NCE
Rational Emotive Therapy
(RET), founded by Albert Ellis it helps people understand their environment through neutral perceptions and taught people to override irrational thoughts with rational ones.
Transference
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another noun- during psychoanalysis the displacement of feelings toward others (usually the parents) is onto the analyst
Two processes within adaptation
1) Assimilation- modifying the relevant environmental events so they can be incorporated into the individual's existing structure 2) Accommodation- modifying the organization of the individual in response to environmental events
4 Etiologies of Medical Disorders
1) Congenital Defects 2) Degenerative Disorders 3) Acquired Disorders 4) Unknown Origin
4 Types of Testing Validity
1) Content 2) Construct 3) Concurrent 4) Predictive
Kübler-Ross' 5 Stages of Grief
1) Denial 2) Anger 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance
Yalom's Leader Functions
1) Emotional Stimulation 2) Caring 3) Meaning Attribution 4) Executive Leadership.
Brinkerhoff's Six Stages of Evaluation
1) Evaluation of need assessment & goal setting 2) Program design 3) Program implementation 4) Evaluation of learning 5) Evaluation of usage and endurance of learning 6) Evaluation of payoff
Corey's Stages of Group Development
1) Formation 2) Orientation & Exploration 3) Transition 4) Working 5) Consolidation & Termination 6) Post Group
3 prominent people in career guidance
1) Frank Parsons: wrote "Choosing a Vocation," known as the "Father of Voc Guidance," trait-factor 2) Edmund Williamson: advocated for use of Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale and trait-factor 3) Anne Roe: Voc psychologist who suggested career choice theory based on personality traits, relied on Maslow; developed a system of job classification
Advantages of computerized evaluation
1) allows a large amount of info to be collected quickly 2) determine results more accurately as well as quickly 3) keeps testing conditions more consistent 4) more convenient to store results
4 main psychiatric disorders associated with dual diagnosis
1) anxiety 2) depression 3) personality disorders 4) schizophrenia
Describe the three main types of environmental barriers faced by people with disabilities
1) architectural 2) service 3) societal
What should a counselor avoid doing in a feedback session?
1) arguing with client 2) not focus on disability or weaknesses 3) avoid confusing the client
Process of case management
1) assess client's specific needs 2) decide whether or not the counselor is suited to fulfill those needs 3) if outside help is needed, acquire it 4) discuss needs and services with client 5) provide services and ensure service from outside agencies are received 6) ongoing monitoring of progress
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy
1) basic 2) subtractive 3) addictive
What are some of the major cultural factors that can affect a person's ability to receive services?
1) biases 2) cost 3) level of trust 4) level of willingness 5) stigma
What are the ethics around establishing fees?
1) client's ability to pay must be evaluated, if they cannot afford services the counselor must refer them to another agency 2) Counselor's must inform clients of the Fee for Service 3) A counselor is prohibited from charging any non-agency fees
What actions make someone an effective supervisor?
1) encourages the giving and receiving of feedback and encouragement 2) Cooperates with subordinates 3) Demonstrates the skills and attributes to be followed 4) Demonstrates a sense of enjoyment and satisfaction in their work 5) Discusses problems as soon as they arise
Advantages of Group Counseling
1) extension of client social support system 2) improved ability to communicate
What are the four categories in the MBTI?
1) extroversion vs. introversion 2) Sensing vs. intuition 3) Thinking vs. feeling 4) Judging vs. organizing
What are the 5 stages of a group?
1) formation 2) start-up 3) transition 4) working 5) termination
What steps should a counselor take when working with a group form a different cultural background?
1) gather information about the culture 2) Understand how groups in that culture communicate 3) Ask questions to clarify any confusion
If English is not a first language for a client what should the counselor do?
1) gather information about the other's culture 2) identify the cultural factors that may affect the person's ability to communicate 3) determine whether the client speak English well enough to communicate 4) identify and implement strategies to minimize the language barrier
What are the three goals of a cognitive group approach?
1) help each group member improve their self-opinion 2) Help each member distinguish fantasy from reality 3) Help members find the information and resource they need
Steps of Strategic Planning
1) identification of goals 2) assessment of counselor ability to meet these goals 3) outlining of specific techniques that can be used to achieve 4) carry out the chosen intervention 5) evaluate progress on a continuous basis
What is the process of a transferable skills analysis?
1) identify client's skills 2) Look at each skill to determine if it is transferrable 3) Use resources to identify compatible occupations 4) Use a job matching system to find specific jobs
What are some ground rules for therapy groups?
1) no eating or drinking 2) Confidentiality 3) Respect for self and others
What are some barriers a person with a psychiatric disability might face?
1) occupational- functional limits such as anxiety or lack of motivation 2) social- inability to interact appropriately with others 3) societal- how others view the disorder
The 5 Layers of the Person (Perls)
1) phony layer 2) phobic layer 3) impasse layer 4) implosive layer 5) explosive layer
Ethical principles of research
1) protecting the rights of participants 2) research is consistent with organization's rules, standards of practice, and all laws 3) the counselor is responsible for actions taken by those under their supervision 4) respect of the culture of participants 5) minimize the harm done to participants
Kirkpatrick's 4 Levels of Evaluation
1) reaction level- measures client's reaction to program 2) Learning level- evaluates program by testing clients' new knowledge 3) Behavior level- evaluates program by monitoring client behavior 4) Results level- evaluates program by analyzing progress made toward original goal/s
What are the steps of the desensitization process?
1) relaxation training 2) Construction of an anxiety hierarchy 3) Desensitization in imagination 4) in vivo or "real" life desensitization
Interpreting Test Results
1) review results looking for trends and patterns 2) organize information in a way that makes sense 3) check the validity and reliability of tests and focus on client strengths/abilities
Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) Concrete Operations 4) Formal Operations
What are four types of employment a person with a psychiatric disability may be able to receive?
1) standard 2) sheltered 3) supported 4) transitional
4 approaches to family therapy
1) strategic 2) behavioral 3) psychodynamic 4) object relations
Culture
1) the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time 2) a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc. 3) a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business)
Steps of Mediation
1) the people involved in the dispute select a mediator 2) mediator establishes a format 3) mediator will host a joint meeting between all parties to discuss issue/s 4) mediator will facilitate a discussion of solutions
What are the goals a person must achieve in order to adapt to a disability?
1) the person must recognize their skills and understand the opportunities that are available to them 2) must alter the personal beliefs they hold that get in their way 3) must recognize opportunities to overcome and circumvent physical limitations 4) must not let the disability control areas of their life which are not relevant
3 Adlerian Principles
1) the strongest motivation of a person is to find a place in society and its groups 2) Reality is a matter or perceptions that can be altered or improved through therapy 3) Assimilation is a strong source of motivation so it is natural for an individual to change his behavior to gain acceptance of a group
What is society's role in the rehabilitation process?
1) to ensure equal rights for a disabled person 2) ensure the people with disabilities have access to necessary services 3) ensure that people with disabilities has access to employment
Counselor-client relationship concerns
1) treatment plane developed with input from client 2) close monitoring to check for Tx plan effectiveness 3) Realistic and attainable goals 4) the economic, transportation, and social support of client are taken into account
Socioeconomic Classes
1) upper class 2) upper middle class 3) lower middle class 4) working class 5) working poor 6) poor
What four broad categories are theories on human growth and development divided into
1. Learning 2. Cognitive 3. Psychoanalytical 4. Humanistic and Self theories
What are Freud's five stages of development?
1. Oral- birth to 18 months 2. Anal- 18mos-3yrs 3. Phallic- 3-5yrs 4. Latency- 6-12 yrs 5. Genital 12-19yrs
What three broad areas does systematic development occur over the life span?
1. Physical 2) Cognitive 3. Psychosocial
The mean of the Wechsler is _______ and the standard deviation is___________
100/15
Frank Parsons
1900s he set up centers to help individuals search for work; was the first to heavily focus on sociocultural issues.
When did school counseling gain momentum?
1960s
When did the Group Movement begin?
1960s
Forming
1st stage of group development; individual's behavior is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict.
Position/rank
1st type ranks don't tell us much; percentiles tell us more information
______ hours per session is a good norm for a group
2 hours
Storming
2nd stage of group development; different ideas compete for consideration
Conventional Morality
3rd stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, teenager/adult gets more comfortable to conform than to oppose the rules of society, they begin to understand morality as a system of customs and rules which benefit all of society.
Norming
3rd stage of group development; the team manages to have one goal and come to a mutual plan for the team at this stage; compromise is necessary in order to make the team function
Preforming
4th stage of group development; teams can function as a unit as they find ways to get the job done smoothly and effectively without inappropriate conflict or the need for external supervision.
You must keep client records for at least ______ years after last contact
5
An effective adult counseling group has ______ members.
5-8 people
Around _____ of male therapists have sexual intercourse with clients, while ______ of female therapist have sex with clients.
5.5% / 6%
Adjourning
5th stage of group development; group dissolves and members go their separate ways
How many people with in 1 standard deviation
68%
Women make _____ cents on the dollar that a man makes
76
Over _______% of jobs are not advertised?
76%
Physiatrists
A Dr. with expertise in body mechanics
Psychosis
A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders
Career
A broad path including a variety of jobs and occupations (medicine field)
Qualitative (as related to growth and development)
A change in structure or organization (ex. Sexual development.
Status Attainment Theory
A child will eventually secure job commensurate with hi or her family status
Dichotomy
A choice between two opposing answers
The Branum Effect
A client will take results fro a test and apply it to themselves no matter what the results say.
Urie Bronfenbrenner
A co-developer of the National Head Start Program; proposed a theory of development that is an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem the mesoystem, the exosystem, and the macro system
Split Half Method
A counselor during research decoded to split a standard test in half by using the even items on one test and the odd items as a second test- tests for reliability
Cultural Encapsulation
A counselor imposing goals form their own culture on people from another culture
Pictorial Sociogram
A diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members
Relational Ethics
A family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability.
Referral Fee
A fee paid for recommending or referring a potential client or customer
Huntington's Disease
A genetic disorder that surfaces around age 30 causing anxiety and physical weakness as well as psychiatric and cognitive issues
Skew
A graphical measure of extreme scores. Extreme scores, often referred to as outliers, are scores that fall at an unusual or unexpected distance from the other scores.
Kurtosis
A graphical measure of variability among scores. There are three types of kurtosis- Leptokurtic, Platykurtic, & Mesokurtic
Risky Shift Phenomenon
A group decision is often more liberal than an individual decision
Control Group
A group of participants not subject to the intervention to establish a baseline
Thought Stopping
A learned response which teaches the user to recognize and change unhealthy thoughts
A Life Script
A life drama or plot
Premack Principle
A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior
Yerkes-Dodson Lay
A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance
A double bind
A no win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.
Open-ended Script
A person has no direction or plan
Always Script
A person will always remain a give away
Entropy
A popular term in family therapy, it is when a dysfunctional family are either too open or closed.
Secondary Groups
A problem or disturbance is present but not severe
Rorschach
A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. The Rorschach uses 10 ink blot cars and the client is asked what they see.
TAT
A projective assessments that follow a free-response formula. There are 30 of an ambiguous nature and the client is asked to tell as tory about them; attempts to determine underlying needs, attitudes, and responses to environmental conditions.
t-Test
A simplistic form of analysis of variance it is used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different
Role Conflict
A situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way they actually behave
Case Study
A specific action, person, or group is studied to learn more about them specifically
Meta Analysis
A study that analyzes the findings of numerous studies
Speed Test
A test that measures time; designed not to be completed but to see how far the respondent can get within a certain pre-set amount of time.
Objective Test
A test with a specific scoring procedure
Restraining
A therapist may warn the family or individual about a negative consequence of change. This helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.
Casual Comparative Design
A true experiment except the groups were not randomly assigned
Frequency distributions
A way to describe our data and how often it occurs: graphs, charts
Displaced Homemaker
A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family.
Compensatory Effect
A worker compensates for things he or she cannot get at work
Statement of Disclosure
A written document that lets the client know about the procedures and practices of the services they are to receive. Includes: billing, office hours, counselor credentials, and confidentiality procedures
An ¬______ time series design is the simplest type of single subject research and was initially popularized by behavioral modifiers in the 19060s-70s
AB or ABA
A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of what association?
AMECD- The Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
Exceptions to confidentiality include
Abuse/neglect of vulnerable population, sexual abuse, danger to self or others, ROI is signed, court order, Insurance agency, supervision
What are the three traits necessary to cope with a disability?
According to the somatopsychological approach 1) the ability to identify activities that they can still participate in 2) the ability to acknowledge of quality of life in spite of disability 3) the ability to discover techniques for improving quality of life
A _________ test measures actual knowledge.
Achievement
Who's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement?
Adler
In TA the _____ ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings
Adult
How many people and how much time is appropriate for a counseling group?
Adult groups should meet to 1.5-2 hours and have about 8 groups. Groups with kids should meet for shorter amounts of time and have no more than 4 members.
What methods are used to market RC services?
Advertising & Networking
When working with an _______ family the best approach would probably be Bowen's family therapy or Jay Haley's Strategic Family Therapy.
African American
What are some of the cultural characteristics a person with a psychiatric disability if they belong to the African or Asian American culture?
African Americans are less likely to seek or accept help for a for a psychiatric disability and Asian Americans are even less likely to ask for help
Sleeper Effect
After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message
Culture Epoch Theory
All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.
Monolithic Perspective
All members of a specific race or group are seen as identical to each other
Horizontal Sampling
All study participants share a specific set of characteristics.
Hawthorne Effect
Also called the observer effect, when an exceptive outcome occurs just by the presence of the experiment or experimenter
AAMFT
American Association for Marriage and Family Counseling Therapy
AAS
American Association of Suicidology.
ACA
American Counseling Association
Virgina was the first state to license counselors in 1976. APGA (later the AACD & ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensure was the _____
American Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
APGA
American Personnel and Guidance Association
A vertical relationship in when the counselor is viewed as __________
An Expert
Avocation
An activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money
How might the conditioning response be used in sports?
An athlete is trained to react in specific ways to specific stimuli, these behaviors may be different than natural responses
Time Out
An extinction technique where the individual is removed from the situation and put into a low stimulus environment
Transmarginal Inhibition
An organism's response to overwhelming stimuli, first detailed by Pavlov
Describe "Insurance"
An organization agrees to cover the costs of the item insured in trade for dues and fees
Muscular Dystrophy
An umbrella term for a degenerative muscle condition
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance- used when two or more groups need to be compared, yield an F-statistic which if it exceeds the critical value the null hypothesis is rejected
Content
Analysis of the client's material
_________ suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. Her work is also known as a "person environment" theory. She utilized a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels.
Anne Roe
Higher Order Needs
Any need which is not physiological
Covert
Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed
Nonsummativity
Any system, including family, is greater than the sum of its parts and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each other's behaviors
Trait and Factor Theory
Approach that attempts to match the worker and the work environment. The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. Devised by Parsons and Williamson.
A _________ test measures potential.
Aptitude
Define Universal Culture
As humans we are biologically alike and have the same biological needs
Milton H. Erickson
Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypothesis
Nathan Acherman
Associated with the theory of psychodynamic family counseling; concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between them.
AMCD
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
Postmodernism
Assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only one people's individual perception of what constitutes reality or the truth
Harry Harlow
Attachment is an innate tendency and not learned behavior; used baby monkeys to demonstrate this and found that they preferred a comforting "mother" over a feeding "mother"
Erikson's second stage of development
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt- 1½-3, toddler asserts themselves and develops some sense of independence
Ginzberg's Developmental Approach
Based on developmental factors that relate to occupational choice 1) Fantasy, birth-11: children dream of future work 2) Tentative, 11-17: the teen begins to view career in terms of abilities, background, and education3) Realistic, 12- early 20s: person compromises between abilities and aspirations. *Later expanded theory to say that career development is a lifelong process
Hoppock's Theory
Based on the work of Henry Murray and is considered a personality approach
Extinction
Behavior Modification Term: the process of getting a behavior to disappear with little or no reinforcement
Maturation Theory
Behavior is guided exclusively via heredity factors until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. An individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
Contextualism
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs
Traditionally, ______ counseling caused the most ethical concerns.
Behavioral
BCP
Behavioral Control of Perception, an idea advanced by Glasser which states that thoughts, feelings and actions are controlled by the individual's perceptions
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertive trainers refer to this as_______
Behavioral Rehearsal
Sensate Focus
Behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. It works like systematic desensitization where a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.
A counselor who favors a __________ mode of career counseling would most likely suggest a site visit to a work setting
Behavioristic
Mores
Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior; the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community. If mores are broken, people often punished.
James Framo
Believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love hate feelings in kids. The more pathological early life experiences the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fir the internal love hate scenario from childhood
Lewis Terman Americanized the______
Binet
Triangulation
Bowenian idea when a dyad is under stress and they add a third person; creates "an odd man out"
Differentiation
Bowenian idea- A person with a well-differentiated "self" recognizes his realistic dependence on others, but he can stay calm and clear headed enough in the face of conflict, criticism, and rejection to distinguish thinking rooted in a careful assessment of the facts from thinking clouded by emotionality
Emotional Cutoff
Bowenian idea- describes people managing their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other family members by reducing or totally cutting off emotional contact with them.
Genogram
Bowenian idea- pictorial diagram of a family that uses symbols and types of lines to indicate interfamily patterns as well as individual issues
Ecological Systems Theory
Bronfenbrenner- the process of human development as being shaped by the interaction between an individual and his or her environment
Item Difficulty Index
Calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered questions correctly divided by the total number of persons tested.
Linda Gottfredson
Came up with the developmental theory of career which focuses on circumscription and compromise theory; investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity.
John Dollard and Neal Miller
Came up with the frustration-aggression theory
Raymond B. Cattell
Came up with the ideas of fluid and crystalized intelligence
Victor Vroom
Came up with the motivation and management expectancy theory stating that an employee's performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards such as $$, promotion, or satisfaction?), expectancy (what does the person feel they are capable of doing) and instrumentally (will the manger actually give the employee the promised reward and raise?)
The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by___
Caplan
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that genetics helps to determine intelligence and education and hence influence one's ______
Career Choice
Roe's theory states ________ is influenced by genetics, parent child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests, education, and intelligence.
Career Choice
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of _____
Carl Jung
Discontinuous (in relation to human growth and development)
Certain changes in abilities or behaviors that can be separated from others, which argues for stages of development.
CCMHC
Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor
CRC
Certified Rehabilitation Counselor
Accident Theory of Career Development
Chance factors influence one's career choice
Autoplastic
Change comes from within
Quantitative (in relation to human growth and development)
Change in number, degree, or frequency (ex. Changes in intellectual development)
Qualitative
Changes that may not be measurable on their own; the whole individual must be looked at.
Edmund Griffith Williamson
Chief spokesman for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson's model to create a theory for counseling which transcended vocational issues.
In TA the _______ is made up of three stages- the natural child, the adapted child, and the little professor.
Child state
Little Hans
Cites psychoanalytic theory; Hans was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration to anxiety to explain it.
Experimental Conjoint Family Therapy
Closely related to the work of Virgina Satir, The primary goal of therapy is to improve intrafamily communication. There are four basic patterns preventing good communication when under stress 1) defensive postures 2) placating, blaming, overly responsible 4) irrelevant
Zone of Proximal Development
Coined by Vygotsky- describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which the child is capable of with an teacher.
CAT Scan
Computed Axial Tomography , the least evasive of all diagnostic imaging, uses both computer and x-ray to construct a graphic image
CAC
Computer Assisted Counseling- a program that helps perform counseling services
CMC
Computer Managed Counseling- help run a practice
Piaget's 3rd Stage of Development
Concrete Operational- 7-11, logical operations are developing, can put objects in order, understand conservation of matter
Francis Galton
Conducted research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic.
Daniel J. Levinston
Conducted research at Yale which found that 80% of men experienced moderate to sever midlife crisis.
Neal Miller
Conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes.
1st Stage of Minority Identity Development
Conformity- self depreciation attitude and identification with the majority
Objective Test
Consistently factual and leaves no room for biases
Holland's ___________ type values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role."
Conventional
______ research does not make use of the paradigm in which an IV is experimentally introduced
Correlation
CACREP
Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs-1981
APA is to psychologists as ACA is to _____
Counselor
Robert Carkhuff
Created a 5-point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect.
Transactional Analysis
Created by Eric Berne there are three ego states 1) Child 2) The Adult 3) Parent
Fixed Role Therapy
Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role and is instructed to read the script at least 3x/day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.
The Gelatt Decision Model
Created by Henry Gelatt it refers to information as "the fuel of the decision" and that information can be divided into three categories 1) predicative 2) value 3) decision
Robert Williams
Created the Black Intelligence Test to demonstrate that blacks are smart when given tests with info they are familiar with
Two Types of Intelligence
Crystalized and Fluid
CPT
Current Procedural Terminology - a systematic medical listing and coding of procedures and services.
Carl Whiaker
Dean of experimental family therapy. Stated that experience, not education changes families because experience goes beyond consciousness.
All ______ theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from various career options
Decision Making
Mary Cover Jones
Demonstrated that learning could seen as a treatment for a phobic reason
Interposition
Desensitization in the imagination
5 levels of consumer initiative
Designed by Oncken & Wass to measure personal initiative. 1) wait-until-told 2) asking 3) recommendations 4) do-it-and-report-it-immediately 5) do-it-and-report-routinely
Mann Whitney U Test
Determines whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric
Emory Bogardus
Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups.
Experiential Symbolic Family Therapy
Developed by Whitaker, a hands-on approach where role play and mimicking are used in sessions to bring about change
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations
Development theory purposed by Sullivan which sees interpersonal and sociocultural demands as more important than biological changes. Incudes- 1) infancy 2) childhood 3) juvenile era 4) preadolescence 5) early adolescents 6) late adolescence
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Devised by Leon Festinger- suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to dissonance
DOT
Directory of Occupational Titles, book published by the Dept. of Labor since 1939, it lists over 28,000 jobs and describes requirements, training, and number of people employed
Lev Vygotsky
Disagreed with Piaget and felt that development did not take place naturally. HE felt that stages unfolded due to educational intervention. He coined the term "Zone of Proximal Development"
2nd Stage of Minority Identity Development
Dissonance- current self-concept is challenged, there is conflict between appreciating and depreciating self
Stanine Scores
Divide the distribution into 9 equal intervals with Stanine 1 as the lowest and 9 as the highest, in this system 5 is the mean
Validity
Does the test measure what it says it does?
The most popular developmental career theorist is _________. HE emphasized the self-concept.
Donald Super
The Contrast Effect
During job interviews, when a client is seen after other clients who appear worse than the current client, the client will be seen in a more positive light.
Research demonstrates that structured exercises with feedback _________ in the group serve to improve communication between group members.
Early
When does conformity peak?
Early teen years
ERIC
Educational Resource Information Center- research bank
EKG
Electrocardiogram- provides data on the heart
EEG
Electroencephalogram- monitors brain waves
EMG
Electromyogram- measures muscle tension
Awfulization
Ellis made up term meaning the tendency to think of things in a negative light
The human relations core for effective counseling includes_____________
Empathy, positive regard, genuineness
Bordin
Emphasized he unconscious processes of the mind in terms of career choice. He thought career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. He felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
A.A. Brill
Emphasized sublimations an ego defense mechanism
A horizontal relationship (I-Thou) assumes _____ between persons
Equality
Integrity vs. Despair
Erickson Stages of development, starts at 60yrs when a person starts to reflect on life- did they live a meaningful life or one with regrets?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erickson's Stages of Development- newborn will wither trust or not based on the reliability of having needs for food and comfort met.
T.X. Barber
Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism
Irvin Yalom
Existentialist, well known for studies in group work
In Vivo
Exposure it the actual situation in real life
Construct Validity
Extent to which scores suggest that a test is actually measuring an ABSTRACT theoretical idea (such as anxiety, personality, introversion, etc.).
In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV they will use a ______
Factoral Design
FERPA
Family Educational Rights and Privacy act- allows parents and a student 18+ to view their educational records
Robert Rosenthal
Famous for his research regarding the experimenter effect
John B. Watson
Father of American Behaviorism- conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising; conducted the "Little Albert" experiment.
William McDougall
Father of Hormic Psychology; felt genetics played a role in group interactions; believed in eugenics in order to breed more desirable people.
Eric Berne
Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.
Emile Durkheim
Father of sociology; how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity.
Empowerment
Feelings of intrinsic motivation, in which people perceive their abilities to have impact and meaning and perceive themselves to be competent and capable of self-determination.
Robin Skynner
Feels that kids who had poor role model as children posses protective systems. This simply means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectation of people in current relationships carried over from childhood
What are some of the behavioral differences between male and female children?
Females- use more feeling words at an earlier age, better understanding in non-verbal situations, more suicide attempts; Males- better visual-perspective skills, more often successful in suicide, punished more
Tertiary Groups
Focuses more with individual difficulties that are more serious and long standing
Piaget's 4th Stage of Development
Formal Operational- 11-15, ability to think abstractly begins to develop, hypothesis can be tested and logical problem solving can occur.
A client would generally feel the most suspicious of the others in group in the ________ stage.
Formative
Group Stages
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning
Stanley Coopersmith
Found that child-rearing practices have impacts in self-esteem. Children who had the reasons for punishment explained to them and understood them were found to have higher self-esteem.
Maccoby and Jaklin
Found through research that males are better than females when preforming mathematical calculations.
Aaron T. Beck
Founded the Beck Depression Inventory and is the father of Cognitive Therapy
______ has been called the father of vocational guidance
Frank Parsons
Projection
Freudian idea- act or technique of defending yourself against unpleasant impulses by denying their existence in yourself, while attributing them to others
Regression
Freudian idea- defense mechanism leading to the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way
Reaction Formation
Freudian idea- in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable and are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.
Sublimation
Freudian idea- mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
Repression
Freudian idea- psychological attempt by an individual to repel one's own desires and impulses toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious
Ego
Freudian term, the defense mechanism that helps the individual accomplish real world objectives like education or career
Id
Freudian term, the force that seeks to satisfy basic instincts or drives toward gratification
Superego
Freudian term, the psychic mechanism which governs the ego, inability to satisfy results in shame, guilt, and other internal conflicts
Manifest Content
Freudian term- in a dream it is the surface content, or the actual dream itself
Ego
Freudian term; he part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.
Oedipus Complex
Freudian term; the complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to exclude the parent of the same sex.
Superego
Freudian term; the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.
Latent Content
Freudian- the deeper meaning of the manifest content, this is the deep level within the unconscious.
GATB
General Aptitude Test Battery; measures 12 job related aptitudes including-intelligence/general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude, clerical perception, form perception, motor coordination, manual dexterity, and finger dexterity
Erikson's seventh stage of development
Generativity vs. Stagnation- 40-64, desire to produce something of value and contribute to society
A goal of ________ is to eliminate "it talk" and replace it with "I" statements
Gestalt
Hot Seat
Gestalt Therapy Technique often used in group sessions the counselor confronts the person in the "Hot Seat" while other group member just listen, the members will then get an opportunity to relate their own experiences to that of the one in the "Hot Seat"
Top Dog/Underdog
Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client acts out the dialogue between two selves- a self who attempts to grow & change and a self who undermines the process & stays stuck
Perl's Phony Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 1st layer- people live according to rules imposed from the outside and become frustrated when others do not understand who they really are
Perl's Phobic Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 2nd layer- a person presents a layer which others think they should be
Perl's Impasse Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 3rd layer- attitude of phony role playing hardens and becomes a barrier to growth
Perl's Implosive Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 4th layer- willingness on the part of the person to expose true self
Perl's Explosive Layer
Gestalt Therapy: 5th layer- when a person gives up the unreal/false personality built by outside expectations
Figure Ground Relationship
Gestalt term, refers to how a person perceives an event, the drawing of the vase/faces the one that is perceived is the foreground and the other is the background
Equivalent or Alternative Forms
Giving people two or more different tests that are designed to measure the same thing and comparing results
_______________ Theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote Schools Without Failure
Glasser's
Inductive Reasoning
Goes from specific to a generalization
Co-leaders are apt to work at cross purposes when they do meet between ______
Group Sessions
Structured Groups
Groups that are focused on a central theme- job skills, anger management, etc.
The ________ was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. It lists jobs in 14 areas of interest
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)
Vertical Test
Has versions for carious age brackets or level of education
Counseling Groups
Have the purpose to address the problems of group members through growth, development, removing blocks/barriers, and prevention.
Psychoeducation Groups
Have the purpose to disseminate information and teach skill-building to group members
Psychotherapy Groups
Have the purpose to promote remediation of issues, treatment of issues, and personality reconstruction for group members
Sleep Medications
Help a person fall asleep and stay asleep; often the same meds used to treat anxiety but in higher doses
Standard Error of Measurement
How reliable or consistent your score is with the test population standard deviation x the square root of 1-reliability
Face Validity
How well does a test appear to measure what it claims to measure?
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis is a theory based on observations but are of no use unless they are tested. All hypothesis are subject to rigorous experimentation to determine truthfulness.
Cle Madanes
Insists that symptoms serve a function. For example a child sees a parent as depressed. They throw a glass on the floor shattering it this results in the parent becoming less depressed and rather angry and powerful.
Erikson's eighth stage of development
Integrity vs. Despair- 65- death, life is meaningful, no regrets
IAMFC
International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors
Parsimony
Interpreting the results in the simplest way. Also called Occam's Razor
Interval Schedule
Interval schedules require a minimum amount of time that must pass between successive reinforced responses (e.g. 5 minutes)
Erikson's sixth stage of development
Intimacy vs. Isolation- 20-39, seeks committed life partner, friends
One of the primary problem in counseling in the early 1960s was that it wrongly emphasized ______ processes.
Intrapsychic
Eros
Intuition; from Jung to mean women operate by intuition
Kruskal-Wallis
Is used instead of a one-way ANOVA when the data is nonparametric
J.P. Guolford
Isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He is also remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking
What is a null hypothesis?
It exists when the researcher's original hypothesis is incorrect
A.A. Brill
Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.
Preconventional
Kohlberg's first phase: two parts- a child doing what is right to avoid punishment; an older child doing what is right as way to avoid consequences and because it is in the interest of the other
Post conventional Morality
Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws. And restrictions
What is the Heinz Story?
Kohlberg- a man cannot afford his wife's life saving medicine, he tries to convince the pharmacist to sell him the med at a discount but the pharmacist refuses so the man steals it. - A person's response to this scenario indicates what stage of moral development they are in.
Social Learning
Krumboltz: stressed the importance of modeling and vicarious learning in career choice
KOIS
Kuder Occupational Interest Survey: Takes 20-30 minute to administer and is written at a 6th grade reading level
Ecosystems
Larger systems often impact the client and the family functioning such as church, school, community, etc.
An deductive children counseling group has _________ than an adult group?
Less
Investigative
Likes to sell to others or preform leadership tasks, values power and status.
Psychometric testing
Literally = "brain measuring"; gauges human developmental stages
Criterion Validity
Looks at the relationship between a test score and an outcome; combines concurrent and predictive validity
Inferred Emotional Consequences
Maladjustment and ill temper, Self-consciousness, irritability, and hypersensitivity are attributed to a people with disabilities
Males or females have the higher suicide rate?
Males have the higher success rate of suicide but women have a higher attempt rate.
In children, which concept is most easily understood volume or mass?
Mass, an understanding of volume does not come unto the concrete operations stage
Logos
Meaning logic; from Jung to mean men operate by logic
Achievement Test
Measures the amount of knowledge or content already gained
Personality/Interest Test
Measures the strength of one's interests in broad fields of activity - examples include art, mechanical activities, sports
Horizontal Test
Measures various factors during the same testing procedure
MMPI-II
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- a standardized personality test
______ is the most common score; it is the least important measure of central tendency
Mode
Aspirational Ethical Guidelines
Moral compulsions to behave in a way that is perceived as moral and proper
Therapy in relation to group work is _____ than counseling
More severe
MBTI
Myers Briggs Type Indicator- personality test with four domains
MBTI
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: psychological test based in Junian theory; four categories 1) Extroversion - Introversion: Where do you prefer to focus your attention?: Where do you get your energy? 2) Sensing - Intuition: How do you prefer to take in information? 3) Thinking - Feeling: How do you make decisions? 4) Judging - Perceiving: How do you deal with the outer world?
Is it ethical for a counselor to use an unfamiliar assessment?
No, a counselor must be familiar with the tools they use and in how to interpret/use them.
Is it appropriate for a counselor to discuss the abilities of other rehab professionals with a client?
No, as it is not professional conduct as described by the CRCC
Chi Square
Nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from expected theoretical distribution
A ________ each item is independent if all other items. This allows the person to be able to be compared with others who took the same test.
Normative Format
Centration
Noticing key features of an object while not noticing the rest (occurs in preoperational stage)
An intergenerational family therapist says they are concerned with _______. They are referring to the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether alive or dead.
Nuclear Family Emotional System
The Occupational Information Network
O*NET is an online job information database
OOH
Occupational Outlook Handbook, gives the required training and salary fir particular jobs
Midlife Crisis
Occurs between 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women, during the Generativity Stage
Hedonism
Occurs in the second stage of Kohlberg's developmental theory- the child begins to think that "If I am nice to others, I will get what I want."
Positioning
Occurs when a helper accepts the client's predicament and then exaggerates the condition
Convergent Thinking
Occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept
Enmeshment
Occurs when family members are over involved with each other and loose their autonomy
Free Choice Test
Often a short answer format, allows the responder to answer in in manner they wish
Anna O.
Often cited as the first psychoanalytic patient, she suffered from hysteria and was give hypnosis treatment which influenced Freud's psychoanalysis
What program was established by the Social Security Act of 1935?
Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) offers benefits to people with disabilities and retired people
Holophrases
One or two word sentences often spoke to children 1-4 years old
Quid Pro Quo
One thing for another
Is it ethical for a counselor to talk about a client with another professional?
Only if the reason for talking to another professional is in the best interest of the client
Group IQ Tests
Otis Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, & California Test of Mental Abilities
Roe's 3 basic parenting styles
Overprotective, Avoidant/Rejecting = emotionally cold and hostile, Acceptant/Democratic
A holistic approach to care may require a team of professionals, who might be on the team?
PCP, PT, OT, Mental Health Professional, Vocational Counselor
How does a family aid the development, education, and function of its members?
Parents and grandparents pass their heritage down to children and thus teach them what is and is not acceptable. A family can also be a healthy support system for its members
Cluster Sampling
Participants are randomly selected from a pool of people easily accessible.
Stratified Sampling
Participants are selected for specific traits or characteristics
Random Sampling
Participants are taken from the general population w/o regard to characteristics then randomly assigned to a control or experimental group.
Name 3 Behaviorists
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, they developed the premise that humans develops in response to their environment
Transmarginal Inhibition (TMI)
Pavlovian, the point at which a person shuts down due to an extreme stimulus,
Third-Party Payment
Payments for healthcare services made by an insurance company or health agency on behalf of the insured
Propinquity
People who are in close proximity to each other and are attracted to each others
Task/Work Groups
People who come together with the goal of completing a job/project
_____________ suggested 5 layers which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
Perls
Figure-Ground Relationship
Perls-a way in which a person perceives a chain of events and what they see as important or unimportant; he believed these relationships are constantly changing.
Dualistic Thinking
Perry's 1st stage of intellectual development- knowledge is absolute; there is Truth and Falsity, Right and Wrong, Good and Bad
Relativistic Thinking
Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- individuals are able to discern patterns or regularities and approach grey areas of knowledge; may recognize such strategies as analysis of evidence, comparison of interpretations, or designing experiment
Multiplicity
Perry's 3rd stage of intellectual development- most knowledge is still seen as absolute however, in some fields or on some questions, we don't have all the answers; begin to realize that knowledge does have its grey areas, and authorities may not be infallible
Commitment in Relativism
Perry's 4th stage of intellectual development- skilled in rational (formal operational) processes and drawing upon the accumulated learning and experience individuals can commit themself to the opinions, ideologies, values, and interests with which they will identify.
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs starting at the bottom?
Physiological, security, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Conservation
Piaget learning concept that is acquired between the ages of 7-11 where a child understands that volume, weight, and mass of an object stays the same even when the shape changes
Arnold Lazarus
Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.
Andre Salter
Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating paradigm, dubbed conditioned reflex therapy
Family Sculpting
Popularized by Satir, an experimental/expressive technique in which the family members place other family members in position that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Helps clarify family dynamics
When something is added following an operant, it is known as ____________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________.
Positive Reinforcer/Negative Reinforcer
Qusi Experiment
Pre-existing groups are used (gender, college students)
Piaget's 2nd Stage of Development
Preoperational- 2-7, language development is occurring and young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols.
Primary Groups
Preventative attempting to avoid problems. They focus on healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of difficulty.
P stands for
Probability
The major trend that impacted the counseling movement in the 1980s included an emphasis on_____
Professionalism, certification, and licensing
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion, or national origin
R.J. Havinghurst
Proposed specific developmental tasks for infants, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, later maturity, death
Hallucinogens
Psychedelic "mind manifesting" drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; alters moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions, including vision, hearing, smell, and touch
Harry stack Sullivan
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations- a stage theory for childhood development.
James Framo and Robin Skynner are considered ______
Psychoanalytic Family Therapists
The Primal Scene
Psychoanalytic concept where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse or the child is seduced by the parent, which can lead to neurosis later in life.
Menninger Clinic of Kansas
Psychoanalytic foothold, conducted landmark work in biofeedback
Minnesota Viewpoint
Purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
coefficient of determination
R squared, indicates how well data points fit a statistical model
Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of who?
R.A. Fisher
Measures of standard deviation
Range and Via Corta Range
List 3 formulations of Bandura's Social Learning Theory
Rather than interests guiding career choice social learning guides it. The relationship with own body; environmental/geographical influences; instrumental/conventional) learning and reinforcement
In Albert Ellis's ________ the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as self-talk and internal verbalizations
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A Percentage score is just anther way of stating a
Raw score
Strategies for identifying ways to change diet to improve health
Read the USDA guidelines to determine which include calorie intake and the Food Pyramid
Deductive
Reduces the general to the specific
The Decision Making Theory
Refers to periods of anticipation, implementation, and adjustment in career choice/change; posited by David Tiedeman
Content Validity
Refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social construct.
Rejection of Intimacy
Rejection of close, particularly familial, relationship, An unwillingness to date, fall in love with, or marry a person with a disability
Convergent Validity
Relates to criterion and construct validity; the relationship or correlation of a testy to an independent measure or trait
Jacobson Relaxation Method
Relaxation technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed
The Doctor-Patient Consultation Model
Relies on four distinct stages- entry, diagnosis, implementation, and evaluation
Subjective Test
Relies on opinions rather than facts and leaves room for interpreter biases (ex: essay test)
National Culture
Represents what country an individual is from
Basic Research
Research conducted in the field of theory
John Crites
Researched into the phenomenon of career maturity/vocational maturity
Gibson
Researched the matter of depth perception in children using the visual cliff; demonstrated that depth perception is an inborn trait.
3rd Stage of Minority Identity Development
Resistance and Immersion- the individual accepts/endorses the minority views and rejects the majority resulting in self appreciation
B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory
Responses accompanied by a satisfaction will be repeated, while responses which produce discomfort will be stomped out.
Fixed Action Patters (FAP)
Results whenever a releaser in the environment is present; the sequence of behavior will not vary
A counselor will says they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on _________.
Reud's topographic hypnosis
_________________ would likely say we take a job that will most likely meet our needs.
Robert Hoppock
______________ is also known as nondirective counseling, client centered therapy, and the person centered therapy
Rogerian Therapy
SMART Goals
S-specific M- measurable A- achievable R- relevant T- time related
Instrumental learning
Same as operant conditioning; individual's behavior is modified by its consequences
According to ______, the individual displaying an irrelevant style will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.
Satir
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of it's own is known as ______________
Secondary reinforcement
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is what kind of a group?
Self-help
Piaget's 1st Stage of Development
Sensorimotor- birth-2, children experience the world through movement and their five senses. During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints.
Anne Roe's 8 Occupational fields and levels
Service, Business, Organizations, Technology, Outdoor, Science, General Culture, Arts/Entertainment
Test Battery
Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source.
Interrater/Interobserver
Several raters assess the same performance and compare answers, scores should be about the same across the raters
Harlow's Research
Showed that we have a need for comfort, touch, or cuddling and w/o it physical problems and dysfunctional behaviors develop
In most cases a cross-validation coefficient is indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient. This phenomenon is called___________
Shrinkage
Power Test
Similar to a speed test but most complete it, designed to test knowledge; tests that have no time limit or a very generous time limit that allows most examinees to finish. Most achievement tests are power tests (unless there needs to be a speed component like in a typing test)
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner- found that adding (positive) reinforcement or taking away (negative) reinforcement incentives would increase a desired behavior
An individual who likes their flower arranging job begins to arrange flowers in their spare time. This phenomenon is called_______
Spillover
Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in the _______ stage.
Stage 2, Transition
Erik Erikson
Stages of Human Growth & Development: 8 stages that refer to how a person interacts with their environment. Each stage is a "crisis" which needs to be resolved before a person can successfully move to the next stage.
Haley
Strategic Therapy: developing of a specific strategy to treat a specific problem; use of directives; the therapist takes responsibility for directly influencing clients
In Minuchin's ______ approach, clear boundaries are ideal, firm, yet flexible.
Structural
Enactment
Structural Family Therapy intervention: family members are asked to act out the problem situation to bring insight into the family dynamic
Boundary Making
Structural Family Therapy intervention: individual member's roles are defined
Salvador Minuchin
Structural Family Therapy: uses joining, enactment, boundary making, and mimesis techniques
Martin E.P. Seligman
Studied helpless ness be electrocuting dogs during specific situation by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks
A _______ relies mainly on the scorer's opinion
Subjective Test
SUDS
Subjective units of distress scale; used in systematic desensitization
Clemmont Vontress
Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.
_____________ theory emphasizes 5 life stages- growth, exploration, establishment, maintenance, and decline.
Super's
5th Stage of Minority Identity Development
Synergistic Articulation and Awareness- the individual can own and appreciate minority and dominant aspects of both cultures
A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists they will not use a random sample. They could accomplish this by using ________ sampling.
Systematic
Biofeedback
Technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.
Cultural Encapsulation
Term coined by Gilbert Wrenn- The lack of understanding, or ignorance, of another's cultural background and the influence this background has on one's current view of the world. The purpose of this encapsulation, or "cocoon," is to allow people to protect themselves from the rapid global changes occurring in technology, families, economy, education, and social health.
Skeleton Keys
Term used in Steve de Shazer's brief solution focused therapy; indicates a standard stock intervention that will work for numerous problems
Synthetic Validity
Test that validly test different components are combined into one test to test a multi-dimensional idea
80% 4/5 Rule
Test to see if adverse impact exists while hiring minorities. If the ratio from minorities to whites is not within 80%, an adverse effect exist. To do so, the hiring rate of minorities is divided by the hiring rate for whites. If the quotient us less than 80%, then adverse impact is evident.
In 1940, what two organizations for group therapy were created?
The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama & The American Group Psychotherapy Association
ASGW
The Association for Specialists in Group Work- division of ACA that focuses primarily on group intervention
Morphostasis
The ability of the family to balance stability
Divergent Thinking
The ability to generate a novel ideas
Retroflection
The act of doing to yourself what you really which to do to someone else
Standard Error of Measure
The amount of error determined to exist using a specific instrument, calculated using the instrument's standard deviation and reliability.; uses a point system
Equilibration
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
Racism
The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
Ethnographic
The day-to-day lives of participants are observed
Circular or Reciprocal Causality
The dynamic interactions that have more than one effect; from family systems approach
Duty to Warn
The ethical responsibility to take appropriate action when there is knowledge of impending danger.
Identified Patient
The family member whose symptoms or behaviors are stated by the family as the reason for coming to therapy.
Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.
The father of rational behavior therapy which works well in multicultural group settings
Experimental Group
The independent variable (intervention) is manipulated and the results are monitored
4th Stage of Minority Identity Development
The individual moves from the intensity of feelings in the previous stage and becomes concerned with the basis of self appreciating
Cohesion
The level of emotional bonding between family members
Process
The manner in which the communication transpires
Job
The narrowest and most specific work category (waiter, office clerk, Critical Care Nurse
Intellectualizing
The person who become overly responsible
Occam's Razor
The philosophy that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one
Dependent Variable
The portion of the experiment that is being manipulated; the intervention method
Applied Research
The practical use of experimental data
Cross Validation
The process by which a second sample group is given a test to ensure it is applicable to more than one group
Operational Definition
The process of describing, setting up, and defining a valid research experiment
Mechanistic (in relation to human growth and development)
The reduction of all behavior to common elements
Statistical Regression
The skewing of results that may happen if the intervention is administered only once; change in the dependent variable due to the temporary nature of extreme values; threat to internal validity
Psychoanalytic
The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues.
Discriminate Validity
The test will not reflect unrelated variables
Leisure
The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations
Pavlovian Methods in the Military
The use of transmarginal inhibition (TMI) techniques are used to re-program solider responses to discomfort of pain, fear
Independent Variable
The variable that cannot be changed by the experiment; the effect of the intervention method being tested
Classical Vegotherapy
Theory by Wilhelm Reich where sexual gratification was needed for the cure of emotional maladies. Orgone boxes were used where one would sit in the box to restore their orgone energy levels. He was arrested and died in prison.
Kohlberg
Theory of Moral Development: three phases
Implosive Therapy
Therapy that occurs in the imagination. It always occurs in the imagination and is often done to rehearse a real life therapy.
What is the purpose of a one-stop career center?
They help people find, obtain, and retain employment. Their development was part of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998.
Premack Principle
To engage in a pleasant task, one must complete an unpleasant task previous to the pleasant task
Schlossberg
Transition Theory, individuals move through transition phases; 1) Moving in 2) Moving Through 3) Moving Out
Consequential Validity
Tries to ascertain the special implications of using tests
Erikson's first stage of development
Trust vs. Mistrust-birth to 1½, the infant develops trust when its needs are met
Increasing the sample size helps to reduce______
Type I and II Errors
Occupation
Types of positions within a career field (surgeon, dentist, anesthesiologist, nurse)
In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware tat laws are _____
Unclear and vary from state to state
Arnold Gesell
Used a 1-way mirror for observing children. Felt that development I primarily determined through genetics, thus a child must be at a certain level before they can succeed in educational settings
Spearman Correlation
Used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized
Antidepressants
Used to treat clinical depression; typically work on the neurotransmitters serotonin, nor-epinephrine, and/or dopamine
What is the purpose of anti psychotics?
Used to treat psychiatric conditions by altering the chemistry of the brain
Forced Choice Test
Usually multiple choice- forces the responder to select an answer from a pre-determined list
Title
VII of Civil Rights: Set in 1964 and amended in 1972, gave women equal rights to employment as well as equal pay
Artistic
Value self-expression
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ____________.
Variable ratio
Slander
Verbal defamation
In terms of research and the group leader's personality qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a _____ degree
Very small
Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, & Herma
Viewed career choice as a longitudinal process rather than a single decision. Divided occupational choice into three stages 1) Occupational Choice 2) Tentative 3) Exploration. As choice is a life long process their ideas lead to developmental theories of career development
The group IQ began with the army alpha and army beta during______
WWI
George Bateson
Was interested in cybernetics, came up with causality in families
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: 16 and beyond
WISC
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: 6-16 years 11 months
WPPSI
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: appropriate for 2.5-7 year olds
Insight
When a client becomes aware of factors in their life that were heretofore unknown
Therapeutic Surrender
When a client stops resisting the efforts of the therapist and begins to listen to what is being stated.
Sour Grapes Rationalization
When a good event does not occur and it gets minimized by thinking/saying the event was unwanted anyways
Stimulus Generalization
When a learned stimulus is generalized to another which is similar to the one learned.
Higher Order Conditioning
When a new stimulus is paired with a previously learned stimulus. This new stimulus will take on the characteristics of the old, even if the old one is extinct
Never Script
When a person never feels they will succeed
Sweet Lemon Realization
When a person states that a set of bad circumstances are good.
Type II Error/Beta Error
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false
Stimulus Discrimination
When a stimulus is selected out from a group to be the only one that gives the CR
Underemployment
When a worker is engaged in a position below their skill level
The Recentcey Effect
When an employee is evaluated based on current performance, not overall performance
The Rosenthal Effect
When an experiment effects the experimenter into making sure the results occur.
Experimental Neurosis
When one cannot discriminate between two identical stimulus', emotional disturbance will occur
The Halo Effect
When the researcher reacts with their bias to traits not being measured.
What are the exceptions to privileged communication?
When there is a danger to self or others such as in child abuse, suicidal or homicidal behaviors or other harmful criminal intentions
Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a shortage of individual therapists during ________
World War II
Libel
Written defamation
David Livinson
Wrote The Seasons of a Man's Life & The Seasons of a Woman's Life, which suggested that a midlife crisis is a good thing.
Name two electronic-mechanical devices used to diagnose traumatic back injuries
X-rays and myelograms
Orientation
Yalom's 1st stage of group development; Search for meaning, attempts to determine group structure and meaning; search for similarities among group members; members look to leader for approval, acceptance, and answers
Conflict
Yalom's 2nd stage of group development; Members attempt to establish preferred amount of initiative and power; establish a control hierarchy; members may express hostility toward therapist (resistance)
Cohesion
Yalom's 3rd stage of group development; Unity, intimacy, closeness emerge; trust and self disclosure increase; attendance improves; cohesiveness becomes analogous to therapist-client relationship
Termination
Yalom's 4th stage of group development; group work has been completed and group disbars
Is it ethical for a counselor to refuse to work with a specific client?
Yes, and in some cases they are required to refuse to work with a specific client due to other ethical issues such as dual relationships
Is it ethical for a counselor to discuss a client with another professional?
Yes, as long as it is to best serve the client.
Cyclical Test
You have several sections which are spiral in nature with questions starting out easy and moving toward more difficult
Explain Tarasoff vs. Board of Regents of the University of CA?
a 1969 court case which set precedent for duty to warn. A counselor was informed by a client that the client planned to kill a woman. The counselor had the means to contact the woman directly but instead called the campus security who interviewed the client but took no further action. He then murdered the woman and her family sued and won because the counselor did not warn her of the impending threat of harm.
Double-Bind
a Haley family therapy strategy is a no-win situation where any of the solutions to an issue are equally insufficient
Endomorph
a Short and round person who loves food, comfort, and relaxation
Reaction Formation
a behavior in which a person behaves in a manner opposite to the way they truly feel
Counter-conditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.
Sudden Conversion
a behavioral method that use a variety of overwhelming stimuli to bring about a behavior change such as in military boot camp
Pavlov
a behaviorist who experienced with dogs and was able to condition their natural salivate response to food so that they would salivate to a bell
Spina Bifida
a birth defect of the spinal column, can now be partially corrected in utero, causes muscle weakness and/or paralysis, and impaired bowl/bladder function. May use mobility devise to improve functioning, may need long-term rehabilitation/therapy care, and often have hydrocephalus and learning disabilities
Until Script
a client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives
Haldol
a common anti-psychotic used to treat schizophrenia, manic episodes, delirium, drug psychosis. Side effects include cramps, depression, dry mouth, fatigue, muscle stiffness, restlessness, tremors, and weight gain
Case Management System
a computer program that helps a counselor organize information used to serve a specific client
Addiction
a condition in which a person has become dependent on a particular substance and continues to take more of it and has withdrawals if they discontinue the use
Interval
a continuous variable, there is meaning between numbers but there is not an absolute zero but you can go into negative numbers- 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3, allows comparison between individuals or things being measured (continuous)
What is the white vs. black IQ controversy?
a controversy of the 1960s/70s that white people were on average 11-15 points smarter than black people; in reality when given an IQ test that was more culturally sensitive to blacks they scored just as well
Vertical Intervention
a direct interaction with a group member, counselor/client
Consensualizating
a dispute resolution method an act in which two or more people agree to work together towards a common goal
Arbitration
a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and make a decision
Mediation
a dispute resolution method in which parties involved agree to allow an outside person hear all the facts and then offer advice and suggestions
Negotiation
a dispute resolution method in which the people involved hold discussions to reach a compromise
Social Class
a division of a society based on social and economic status
Dual Diagnosis Treatment Center
a facility specifically designed for people with dual diagnosis which offer support services in addition to the services usually offered by a clinic or hospital.
Incongruous Hierarchy
a family relationship in which a minor figure controls the family dynamic.
Logotherapy
a form of existential therapy popularized by Frankl, stated that people cannot control their environment but they can control their reaction/response to it
Psychodrama
a form of psychotherapy in which patients act out events from their past.
Handicap
a functional limitation due to environmental barriers
Treatment Objective
a goal the counselor is attempting to achieve for a specific client during the rehabilitation process
Positively Skewed
a greater number of scores are at the lower end
Negatively Skewed
a greater number of scores are clustered in at the high end
Snowball Sampling
a key person in a population group is identified and that individual helps find people to be in the study, then the people that they identify are asked to recommend people for the study
Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____
a lack of goal setting
Nicotine
a mild stimulant found in tobacco and smoking cessation products
Caffeine
a mild stimulant found on coffee, tea, some carbonated beverages, some OTC medications
Mesomorph
a muscular type person who is assertive, courageous, and willing to take risks
Generalized Rejection
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, avoiding the person with a disability because of a negative view held about disability in general
Distressed Identification
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, feelings of being uncomfortable or nervous because of how they represent how a person can be disabled later in life
Authoritarian Virtuousness
a negative attitude proposed by Siller, the belief of a non-disabled that they are superior over a disabled person
Punishment
a negative stimulus following an undesirable behavior- meant to decrease a behavior
Counter transference
a negative therapeutic phenomenon which can occur during therapy when a client superimposes their issues onto the therapist
Prescribing the symptom
a paradoxical intervention strategy that prescribes the symptom to get an enlightened reaction from the client
Inductive Logic
a person formulates a rule based on a specific observation or study, all the kids who ate sugar got hyper- therefore, sugar makes kids hyper
Deductive Logic
a person formulates a specific idea based on a general observation, all birds have feather-Big Bird is a bird- therefore, Big Bird has feathers
Placating
a person reacts to inner stress by trying to please others
Recommendation Level
a person will recommend an action and then take it if it is approved by the supervisor
Reflecting Treatment Team Therapy
a postmodern method first used by Tom Anderson, a technique that allows the family to listen to the discussions of a treatment team about the family's case
Narrative Therapy
a postmodern theory developed in the 1970's/80's by White, White, & Epston. It believes that a client invents their own story and issues become characters in the story.
realistic job previews assessment
a presentation that allows the client to observe the actual job
Acculturation
a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
Psychometric Assessment
a process in which the counselor gathers info =from/about client to determine strengths, weaknesses, and needs
Intensive Case Management
a program in which a case manager contacts a person with a dual diagnosis to remind them to complete certain tasks such as appointments, medications, and other actions that need to be taken
Schizophrenia
a psychiatric disorder, which is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations as well as delusional/paranoid thoughts
Free Association
a psychoanalytic technique for opening pathways to the subconscious. The therapist induces the client to say anything that comes to mind. Freud believes that people burry or repress feelings of guilt, shame, inferiority, and sexuality in the subconscious and that free association was a way to bring them into the conscious so that they could be dealt with
Measurement
a rank is assigned to client skills or aptitudes based on interview and assessment results
What are the ethics around client-counselor conflict of interest?
a relationship outside of the business association would be considered unethical
What is the purpose of a program evaluation?
a review of a treatment program to see if it as achieved or is moving towards its desired outcome
Continuous Schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response (desired response) is followed by the reinforcer
White Privilege
a set of advantages and/or immunities that white people benefit from on a daily basis beyond those common to all others.
Ectomorph
a slender or frail person who is sensitive and inhibited
Ethnicity
a social group of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural, or national experience
Treatment Intervention
a specific approach, strategy, or technique for guiding rehabilitation
Preconventional Morality
a stage of moral development described by Kohlberg, during this stage a young child begins to follow society rules through conditioning and disciplinary action
Factor Analysis
a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors
Continuous Reinforcement
a stimulus is used each time the behavior occurs, most effective method to create new behavior
Psychotherapy of the Absurd
a technique developed by Carol Whitaker the absurd is the unreasonable exaggeration of an idea to the point of underscoring the underlying meaninglessness of much human reaction.
Systematic Desensitization
a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety
Confrontation
a technique where issues are brought out into the open by the counselor or group members so that the individual becomes aware of them
Multi-point Item
a test question that offers three or more forced-choice answers
Sibling Rivalry
a theory by Adler, proposed that birth order had an effect on later experiences, it sees birth order as a source of conflict
Cohesion Phase
a time when group identity is confirmed and members begin to recognize and confirm each other's goals
T-group
a training group conducted to relieve tension in a work environment
Concurrent Validity
a type of evidence that can be gathered to defend the use of a test for predicting other outcomes. It is a parameter used in sociology, psychology, and other psychometric or behavioral sciences. Concurrent validity is demonstrated when a test correlates well with a measure that has previously been validated.
Dyad
a unit of two functioning as a pair
Describe a Genogram
a way to map out a person's family and give a "snap shot" of information. Standard symbols- males/squares, females/circles, line/family ties, dashed line/adopted, X/death
pre-employment assessment
a written test designed to assess an applicant's skill and knowledge
What are the methods of electronic diagnosis for neurological disorders?
a) CAT scan (Computed Axial Tomography) b) MRI (magnetic resonance Imaging) c) EEG (electroencephalograph)
What are some of the cultural concerns for people with a psychiatric disability who belong to the Hispanic or Native American cultures?
a) Hispanic: less likely to seek and accept help for psychiatric disabilities b) Native: more likely to seek and accept help than Caucasians
What are some predictable behaviors during group development?
a) Initial/getting acquainted stage- distrust among members in regards to each other b) Transitional stage- friction between members and protests of the leadership c) Final stage- sense of accomplishment about what has been learned d) Planning will take place in all stages
What are some of the typological roles assumed by members of a therapy group?
a) Scapegoat b) Energizer c) Gatekeeper d) Interrogator e) Follower
Principles of Treatment Planning
a) Tailor treatment to the specific needs of client b) Treat ALL factors that affect the overall well-being of the client c) Ensure that treatment lasts as long as the client needs it d) Give the client the information needed to create and implement the treatment plan
Wechsler's Intelligence Tests
a) WPPISI: ages 3-7 b) WAIS-IV: ages six and older c) WISC IV: age 6-16 & 11 months
Job Seeking Skills
a) ability to network b) ability to communicate effectively with prospective employers c) ability to write a resume and cover letter d) ability to fill out an application
What are the four areas of cultural competency a counselor is expected to have?
a) an understanding of beliefs and values of different cultures b) An understanding of their own personal beliefs and values c) The ability to recognize the similarities and the differences of different cultures d) The ability to apply what they know about a particular culture
Positive Group Actions
a) attend to the person speaking b) no interrupting or distracting behavior c) encourage each member to voice their thoughts d) take steps outside group to meet goals
What are the four main parts of the brain?
a) brain stem b) Hypothalamus c) Cerebrum d) Cerebellum
How should a counselor help an individual with a psychiatric disability who is from a different culture?
a) gathers as much info as possible about the culture b) gain understanding of the client's views and beliefs c) identify the cultural barrier that is keeping the client from functioning or accessing services d) identify a series of techniques that can help resolve cultural issues
What are the disadvantages of a job-matching system?
a) incapable of considering every relevant factor b) does not have access to all the resources the counselor has c) can only search the databases they are linked to
Types of functional limitations
a) mobility- impaired ability to move b) motility- spasticity, trembling c) communication- language, hearing or sight are impaired d) cognitive dysfunction- limits metal abilities
Ethics regarding record keeping
a) must record the information required as required by agency policy and governing laws b) Counselor must not record session electronically c) Records must be kept confidential and secure at all times d) Information must not be released unless permission is given by the client e) Counselor must let client have access to their file upon request
What are some of the assessments an organization might use during selection process
a) pre-employment b) realistic job previews c) selection interviews
Philosophical principles that define the counselor's role
a) recognition of and focus on client's strengths b) recognition and development of client potential c) working with others to provide necessary services d) recognition that the client is part of a system (family/community) and that the system may affect the rehabilitation process e) ensure that the client continues to make progress towards goals
What factors would a counselor use to determine if a client was able to work in a competitive employment setting?
a) the ability of the person to fulfill the job responsibilities b) the amount of support the client will need to return to workforce c) the ability of the client to work in an integrated setting
Philosophical Principles that Define the Client's Role
a) the client must be involved b) the client must recognize their own beliefs and feelings and how they affect their ability to function c) the client must be willing to accept help
Fluid Intelligence
ability to adapt old knowledge and apply it to new situations
What are some major factors that can affect a person's ability to adapt to disability?
ability to perform daily tasks, medical treatments, functional limitations, effects of disability on family and friends, response of others, ability to pay for needed services
Compare structured and unstructured therapy groups
according to Yalom structured groups are less effective than unstructured groups in resolving client issues although most prefer a structured group setting. He raises three criticisms of structured groups 1) group stages may be passed over 2) Structured exercise raise thoughts/feelings before the people are ready to confront them 3) Participants rely too heavily on group leadership and too little on their own insights
Construct Validity
accurately obtains the information that it is meant to obtain
External Validity
accurately represents a larger population group than what is sampled
Justice
actin in a fair an impartial way towards all clients not letting "favorites" or biases influence the service provided
Most experts would agree that Binet for not seem to be the best test for _____
adults
Whole population
all the people in an area or group are used
Managed Care Delivery System
also known as a managed care plan is a private insurance plan or a government program that helps customers manage their healthcare costs
Symptoms of bi-polar
alternating periods of hyperactivity and depression, severely interrupted sleep patterns, intense activity/agitation, and exhaustion
The hunch is known as the experimental or _______
alternative hypothesis
Gatekeeper
always tries to implement rules and attempts to get others to contribute often forgetting to talk about their own issues
Managed Care Organization
an agency that provides managed care services
Anger
an aggressive or hostile emotional response
Heterosexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the opposite gender
Homosexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of the same gender
Anxiety
an emotional response of extreme fear as the result of a traumatic or stressful event
Depression
an emotional response of intense sadness
Orientation
an employer practice of teaching an employee to behave and perform the job tasks in a way that is appropriate to the organization
Recruitment
an employer practice through which they encourage people to apply with and become employees of the company
Selection
an employer practice to choose the best candidate for a position from a small group of potential candidates
Screening
an employer practice, which attempts to reduce the number of applicants for a position so the number of applications is more reasonable
Incomplete Scenarios
an idea of Perls that a person needs to complete unfinished scenarios in order to achieve self-actualization
Cocaine
an illegal stimulant drug derived from the coca plant, it is extremely addictive and causes euphoria, hyperactivity, insomnia, psychosis, increased heart rate, and diminished appetite
Anaclitic Depression
an illness described by Spitz describing the behaviors of excessive crying, sleep difficulties, and physical illness
Hospitalism
an illness described by Spitz where children fail to thrive while in a hospital setting
Acute Condition
an illness or injury or other disorder that developed suddenly or that is expected to last only a short time
Chronic Condition
an illness, injury, or other condition that is expected to last for a long time or which has developed slowly over a period of time
Sub-acute Condition
an illness, injury, or other condition that is not expected to last as long as a chronic condition but longer than an acute condition
Horizontal Intervention
an interaction with all group members simultaneously
Interventions
any technique, strategy, or service that is intended to treat/diminish a specific problem
What is the divorce rate in the U.S.?
approx. 50%
Defense Mechanisms
are contrived by people who are unable to cope with problems, can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the situation and the extremity of how they are used
Z scores
are made up simply of the individual score, the mean of the distribution, and the standard deviation. The mean of a z-score distribution is always 0 and the stand deviation is always 1
Silence
as a toll allows the client the opportunity to provide more information and choose a direction
Clarification
asking questions to get a better understanding of what is really meant
Interrogator
asks personal and often irrelevant questions
How does culture affect a person's decision to accept help?
beliefs and values in regards to disability are often determined by the cultural, individualistic vs. collectivist for example. These beliefs and values can be difficult to overcome.
Existential Theory
believe that behavioral treatments over simplify human behavior to the point that it is counterproductive and emphasize client choice and self-realization/actualization
A _____ distribution has two modes, and graphically looks like the two humps of a camel
bimodal
Epigenetic
biological term, each stage emerges from the one before it.
Zyprexa
brand name for Olanzapine; anti psychotic used for anxiety, bipolar, PTSD, & schizophrenia
Zyprexa
brand name of Olanzapine which is an antipsychotic used to treat anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression in bi-polar, PTSD, and schizophrenia. Side effects include- apathy, dizziness, dry mouth, aggressiveness, increased appetite low blood pressure, runny nose, weight gain
Summarizing
briefly restating the information that has been shared
Energizer
brings energy to the group and encourages everyone
Contributions of Gestalt Psychologists
by Perls and first published 1925 emphasized the importance of insight
1-beta
called the power of statistical test, reflects the statistical test's ability to reject a null hypothesis correctly
Ordinal
categories that have order w/o meaning in between- 1st, 2nd , 3rd or a, b, c (categorical)
Alloplastic
chafe comes from outside/the environment
In a healthy group members are flexible and can ______
change roles
Continuous (in relation to human growth and development)
changes are sequential and cannot be separated easily
Quantitative Change
changes which can be measured or tested
Job restructuring
changing the responsibilities of a position to meet the specific needs of the person
Split-half Method
checking the reliability by comparing the odd answers of one group by the even answers of another group
Privileged communication is not applicable in cases of
child/elder abuse/neglect, suicide or homicide threats
Family counselors generally believe ______ causality
circular/reciprocal
Analgesics
class of medications that inhibit the pain response, reduce inflammation, relax muscles
Race
classification system used to categorize humans into large and distinct populations or groups by anatomical, cultural, ethnic, genetic, geographical, historical, linguistic, religious, and/or social affiliation
Nominal
classifications, no meaning between categories- hair color, disability status (categorical)
What information should a treatment plan include?
client diagnosis, DSM diagnostic code, major goals of treatment, objectives for measuring progress, a timeline of target dates, description of planned intervention, signatures of both the counselor and the client
Failure Identity
comes from a pattern of behavior that causes distress and personality disorder; for an example an addict who uses because it makes them more socialable
Extinction
conditioning technique in which an undesirable behavior is ignored
Follower
conforms their opinion to that of others
Experimental Neurosis
confusion in the subject in regard to the stimuli, when a small bell triggers a response but then the person reacts to a different bell the same way
Linking
connects the dots of information for members, identifies commonalities between members
Give an example of conventional morality
considered by Kohlberg to be the middle ground of morality where a person strives to conform to laws and rules of society breaking these regulations is source of discomfort; conforming to the same style of dress as the supervisor or the "popular" employee
Central Nervous System
consists of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves that run throughout the body. The CNS runs both voluntary and automatic functions and is the communication system of the body.
Ratio scale
continuous variable, w/ meaning between numbers which contain an absolute zero (continuous)
Maintenance Role
contributes to continued bonding of group by encouraging interactions
F.H. Allport
created the concept of social facilitation, where an individual who is given a task to memorize a list of numbers will do better in a group than of alone
When you decrease the significance level, alpha errors _______ while beta errors_______
decrease/increase
How can denial be an advantage and a disadvantage?
denial can allow an individual to keep going in the face of adversity it can also keep them from seeking help to a problem they have
Eclectic
deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources
Constructive Confrontation
designed by Guy & Heidi Burgess, it is a mediation method designed to address complicated disputes in which all parties are unwilling to consider alternative solutions. It proposes that most disputes can be resolved if secondary issues are addressed before primary issues
Intensive Outpatient Case Management
designed to help a person with a dual diagnosis to continue to function after receiving treatment
Intelligence Test
designed to measure agreed upon components of intelligence
Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
determined by SEM= SD x square root 1.0-r
Sigmund Freud
developed a theory the id controls human motivation and behavior and is the set of desires, which are stored in the unconscious. Even though individuals are not aware of these desires they influence behavior. He also outlined 5 stage of human development and dream theory.
Describe Group Theory
developed by Adler & Dreikurs based on the idea that people are strongly motivated to seek the acceptance of their peers. Through the feedback of peers a person's behavior can be modified
Konrad Lorenz
discovered imprinting by using baby goslings
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
discusses the importance of give and take, fairness and relational ethics in the family; used term "family legacy;" known for ledger technique
Mesokurtic
distributions are in the middle and have a relatively bell-shaped distribution with similar gradual slopes on either side.
Platykurtic
distributions have a relatively large range with a low mode. Think plateau.
Leptokurtic
distributions have a relatively small range with a very peaked mode. Think Leaping of a high peak.
Nonmaleficence
do no harm
Semi Via Corta Range
doesn't look at the polar extreme scores
What are the three main programs used to treat substance abuse?
drug-free outpatient programs, methadone outpatient programs, and residential therapy programs
What are the two main services a counselor should provide to the client during case management?
education and restoration services
Emic
elating to or denoting an approach to the study or description of a particular language or culture in terms of its internal elements and their functioning rather than in terms of any existing external scheme.
Role of formal education in U.S.
employers have learned that those with college education typically perform work better therefore saves the company money through lower training expenses. The higher paying the job is the more likely it is to see college degrees as part of the job requirement.
What three factors influence a person's attitude toward disability?
environment, culture, and personality
Internal Validity
errors in research are minimized
Independent Living Services for Older People Who are Blind
established by RSA to help states provide rehabilitation services to people who are blind and over the age of 55
Helen Keller National Center
established by the RSA- offers rehabilitation and support to people who are deaf and blind
What factors influence where group members sit in relation to each other?
ethnicity, socioeconomic class, education, and age
Ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
Systematic Sampling
every the person gets asked to participate; reoccurring patterns should be looked at
Eigenwelt
existential term meaning the identity world
Unwelt
existential term meaning the physical world
Mitwelt
existential term meaning the relationship
Dual Diagnosis
exists when a person has both a psychiatric and a substance use disorder
Construct Validity
extent to which we can make generalizations about constructs
Crystalized Intelligence
facts, times table, other hard information, ability to solve problems, ability to make decision based on current knowledge, math, spelling
Fidelity
faithfulness to one's promises or obligations; not making insincere statements or impossible promises
William Glasser
father of reality therapy
Fixed Schedule
fixed time period between reinforcers, produce an accelerated rate of response as the time of reinforcement approaches
Systematic Desensitization
form of behavior therapy which involves exposing client to source of phobias either with pictures or directly
Emotional Flooding
form of behavioral therapy where client is bombarded with their issue or behavior until they reach exhaustion
Prozac
generically known as fluoxetine is a psychoactive medication used to treat depression, bulimia, OCD. Side effects include- agitation, anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia
Genotype
genetic makeup of the individual
Conflict Phase
group members become hyper-aware of differences but a sense of group identity has not yet been formed
Self-help/Support Groups
groups of people who provide mutual support for each other; members share a common problem, often a common disease or addiction; mutual goal is to help each other to deal with, if possible to heal or to recover from, this problem
Closed-group
has a finite number of participants and no new members will be added
Open-group
has a fluctuating number and new members are always accepted
Psychosomatic
has no organic cause and needs to be treated by a psychiatrist
16 PF
he Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire developed by Cattel, measures 16-personality factors, appropriate for ages 16+
How was Maslow different from his predecessors?
he added the concept of actualization, he also developed a hierarchy of needs
Assimilation
he process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group
How can a counselor use the internet to aid a client?
helping the muse it as a communication tool and an information gathering tool
Facilitative Role
helps members feel a part of the group and contribute a positive energy
A negatively skewed distribution is one with man _______ scores
high
Range
high and low, not very stable
Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of _______ or above.
high school age
Robert Kegan
his model stresses interpersonal development, it is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning and individual constructs realist throughout their entire life span.
A family that is stable and reached an equilibrium is in a state of _____
homeostasis
Incremental Validity
how a test is refined and becomes more valid over time
Judging vs. Organizing
how does a person relate to the outside world?
Sensing vs. Intuition
how does an individual perceive information through the senses or in the gut?
Thinking vs. Feeling
how does the individual judge information?
External Validity
how generalizable are results across the population
Organization (Piaget)
how individuals systematize and organize mental processes and knowledge
Ecological Culture
humans are influenced by where they live- climate, language, religion, etc.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
identifies significant personal preferences
Microsystem
immediate or close relationships or organizations an individual interacts with
Autonomy
independence; self-determination; right to personal choice
Interaction Strain
involve uncertainty about how to deal with the disabled and conversation is inhibited and leads to tension
Poliomyelitis
is an acute viral infection of the spinal cord, followed by residual paralysis of muscles. The person may use prosthetics or other mobility devices and heavy, manual labor may be difficult.
Self-Help Group
is composed of members who voluntary commit to the group with the intention of improving them self
Strategic Family Therapy
is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms
Scope of Practice
is the area in which an individual has training; the services they provide must stay within that area
Variance
is the sum of the squared differences from the mean of each score, divided by the total number of scores minus 1.
Usability
is the tool something that you would use? Is it user friendly?
A one way ANOVA
is used for testing one _____, while a two way ANOVA tests two______: IV/IVs
Why is a counselor's behavior and body language important when providing services?
it greatly effects the quality of communication and is interpreted through an individual's culture.
Dissonance
lack of agreement; especially; inconsistency between the beliefs one holds or between one's actions and one's beliefs.
Macrosystem
largest system the individual interacts with such as culture, wars, world events, government
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various school of counseling and therapy was during the ________
late 1960s
Autocratic (authoritarian) Leadership
leader forces themselves into group dialog often and is always right
Client Right to Privacy
legally the client has the right to confidentiality unless harm to self or others is an eminent risk or ordered by the court.
Most experts would agree that overall structured exercises are ______ than unstructured techniques
less effective
Brain stem
located at top of spinal column, it is the conduit between the brain and the rest of the body, controls reflex actions
A positively skewed distribution is one with many ______ scores
low
Cannabis
marijuana is a psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis sativa plant it creates an altered sense of time, mood changes, dry mouth, euphoria, impaired balance/coordination, increased appetite, increased relaxation; may also be used to treat the pain and decreased appetite in cancer and HIV/AIDS patients
The ______ is misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores
mean
The most useful measure abbreviated by an X with a bar over it is the ______
mean
T scores are used in testing
mean of 50 with a SD of +/- 10
Equal intervals
means that the possible scores are each an equal distance from each other.
Sociograms
measurements for what group members think and feel about issues and each other
Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT)
measures a person's abilities as they pertain to career choice
Aptitude Test
measures a person's ability to preform tasks
Personality Test
measures personality characteristics and predilections
Anticonvulsant Medication
more commonly known as anti-seizure drugs, help prevent seizures due to epilepsy or other disorders
Mode
most frequently occurring number
Urie Bronfenbrenner
most known for his Ecological systems theory of child development
How might the behaviors of a person with a disability affect another's attitude toward them?
mostly non-adaptive behaviors such as avoiding responsibility, avoiding social interaction, demonstrating insecurity, and demonstrating overdependence
Medicare Part A
must be 65 and eligible to receive social security or railroad retirement OR have been disabled for 24 months and is eligible for social security
Cluster Sampling
natural groups are sampled, then the individual members are sampled; often by geography; multi staged as an area is chosen then groups in the area then individuals of the groups
Distribution
normal is a bell curve, 68% of scores fall within 1-standard deviation
Non-probability Sampling
not everyone necessarily has the same chance of getting into the study
Immediacy
not putting something brought up by the client off until later but rather discussing it now
Within transactional analysis, the parent has two parts the _______ and the ______
nurturing parent/critical parent
Stimulation Generalization
occurs when a stimulus similar to the one originally used to condition a behavior produces the desired behavior
Quasi-experimental
people are intentionally placed in experimental/control groups
Ultra-paradoxal stage of pain
positive stimulus produces negative response and vice versa
Reinforcement Schedule
precise rules that are used to present (or to remove) reinforcers (or punishers) following a specified operant behavior. Schedules can be continuous, variable, or intermittent.
Intellectualization in a group
process of keeping content on a cognitive level
Respondent behavior
reflexes; automatic responses
Carol Whitaker
stressed the importance of co-therapy groups because they allow for a greater range of counseling exercises, developed the techniques of psychotherapy of the absurd
Behaviorist Theory
stresses the importance of positive role models
Advocacy
support; active pleading on behalf of someone or something
Managed Care
system for making healthcare more affordable
Standard Scores
t scores and z scores allow us to compare "apples and oranges,"
Probing
technique of asking open-ended questions
How is counseling culture-bound?
tends to be centered around verbal, emotional, and behavioral expressiveness which have defined communication patterns, level of openness, and intimacy
From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a _______
test of significance
Equivalent forms
tests use alternate-wording questions
In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term interjects really means _______
that the client internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of objects within themselves
Support for Roe's ideas come from
the Rorschach and the TAT
Ordinate
the Y axis
Validity
the ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Functional Capacity
the ability to perform necessary tasks; what a person is actually capable of doing
Blaming
the act of pointing outwards when an issue causes stress
Defense Mechanism
the act or technique of coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable or negative impulses
Adaptation (Piaget)
the adjustment to the environment
Group Norms
the agreed upon rules of conduct for the group
Imputed Functional Limitations
the assumption that a person with a disability is functionally limited, dependent upon others for assistance, and has difficulty providing financial support for himself and his family
Multiculturism
the attempt to understand and incorporate the beliefs and values of a particular group
Treatment Planning
the basic rehabilitation process in which a counselor establishes the client's objectives and identifies appropriate interventions
Transsexualism
the belief that one should be the opposite gender from the gender that they were born as
Computer-assisted Counseling (CAC)
the client is directly involved in using the computer
Phenomenology
the clients internal personal experiences and events/phenomena
The reliability coefficient/alpha coefficient
the closer to +1 the better means less error
Skinner's Box
the containers and contraptions Skinner used to condition rats
Reflecting
the counselor provides feedback that lets the client know they were listening
Evaluating
the counselor's appraisal of the counseling process
Tolerance
the decrease effectiveness of a substance due to over use
Group Cohesiveness
the degree to which a group has bonded together
Concurrent Validity
the degree to which two separate tests that are said to measure the same thing, agree on results
Hypothalamus
the earliest part of the brain to form, it is the control center and regulates metabolism, sex drive, hormones, and other basic functions
Connotation
the emotional content of a word, not the dictionary definition
Acceptance
the emotional recognition of a traumatic event and the realization that it happened and has other effects
Ontology
the existential therapy term meaning the process of being and existing, sees life as a perpetual problem involving choices which a person can make with freewill
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Universality
the feeling that one is not alone and that others have similar issues or have been in similar situations
Termination Phase
the final phase where group goals have been achieved and group members have obtained a better understanding of themselves and the other members. There is also acknowledgment of the upcoming separation and time to process it.
Rudolf Dreikurs
the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
Democratic Leadership
the group and the leader work together to facilitate the group
The Storyteller
the group member who tends to digress and rarely get to the point as well as frequently gets off topic.
Laisses-Faire Leadership
the group runs itself according to its own rules
Range
the highest number minus the smallest number; describes how data are dispersed- the larger the range the more disbursed the data points
Adlerian Theory
the idea of paradoxical intervention is when a counselor uses a technique that seems to contradict the goals of counseling
Parsimony
the idea that scientific study should be explained in the simplest way possible
Ex post facto
the information form a treatment is studied after the fact
Imprinting
the intellectual behavior in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, usually the mother.
Cerebrum
the largest part of the brain where upper level functions occur such as emotions, intelligence, judgment, language
Macroculture
the majority culture
Behavior Modeling
the manner in which a child bases their behavior on the behavior of the parent
Parental Response
the manner in which a parent reacts to the discovery that their child has a disability
Group Process
the manner in which the group content is discussed
What conditions are treated with Risperidone?
the most common anti-psychotic drug prescribed in the U.S. in larger doses it is used to treat psychosis but in smaller doses has been used to treat bi-polar, depression, Tourette's syndrome. Side affects include, muscle stiffness and pain, tremors, weight gain, insomnia, changes in BP, and sexual dysfunction.
Stimulus Discrimination
the opposite of stimulus generalization, usually requires conditioning beyond the original set of conditioners to teach the individual to differentiate between two similar stimuli
Reliability
the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions
Id
the part of the psyche, residing in the unconscious, that is the source of instinctive impulses
Disengagement-oriented
the person attempts to deny, avoid, or ignore the existence or extent of disability
Engagement-oriented
the person continually strives to overcome the issues related to their disability thus they are more likely to accept their disability
The Attacker
the person in the group who feels insecure whenever the group conversation gets close to their personnel issues. They are also good at pointing out the weaknesses of others.
Disposition-type
the person looks at the "bright side" of the situation
Scapegoat
the person who is blamed for problems and tensions
Resistance
the phenomenon often encountered in clinical practice in which patients either directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss, remember, or think about presumably clinically relevant experiences.
Epictetus
the philosopher most closely related to REBT; suggested we feel the way we think
Ontology
the philosophy of being and existing
Quota Sampling
the population is divided into subgroups and sampling is done in proportion to the actual population
Heritability
the portion of trait that can be explained by genetic factors
What are the results of a poorly written pre-employment test or a poorly designed interview question?
the possibility of a discrimination claim- the ADA prohibits asking questions that may directly or indirectly identify or assess the extent of a disability. A poorly written question could violate this protective legislation.
Accurate Empathy
the process by which a counselor assumes the client's perspective and relates to them and their experiences
Actualization
the process by which humans grow to their full potential and fulfill their needs
Adjustment
the process of adapting activities, beliefs, values, goals, and other elements to a specific situation
Summarization
the process of encapsulating areas of discussion and comment at various points during a session
Orientation Phase
the process through which the group leader forms the group, lays the ground rules, advises of risks, and discusses the goals of counseling
Paradoxal stage of pain response
the response exceeds the amount of stimulus
Rosenthal Effect
the result of high expectations, when the teacher explains that those in the front row because they did better than the rest of the students which results in the front row doing better than the other rows.
The Hawthorne Effect
the result of the reaction to being subjects by the experimental group
Test-retest
the same people take the same test multiple times
Stratified Sampling
the sample frame is broken into category groups then randomly assigned; more likely to represent the actual population; allows for comparing of subgroups
Withdrawal
the set of symptoms a person experiences if they stop using the substance that they have become dependent on
Kinesiology
the study of how people move
Predictive Validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
Reinforcement Scheduling
the timing of positive or negative stimuli to increase a behavior
Career
the total work one does in a life time
Median
the true center
Dichotomy
the two answers are directly opposed to each other so only one can be correct
Success Identity
the understanding that a person has that they have needs for happiness and success and that they are responsible for their behaviors and the positive and negative consequences of them.
Computer-managed Counseling (CMC)
the use of computers to manage and track an office or agency
Case Management
the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that a specific client receives the necessary services and care.
Caseload Management
the use of procedures, techniques, and resources to make sure that all clients receive the necessary services and care.
Behavior
the way a person acts
Nonverbal Communication
the way a speaker provides information to other without using words
Body Language
the way a speaker uses gestures, expressions, and movements to convey a message
Phenotype
the way an individual's genotype is expressed through physical and behavioral characteristics
Epigenetic
the work done by social psychologists such as Kohlberg, Maslow, Erikson, and Freud is the study of human cell growth and development
Give an example of "real world" conditioning
the work of industrial psychologists and interior decorators design environments are designed to change people's behavior- work harder and more efficiently, lighting, ergonomics, comfort
What is the difference between collectivism and personism?
they both relate to the role groups play in a person's culture. In collectivism the individual is not seen as independent to the group. In personism the individual is seen as independent from the group.
How can a counselor ensure that treatment objectives are valid and useful?
they can use the acronym SMART to develop them
TIA
transient ischemic attack: a "minor" stroke that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is only temporarily interrupted.
What would a typical treatment plan for schizophrenia?
treatment measures are directed at symptom management and may include anti-psychotic medications, behavior therapies, and social skills
If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ______
two different populations
Type I Error/Alpha Error
when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is actually true
Job Modification
when a worker performs the particular job in a different way than most
Dual-Diagnosis
when an individual is diagnosed with both a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder
A reliability coefficient for most psychological attributes is often
.70 or greater
For jobs, schools, and so on, a reliability coefficient should be at least
.80 or higher
Measures of correlation coefficient
0 no relationship, +1 perfect positive relationship: a change in one results in the same change in the other, -1 perfect negative relationship: one goes up and one goes down at same magnitude
Erikson's 8 stages of development
0-2 yrs. Trust vs. Mistrust, 2-4 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, 4-5 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt, 5-12 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority, 13-19 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion, 20-24 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation, 25-64 yrs. Generatively vs. Stagnation, 65- death Ego Integrity vs. Despair
5 Principles of Ethical Behavior
1) Autonomy 2) Beneficence 3) Non-maleficence 4) Justice 5) Fidelity
3 tests designed to measure predictive validity
1) GRE: used to predict the success of a person entering grad school 2) SAT/ACT: predict success in undergrad education 3) Polling: predicts outcome of elections; often deemed inaccurate predictors
Two types of norms used to interpret psychometric assessments
1) General norms: typical score because a large number of others have achieved the same score 2) Special norms: a large number of people who share a common characteristic have achieved the same score
5 Main Qualitative Research Strategies
1) Grounded Theory 2) Ethnographic 3) Narrative 4) Phenomenological 5) Case Studies
What are the four main family structures?
1) Nuclear 2) Extended 3) Single parent 4) Blended
What are the 4 stages of group progression as outlined by Yalom?
1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination
Yalom's Stages of a Group
1) Orientation 2) Conflict 3) Cohesion 4) Termination
Time Management Techniques
1) Prioritize 2) Allows for as many tasks to be done as possible 3) use of technology that may make job easier
4 methods of sampling
1) Random Sampling 2) Cluster Sampling 3) Stratified Sampling 4) Horizontal Sampling
Holland's 6 Personality Types
1) Realistic 2) Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic
Holland's 6 Personality Types
1) Realistic 2)Conventional 3) Enterprising 4) Social 5) Investigative 6) Artistic
What are the five levels of exertion?
1) Sedentary: less then 6lbs regularly and no more than 10lbs at a time 2) Light: less than 11lbs regularly and no more than 20lbs at a time 3) Medium: 26lbs regularly and no more than 50lbs 4) Heavy: less than 50lbs regularly and no more than 100lbs 5) Very Heavy: 50lbs regularly and more than 100lbs
4 areas of concern in client-counselor relationship
1) Team approach to treatment planning 2) Monitoring to determine progress of plan 3) Development of realistic, attainable goals 4) Consideration of client resources: $$, transportation, and social support
3 methods of measuring test reliability
1) Test-retest 2) Equivalent or alternate form 3) Split-half Method
Name 2 tests that measure inclination/aptitudes
1) Thematic Aptitude Test (TAT) 2) Minnesota Viewpoint Test 3) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Name 3 Gestalt Therapy Techniques
1) Top Dog/Underdog 2) Empty Chair 3) Hot Seat
What are the 3 main factors that determine if a supervisor and a counselor can work together effectively?
1) ability to agree on goals 2) Ability to agree on methods 3) Ability to cooperate
What four actions should a counselor encourage group members to take?
1) actively listen to other members 2) refrain from interrupting/distracting 3) stay involved in group discussion 4) to take necessary steps outside of the group
What are the three main types of arbitrators?
1) ad hoc- a person who is chosen by the client, counselor or employer to handle a specific dispute 2) permanent- an individual who regularly works for a counselor or firm 3) arbitrator panel- a group of arbitrators that have been chosen by parties involved handling the dispute
3 leadership styles
1) autocratic (authoritarian) 2) democratic 3) lassies-fare
4 Types of Validity
1) construct 2) external 3) internal 4) statistical conclusion
4 Types of Quantitative Research
1) correlation 2) ex post facto 3) qusai-experimental 4) True experimental
What are 3 reasons group work may not be appropriate?
1) counselors can lose control of the group 2) Group members can experience emotional harm 3) Not all clients are going to be able to trust enough to participate in group
3 characteristics of an effective qualitative research strategy
1) credibility of sources 2) dependability of sources 3) transferability of results to a larger population
4 goals of counselor during a feedback interview
1) deliver information as effectively as possible 2) engage client in a discussion 3) ensure the client understands the information 4) gather enough information to develop a plan to proceed
3 goals of Behavioral Group Approach
1) develop social skills 2) teach the skills necessary to function in society 3) help teach the skills necessary to adapt to whatever the situation is
4 major illness prevention strategies
1) dietary 2) exercise/lifestyle 3) stress management 4) hygiene
Name three possible coping strategies used to deal with a disability
1) disengagement-oriented 2) Disposition-type 3) Engagement-oriented
What techniques should a counselor use to help a family with a child receiving in or out-patient care?
1) double check all info collected about family to insure accuracy 2) Evaluate home to ensure that child and family will be able to function
5 actions a counselor can take to be an effective advocate
1) encourage people to act in the interest of those with disabilities 2) encourage clients to represent their interests 3) work with people to remove environmental barriers 4) ensure access to services 5) promotion of designs and models that accommodate functional limitations
Three strategies a counselor can use to change the ways society views people in minority groups?
1) experiential strategies- exposure to people with disabilities 2) informational strategies- educating people eon disability 3) simulation strategies- an activity that allows the individual to "try-on" a disability
Two types of functional capacity evaluations (FCE)
1) general function: assess the skills required in a variety of occupations; before an occupation has been chosen 2) job-specific: assess the skills for a particular occupation: after an occupation has been chosen
Three approaches a counselor can utilize
1) group therapy 2) psychodynamic 3) skills training
When developing a position for a client a counselor should:
1) identify and contact an employer who might be willing to create a position 2) contact another employer if the first is unable to create a position 3) When an employer agrees an interview with the client should be set up
Disadvantages of a Computerized Evaluation
1) mistakes might be made that would not be made on a paper test 2) Test may be blemished due to the program administering it 3) Some may provide too much information which can make it difficult for the counselor to sift through
According to Satir what are the 4 issues which impeded communication within a family?
1) placating 2) Blaming 3) Irrelevance 4) Over reasonability
What are the 5 functions typically associated with case management?
1) planning 2) organizing 3) coordinating 4) directing 5) controlling
What are some early steps to be taken when setting up counseling groups for adults?
1) pre-screening interviews to determine a suitable fit 2) during the interview the purpose of the group should be described as well as why the client wants to join
When giving feedback to client the counselor should:
1) reiterate the purpose and format of the assessment 2) share the results and exactly what they mean 3) ask for and answer all questions
What is the approximate suicide rate in U.S.?
11/100,000
How many people within 2 standard deviations?
95%
How many people within 3 standard deviations?
99.7%
Clinical Supervision
A process in which an organization provides monitoring and evaluation of the performance of its counselors.
Oscar K. Buros
Came up with the Mental Measurements Yearbook that rates psychological tests
Transactional Analysis (TA)
Cognitive model of therapy which asserts that health communication transactions where vectors of communication run parallel.
Donald Meichenbaum
Cognitive therapist most associated with the concept of stress inoculation
Identity Crisis
Coined by Erikson- describes the suffering a person goes through when they know who they are and what they want to do.
Integrated Developmental Model
Designed by Delworth & Stoltenberg states that counselor skills can be developed in 8 domains: client assessment, ethics, interpersonal assessment, conceptualization, intervention, serving people w/ different needs, understanding and applying theory, & treatment planning/goal setting
EMDR
Developed by Francine Shapiro; Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; moving the eyes can work to deal with traumatic memories
Greek Chorus
Devised by Peggy Papp, refers to a consultant of supervisory team that observes a session from behind a 1-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family.
Musterbation
Ellis made up term meaning to "must," as in people must do this or that
Bibliotherapy
Ellis; books recommended by the counselor for the client to read
Victor Frankl
Father of Logo therapy
Oedipus Complex
Freudian Term: when a boy in the phallic stage bonds with his mother and experiences a sexual attraction to her
Displacement
Freudian idea- an unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unacceptable
Rationalization
Freudian idea- defense mechanism in which perceived controversial behaviors or feelings are logically justified and explained in a rational or logical manner in order to avoid any true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable
Introjection
Freudian idea- the process where the subject replicates in itself behaviors, attributes or other fragments of the surrounding world, especially of other subjects
Denial
Freudian idea-defense mechanism postulated in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept and rejects it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence
Dream Analysis
Freudian technique used to understand the unconscious mind
Transactional Analysis (TA) often uses _____________ techniques
Gestalt
Empty Chair
Gestalt Therapy Technique where the client sits in one of two chairs and addresses the empty one in regards to the individual's issues
Leniency/Strictness Bias
Giving a worker a very high or a very low rating and avoiding average ratings
Guidance Groups
Have the purpose to provide information and discussion focus on how the information is relevant to group members; often found in schools
Cephalcocaudal
Head to foot
Who created the TAT?
Henry Murry
Phenylketonuria
Hereditary condition in which an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless baby is placed on a special diet
Klinefeller's Syndrome
Hereditary condition where females have no gonads or sex hormones
What is a common criticism of Jean Piaget's findings?
His findings were often based on his own children.
Jay Haley
His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy; often uses paradox.
The Strong Interest Inventory is based off whose ideas?
Holland
Adaptability
How rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic a family is
BASIC-ID
Idea from Lazarus, an acronym meaning B= behaviors A= affective S= sensations I= images C=cognitions I=interpersonal D= drugs
Erikson's fifth stage of development
Identity vs. Role Confusion- 13-19, identifies roles and identity- social, potential vocational roles, adult roles
Covert Sensitization
Imagining an event before it is done
What is the difference between a spiral test and a cyclical test?
In a spiral test there is only one section and the questions get progressively more difficult throughout while in a cyclical test each section has progressively harder questions
Is it ethical for a counselor to accept a client's property in exchange for services?
In most cases no
Lifestyle
Includes an individual's work, leisure, and other patterns of living
Human Capital Theory
Individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income
Erikson's forth stage of development
Industry vs. inferiority- 6-12, develops competence socially and academically
Phenomenological
Information is gathered about a major life event experienced by a group (ex: 9/11)
Narrative
Information is gathered about a specific population group through the stories told about them
Grounded Theory
Information is gathered so that researchers can develop a theory
Erikson's third stage of development
Initiative vs. Guilt- 3-6, children meet challenges, assume responsibility, identity the rights of others
ICD
Internal Classification of Disease
John Ertl
Invented an electronic machine to analyze neural efficiency to take the place of pencil and paper tests. It relies on a computer, EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet.
Self Directed Search (SDS)
Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, it is self administered and self scored
Interitem Consistency
Is each item on the test measuring the same variable
How did Kohlberg's work differ from Piaget's?
It expanded on Piaget's work by adding adolescent and adult moral development
What is the RESPECTFUL counseling model?
It is an approach where the counselor focuses on a person's background and the primary goal is to help the client obtain knowledge, skills, abilities, and the resources the person needs to function. R- Religion E- Economic Background S- Sexual Identity P- Psychological Maturity E- Ethnic Background C- Challenges Developmentally T- Trauma F- Family History U- Unique Characteristics L- Language
Culture Fair Test
Items are known to the subject regardless of their culture
_________ postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of Bandura.
John Krumboltz
Who are the two most prominent behaviorists?
John Watson and B.F. Skinner
Humanistic Psychology
Known as the third force in psychology; holds that people are inherently good; adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential; encourages viewing "whole person" greater than the sum of parts.
William Perry
Known for his ideas on adult cognitive development/intellectual development, especially college students; came up with concepts of Dualistic and Relativistic Thinking
Murray Bowen
Known for work in intergenerational family therapy which utilized genograms; proposed the idea of triangulation
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses radio waves, computers, and magnetic fields to construct images, it is a non-evasive experience
NASW
National Association of Social Workers- established on 1955
NBCC
National Board of Certified Counselors
NLP
Neurolingusitc programming; created by John Grinder and John Bandle- they studied therapists to discover what they did rather than what they said.
Treatment Protocol for Alzheimer's
No cure but exercise, nutrition, physical therapy can help. Need visual monitoring to stay safe and need frequent reminders and queues to reduce anxiety
Is it ethical for a counselor to advertise services they are not trained to provide?
No!
Reversibility
Piaget term to describe a child's understanding that a process can be done in reverse (ex: toys in backyard can also be picked up and put way)
Schema
Piaget's term for a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world
1958 National Defense Education Act
Provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Pyramid of priority of needs
Operant Conditioning
Skinner: used positive and negative reinforcement and punishment to change behaviors
In Holland's Theory, teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers would for into the ___________ category.
Social
SCCT
Social Cognitive Career Theory- states that self-efficacy impacts career decisions
Arthur Jenson
Sparked the Black vs. White IQ debate in 1969
What is the difference between a speed test and a power test?
Speed tests measure how long it takes a person to complete and is not concerned with difficulty while a has no time limit and is designed to measure the breadth of knowledge of the taker
SIC
Standard Industrial Classification Manual; classifies business in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in
SOC
Standard Occupational Classification, a manual that codes jobs in clusters that contain jobs that are similar enough that a person may have the skills to work in any of them
Today the _______ is used from ages 2 years until adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the SAS or the Standard Age Score
Stanford Binet
Lenore Walker
Stated domestic violence has three stages; 1) tension building 2) battering phase 3) honeymoon phase- abuser states they will never do it again
Leon Festinger
Stated that friendships and attraction are the highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other
Spearman
Stated that there are two factors in intelligence, a general ability (G), and a specific ability (S), which were thought to be applicable to any mental task
Robert Kegan
Stated the client cam make a meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His sic stages of development are 1) incorporative 2) impulsive 3) imperial 4) interpersonal 5) institutional 6) interindividual
A hierarchy or pecking order among members occurs in the stage of _____.
Storming
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ______ school of family counseling.
Strategic
In ______ family counseling the person with the power in the family has the authority to make rules and enforce them.
Strategic
Vertical Interventions
Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group
Mimesis
Structural Family Therapy intervention: the therapist mimics the positive and negative behavior patterns of individual family members
Joining
Structural Family Therapy intervention: therapists attempt at greeting and bonding with family members
The Miracle Question
Suppose you woke up tomorrow and a miracle had occurred and the problem had been solved. How would you know? What would be different?
Counterbalancing
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study
Joseph Breuer
Taught Freud the value of the talking cure; known as catharsis
Robbers Cave Experiment
Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing the competition and enhancing cooperation
Public Law 93-380
The Buckley Amendment, When reviewing college files a college and demand a correction if an error is found
FL94-142
The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (1975)
Group Dynamics
The study of group operations
How might a facility use behavioral modification?
Token Economy
The Little Professor
Transactional Analytic term; the child explores and learns about the world and is creative and intuitive.
The Natural Child
Transactional Analytic term; the child is spontaneous, impulsive and untrained.
The Adapted Child
Transactional Analytic term; the child learns to comply to avoid punishment by the parent.
Placating
Trying to please everyone due to fear of rejection
Carol Gilligan
Was critical to Kohlberg's theory of moral development; she felt it was more applicable to females than males
Abandonment
a counselor is obliged to refer clients to another counselor if for any reason they must no longer provide services
Projection
a defense mechanism by which a person ascribes their faults to another person or thing
Compensation
a defense mechanism by which a person develops a behavioral or physical alternative to make up for a particular weakness
Denial
a defense mechanism by which a person refuses to acknowledge a fact or condition of their existence
Repression
a defense mechanism originally described by Freud by which a person stuffs down important issues and does not let them into their existence
Displacement
a defense mechanism which occurs in a variety of forms when a reaction to a situation is placed on something else. (ex: frustration with a poor test grade at school gets internalized and is then demonstrated through reckless driving)
Alcohol
a depressant that decreases the amount of activity in the brain, with excuse use can cause agitation, aggressiveness, altered vision, anxiety, depression, euphoria, insomnia, irritability, and sensitivity to light
Impairment
a functional limitation due to a medical condition
Self-help
a group created from people who have the same problem and looking for solutions
Paraprofessional
a helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials
Difficulty Index
a measure if the number of people who answer correctly
selection interview assessment
a meeting between an employer and an applicant
Test-retest Reliability
a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions
Reality Therapy
a method of analysis developed by Glasser to help clients focus on the present rather than past experiences
do-it-and-report-routinely Level
a person will take action without approval but will report at regular intervals to the supervisor
do-it-and-report-it-immediately Level
a person will take action without approval but will report the action and the results to supervisor immediately
Dependence
a physical or psychological condition in which a person has taken so much od a substance that their body needs it to function normally
Relabeling
a recasting of the negative behavior in a positive light in order to get an emotional response from the client
Culture
a system of beliefs and values that a particular group has established , as well as the way people with in that group act because of those values.
Psychoanalysis
a technique developed by Freud to discover the subconscious mind
Muscles Relaxants
a type of analgesic designed to reduce painful muscle movements
Anti-inflammatory
a type of analgesic medications designed to reduce swelling and irritation
Disability
a type of functional limitation that prevents a person from performing certain tasks
What are some of the major ways a counselor can help a family who has a child with a disability?
a) career counseling b) stress management training c) disability education d) referring the family to other support services
What are some techniques that are useful for maintaining a group?
a) clarification b) Blocking c) Summarizing d) Linking
Info in a Treatment Plan
a) client diagnosis & codes b) major goals for treatment c) timeline for goal achievement d) interventions e) signatures of client and counselor
List some client rights
a) counselor disclosure statement b) Intent and purpose of rehab plan c) The techniques and potential risks of services utilized d) The cost of services e) The types of assessments/evaluations that are going to be used f) How the results of assessments are going to be used g) Client has right to refuse services
Stress Management Techniques
a) exercise b) relaxation- deep breathing, music c) socialization d) sleep
What are some different group leadership styles?
a) focus on process rather than content b) Pay more attention to facial expressions and other non-verbal cues over what is actually said c) Emphasis on content rather than process
Goals of Family Therapy
a) to achieve & maintain homeostasis with in the family unit b) achieve adaptability so that the family unit can adjust to new circumstances
Anorexia Nervosa
an eating disorder most common in adolescent females where they deny themselves food and usually exercise in excessive amounts to get to the "ideal" weight which is never achieved. Treatment is most successful when caught early
Bisexuality
an emotional and/or sexual interest in people of both genders
Antibiotics
anti-anxiety medications
Blocking Role
attempts to hinder group formation and accomplishment of task through behaviors
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
auditory &/or visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia,
Mean
average
Hygiene Improvement
dental care, hair care, skin care
Person-centered Therapy
designed by Rogers, the "trinity" of the approach is made up of genuineness, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. The helper meets the client where they are at, helps them tell their story, and encourages them to become self-reliant
Minnesota Viewpoint Test
designed to assist career counselors matching traits with career options
Reality Therapy
developed by Glasser; focus is on the present and felt that people could control life by taking action; stressed the importance of perception
Arthur Janov
developed scream therapy
Three types of agencies that help people find occupational information
federal, state, and private
Daniel Goleman
felt emotional intelligence was more important than IQ
Human Factors Engineering
field focusing on designing objects so that they are compatible with the human body and human cognition
What is the process of filing a discrimination lawsuit?
first a person must file a discrimination claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) then wait for further notification. If there is enough evidence for a claim the EEOC will attempt to reach a settlement with the employer if a settlement cannot be reached the EEOC will file a lawsuit on behalf of the person. If the EEOC determines there is not enough evidence the individual will be lettered and given 90 days to file a suit on their own after which point stature of limitations will expire.
What are the three main types of advocacy?
group, self, and representative
Gender Identity
how a person perceives his or her role in society because of their male r female characteristics
Treatment for anorexia or bulimia
individual and group therapy with cognitive-behavioral approaches to gain insights, medications to help with anxiety and depression
Why is cultural background important?
influences values and beliefs which may then influence the techniques used, methods used, or how the counselor interacts with the client.
In general, behavioral modification strategies are based heavily on _________, while behavior therapy emphasizes __________.
instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles/classical conditioning and Pavlovian principles
Beneficence
intending to do good and act in the best interest of the client
Classical Conditioning
learning a new behavior via the process of association; learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US)
Operant Conditioning
learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences
Etic
of, relating to, or involving analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who does not participate in the culture being studied
The Randolph Sheppard Vending Facility Program
offered by RSA to help people who are blind find and obtain employment by federal, state, &/or private facilities
Linear Causality
one cause equals one effect; the line of reasoning is direct
Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.
Somatopsychological Approach
originally designed by Barker, Gonick, Meyerson, and Wright in 1953 to describe adjustment to disability. It is based on the idea that a person's reaction to an event is the result of their perceptions interacting with the environment (how a person thinks about disability affects how they respond to becoming disabled)
Exosystem
other systems such as school, church neighborhoods an individual interacts with
Training Groups
participants themselves learn about themselves and about small group processes in general, through their interaction with each other; use feedback, problem solving, and role play to gain insights into themselves, others, and groups.
True experimental
people are randomly assigned to an experimental/control group and the results of the two groups are compared
Human Capital Theory
people invest in training and education to get the highest return from career choice
base to top
physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, self actualization
Jacob Moreno
pioneered psychodrama and coined the term therapy
Prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.
What is the ABC theory of personality?
presented by Albert Ellis, it is a method of refuting false beliefs. Clients are taught to link the A- activating event, with the B- beliefs, and the C- consequences. D & E can also be added D- dispute, E- effect
Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to _______ behavior.
prevent, correct, or enhance
Functional Limitations
prevents a person from performing required tasks as effectively as another person
List Anne Roe's 6 Levels of occupational skill
professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semi professional/small, business, skilled, semi skilled, unskilled
Focusing
prompts from the counselor to narrow the topic of discussion or to bring the discussion back on track
Correlation Coefficient is represented by what
r
What is a possible treatment for a client who awfulizes?
redirection toward positive alternatives
Absolute zero
refers to a point where none of the scale exists or where a score of zero can be assigned.
Magnitude
refers to the ability to know if one score is greater than, equal to, or less than another score.
Interquartile range
represents the difference between the 75th and the 25th percentile. To determine this score, simply subtract the score at the 75th percentile from the score at the 25th + 1. Interquartile range is used frequently to eliminate extreme scores on either end of the distribution. For distributions where the 75th and/or 25th percentiles aren't exactly knows, a process called extrapolation can be used.
Range of a distribution
represents the difference between the highest and lowest scores. Often a 1 is then added to determine the true range. For example, a distribution with scores of 1, 2, 2, 3, 6 would have a range of 6-1+1 or 6.
Forced Choice Tests
requires the test taker to recognize the information being presented by answering all questions
Correlation
researchers study the information gathered by previous researchers
Normative Test
results are compared with a large body of test takers who have established a normal range of scores
An SDS Score
reveals the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
The 3-R's of Reality Therapy
right, responsibility, and reality- according to Glasser these are the essential elements of successful therapy
Abreaction
same as catharsis
Suppression
same as denial
Feminist Therapies
sees women as more evenly matched with males, also incorporates a less heterogeneous sexuality
What workplace factors should be assessed during an ergonomic assessment?
setting, desk, computer height, seating, positioning, height of the person, keyboard
Cognitive Therapy
similar to REBT but believes dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational
Fokeways
similar to mores; often cause embarrassment and result in lesser punishments
Attending
simple response to what client is saying
What are the characteristics of a good counselor?
sincere and genuine, empathetic, consistency and perseverance
When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statistions call it ____
skewed
Daniel Paul Schreber
spent 9 years in a mental hospital and wrote the book Memoirs of a Mental Patient, Freud after seeing a copy thought he was dealing with issues around homosexuality and that he had a fear he would be turned into a woman and mate with God creating a new race
Equivalent stage of pain response
stage in which a person's response to stimuli is equal to the amount of stimuli
Norms
standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people
Status Attainment Theory
states that a person will achieve the same levels of emotional and financial success as parents.
Frustration-Aggression Theory
states that when people become blocked and cannot achieve a goal, they become frustrated which leads to aggression.
Amphetamines
stimulate the brain and speed up the metabolism, they can be used to treat ADD/HD and narcolepsy but can also cause mood change, high blood pressure, confusion, dizziness, euphoria, fatigue, paranoia and other similar issues
Intermittent Reinforcement
stimulus is used only at set times, most effective in maintaining new behavior
Horizontal Interventions
strategies that approach the group as a whole.
Rene Spitz
studied the behavior of young children and infants who had been in hospitals or institutions since birth and did not have parental contact, she found that these kids had problems sleeping and were more prone to illness which were in line with Harlow's earlier work
Placebo
substances or entities which are inert or inactive that are given to an experimental group, often people report an "effect" even though there is none
Biomedical Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person has a medical condition that impairs ability to function
Economic Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation if the person is unable to work effectively as other people
Sociopolitical Model
suggests that a person has a functional limitation of society recognizes that the person is unable to function as well as other people.
Abscissa
the X axis
Group Content
the material discussed within the group
Catharsis
the process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
Cerebellum
the second largest part of the brain it coordinates muscle movements like walking, running, and other motions
Heritage
the set of customs, traditions, physical characteristics, and other cultural influences that are inherited from past generations
Sexual Identity
the set of sexual characteristics of a particular person, the person's perceived sexual characteristics, and the effects of sexual characteristics in other people
Cultural Diversity
the similarities and the differences that can be distinguished between differing cultures
Ethology
the study of animal behavior in their natural environment
Potential sources of error
the test taker, the way it was scored, the test content appropriateness for client, time influence, situation induced
Empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
Internal Validity
the validity of the statements made about the relationships found during the research
Mesoystem
the way different microsystems work together
Co-leadership
this exists when there is more than one group leader
What is the purpose of a treatment plan review?
to evaluate and assess the client's progress toward treatment goals through time
Expertness
to have confidence in expertise and reliability of the counselor in the client's eyes is important; the counselor must not pretend to know things they don't
Why is it important for a counselor to keep track of the medications their clients are taking?
to help ensure that the client is on appropriate meds, to be aware of possible side effects, and over/under medication issues.
T-Group
training group usually found in the workplace
Ipsative
type of measure in which respondents compare two or more desirable options and pick the one that is most preferred.
The Wilcoson Signed Rank Test
used in place of the t test when data are non parametric and two correlated means need to be compared
Low-context Communication
used to describe how a person transmits information, a person states outright what they are trying to convey w/ minimal non-verbal information
High-context Communication
used to describe how a person transmits information, a person uses a variety of non-verbal signals to help convey what they are saying.
Counseling in dual diagnosis
used to help people find better ways than alcohol and drugs to cope with the stress of their psychiatric condition and other issues
Stimulants
used to stay awake or alert and are used to treat narcolepsy
Alpha reliability
uses statistical methods to check reliability
Convenience Sampling
using randomly available groups (the easiest to access); sample may be biased
Variable Schedule
variable time period between reinforcers, schedules produce a steady rate of response
What is the typical treatment process for a dual diagnosis?
varies from person to person but typically is detoxification from their substance of choice, chemical dependency treatment, treatment for psychological diagnosis, and will continue these treatments until they can function
Dual Relationship
when a counselor has a relationship with a client outside of the counseling environment
Irrelevance
when a person displaces the potential problem with an unrelated activity
Over-reasonability
when a person keeps their emotions in check and functions like a machine
Accommodation
when a person's workspace is customized to their needs
Cultural Pluralism
when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society.
Consolidation
when the client works with the counselor or group leader to develop plans for future
Statistical Conclusion Validity
when the information obtained can be used to prove or disprove a particular theory
Blocking
when the leader steps in to protect participants from each other
Extroversion vs. Introversion
where does the individual get their energy?
Probability Sampling
where everyone has an equal chance of getting in; a problem is that by chance the actual population could not be adequately represented
Likert-Type Scale
which respondents choose the score (e.g. 1 to 5) which best represents the degree to which they agree with a given statement
John Bowlby
worked in bonding and attachment and that they have survival value. He felt that in order to lead a healthy life a child must bond with an adult before the age of three.
Alternate Assessments
written and observation
McDougall and Ross
wrote book Introduction to Social Psychology
What is the most effective time period between CS and US?
½ second
Functional Assessment Inventory
(FAI), designed by Crewe and Athelstan in 1984, tests functional limitations and their effects on occupational performance
Functional Assessment Evaluation
(FCE): the assessing of client skills and the performance of certain tasks
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) originally passed in 1975 designed to give kids with disabilities an educational tailored to meet their needs. It requires schools which get federal funding to provide these accommodation services free of charge to students
