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Helps clarify family dynamics

When something is added following an operant, it is known as ____________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________.

Positive Reinforcer/Negative Reinforcer

Qusi Experiment

Pre-existing groups are used (gender, college students)

Piaget's 2nd Stage of Development

Preoperational- 2-7, language development is occurring and young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols.

Primary Groups

Preventative attempting to avoid problems. They focus on healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of difficulty.

P stands for

Probability

The major trend that impacted the counseling movement in the 1980s included an emphasis on_____

Professionalism, certification, and licensing

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin

R.J. Havinghurst

Proposed specific developmental tasks for infants, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, later maturity, death

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic "mind manifesting" drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; alters moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch

Harry stack Sullivan

Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations- a stage theory for childhood development.

James Framo and Robin Skynner are considered ______

Psychoanalytic Family Therapists

The Primal Scene

Psychoanalytic concept where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse or the child is seduced by the parent, which can lead to neurosis later in life.

Menninger Clinic of Kansas

Psychoanalytic foothold, conducted landmark work in biofeedback

Minnesota Viewpoint

Purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

coefficient of determination

R squared, indicates how well data points fit a statistical model

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of who?

R.A. Fisher

Measures of standard deviation

Range and Via Corta Range

List 3 formulations of Bandura's Social Learning Theory

Rather than interests guiding career choice social learning guides it. The relationship with own body; environmental/geographical influences; instrumental/conventional) learning and reinforcement

In Albert Ellis's ________ the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as self-talk and internal verbalizations

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A Percentage score is just anther way of stating a

Raw score

Strategies for identifying ways to change diet to improve health

Read the USDA guidelines to determine which include calorie intake and the Food Pyramid

Deductive

Reduces the general to the specific

The Decision Making Theory

Refers to periods of anticipation, implementation, and adjustment in career choice/change; posited by David Tiedeman

Content Validity

Refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct.

Rejection of Intimacy

Rejection of close, particularly familial, relationship, An unwillingness to date, fall in love with, or marry a person with a disability

Convergent Validity

Relates to criterion and construct validity; the relationship or correlation of a testy to an independent measure or trait

Jacobson Relaxation Method

Relaxation technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed

The Doctor-Patient Consultation Model

Relies on four distinct stages- entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation

Subjective Test

Relies on opinions rather than facts and leaves room for interpreter biases (ex: essay test)

National Culture

Represents what country an individual is from

Basic Research

Research conducted in the field of theory

John Crites

Researched into the phenomenon of career maturity/vocational maturity

Gibson

Researched the matter of depth perception in children using the visual cliff; demonstrated that depth perception is an inborn trait.

3rd Stage of Minority Identity Development

Resistance and Immersion- the individual accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority resulting in self appreciation

B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory

Responses accompanied by a satisfaction will be repeated, while responses which produce discomfort will be stomped out.

Fixed Action Patters (FAP)

Results whenever a releaser in the environment is present; the sequence of behavior will not vary

A counselor will says they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on _________.

Reud's topographic hypnosis

_________________ would likely say we take a job that will most likely meet our needs.

Robert Hoppock

______________ is also known as nondirective counseling, client centered therapy, and the person centered therapy

Rogerian Therapy

SMART Goals

S-specific M- measurable A- achievable R- relevant T- time related

Instrumental learning

Same as operant conditioning; individual's behavior is modified by its consequences

According to ______, the individual displaying an irrelevant style will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

Satir

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of it's own is known as ______________

Secondary reinforcement

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is what kind of a group?

Self-help

Piaget's 1st Stage of Development

Sensorimotor- birth-2, children experience the world through movement and their five senses. During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints.

Anne Roe's 8 Occupational fields and levels

Service, Business, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, Arts/Entertainment

Test Battery

Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source.

Interrater/Interobserver

Several raters assess the same performance and compare answers, scores should be about the same across the raters

Harlow's Research

Showed that we have a need for comfort, touch, or cuddling and w/o it physical problems and dysfunctional behaviors develop

In most cases a cross-validation coefficient is indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient. This phenomenon is called___________

Shrinkage

Power Test

Similar to a speed test but most complete it, designed to test knowledge; tests that have no time limit or a very generous time limit that allows most examinees to finish. Most achievement tests are power tests (unless there needs to be a speed component like in a typing test)

Positive Reinforcement

Skinner- found that adding (positive) reinforcement or taking away (negative) reinforcement incentives would increase a desired behavior

An individual who likes their flower arranging job begins to arrange flowers in their spare time. This phenomenon is called_______

Spillover

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in the _______ stage.

Stage 2, Transition

Erik Erikson

Stages of Human Growth & Development: 8 stages that refer to how a person interacts with their environment. Each stage is a "crisis" which needs to be resolved before a person can successfully move to the next stage.

Haley

Strategic Therapy: developing of a specific strategy to treat a specific problem; use of directives; the therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing clients

In Minuchin's ______ approach, clear boundaries are ideal, firm, yet flexible.

Structural

Enactment

Structural Family Therapy intervention: family members are asked to act out the problem situation to bring insight into the family dynamic

Boundary Making

Structural Family Therapy intervention: individual member's roles are defined

Salvador Minuchin

Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques

Martin E.P. Seligman

Studied helpless ness be electrocuting dogs during specific situation by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks

A _______ relies mainly on the scorer's opinion

Subjective Test

SUDS

Subjective units of distress scale; used in systematic desensitization

Clemmont Vontress

Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.

_____________ theory emphasizes 5 life stages- growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.

Super's

5th Stage of Minority Identity Development

Synergistic Articulation and Awareness- the individual can own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects of both cultures

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists they will not use a random sample. They could accomplish this by using ________ sampling.

Systematic

Biofeedback

Technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.

Cultural Encapsulation

Term coined by Gilbert Wrenn- The lack of understanding, or ignorance, of another's cultural background and the influence this background has on one's current view of the world. The purpose of this encapsulation, or "cocoon," is to allow people to protect themselves from the rapid global changes occurring in technology, families, economy, education, and social health.

Skeleton Keys

Term used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution focused therapy; indicates a standard stock intervention that will work for numerous problems

Synthetic Validity

Test that validly test different components are combined into one test to test a multi-dimensional idea

80% 4/5 Rule

Test to see if adverse impact exists while hiring minorities. If the ratio from minorities to whites is not within 80%, an adverse effect exist. To do so, the hiring rate of minorities is divided by the hiring rate for whites. If the quotient us less than 80%, then adverse impact is evident.

In 1940, what two organizations for group therapy were created?

The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama & The American Group Psychotherapy Association

ASGW

The Association for Specialists in Group Work- division of ACA that focuses primarily on group intervention

Morphostasis

The ability of the family to balance stability

Divergent Thinking

The ability to generate a novel ideas

Retroflection

The act of doing to yourself what you really which to do to someone else

Standard Error of Measure

The amount of error determined to exist using a specific instrument, calculated using the instrument's standard deviation and reliability.; uses a point system

Equilibration

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

Racism

The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.

Ethnographic

The day-to-day lives of participants are observed

Circular or Reciprocal Causality

The dynamic interactions that have more than one effect; from family systems approach

Duty to Warn

The ethical responsibility to take appropriate action when there is knowledge of impending danger.

Identified Patient

The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy.

Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.

The father of rational behavior therapy which works well in multicultural group settings

Experimental Group

The independent variable (intervention) is manipulated and the results are monitored

4th Stage of Minority Identity Development

The individual moves from the intensity of feelings in the previous stage and becomes concerned with the basis of self appreciating

Cohesion

The level of emotional bonding between family members

Process

The manner in which the communication transpires

Job

The narrowest and most specific work category (waiter, office clerk, Critical Care Nurse

Intellectualizing

The person who become overly responsible

Occam's Razor

The philosophy that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one

Dependent Variable

The portion of the experiment that is being manipulated; the intervention method

Applied Research

The practical use of experimental data

Cross Validation

The process by which a second sample group is given a test to ensure it is applicable to more than one group

Operational Definition

The process of describing, setting up, and defining a valid research experiment

Mechanistic (in relation to human growth and development)

The reduction of all behavior to common elements

Statistical Regression

The skewing of results that may happen if the intervention is administered only once; change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity

Psychoanalytic

The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.

Discriminate Validity

The test will not reflect unrelated variables

Leisure

The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations

Pavlovian Methods in the Military

The use of transmarginal inhibition (TMI) techniques are used to re-program solider responses to discomfort of pain, fear

Independent Variable

The variable that cannot be changed by the experiment; the effect of the intervention method being tested

Classical Vegotherapy

Theory by Wilhelm Reich where sexual gratification was needed for the cure of emotional maladies. Orgone boxes were used where one would sit in the box to restore their orgone energy levels. He was arrested and died in prison.

Kohlberg

Theory of Moral Development: three phases

Implosive Therapy

Therapy that occurs in the imagination. It always occurs in the imagination and is often done to rehearse a real life therapy.

What is the purpose of a one-stop career center?

They help people find, obtain, and retain employment. Their development was part of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998.

Premack Principle

To engage in a pleasant task, one must complete an unpleasant task previous to the pleasant task

Schlossberg

Transition Theory, individuals move through transition phases; 1) Moving in 2) Moving Through 3) Moving Out

Consequential Validity

Tries to ascertain the special implications of using tests

Erikson's first stage of development

Trust vs. Mistrust-birth to 1½, the infant develops trust when its needs are met

Increasing the sample size helps to reduce______

Type I and II Errors

Occupation

Types of positions within a career field (surgeon, dentist, anesthesiologist, nurse)

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware tat laws are _____

Unclear and vary from state to state

Arnold Gesell

Used a 1-way mirror for observing children. Felt that development I primarily determined through genetics, thus a child must be at a certain level before they can succeed in educational settings

Spearman Correlation

Used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized

Antidepressants

Used to treat clinical depression; typically work on the neurotransmitters serotonin, nor-epinephrine, and/or dopamine

What is the purpose of anti psychotics?

Used to treat psychiatric conditions by altering the chemistry of the brain

Forced Choice Test

Usually multiple choice- forces the responder to select an answer from a pre-determined list

Title

VII of Civil Rights: Set in 1964 and amended in 1972, gave women equal rights to employment as well as equal pay

Artistic

Value self-expression

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________.

Variable ratio

Slander

Verbal defamation

In terms of research and the group leader's personality qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a _____ degree

Very small

Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, & Herma

Viewed career choice as a longitudinal process rather than a single decision. Divided occupational choice into three stages 1) Occupational Choice 2) Tentative 3) Exploration. As choice is a life long process their ideas lead to developmental theories of career development

The group IQ began with the army alpha and army beta during______

WWI

George Bateson

Was interested in cybernetics, came up with causality in families

WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: 16 and beyond

WISC

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: 6-16 years 11 months

WPPSI

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: appropriate for 2.5-7 year olds

Insight

When a client becomes aware of factors in their life that were heretofore unknown

Therapeutic Surrender

When a client stops resisting the efforts of the therapist and begins to listen to what is being stated.

Sour Grapes Rationalization

When a good event does not occur and it gets minimized by thinking/saying the event was unwanted anyways

Stimulus Generalization

When a learned stimulus is generalized to another which is similar to the one learned.

Higher Order Conditioning

When a new stimulus is paired with a previously learned stimulus. This new stimulus will take on the characteristics of the old, even if the old one is extinct

Never Script

When a person never feels they will succeed

Sweet Lemon Realization

When a person states that a set of bad circumstances are good.

Type II Error/Beta Error

When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false

Stimulus Discrimination

When a stimulus is selected out from a group to be the only one that gives the CR

Underemployment

When a worker is engaged in a position below their skill level

The Recentcey Effect

When an employee is evaluated based on current performance, not overall performance

The Rosenthal Effect

When an experiment effects the experimenter into making sure the results occur.

Experimental Neurosis

When one cannot discriminate between two identical stimulus', emotional disturbance will occur

The Halo Effect

When the researcher reacts with their bias to traits not being measured.

What are the exceptions to privileged communication?

When there is a danger to self or others such as in child abuse, suicidal or homicidal behaviors or other harmful criminal intentions

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a shortage of individual therapists during ________

World War II

Libel

Written defamation

David Livinson

Wrote The Seasons of a Man's Life & The Seasons of a Woman's Life, which suggested that a midlife crisis is a good thing.

Name two electronic-mechanical devices used to diagnose traumatic back injuries

X-rays and myelograms

Orientation

Yalom's 1st stage of group development; Search for meaning, attempts to determine group structure and meaning; search for similarities among group members; members look to leader for approval, acceptance, and answers

Conflict

Yalom's 2nd stage of group development; Members attempt to establish preferred amount of initiative and power; establish a control hierarchy; members may express hostility toward therapist (resistance)

Cohesion

Yalom's 3rd stage of group development; Unity, intimacy, closeness emerge; trust and self disclosure increase; attendance improves; cohesiveness becomes analogous to therapist-client relationship

Termination

Yalom's 4th stage of group development; group work has been completed and group disbars

Is it ethical for a counselor to refuse to work with a specific client?

Yes, and in some cases they are required to refuse to work with a specific client due to other ethical issues such as dual relationships

Is it ethical for a counselor to discuss a client with another professional?

Yes, as long as it is to best serve the client.

Cyclical Test

You have several sections which are spiral in nature with questions starting out easy and moving toward more difficult

Explain Tarasoff vs. Board of Regents of the University of CA?

a 1969 court case which set precedent for duty to warn. A counselor was informed by a client that the client planned to kill a woman. The counselor had the means to contact the woman directly but instead called the campus security who interviewed the client but took no further action. He then murdered the woman and her family sued and won because the counselor did not warn her of the impending threat of harm.

Double-Bind

a Haley family therapy strategy is a no-win situation where any of the solutions to an issue are equally insufficient

Endomorph

a Short and round person who loves food, comfort, and relaxation

Reaction Formation

a behavior in which a person behaves in a manner opposite to the way they truly feel

Counter-conditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

Sudden Conversion

a behavioral method that use a variety of overwhelming stimuli to bring about a behavior change such as in military boot camp

Pavlov

a behaviorist who experienced with dogs and was able to condition their natural salivate response to food so that they would salivate to a bell

Spina Bifida

a birth defect of the spinal column, can now be partially corrected in utero, causes muscle weakness and/or paralysis, and impaired bowl/bladder function. May use mobility devise to improve functioning, may need long-term rehabilitation/therapy care, and often have hydrocephalus and learning disabilities

Until Script

a client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives

Haldol

a common anti-psychotic used to treat schizophrenia, manic episodes, delirium, drug psychosis. Side effects include cramps, depression, dry mouth, fatigue, muscle stiffness, restlessness, tremors, and weight gain

Case Management System

a computer program that helps a counselor organize information used to serve a specific client

Addiction

a condition in which a person has become dependent on a particular substance and continues to take more of it and has withdrawals if they discontinue the use

Interval

a continuous variable, there is meaning between numbers but there is not an absolute zero but you can go into negative numbers- 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3, allows comparison between individuals or things being measured (continuous)

What is the white vs. black IQ controversy?

a controversy of the 1960s/70s that white people were on average 11-15 points smarter than black people; in reality when given an IQ test that was more culturally sensitive to blacks they scored just as well

Vertical Intervention

a direct interaction with a group member, counselor/client

Consensualizating

a dispute resolution method an act in which two or more people agree to work together towards a common goal

Arbitration

a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and make a decision

Mediation

a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and then offer advice and suggestions

Negotiation

a dispute resolution method in which the people involved hold discussions to reach a compromise

Social Class

a division of a society based on social and economic status

Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center

a facility specifically designed for people with dual diagnosis which offer support services in addition to the services usually offered by a clinic or hospital.

Incongruous Hierarchy

a family relationship in which a minor figure controls the family dynamic.

Logotherapy

a form of existential therapy popularized by Frankl, stated that people cannot control their environment but they can control their reaction/response to it

Psychodrama

a form of psychotherapy in which patients act out events from their past.

Handicap

a functional limitation due to environmental barriers

Treatment Objective

a goal the counselor is attempting to achieve for a specific client during the rehabilitation process

Positively Skewed

a greater number of scores are at the lower end

Negatively Skewed

a greater number of scores are clustered in at the high end

Snowball Sampling

a key person in a population group is identified and that individual helps find people to be in the study, then the people that they identify are asked to recommend people for the study

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____

a lack of goal setting

Nicotine

a mild stimulant found in tobacco and smoking cessation products

Caffeine

a mild stimulant found on coffee, tea, some carbonated beverages, some OTC medications

Mesomorph

a muscular type person who is assertive, courageous, and willing to take risks

Generalized Rejection

a negative attitude proposed by Siller, avoiding the person with a disability because of a negative view held about disability in general

Distressed Identification

a negative attitude proposed by Siller, feelings of being uncomfortable or nervous because of how they represent how a person can be disabled later in life

Authoritarian Virtuousness

a negative attitude proposed by Siller, the belief of a non-disabled that they are superior over a disabled person

Punishment

a negative stimulus following an undesirable behavior- meant to decrease a behavior

Counter transference

a negative therapeutic phenomenon which can occur during therapy when a client superimposes their issues onto the therapist

Prescribing the symptom

a paradoxical intervention strategy that prescribes the symptom to get an enlightened reaction from the client

Inductive Logic

a person formulates a rule based on a specific observation or study, all the kids who ate sugar got hyper- therefore, sugar makes kids hyper

Deductive Logic

a person formulates a specific idea based on a general observation, all birds have feather-Big Bird is a bird- therefore, Big Bird has feathers

Placating

a person reacts to inner stress by trying to please others

Recommendation Level

a person will recommend an action and then take it if it is approved by the supervisor

Reflecting Treatment Team Therapy

a postmodern method first used by Tom Anderson, a technique that allows the family to listen to the discussions of a treatment team about the family's case

Narrative Therapy

a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story.

realistic job previews assessment

a presentation that allows the client to observe the actual job

Acculturation

a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.

Psychometric Assessment

a process in which the counselor gathers info =from/about client to determine strengths, weaknesses, and needs

Intensive Case Management

a program in which a case manager contacts a person with a dual diagnosis to remind them to complete certain tasks such as appointments, medications, and other actions that need to be taken

Schizophrenia

a psychiatric disorder, which is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations as well as delusional/paranoid thoughts

Free Association

a psychoanalytic technique for opening pathways to the subconscious. The therapist induces the client to say anything that comes to mind. Freud believes that people burry or repress feelings of guilt, shame, inferiority, and sexuality in the subconscious and that free association was a way to bring them into the conscious so that they could be dealt with

Measurement

a rank is assigned to client skills or aptitudes based on interview and assessment results

What are the ethics around client-counselor conflict of interest?

a relationship outside of the business association would be considered unethical

What is the purpose of a program evaluation?

a review of a treatment program to see if it as achieved or is moving towards its desired outcome

Continuous Schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response (desired response) is followed by the reinforcer

White Privilege

a set of advantages and/or immunities that white people benefit from on a daily basis beyond those common to all others.

Ectomorph

a slender or frail person who is sensitive and inhibited

Ethnicity

a social group of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experience

Treatment Intervention

a specific approach, strategy, or technique for guiding rehabilitation

Preconventional Morality

a stage of moral development described by Kohlberg, during this stage a young child begins to follow society rules through conditioning and disciplinary action

Factor Analysis

a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors

Continuous Reinforcement

a stimulus is used each time the behavior occurs, most effective method to create new behavior

Psychotherapy of the Absurd

a technique developed by Carol Whitaker the absurd is the unreasonable exaggeration of an idea to the point of underscoring the underlying meaninglessness of much human reaction.

Systematic Desensitization

a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety

Confrontation

a technique where issues are brought out into the open by the counselor or group members so that the individual becomes aware of them

Multi-point Item

a test question that offers three or more forced-choice answers

Sibling Rivalry

a theory by Adler, proposed that birth order had an effect on later experiences, it sees birth order as a source of conflict

Cohesion Phase

a time when group identity is confirmed and members begin to recognize and confirm each other's goals

T-group

a training group conducted to relieve tension in a work environment

Concurrent Validity

a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. Concurrent validity is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.

Dyad

a unit of two functioning as a pair

Describe a Genogram

a way to map out a person's family and give a "snap shot" of information. Standard symbols- males/squares, females/circles, line/family ties, dashed line/adopted, X/death

pre-employment assessment

a written test designed to assess an applicant's skill and knowledge

What are the methods of electronic diagnosis for neurological disorders?

a) CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) b) MRI (magnetic resonance Imaging) c) EEG (electroencephalograph)

What are some of the cultural concerns for people with a psychiatric disability who belong to the Hispanic or Native American cultures?

a) Hispanic: less likely to seek and accept help for psychiatric disabilities b) Native: more likely to seek and accept help than Caucasians

What are some predictable behaviors during group development?

a) Initial/getting acquainted stage- distrust among members in regards to each other b) Transitional stage- friction between members and protests of the leadership c) Final stage- sense of accomplishment about what has been learned d) Planning will take place in all stages

What are some of the typological roles assumed by members of a therapy group?

a) Scapegoat b) Energizer c) Gatekeeper d) Interrogator e) Follower

Principles of Treatment Planning

a) Tailor treatment to the specific needs of client b) Treat ALL factors that affect the overall well-being of the client c) Ensure that treatment lasts as long as the client needs it d) Give the client the information needed to create and implement the treatment plan

Wechsler's Intelligence Tests

a) WPPISI: ages 3-7 b) WAIS-IV: ages six and older c) WISC IV: age 6-16 & 11 months

Job Seeking Skills

a) ability to network b) ability to communicate effectively with prospective employers c) ability to write a resume and cover letter d) ability to fill out an application

What are the four areas of cultural competency a counselor is expected to have?

a) an understanding of beliefs and values of different cultures b) An understanding of their own personal beliefs and values c) The ability to recognize the similarities and the differences of different cultures d) The ability to apply what they know about a particular culture

Positive Group Actions

a) attend to the person speaking b) no interrupting or distracting behavior c) encourage each member to voice their thoughts d) take steps outside group to meet goals

What are the four main parts of the brain?

a) brain stem b) Hypothalamus c) Cerebrum d) Cerebellum

How should a counselor help an individual with a psychiatric disability who is from a different culture?

a) gathers as much info as possible about the culture b) gain understanding of the client's views and beliefs c) identify the cultural barrier that is keeping the client from functioning or accessing services d) identify a series of techniques that can help resolve cultural issues

What are the disadvantages of a job-matching system?

a) incapable of considering every relevant factor b) does not have access to all the resources the counselor has c) can only search the databases they are linked to

Types of functional limitations

a) mobility- impaired ability to move b) motility- spasticity, trembling c) communication- language, hearing or sight are impaired d) cognitive dysfunction- limits metal abilities

Ethics regarding record keeping

a) must record the information required as required by agency policy and governing laws b) Counselor must not record session electronically c) Records must be kept confidential and secure at all times d) Information must not be released unless permission is given by the client e) Counselor must let client have access to their file upon request

What are some of the assessments an organization might use during selection process

a) pre-employment b) realistic job previews c) selection interviews

Philosophical principles that define the counselor's role

a) recognition of and focus on client's strengths b) recognition and development of client potential c) working with others to provide necessary services d) recognition that the client is part of a system (family/community) and that the system may affect the rehabilitation process e) ensure that the client continues to make progress towards goals

What factors would a counselor use to determine if a client was able to work in a competitive employment setting?

a) the ability of the person to fulfill the job responsibilities b) the amount of support the client will need to return to workforce c) the ability of the client to work in an integrated setting

Philosophical Principles that Define the Client's Role

a) the client must be involved b) the client must recognize their own beliefs and feelings and how they affect their ability to function c) the client must be willing to accept help

Fluid Intelligence

ability to adapt old knowledge and apply it to new situations

What are some major factors that can affect a person's ability to adapt to disability?

ability to perform daily tasks, medical treatments, functional limitations, effects of disability on family and friends, response of others, ability to pay for needed services

Compare structured and unstructured therapy groups

according to Yalom structured groups are less effective than unstructured groups in resolving client issues although most prefer a structured group setting. He raises three criticisms of structured groups 1) group stages may be passed over 2) Structured exercise raise thoughts/feelings before the people are ready to confront them 3) Participants rely too heavily on group leadership and too little on their own insights

Construct Validity

accurately obtains the information that it is meant to obtain

External Validity

accurately represents a larger population group than what is sampled

Justice

actin in a fair an impartial way towards all clients not letting "favorites" or biases influence the service provided

Most experts would agree that Binet for not seem to be the best test for _____

adults

Whole population

all the people in an area or group are used

Managed Care Delivery System

also known as a managed care plan is a private insurance plan or a government program that helps customers manage their healthcare costs

Symptoms of bi-polar

alternating periods of hyperactivity and depression, severely interrupted sleep patterns, intense activity/agitation, and exhaustion

The hunch is known as the experimental or _______

alternative hypothesis

Gatekeeper

always tries to implement rules and attempts to get others to contribute often forgetting to talk about their own issues

Managed Care Organization

an agency that provides managed care services

Anger

an aggressive or hostile emotional response

Heterosexuality

an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the opposite gender

Homosexuality

an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the same gender

Anxiety

an emotional response of extreme fear as the result of a traumatic or stressful event

Depression

an emotional response of intense sadness

Orientation

an employer practice of teaching an employee to behave and perform the job tasks in a way that is appropriate to the organization

Recruitment

an employer practice through which they encourage people to apply with and become employees of the company

Selection

an employer practice to choose the best candidate for a position from a small group of potential candidates

Screening

an employer practice, which attempts to reduce the number of applicants for a position so the number of applications is more reasonable

Incomplete Scenarios

an idea of Perls that a person needs to complete unfinished scenarios in order to achieve self-actualization

Cocaine

an illegal stimulant drug derived from the coca plant, it is extremely addictive and causes euphoria, hyperactivity, insomnia, psychosis, increased heart rate, and diminished appetite

Anaclitic Depression

an illness described by Spitz describing the behaviors of excessive crying, sleep difficulties, and physical illness

Hospitalism

an illness described by Spitz where children fail to thrive while in a hospital setting

Acute Condition

an illness or injury or other disorder that developed suddenly or that is expected to last only a short time

Chronic Condition

an illness, injury, or other condition that is expected to last for a long time or which has developed slowly over a period of time

Sub-acute Condition

an illness, injury, or other condition that is not expected to last as long as a chronic condition but longer than an acute condition

Horizontal Intervention

an interaction with all group members simultaneously

Interventions

any technique, strategy, or service that is intended to treat/diminish a specific problem

What is the divorce rate in the U.S.?

approx. 50%

Defense Mechanisms

are contrived by people who are unable to cope with problems, can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the situation and the extremity of how they are used

Z scores

are made up simply of the individual score, the mean of the distribution, and the standard deviation. The mean of a z-score distribution is always 0 and the stand deviation is always 1

Silence

as a toll allows the client the opportunity to provide more information and choose a direction

Clarification

asking questions to get a better understanding of what is really meant

Interrogator

asks personal and often irrelevant questions

How does culture affect a person's decision to accept help?

beliefs and values in regards to disability are often determined by the cultural, individualistic vs. collectivist for example. These beliefs and values can be difficult to overcome.

Existential Theory

believe that behavioral treatments over simplify human behavior to the point that it is counterproductive and emphasize client choice and self-realization/actualization

A _____ distribution has two modes, and graphically looks like the two humps of a camel

bimodal

Epigenetic

biological term, each stage emerges from the one before it.

Zyprexa

brand name for Olanzapine; anti psychotic used for anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, & schizophrenia

Zyprexa

brand name of Olanzapine which is an antipsychotic used to treat anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression in bi-polar, PTSD, and schizophrenia. Side effects include- apathy, dizziness, dry mouth, aggressiveness, increased appetite low blood pressure, runny nose, weight gain

Summarizing

briefly restating the information that has been shared

Energizer

brings energy to the group and encourages everyone

Contributions of Gestalt Psychologists

by Perls and first published 1925 emphasized the importance of insight

1-beta

called the power of statistical test, reflects the statistical test's ability to reject a null hypothesis correctly

Ordinal

categories that have order w/o meaning in between- 1st, 2nd , 3rd or a, b, c (categorical)

Alloplastic

chafe comes from outside/the environment

In a healthy group members are flexible and can ______

change roles

Continuous (in relation to human growth and development)

changes are sequential and cannot be separated easily

Quantitative Change

changes which can be measured or tested

Job restructuring

changing the responsibilities of a position to meet the specific needs of the person

Split-half Method

checking the reliability by comparing the odd answers of one group by the even answers of another group

Privileged communication is not applicable in cases of

child/elder abuse/neglect, suicide or homicide threats

Family counselors generally believe ______ causality

circular/reciprocal

Analgesics

class of medications that inhibit the pain response, reduce inflammation, relax muscles

Race

classification system used to categorize humans into large and distinct populations or groups by anatomical, cultural, ethnic, genetic, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious, and/or social affiliation

Nominal

classifications, no meaning between categories- hair color, disability status (categorical)

What information should a treatment plan include?

client diagnosis, DSM diagnostic code, major goals of treatment, objectives for measuring progress, a timeline of target dates, description of planned intervention, signatures of both the counselor and the client

Failure Identity

comes from a pattern of behavior that causes distress and personality disorder; for an example an addict who uses because it makes them more socialable

Extinction

conditioning technique in which an undesirable behavior is ignored

Follower

conforms their opinion to that of others

Experimental Neurosis

confusion in the subject in regard to the stimuli, when a small bell triggers a response but then the person reacts to a different bell the same way

Linking

connects the dots of information for members, identifies commonalities between members

Give an example of conventional morality

considered by Kohlberg to be the middle ground of morality where a person strives to conform to laws and rules of society breaking these regulations is source of discomfort; conforming to the same style of dress as the supervisor or the "popular" employee

Central Nervous System

consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that run throughout the body. The CNS runs both voluntary and automatic functions and is the communication system of the body.

Ratio scale

continuous variable, w/ meaning between numbers which contain an absolute zero (continuous)

Maintenance Role

contributes to continued bonding of group by encouraging interactions

F.H. Allport

created the concept of social facilitation, where an individual who is given a task to memorize a list of numbers will do better in a group than of alone

When you decrease the significance level, alpha errors _______ while beta errors_______

decrease/increase

How can denial be an advantage and a disadvantage?

denial can allow an individual to keep going in the face of adversity it can also keep them from seeking help to a problem they have

Eclectic

deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources

Constructive Confrontation

designed by Guy & Heidi Burgess, it is a mediation method designed to address complicated disputes in which all parties are unwilling to consider alternative solutions. It proposes that most disputes can be resolved if secondary issues are addressed before primary issues

Intensive Outpatient Case Management

designed to help a person with a dual diagnosis to continue to function after receiving treatment

Intelligence Test

designed to measure agreed upon components of intelligence

Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)

determined by SEM= SD x square root 1.0-r

Sigmund Freud

developed a theory the id controls human motivation and behavior and is the set of desires, which are stored in the unconscious. Even though individuals are not aware of these desires they influence behavior. He also outlined 5 stage of human development and dream theory.

Describe Group Theory

developed by Adler & Dreikurs based on the idea that people are strongly motivated to seek the acceptance of their peers. Through the feedback of peers a person's behavior can be modified

Konrad Lorenz

discovered imprinting by using baby goslings

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

discusses the importance of give and take, fairness and relational ethics in the family; used term "family legacy;" known for ledger technique

Mesokurtic

distributions are in the middle and have a relatively bell-shaped distribution with similar gradual slopes on either side.

Platykurtic

distributions have a relatively large range with a low mode. Think plateau.

Leptokurtic

distributions have a relatively small range with a very peaked mode. Think Leaping of a high peak.

Nonmaleficence

do no harm

Semi Via Corta Range

doesn't look at the polar extreme scores

What are the three main programs used to treat substance abuse?

drug-free outpatient programs, methadone outpatient programs, and residential therapy programs

What are the two main services a counselor should provide to the client during case management?

education and restoration services

Emic

elating to or denoting an approach to the study or description of a particular language or culture in terms of its internal elements and their functioning rather than in terms of any existing external scheme.

Role of formal education in U.S.

employers have learned that those with college education typically perform work better therefore saves the company money through lower training expenses. The higher paying the job is the more likely it is to see college degrees as part of the job requirement.

What three factors influence a person's attitude toward disability?

environment, culture, and personality

Internal Validity

errors in research are minimized

Independent Living Services for Older People Who are Blind

established by RSA to help states provide rehabilitation services to people who are blind and over the age of 55

Helen Keller National Center

established by the RSA- offers rehabilitation and support to people who are deaf and blind

What factors influence where group members sit in relation to each other?

ethnicity, socioeconomic class, education, and age

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Systematic Sampling

every the person gets asked to participate; reoccurring patterns should be looked at

Eigenwelt

existential term meaning the identity world

Unwelt

existential term meaning the physical world

Mitwelt

existential term meaning the relationship

Dual Diagnosis

exists when a person has both a psychiatric and a substance use disorder

Construct Validity

extent to which we can make generalizations about constructs

Crystalized Intelligence

facts, times table, other hard information, ability to solve problems, ability to make decision based on current knowledge, math, spelling

Fidelity

faithfulness to one's promises or obligations; not making insincere statements or impossible promises

William Glasser

father of reality therapy

Fixed Schedule

fixed time period between reinforcers, produce an accelerated rate of response as the time of reinforcement approaches

Systematic Desensitization

form of behavior therapy which involves exposing client to source of phobias either with pictures or directly

Emotional Flooding

form of behavioral therapy where client is bombarded with their issue or behavior until they reach exhaustion

Prozac

generically known as fluoxetine is a psychoactive medication used to treat depression, bulimia, OCD. Side effects include- agitation, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia

Genotype

genetic makeup of the individual

Conflict Phase

group members become hyper-aware of differences but a sense of group identity has not yet been formed

Self-help/Support Groups

groups of people who provide mutual support for each other; members share a common problem, often a common disease or addiction; mutual goal is to help each other to deal with, if possible to heal or to recover from, this problem

Closed-group

has a finite number of participants and no new members will be added

Open-group

has a fluctuating number and new members are always accepted

Psychosomatic

has no organic cause and needs to be treated by a psychiatrist

16 PF

he Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire developed by Cattel, measures 16-personality factors, appropriate for ages 16+

How was Maslow different from his predecessors?

he added the concept of actualization, he also developed a hierarchy of needs

Assimilation

he process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group

How can a counselor use the internet to aid a client?

helping the muse it as a communication tool and an information gathering tool

Facilitative Role

helps members feel a part of the group and contribute a positive energy

A negatively skewed distribution is one with man _______ scores

high

Range

high and low, not very stable

Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of _______ or above.

high school age

Robert Kegan

his model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning and individual constructs realist throughout their entire life span.

A family that is stable and reached an equilibrium is in a state of _____

homeostasis

Incremental Validity

how a test is refined and becomes more valid over time

Judging vs. Organizing

how does a person relate to the outside world?

Sensing vs. Intuition

how does an individual perceive information through the senses or in the gut?

Thinking vs. Feeling

how does the individual judge information?

External Validity

how generalizable are results across the population

Organization (Piaget)

how individuals systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge

Ecological Culture

humans are influenced by where they live- climate, language, religion, etc.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

identifies significant personal preferences

Microsystem

immediate or close relationships or organizations an individual interacts with

Autonomy

independence; self-determination; right to personal choice

Interaction Strain

involve uncertainty about how to deal with the disabled and conversation is inhibited and leads to tension

Poliomyelitis

is an acute viral infection of the spinal cord, followed by residual paralysis of muscles. The person may use prosthetics or other mobility devices and heavy, manual labor may be difficult.

Self-Help Group

is composed of members who voluntary commit to the group with the intention of improving them self

Strategic Family Therapy

is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms

Scope of Practice

is the area in which an individual has training; the services they provide must stay within that area

Variance

is the sum of the squared differences from the mean of each score, divided by the total number of scores minus 1.

Usability

is the tool something that you would use? Is it user friendly?

A one way ANOVA

is used for testing one _____, while a two way ANOVA tests two______: IV/IVs

Why is a counselor's behavior and body language important when providing services?

it greatly effects the quality of communication and is interpreted through an individual's culture.

Dissonance

lack of agreement; especially; inconsistency between the beliefs one holds or between one's actions and one's beliefs.

Macrosystem

largest system the individual interacts with such as culture, wars, world events, government

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various school of counseling and therapy was during the ________

late 1960s

Autocratic (authoritarian) Leadership

leader forces themselves into group dialog often and is always right

Client Right to Privacy

legally the client has the right to confidentiality unless harm to self or others is an eminent risk or ordered by the court.

Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are ______ than unstructured techniques

less effective

Brain stem

located at top of spinal column, it is the conduit between the brain and the rest of the body, controls reflex actions

A positively skewed distribution is one with many ______ scores

low

Cannabis

marijuana is a psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis sativa plant it creates an altered sense of time, mood changes, dry mouth, euphoria, impaired balance/coordination, increased appetite, increased relaxation; may also be used to treat the pain and decreased appetite in cancer and HIV/AIDS patients

The ______ is misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores

mean

The most useful measure abbreviated by an X with a bar over it is the ______

mean

T scores are used in testing

mean of 50 with a SD of +/- 10

Equal intervals

means that the possible scores are each an equal distance from each other.

Sociograms

measurements for what group members think and feel about issues and each other

Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT)

measures a person's abilities as they pertain to career choice

Aptitude Test

measures a person's ability to preform tasks

Personality Test

measures personality characteristics and predilections

Anticonvulsant Medication

more commonly known as anti-seizure drugs, help prevent seizures due to epilepsy or other disorders

Mode

most frequently occurring number

Urie Bronfenbrenner

most known for his Ecological systems theory of child development

How might the behaviors of a person with a disability affect another's attitude toward them?

mostly non-adaptive behaviors such as avoiding responsibility, avoiding social interaction, demonstrating insecurity, and demonstrating overdependence

Medicare Part A

must be 65 and eligible to receive social security or railroad retirement OR have been disabled for 24 months and is eligible for social security

Cluster Sampling

natural groups are sampled, then the individual members are sampled; often by geography; multi staged as an area is chosen then groups in the area then individuals of the groups

Distribution

normal is a bell curve, 68% of scores fall within 1-standard deviation

Non-probability Sampling

not everyone necessarily has the same chance of getting into the study

Immediacy

not putting something brought up by the client off until later but rather discussing it now

Within transactional analysis, the parent has two parts the _______ and the ______

nurturing parent/critical parent

Stimulation Generalization

occurs when a stimulus similar to the one originally used to condition a behavior produces the desired behavior

Quasi-experimental

people are intentionally placed in experimental/control groups

Ultra-paradoxal stage of pain

positive stimulus produces negative response and vice versa

Reinforcement Schedule

precise rules that are used to present (or to remove) reinforcers (or punishers) following a specified operant behavior. Schedules can be continuous, variable, or intermittent.

Intellectualization in a group

process of keeping content on a cognitive level

Respondent behavior

reflexes; automatic responses

Carol Whitaker

stressed the importance of co-therapy groups because they allow for a greater range of counseling exercises, developed the techniques of psychotherapy of the absurd

Behaviorist Theory

stresses the importance of positive role models

Advocacy

support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something

Managed Care

system for making healthcare more affordable

Standard Scores

t scores and z scores allow us to compare "apples and oranges,"

Probing

technique of asking open-ended questions

How is counseling culture-bound?

tends to be centered around verbal, emotional, and behavioral expressiveness which have defined communication patterns, level of openness, and intimacy

From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______

test of significance

Equivalent forms

tests use alternate-wording questions

In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term interjects really means _______

that the client internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of objects within themselves

Support for Roe's ideas come from

the Rorschach and the TAT

Ordinate

the Y axis

Validity

the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Functional Capacity

the ability to perform necessary tasks; what a person is actually capable of doing

Blaming

the act of pointing outwards when an issue causes stress

Defense Mechanism

the act or technique of coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable or negative impulses

Adaptation (Piaget)

the adjustment to the environment

Group Norms

the agreed upon rules of conduct for the group

Imputed Functional Limitations

the assumption that a person with a disability is functionally limited, dependent upon others for assistance, and has difficulty providing financial support for himself and his family

Multiculturism

the attempt to understand and incorporate the beliefs and values of a particular group

Treatment Planning

the basic rehabilitation process in which a counselor establishes the client's objectives and identifies appropriate interventions

Transsexualism

the belief that one should be the opposite gender from the gender that they were born as

Computer-assisted Counseling (CAC)

the client is directly involved in using the computer

Phenomenology

the clients internal personal experiences and events/phenomena

The reliability coefficient/alpha coefficient

the closer to +1 the better means less error

Skinner's Box

the containers and contraptions Skinner used to condition rats

Reflecting

the counselor provides feedback that lets the client know they were listening

Evaluating

the counselor's appraisal of the counseling process

Tolerance

the decrease effectiveness of a substance due to over use

Group Cohesiveness

the degree to which a group has bonded together

Concurrent Validity

the degree to which two separate tests that are said to measure the same thing, agree on results

Hypothalamus

the earliest part of the brain to form, it is the control center and regulates metabolism, sex drive, hormones, and other basic functions

Connotation

the emotional content of a word, not the dictionary definition

Acceptance

the emotional recognition of a traumatic event and the realization that it happened and has other effects

Ontology

the existential therapy term meaning the process of being and existing, sees life as a perpetual problem involving choices which a person can make with freewill

Content Validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Universality

the feeling that one is not alone and that others have similar issues or have been in similar situations

Termination Phase

the final phase where group goals have been achieved and group members have obtained a better understanding of themselves and the other members. There is also acknowledgment of the upcoming separation and time to process it.

Rudolf Dreikurs

the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Democratic Leadership

the group and the leader work together to facilitate the group

The Storyteller

the group member who tends to digress and rarely get to the point as well as frequently gets off topic.

Laisses-Faire Leadership

the group runs itself according to its own rules

Range

the highest number minus the smallest number; describes how data are dispersed- the larger the range the more disbursed the data points

Adlerian Theory

the idea of paradoxical intervention is when a counselor uses a technique that seems to contradict the goals of counseling

Parsimony

the idea that scientific study should be explained in the simplest way possible

Ex post facto

the information form a treatment is studied after the fact

Imprinting

the intellectual behavior in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, usually the mother.

Cerebrum

the largest part of the brain where upper level functions occur such as emotions, intelligence, judgment, language

Macroculture

the majority culture

Behavior Modeling

the manner in which a child bases their behavior on the behavior of the parent

Parental Response

the manner in which a parent reacts to the discovery that their child has a disability

Group Process

the manner in which the group content is discussed

What conditions are treated with Risperidone?

the most common anti-psychotic drug prescribed in the U.S. in larger doses it is used to treat psychosis but in smaller doses has been used to treat bi-polar, depression, Tourette's syndrome. Side affects include, muscle stiffness and pain, tremors, weight gain, insomnia, changes in BP, and sexual dysfunction.

Stimulus Discrimination

the opposite of stimulus generalization, usually requires conditioning beyond the original set of conditioners to teach the individual to differentiate between two similar stimuli

Reliability

the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions

Id

the part of the psyche, residing in the unconscious, that is the source of instinctive impulses

Disengagement-oriented

the person attempts to deny, avoid, or ignore the existence or extent of disability

Engagement-oriented

the person continually strives to overcome the issues related to their disability thus they are more likely to accept their disability

The Attacker

the person in the group who feels insecure whenever the group conversation gets close to their personnel issues. They are also good at pointing out the weaknesses of others.

Disposition-type

the person looks at the "bright side" of the situation

Scapegoat

the person who is blamed for problems and tensions

Resistance

the phenomenon often encountered in clinical practice in which patients either directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss, remember, or think about presumably clinically relevant experiences.

Epictetus

the philosopher most closely related to REBT; suggested we feel the way we think

Ontology

the philosophy of being and existing

Quota Sampling

the population is divided into subgroups and sampling is done in proportion to the actual population

Heritability

the portion of trait that can be explained by genetic factors

What are the results of a poorly written pre-employment test or a poorly designed interview question?

the possibility of a discrimination claim- the ADA prohibits asking questions that may directly or indirectly identify or assess the extent of a disability. A poorly written question could violate this protective legislation.

Accurate Empathy

the process by which a counselor assumes the client's perspective and relates to them and their experiences

Actualization

the process by which humans grow to their full potential and fulfill their needs

Adjustment

the process of adapting activities, beliefs, values, goals, and other elements to a specific situation

Summarization

the process of encapsulating areas of discussion and comment at various points during a session

Orientation Phase

the process through which the group leader forms the group, lays the ground rules, advises of risks, and discusses the goals of counseling

Paradoxal stage of pain response

the response exceeds the amount of stimulus

Rosenthal Effect

the result of high expectations, when the teacher explains that those in the front row because they did better than the rest of the students which results in the front row doing better than the other rows.

The Hawthorne Effect

the result of the reaction to being subjects by the experimental group

Test-retest

the same people take the same test multiple times

Stratified Sampling

the sample frame is broken into category groups then randomly assigned; more likely to represent the actual population; allows for comparing of subgroups

Withdrawal

the set of symptoms a person experiences if they stop using the substance that they have become dependent on

Kinesiology

the study of how people move

Predictive Validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

Reinforcement Scheduling

the timing of positive or negative stimuli to increase a behavior

Career

the total work one does in a life time

Median

the true center

Dichotomy

the two answers are directly opposed to each other so only one can be correct

Success Identity

the understanding that a person has that they have needs for happiness and success and that they are responsible for their behaviors and the positive and negative consequences of them.

Computer-managed Counseling (CMC)

the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency

Case Management

the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that a specific client receives the necessary services and care.

Caseload Management

the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that all clients receive the necessary services and care.

Behavior

the way a person acts

Nonverbal Communication

the way a speaker provides information to other without using words

Body Language

the way a speaker uses gestures, expressions, and movements to convey a message

Phenotype

the way an individual's genotype is expressed through physical and behavioral characteristics

Epigenetic

the work done by social psychologists such as Kohlberg, Maslow, Erikson, and Freud is the study of human cell growth and development

Give an example of "real world" conditioning

the work of industrial psychologists and interior decorators design environments are designed to change people's behavior- work harder and more efficiently, lighting, ergonomics, comfort

What is the difference between collectivism and personism?

they both relate to the role groups play in a person's culture. In collectivism the individual is not seen as independent to the group. In personism the individual is seen as independent from the group.

How can a counselor ensure that treatment objectives are valid and useful?

they can use the acronym SMART to develop them

TIA

transient ischemic attack: a "minor" stroke that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is only temporarily interrupted.

What would a typical treatment plan for schizophrenia?

treatment measures are directed at symptom management and may include anti-psychotic medications, behavior therapies, and social skills

If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ______

two different populations

Type I Error/Alpha Error

when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Job Modification

when a worker performs the particular job in a different way than most

Dual-Diagnosis

when an individual is diagnosed with both a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder

A reliability coefficient for most psychological attributes is often

.70 or greater

For jobs, schools, and so on, a reliability coefficient should be at least

.80 or higher

Measures of correlation coefficient

0 no relationship, +1 perfect positive relationship: a change in one results in the same change in the other, -1 perfect negative relationship: one goes up and one goes down at same magnitude

Erikson's 8 stages of development

0-2 yrs. Trust vs. Mistrust, 2-4 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, 4-5 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt, 5-12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority, 13-19 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion, 20-24 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation, 25-64 yrs. Generatively vs. Stagnation, 65- death Ego Integrity vs. Despair

5 Principles of Ethical Behavior

1) Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Non-maleficence 4) Justice 5) Fidelity

3 tests designed to measure predictive validity

1) GRE: used to predict the success of a person entering grad school 2) SAT/ACT: predict success in undergrad education 3) Polling: predicts outcome of elections; often deemed inaccurate predictors

Two types of norms used to interpret psychometric assessments

1) General norms: typical score because a large number of others have achieved the same score 2) Special norms: a large number of people who share a common characteristic have achieved the same score

5 Main Qualitative Research Strategies

1) Grounded Theory 2) Ethnographic 3) Narrative 4) Phenomenological 5) Case Studies

What are the four main family structures?

1) Nuclear 2) Extended 3) Single parent 4) Blended

What are the 4 stages of group progression as outlined by Yalom?

1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination

Yalom's Stages of a Group

1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination

Time Management Techniques

1) Prioritize 2) Allows for as many tasks to be done as possible 3) use of technology that may make job easier

4 methods of sampling

1) Random Sampling 2) Cluster Sampling 3) Stratified Sampling 4) Horizontal Sampling

Holland's 6 Personality Types

1) Realistic 2) Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic

Holland's 6 Personality Types

1) Realistic 2)Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic

What are the five levels of exertion?

1) Sedentary: less then 6lbs regularly and no more than 10lbs at a time 2) Light: less than 11lbs regularly and no more than 20lbs at a time 3) Medium: 26lbs regularly and no more than 50lbs 4) Heavy: less than 50lbs regularly and no more than 100lbs 5) Very Heavy: 50lbs regularly and more than 100lbs

4 areas of concern in client-counselor relationship

1) Team approach to treatment planning 2) Monitoring to determine progress of plan 3) Development of realistic, attainable goals 4) Consideration of client resources: $$, transportation, and social support

3 methods of measuring test reliability

1) Test-retest 2) Equivalent or alternate form 3) Split-half Method

Name 2 tests that measure inclination/aptitudes

1) Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT) 2) Minnesota Viewpoint Test 3) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Name 3 Gestalt Therapy Techniques

1) Top Dog/Underdog 2) Empty Chair 3) Hot Seat

What are the 3 main factors that determine if a supervisor and a counselor can work together effectively?

1) ability to agree on goals 2) Ability to agree on methods 3) Ability to cooperate

What four actions should a counselor encourage group members to take?

1) actively listen to other members 2) refrain from interrupting/distracting 3) stay involved in group discussion 4) to take necessary steps outside of the group

What are the three main types of arbitrators?

1) ad hoc- a person who is chosen by the client, counselor or employer to handle a specific dispute 2) permanent- an individual who regularly works for a counselor or firm 3) arbitrator panel- a group of arbitrators that have been chosen by parties involved handling the dispute

3 leadership styles

1) autocratic (authoritarian) 2) democratic 3) lassies-fare

4 Types of Validity

1) construct 2) external 3) internal 4) statistical conclusion

4 Types of Quantitative Research

1) correlation 2) ex post facto 3) qusai-experimental 4) True experimental

What are 3 reasons group work may not be appropriate?

1) counselors can lose control of the group 2) Group members can experience emotional harm 3) Not all clients are going to be able to trust enough to participate in group

3 characteristics of an effective qualitative research strategy

1) credibility of sources 2) dependability of sources 3) transferability of results to a larger population

4 goals of counselor during a feedback interview

1) deliver information as effectively as possible 2) engage client in a discussion 3) ensure the client understands the information 4) gather enough information to develop a plan to proceed

3 goals of Behavioral Group Approach

1) develop social skills 2) teach the skills necessary to function in society 3) help teach the skills necessary to adapt to whatever the situation is

4 major illness prevention strategies

1) dietary 2) exercise/lifestyle 3) stress management 4) hygiene

Name three possible coping strategies used to deal with a disability

1) disengagement-oriented 2) Disposition-type 3) Engagement-oriented

What techniques should a counselor use to help a family with a child receiving in or out-patient care?

1) double check all info collected about family to insure accuracy 2) Evaluate home to ensure that child and family will be able to function

5 actions a counselor can take to be an effective advocate

1) encourage people to act in the interest of those with disabilities 2) encourage clients to represent their interests 3) work with people to remove environmental barriers 4) ensure access to services 5) promotion of designs and models that accommodate functional limitations

Three strategies a counselor can use to change the ways society views people in minority groups?

1) experiential strategies- exposure to people with disabilities 2) informational strategies- educating people eon disability 3) simulation strategies- an activity that allows the individual to "try-on" a disability

Two types of functional capacity evaluations (FCE)

1) general function: assess the skills required in a variety of occupations; before an occupation has been chosen 2) job-specific: assess the skills for a particular occupation: after an occupation has been chosen

Three approaches a counselor can utilize

1) group therapy 2) psychodynamic 3) skills training

When developing a position for a client a counselor should:

1) identify and contact an employer who might be willing to create a position 2) contact another employer if the first is unable to create a position 3) When an employer agrees an interview with the client should be set up

Disadvantages of a Computerized Evaluation

1) mistakes might be made that would not be made on a paper test 2) Test may be blemished due to the program administering it 3) Some may provide too much information which can make it difficult for the counselor to sift through

According to Satir what are the 4 issues which impeded communication within a family?

1) placating 2) Blaming 3) Irrelevance 4) Over reasonability

What are the 5 functions typically associated with case management?

1) planning 2) organizing 3) coordinating 4) directing 5) controlling

What are some early steps to be taken when setting up counseling groups for adults?

1) pre-screening interviews to determine a suitable fit 2) during the interview the purpose of the group should be described as well as why the client wants to join

When giving feedback to client the counselor should:

1) reiterate the purpose and format of the assessment 2) share the results and exactly what they mean 3) ask for and answer all questions

What is the approximate suicide rate in U.S.?

11/100,000

How many people within 2 standard deviations?

95%

How many people within 3 standard deviations?

99.7%

Clinical Supervision

A process in which an organization provides monitoring and evaluation of the performance of its counselors.

Oscar K. Buros

Came up with the Mental Measurements Yearbook that rates psychological tests

Transactional Analysis (TA)

Cognitive model of therapy which asserts that health communication transactions where vectors of communication run parallel.

Donald Meichenbaum

Cognitive therapist most associated with the concept of stress inoculation

Identity Crisis

Coined by Erikson- describes the suffering a person goes through when they know who they are and what they want to do.

Integrated Developmental Model

Designed by Delworth & Stoltenberg states that counselor skills can be developed in 8 domains: client assessment, ethics, interpersonal assessment, conceptualization, intervention, serving people w/ different needs, understanding and applying theory, & treatment planning/goal setting

EMDR

Developed by Francine Shapiro; Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; moving the eyes can work to deal with traumatic memories

Greek Chorus

Devised by Peggy Papp, refers to a consultant of supervisory team that observes a session from behind a 1-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family.

Musterbation

Ellis made up term meaning to "must," as in people must do this or that

Bibliotherapy

Ellis; books recommended by the counselor for the client to read

Victor Frankl

Father of Logo therapy

Oedipus Complex

Freudian Term: when a boy in the phallic stage bonds with his mother and experiences a sexual attraction to her

Displacement

Freudian idea- an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable

Rationalization

Freudian idea- defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are logically justified and explained in a rational or logical manner in order to avoid any true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable

Introjection

Freudian idea- the process where the subject replicates in itself behaviors, attributes or other fragments of the surrounding world, especially of other subjects

Denial

Freudian idea-defense mechanism postulated in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence

Dream Analysis

Freudian technique used to understand the unconscious mind

Transactional Analysis (TA) often uses _____________ techniques

Gestalt

Empty Chair

Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client sits in one of two chairs and addresses the empty one in regards to the individual's issues

Leniency/Strictness Bias

Giving a worker a very high or a very low rating and avoiding average ratings

Guidance Groups

Have the purpose to provide information and discussion focus on how the information is relevant to group members; often found in schools

Cephalcocaudal

Head to foot

Who created the TAT?

Henry Murry

Phenylketonuria

Hereditary condition in which an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless baby is placed on a special diet

Klinefeller's Syndrome

Hereditary condition where females have no gonads or sex hormones

What is a common criticism of Jean Piaget's findings?

His findings were often based on his own children.

Jay Haley

His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy; often uses paradox.

The Strong Interest Inventory is based off whose ideas?

Holland

Adaptability

How rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic a family is

BASIC-ID

Idea from Lazarus, an acronym meaning B= behaviors A= affective S= sensations I= images C=cognitions I=interpersonal D= drugs

Erikson's fifth stage of development

Identity vs. Role Confusion- 13-19, identifies roles and identity- social, potential vocational roles, adult roles

Covert Sensitization

Imagining an event before it is done

What is the difference between a spiral test and a cyclical test?

In a spiral test there is only one section and the questions get progressively more difficult throughout while in a cyclical test each section has progressively harder questions

Is it ethical for a counselor to accept a client's property in exchange for services?

In most cases no

Lifestyle

Includes an individual's work, leisure, and other patterns of living

Human Capital Theory

Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

Erikson's forth stage of development

Industry vs. inferiority- 6-12, develops competence socially and academically

Phenomenological

Information is gathered about a major life event experienced by a group (ex: 9/11)

Narrative

Information is gathered about a specific population group through the stories told about them

Grounded Theory

Information is gathered so that researchers can develop a theory

Erikson's third stage of development

Initiative vs. Guilt- 3-6, children meet challenges, assume responsibility, identity the rights of others

ICD

Internal Classification of Disease

John Ertl

Invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency to take the place of pencil and paper tests. It relies on a computer, EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet.

Self Directed Search (SDS)

Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, it is self administered and self scored

Interitem Consistency

Is each item on the test measuring the same variable

How did Kohlberg's work differ from Piaget's?

It expanded on Piaget's work by adding adolescent and adult moral development

What is the RESPECTFUL counseling model?

It is an approach where the counselor focuses on a person's background and the primary goal is to help the client obtain knowledge, skills, abilities, and the resources the person needs to function. R- Religion E- Economic Background S- Sexual Identity P- Psychological Maturity E- Ethnic Background C- Challenges Developmentally T- Trauma F- Family History U- Unique Characteristics L- Language

Culture Fair Test

Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture

_________ postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of Bandura.

John Krumboltz

Who are the two most prominent behaviorists?

John Watson and B.F. Skinner

Humanistic Psychology

Known as the third force in psychology; holds that people are inherently good; adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential; encourages viewing "whole person" greater than the sum of parts.

William Perry

Known for his ideas on adult cognitive development/intellectual development, especially college students; came up with concepts of Dualistic and Relativistic Thinking

Murray Bowen

Known for work in intergenerational family therapy which utilized genograms; proposed the idea of triangulation

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses radio waves, computers, and magnetic fields to construct images, it is a non-evasive experience

NASW

National Association of Social Workers- established on 1955

NBCC

National Board of Certified Counselors

NLP

Neurolingusitc programming; created by John Grinder and John Bandle- they studied therapists to discover what they did rather than what they said.

Treatment Protocol for Alzheimer's

No cure but exercise, nutrition, physical therapy can help. Need visual monitoring to stay safe and need frequent reminders and queues to reduce anxiety

Is it ethical for a counselor to advertise services they are not trained to provide?

No!

Reversibility

Piaget term to describe a child's understanding that a process can be done in reverse (ex: toys in backyard can also be picked up and put way)

Schema

Piaget's term for a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world

1958 National Defense Education Act

Provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Pyramid of priority of needs

Operant Conditioning

Skinner: used positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to change behaviors

In Holland's Theory, teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers would for into the ___________ category.

Social

SCCT

Social Cognitive Career Theory- states that self-efficacy impacts career decisions

Arthur Jenson

Sparked the Black vs. White IQ debate in 1969

What is the difference between a speed test and a power test?

Speed tests measure how long it takes a person to complete and is not concerned with difficulty while a has no time limit and is designed to measure the breadth of knowledge of the taker

SIC

Standard Industrial Classification Manual; classifies business in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in

SOC

Standard Occupational Classification, a manual that codes jobs in clusters that contain jobs that are similar enough that a person may have the skills to work in any of them

Today the _______ is used from ages 2 years until adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the SAS or the Standard Age Score

Stanford Binet

Lenore Walker

Stated domestic violence has three stages; 1) tension building 2) battering phase 3) honeymoon phase- abuser states they will never do it again

Leon Festinger

Stated that friendships and attraction are the highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other

Spearman

Stated that there are two factors in intelligence, a general ability (G), and a specific ability (S), which were thought to be applicable to any mental task

Robert Kegan

Stated the client cam make a meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His sic stages of development are 1) incorporative 2) impulsive 3) imperial 4) interpersonal 5) institutional 6) interindividual

A hierarchy or pecking order among members occurs in the stage of _____.

Storming

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling.

Strategic

In ______ family counseling the person with the power in the family has the authority to make rules and enforce them.

Strategic

Vertical Interventions

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group

Mimesis

Structural Family Therapy intervention: the therapist mimics the positive and negative behavior patterns of individual family members

Joining

Structural Family Therapy intervention: therapists attempt at greeting and bonding with family members

The Miracle Question

Suppose you woke up tomorrow and a miracle had occurred and the problem had been solved. How would you know? What would be different?

Counterbalancing

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study

Joseph Breuer

Taught Freud the value of the talking cure; known as catharsis

Robbers Cave Experiment

Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing the competition and enhancing cooperation

Public Law 93-380

The Buckley Amendment, When reviewing college files a college and demand a correction if an error is found

FL94-142

The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (1975)

Group Dynamics

The study of group operations

How might a facility use behavioral modification?

Token Economy

The Little Professor

Transactional Analytic term; the child explores and learns about the world and is creative and intuitive.

The Natural Child

Transactional Analytic term; the child is spontaneous, impulsive and untrained.

The Adapted Child

Transactional Analytic term; the child learns to comply to avoid punishment by the parent.

Placating

Trying to please everyone due to fear of rejection

Carol Gilligan

Was critical to Kohlberg's theory of moral development; she felt it was more applicable to females than males

Abandonment

a counselor is obliged to refer clients to another counselor if for any reason they must no longer provide services

Projection

a defense mechanism by which a person ascribes their faults to another person or thing

Compensation

a defense mechanism by which a person develops a behavioral or physical alternative to make up for a particular weakness

Denial

a defense mechanism by which a person refuses to acknowledge a fact or condition of their existence

Repression

a defense mechanism originally described by Freud by which a person stuffs down important issues and does not let them into their existence

Displacement

a defense mechanism which occurs in a variety of forms when a reaction to a situation is placed on something else. (ex: frustration with a poor test grade at school gets internalized and is then demonstrated through reckless driving)

Alcohol

a depressant that decreases the amount of activity in the brain, with excuse use can cause agitation, aggressiveness, altered vision, anxiety, depression, euphoria, insomnia, irritability, and sensitivity to light

Impairment

a functional limitation due to a medical condition

Self-help

a group created from people who have the same problem and looking for solutions

Paraprofessional

a helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials

Difficulty Index

a measure if the number of people who answer correctly

selection interview assessment

a meeting between an employer and an applicant

Test-retest Reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

Reality Therapy

a method of analysis developed by Glasser to help clients focus on the present rather than past experiences

do-it-and-report-routinely Level

a person will take action without approval but will report at regular intervals to the supervisor

do-it-and-report-it-immediately Level

a person will take action without approval but will report the action and the results to supervisor immediately

Dependence

a physical or psychological condition in which a person has taken so much od a substance that their body needs it to function normally

Relabeling

a recasting of the negative behavior in a positive light in order to get an emotional response from the client

Culture

a system of beliefs and values that a particular group has established , as well as the way people with in that group act because of those values.

Psychoanalysis

a technique developed by Freud to discover the subconscious mind

Muscles Relaxants

a type of analgesic designed to reduce painful muscle movements

Anti-inflammatory

a type of analgesic medications designed to reduce swelling and irritation

Disability

a type of functional limitation that prevents a person from performing certain tasks

What are some of the major ways a counselor can help a family who has a child with a disability?

a) career counseling b) stress management training c) disability education d) referring the family to other support services

What are some techniques that are useful for maintaining a group?

a) clarification b) Blocking c) Summarizing d) Linking

Info in a Treatment Plan

a) client diagnosis & codes b) major goals for treatment c) timeline for goal achievement d) interventions e) signatures of client and counselor

List some client rights

a) counselor disclosure statement b) Intent and purpose of rehab plan c) The techniques and potential risks of services utilized d) The cost of services e) The types of assessments/evaluations that are going to be used f) How the results of assessments are going to be used g) Client has right to refuse services

Stress Management Techniques

a) exercise b) relaxation- deep breathing, music c) socialization d) sleep

What are some different group leadership styles?

a) focus on process rather than content b) Pay more attention to facial expressions and other non-verbal cues over what is actually said c) Emphasis on content rather than process

Goals of Family Therapy

a) to achieve & maintain homeostasis with in the family unit b) achieve adaptability so that the family unit can adjust to new circumstances

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder most common in adolescent females where they deny themselves food and usually exercise in excessive amounts to get to the "ideal" weight which is never achieved. Treatment is most successful when caught early

Bisexuality

an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of both genders

Antibiotics

anti-anxiety medications

Blocking Role

attempts to hinder group formation and accomplishment of task through behaviors

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

auditory &/or visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia,

Mean

average

Hygiene Improvement

dental care, hair care, skin care

Person-centered Therapy

designed by Rogers, the "trinity" of the approach is made up of genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. The helper meets the client where they are at, helps them tell their story, and encourages them to become self-reliant

Minnesota Viewpoint Test

designed to assist career counselors matching traits with career options

Reality Therapy

developed by Glasser; focus is on the present and felt that people could control life by taking action; stressed the importance of perception

Arthur Janov

developed scream therapy

Three types of agencies that help people find occupational information

federal, state, and private

Daniel Goleman

felt emotional intelligence was more important than IQ

Human Factors Engineering

field focusing on designing objects so that they are compatible with the human body and human cognition

What is the process of filing a discrimination lawsuit?

first a person must file a discrimination claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) then wait for further notification. If there is enough evidence for a claim the EEOC will attempt to reach a settlement with the employer if a settlement cannot be reached the EEOC will file a lawsuit on behalf of the person. If the EEOC determines there is not enough evidence the individual will be lettered and given 90 days to file a suit on their own after which point stature of limitations will expire.

What are the three main types of advocacy?

group, self, and representative

Gender Identity

how a person perceives his or her role in society because of their male r female characteristics

Treatment for anorexia or bulimia

individual and group therapy with cognitive-behavioral approaches to gain insights, medications to help with anxiety and depression

Why is cultural background important?

influences values and beliefs which may then influence the techniques used, methods used, or how the counselor interacts with the client.

In general, behavioral modification strategies are based heavily on _________, while behavior therapy emphasizes __________.

instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles/classical conditioning and Pavlovian principles

Beneficence

intending to do good and act in the best interest of the client

Classical Conditioning

learning a new behavior via the process of association; learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Operant Conditioning

learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences

Etic

of, relating to, or involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who does not participate in the culture being studied

The Randolph Sheppard Vending Facility Program

offered by RSA to help people who are blind find and obtain employment by federal, state, &/or private facilities

Linear Causality

one cause equals one effect; the line of reasoning is direct

Opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Somatopsychological Approach

originally designed by Barker, Gonick, Meyerson, and Wright in 1953 to describe adjustment to disability. It is based on the idea that a person's reaction to an event is the result of their perceptions interacting with the environment (how a person thinks about disability affects how they respond to becoming disabled)

Exosystem

other systems such as school, church neighborhoods an individual interacts with

Training Groups

participants themselves learn about themselves and about small group processes in general, through their interaction with each other; use feedback, problem solving, and role play to gain insights into themselves, others, and groups.

True experimental

people are randomly assigned to an experimental/control group and the results of the two groups are compared

Human Capital Theory

people invest in training and education to get the highest return from career choice

base to top

physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization

Jacob Moreno

pioneered psychodrama and coined the term therapy

Prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

What is the ABC theory of personality?

presented by Albert Ellis, it is a method of refuting false beliefs. Clients are taught to link the A- activating event, with the B- beliefs, and the C- consequences. D & E can also be added D- dispute, E- effect

Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to _______ behavior.

prevent, correct, or enhance

Functional Limitations

prevents a person from performing required tasks as effectively as another person

List Anne Roe's 6 Levels of occupational skill

professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semi professional/small, business, skilled, semi skilled, unskilled

Focusing

prompts from the counselor to narrow the topic of discussion or to bring the discussion back on track

Correlation Coefficient is represented by what

r

What is a possible treatment for a client who awfulizes?

redirection toward positive alternatives

Absolute zero

refers to a point where none of the scale exists or where a score of zero can be assigned.

Magnitude

refers to the ability to know if one score is greater than, equal to, or less than another score.

Interquartile range

represents the difference between the 75th and the 25th percentile. To determine this score, simply subtract the score at the 75th percentile from the score at the 25th + 1. Interquartile range is used frequently to eliminate extreme scores on either end of the distribution. For distributions where the 75th and/or 25th percentiles aren't exactly knows, a process called extrapolation can be used.

Range of a distribution

represents the difference between the highest and lowest scores. Often a 1 is then added to determine the true range. For example, a distribution with scores of 1, 2, 2, 3, 6 would have a range of 6-1+1 or 6.

Forced Choice Tests

requires the test taker to recognize the information being presented by answering all questions

Correlation

researchers study the information gathered by previous researchers

Normative Test

results are compared with a large body of test takers who have established a normal range of scores

An SDS Score

reveals the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types

The 3-R's of Reality Therapy

right, responsibility, and reality- according to Glasser these are the essential elements of successful therapy

Abreaction

same as catharsis

Suppression

same as denial

Feminist Therapies

sees women as more evenly matched with males, also incorporates a less heterogeneous sexuality

What workplace factors should be assessed during an ergonomic assessment?

setting, desk, computer height, seating, positioning, height of the person, keyboard

Cognitive Therapy

similar to REBT but believes dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational

Fokeways

similar to mores; often cause embarrassment and result in lesser punishments

Attending

simple response to what client is saying

What are the characteristics of a good counselor?

sincere and genuine, empathetic, consistency and perseverance

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statistions call it ____

skewed

Daniel Paul Schreber

spent 9 years in a mental hospital and wrote the book Memoirs of a Mental Patient, Freud after seeing a copy thought he was dealing with issues around homosexuality and that he had a fear he would be turned into a woman and mate with God creating a new race

Equivalent stage of pain response

stage in which a person's response to stimuli is equal to the amount of stimuli

Norms

standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people

Status Attainment Theory

states that a person will achieve the same levels of emotional and financial success as parents.

Frustration-Aggression Theory

states that when people become blocked and cannot achieve a goal, they become frustrated which leads to aggression.

Amphetamines

stimulate the brain and speed up the metabolism, they can be used to treat ADD/HD and narcolepsy but can also cause mood change, high blood pressure, confusion, dizziness, euphoria, fatigue, paranoia and other similar issues

Intermittent Reinforcement

stimulus is used only at set times, most effective in maintaining new behavior

Horizontal Interventions

strategies that approach the group as a whole.

Rene Spitz

studied the behavior of young children and infants who had been in hospitals or institutions since birth and did not have parental contact, she found that these kids had problems sleeping and were more prone to illness which were in line with Harlow's earlier work

Placebo

substances or entities which are inert or inactive that are given to an experimental group, often people report an "effect" even though there is none

Biomedical Model

suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person has a medical condition that impairs ability to function

Economic Model

suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person is unable to work effectively as other people

Sociopolitical Model

suggests that a person has a functional limitation of society recognizes that the person is unable to function as well as other people.

Abscissa

the X axis

Group Content

the material discussed within the group

Catharsis

the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.

Cerebellum

the second largest part of the brain it coordinates muscle movements like walking, running, and other motions

Heritage

the set of customs, traditions, physical characteristics, and other cultural influences that are inherited from past generations

Sexual Identity

the set of sexual characteristics of a particular person, the person's perceived sexual characteristics, and the effects of sexual characteristics in other people

Cultural Diversity

the similarities and the differences that can be distinguished between differing cultures

Ethology

the study of animal behavior in their natural environment

Potential sources of error

the test taker, the way it was scored, the test content appropriateness for client, time influence, situation induced

Empiricism

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Internal Validity

the validity of the statements made about the relationships found during the research

Mesoystem

the way different microsystems work together

Co-leadership

this exists when there is more than one group leader

What is the purpose of a treatment plan review?

to evaluate and assess the client's progress toward treatment goals through time

Expertness

to have confidence in expertise and reliability of the counselor in the client's eyes is important; the counselor must not pretend to know things they don't

Why is it important for a counselor to keep track of the medications their clients are taking?

to help ensure that the client is on appropriate meds, to be aware of possible side effects, and over/under medication issues.

T-Group

training group usually found in the workplace

Ipsative

type of measure in which respondents compare two or more desirable options and pick the one that is most preferred.

The Wilcoson Signed Rank Test

used in place of the t test when data are non parametric and two correlated means need to be compared

Low-context Communication

used to describe how a person transmits information, a person states outright what they are trying to convey w/ minimal non-verbal information

High-context Communication

used to describe how a person transmits information, a person uses a variety of non-verbal signals to help convey what they are saying.

Counseling in dual diagnosis

used to help people find better ways than alcohol and drugs to cope with the stress of their psychiatric condition and other issues

Stimulants

used to stay awake or alert and are used to treat narcolepsy

Alpha reliability

uses statistical methods to check reliability

Convenience Sampling

using randomly available groups (the easiest to access); sample may be biased

Variable Schedule

variable time period between reinforcers, schedules produce a steady rate of response

What is the typical treatment process for a dual diagnosis?

varies from person to person but typically is detoxification from their substance of choice, chemical dependency treatment, treatment for psychological diagnosis, and will continue these treatments until they can function

Dual Relationship

when a counselor has a relationship with a client outside of the counseling environment

Irrelevance

when a person displaces the potential problem with an unrelated activity

Over-reasonability

when a person keeps their emotions in check and functions like a machine

Accommodation

when a person's workspace is customized to their needs

Cultural Pluralism

when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.

Consolidation

when the client works with the counselor or group leader to develop plans for future

Statistical Conclusion Validity

when the information obtained can be used to prove or disprove a particular theory

Blocking

when the leader steps in to protect participants from each other

Extroversion vs. Introversion

where does the individual get their energy?

Probability Sampling

where everyone has an equal chance of getting in; a problem is that by chance the actual population could not be adequately represented

Likert-Type Scale

which respondents choose the score (e.g. 1 to 5) which best represents the degree to which they agree with a given statement

John Bowlby

worked in bonding and attachment and that they have survival value. He felt that in order to lead a healthy life a child must bond with an adult before the age of three.

Alternate Assessments

written and observation

McDougall and Ross

wrote book Introduction to Social Psychology

What is the most effective time period between CS and US?

½ second

Functional Assessment Inventory

(FAI), designed by Crewe and Athelstan in 1984, tests functional limitations and their effects on occupational performance

Functional Assessment Evaluation

(FCE): the assessing of client skills and the performance of certain tasks

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

(IDEA) originally passed in 1975 designed to give kids with disabilities an educational tailored to meet their needs. It requires schools which get federal funding to provide these accommodation services free of charge to students


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