NCIDQ - Ch. 22
Difference between DD presentation and earlier presentations
- Exact dimensions of the floor plan are set - Specific products and materials have been selected - Furniture selection is finalized - Exact colors and finishes have been determined on most products - Last chance for client to make changes without affecting the project's cost and schedule
Most common types of orthographic drawings:
- Floor plans - Reflected ceiling plans - Elevations - Sections
Sections that should be included in a programming report:
- Title page - Introduction - Executive summary (optional) - Goals & objectives of report (optional) - Summary of space needs - Space adjacencies - Code requirements - Analysis of existing space - Budget & schedule requirements - Programming concepts - Appendices (anything not covered above like existing furniture inventory)
Typical scale of simple details (not often used)
1" (1:10)
Typical scale of ceiling details and simple cabinet details
1-1/2" (1:10)
Tips to a clear & easy to follow presentation
1. Be consistent with format of each slide 2. Put only 1-idea on each slide 3. Use bold graphics that are easy to understand 4. Be specific with thoughts and suggestions 5. Preview the presentation before giving it
Typical scale of floor plans of very large buildings
1/16" (1:200)
Typical scale of enlarged floor plans and very complex elevations
1/2" (1:20)
Typical scale of floor plans, simple interior elevations, & building sections
1/4" (1:50)
Typical scale of floor plans
1/8" (1:100)
Typical scale of doors, cabinet, furniture and similar details
3" (1:5)
Although they are available on many architect's scales, ___ & ___ scales should never be used because ___
3/32 and 3/16 they are too close to 1/8" & 1/4" scales
Typical scale of enlarge floor plans and full wall sections
3/4" (1:20)
Typical scale of complex interior elevations and complex building sections
3/8" (1:30)
Isometric drawing
3D view of an object in which the object is tilted in relation to picture plane (rather than parallel to picture plane as with orthographic drawing). These lines are oblique to the picture plane. The three principal axes of the object make equal angles with the picture plane, or the drawing surface. In practice, the result is that the vertical axis of an object is vertical on the paper and the two horizontal axis form 30 degrees on the paper. Lengths of all three principal axes are drawn at the same scale. - Negative: visual distortion caused by parallel lines not appearing to converge at a point as they recede into the distance. - Can be used to draw buildings, interior rooms, details, millwork, furniture, etc.
Oblique drawings
3D view of an object where one plane of the object is parallel to the picture plane while third axis is oblique to the picture plane. Consist of 90° angles between two adjacent planes or walls. Advantage: a building floor plan or elevation can be used directly to construct the drawing. - Can be tilted at any angle as long as walls are 90 deg to each other, usually drawn at two 45°, 30°, or 60° angles.
Trimetric drawing
All three of the principal axes are foreshortened
A Plan is
An orthographic view of an object as seen from directly above.
Convergence
Apparent diminishing size of any object as it gets farther from the eye. Explains why parallel lines seem to end at a vanishing point in the distance.
Graphic Scale On a Drawing
Band of alternating light and dark portions, each representing a certain length. When these are used, measurement of scale is not dependent on having a scale instrument. Useful when drawings are reproduced at an odd size for presentations or publication.
Two point perspective
Created when the point of view is at normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object. Has two vanishing points, not just one.
What is the goal of the final programming report and presentation?
Elicit client comments on the conclusions and to get approval so design can proceed
Mockups
Full-size representations of a portion of a design. Made of small elements, such as furniture, or entire rooms. Good way to communicate how something will look that has not yet been built, such as a custom-designed workstation or prototype for a hotel room. Can be made of cardboard to study clearances, human fit, and overall scale. Can also be built as the actual construction (by contractor or vendor).
Poche
Graphic pattern or solid black fill used to make the walls stand out or to indicate the wall construction type
Station Point
In a two point perspective drawing, this determines the vanishing points. Vertical lines are projected downward from this point.
Floor plan
In architectural and interior design work, most common type of plan although strictly speaking it is really a sort of section from 5' AFF and below -all openings are shown even if they are above 5' cut -kitchen cabintes, ceiling breaks, shelving shown with dashed lines
Picture Plane (PP)
In regard to drawing a two point perspective drawing, this is the imaginary vertical plane onto which all points of the object are projected to create the 2D image. Appears to be a line in plan view. The farther away this is from the plan, the wider the perspective will be drawn.
Engineer's Scale
Indicates feet and fractions of a foot and uses scales such as 1" = 40' or 1" = 100' Used by civil engineers
A Scale
Instrument used in manual drafting that facilitates making and reading scaled drawings
Three types of Axonometric drawings
Isometric Dimetric Trimetric
Profile lines
Lines separating a solid from a void in a section or detail drawing. Often drawn very heavy. Thin lines are used to indicate elements that occur beyond the section cut.
Computer Model
Make it possible to view spaces from any vantage point and do "fly-throughs" as if the viewer were walking through the space. Allow the designer to render with an accurate representation of the finishes and materials. Creating a detailed, fully rendered version can be labor intensive and require skill in using a particular program.
Axonometric drawing
Means to "measure along axes". View of an object is always inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the three principal axes are foreshortened.
Perspective drawing
Most accurate 2D representation of the 3D world by use of principle of convergence
Paraline drawing
Named because the lines remain parallel. Categorized as either axonometric or oblique. Two most common types are isometric and oblique. These are generally easier and faster to construct than perspectives, which makes them useful for quickly illustrating 3D ideas, especially in early stages of design.
Height line
Only line on the perspective drawing where vertical dimensions can be directly scaled (all others must be developed from this line and vanishing points)
Section
Orthographic view of an object after the object has been cut and one portion has been removed. Although normally vertical slices, they can be cut horizontally, or at any angle to show the internal construction better. Invaluable, they show vertical dimensions and hidden information about construction that cannot be described on plans or elevations.
Reflected ceiling plan
Orthographic view of the ceiling of a room or building as though there were a mirror on the floor and the viewer could see through the roof to the ceiling's reflection. The orientation of this plan is always identical to the floor plan. It only shows construction elements that touch the plane of the ceiling, the ceiling itself, and objects in the ceiling (if liberties are taken, doors or upper cabinets may be shown).
Elevation
Orthographic view of the side of an object. Shows the lengths and heights of walls of a room. Show details of finishes and materials in a room that cannot be adequately described on other drawings. Horizontal dimensions can also be described better as these are usually drawn at a larger scale, ex: cabinet widths.
Perspective Grid
Pre-printed grid that have horizon lines, vanishing points, and distances already marked off. Paper is placed over the grid and a drawing is sketched in. Quicker way to do a 2-point perspective.
Face-to-face presentations
Presenter and audience are in same place at the same time with electronic devices used to supplement the presentation, through computer projection, interactive monitors, or traditional photographic slides. Most presentations use this method.
Virtual presentations
Presenter and audience may be in different locations but interacting in real-time. Teleconferencing is common method of accomplishing this type of presentation.
Scale in the context of graphic communication (Graphic Scale)
Ratio of a measuring unit to the full-size item it represents, ex: 1/4" = 1'-0". Makes it possible to represent a very large object on a piece of paper while showing accurate proportions.
Horizon Line
Represents the place on the drawing where the earth meets the sky, just as in the real world. Becomes the basis of the perspective view. In most perspectives, this is assumed to be at eye level, or 5'-0" or 5'-6" above the floor.
Site plan
Roof plan including ground on which the building sits, including landscaping, walks, drives, and property lines
Study Models (Working models)
Rough models used by the designer as an aid to understanding the 3D aspects of the space and are constructed in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of the designer and the time and budget available. Mainly constructed in 1/4 or 1/2" scale, although any scale may be used.
Details
Sections which show complex construction information at a relatively large scale.
Internet presentations
Separate the presenter and the audience in both location and time. Web-based presentation is developed and made avaialble to audience whenever it is convenient to view it.
Vanishing Point (VP)
Set of parallel lines appear the be nonparallel and point to, or converge on, the same spot in the distance
Dimetric drawing
Two of the principal axes are equally foreshortened
Orthographic Drawings
Use projection so that a 3D object may be presented in 2D. Useful for paper, as multiple views can accurately and completely describe even complex objects.
Metric Scale
Used when a project is planned and represented in SI (metric) units. Divided in proportions like 1:50, 1:10, 1:5. Ex: on the 1:50 scale, one scale unit equals 50 units of the actual size (similar to 1/4" scale, which works out to 1/48)
Architect's Scale
Uses fractions of an inch (or multiples of an inch) to represent feet and inches. most common scale is the 12 in triangular scale, which contains 12 scales along 6 edges.
VPL & VPR
Vanishing points left and right. In a two point perspective drawing where a horizon line intersects two vertical lines drawn from above in the actual perspective drawing.
Presentation Model
Very detailed and accurately represent furniture, detail, colors and finishes. Often used for final, formal client presentations. Made by professional model builder.
Orthographic Projection
View of an object seen as though the viewer's line of sight were simultaneously perpendicular to every point on the nearest face of the object. Each face is projected onto a flat, transparent plane parallel to that face. Scale and proportion are the same for multiple views, however when a diagonal line or plane is shown, it is foreshortened.
Roof plan
View of building from above without section cut
One point perspective
When the point of view is perpendicular to one of the planes of the object. All vertical lines are drawn vertically and all lines perpendicular to the line of sight are drawn horizontally. Lines parallel to the line of sight converge at the single vanishing point that is used to create the drawing.
At the end of DD, deisgner
communicates to client the status of the project, final decisions regarding space plan, materials and finishes, and furnishings, updated budget. Approval is required before designer moves to CD's
Typical scale of very complex details
full size (1:1)
Typical scale of cabinet details and other complex details
half full size (1:2)