NCLEX Questions: Peds

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86. Which statement is true concerning the increased use of telephone triage by nurses? A. Telephone triage has led to an increase in health care costs. B. Emergency department visits are not recommended by nurses and thus are not a component of telephone triage. C. Access to high-quality health care services has increased through telephone triage. D. Home care is often recommended when it is not appropriate.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

87. The nurse is interviewing the mother of Adam, age 9 years. As the nurse begins to assess Adam's school performance, the most appropriate question to ask is: A. "Did Adam go to preschool?" B. "Does Adam have problems at school?" C. "How is Adam doing in school?" D. "How well does Adam seem to be doing in school?"

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

47. MATCHING The nurse is preparing to insert a nasogastric tube into a 4-year-old child for intermittent suctioning after abdominal surgery. Place in correct sequence the steps for inserting a nasogastric tube. a. Lubricate the nasogastric tube with water-soluble lubricant. b. Tape the nasogastric tube securely to the child's face. c. Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents. d. Place the child in the supine position with head slightly hyperflexed. e. Insert the nasogastric tube through the nares. f. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the ear lobe to midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. 1. Place the child in the supine position with head slightly hyperflexed. 2. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the ear lobe to midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus. 3. Lubricate the nasogastric tube with water-soluble lubricant. 4. Insert the nasogastric tube through the nares. 5. Check the placement of the tube by aspirating stomach contents. 6. Tape the nasogastric tube securely to the child's face.

1. ANS: D 2. ANS: F 3. ANS: A 4. ANS: E 5. ANS: C 6. ANS: B

56. When a preschool child is hospitalized without adequate preparation, the nurse should recognize that the child may likely see hospitalization as: a. Punishment. b. Threat to child's self-image. c. An opportunity for regression. d. Loss of companionship with friends.

ANS: A If a toddler is not prepared for hospitalization, a typical preschooler fantasy is to attribute the hospitalization to punishment for real or imagined misdeeds. Threat to child's self-image and loss of companionship with friends are reactions typical of school-age children. Regression is a response characteristic of toddlers when threatened with loss of control.

17. Katie, 4 years old, is admitted to outpatient surgery for removal of a cyst on her foot. Her mother puts the hospital gown on her, but Katie is crying because she wants to leave on her underpants. The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Allow her to wear her underpants. b. Discuss with her mother why this is important to Katie. c. Ask her mother to explain to her why she cannot wear them. d. Explain in a kind, matter-of-fact manner that this is hospital policy.

ANS: A It is appropriate for the child to leave her underpants on. This allows her some measure of control during the foot surgery. The mother should not be required to make the child more upset. Katie is too young to understand what hospital policy means.

65. Matthew, age 18 months, has just been admitted with croup. His parent is tearful and tells the nurse, "This is all my fault. I should have taken him to the doctor sooner so he wouldn't have to be here." What is appropriate in the care plan for this parent who is experiencing guilt? a. Clarify the misconception about the illness. b. Explain to the parent that the illness is not serious. c. Encourage the parent to maintain a sense of control. d. Assess further why the parent has excessive guilt feelings.

ANS: A Guilt is a common response of parents when a child is hospitalized. They may blame themselves for the child's illness or for not recognizing it soon enough. The nurse should clarify the nature of the problem and reassure parents that the child is being cared for. Croup is a potentially very serious illness. The nurse should not minimize the parents' feelings. Encouraging the parent to maintain a sense of control would be difficult for the parents while their child is seriously ill. No further assessment is indicated at this time—guilt is a common response for parents.

85. Skin-to-skin holding of infants dressed only in diapers next to their mother's or father's chest is commonly known as _________________ care.

ANS: Kangaroo Infants who spent 1 to 3 hours in kangaroo care showed increased frequency in quiet sleep, longer duration of quiet sleep and decreased crying in the neonatal intensive care unit. Significant differences were found in pain responses during heel lancing between infants who were kangaroo held and those that were not.

36. When liquid medication is given to a crying 10-month-old infant, which approach minimizes the possibility of aspiration? a. Administering the medication with a syringe (without needle) placed along the side of the infant's tongue b. Administering the medication as rapidly as possible with the infant securely restrained c. Mixing the medication with the infant's regular formula or juice and administer by bottle d. Keeping the child upright with the nasal passages blocked for a minute after administration

ANS: A Administer the medication with a syringe without needle placed alongside of the infant's tongue. The contents are administered slowly in small amounts, allowing the child to swallow between deposits. Medications should be given slowly to avoid aspiration. The medication should be mixed with only a small amount of food or liquid. If the child does not finish drinking/eating, it is difficult to determine how much medication was consumed. Essential foods also should not be used. Holding the child's nasal passages increases the risk of aspiration.

28. The nurse gives an injection in a patient's room. What should the nurse do with the needle for disposal? a. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in patient's room. b. Dispose of syringe and needle in a rigid, puncture-resistant container in an area outside of patient's room. c. Cap needle immediately after giving injection and dispose of in proper container. d. Cap needle, break from syringe, and dispose of in proper container.

ANS: A All needles (uncapped and unbroken) are disposed of in a rigid, puncture-resistant container located near the site of use. Consequently these containers should be installed in the patient's room. The uncapped needle should not be transported to an area distant from use.

63. Samantha, age 5 years, tells the nurse that she "needs a Band-Aid" where she had an injection. The best nursing action is to: a. Apply a Band-Aid. b. Ask her why she wants a Band-Aid. c. Explain why a Band-Aid is not needed. d. Show her that the bleeding has already stopped.

ANS: A Children at this age group still fear that their insides may leak out at the injection site. Provide the Band-Aid. No explanation should be required.

61. Four-year-old Brian appears to be upset by hospitalization. An appropriate intervention is to: a. Let him know that it is all right to cry. b. Give him time to gain control of himself. c. Show him how other children are cooperating. d. Tell him what a big boy he is to be so quiet.

ANS: A Crying is an appropriate behavior for the upset preschooler. The nurse provides support through physical presence. Giving the child time to gain control is appropriate, but the child must know that crying is acceptable. The preschooler does not engage in competitive behaviors.

42. The nurse is teaching a mother how to perform chest physiotherapy and postural drainage on her 3-year-old child, who has cystic fibrosis. To perform percussion the nurse should instruct her to: a. Cover the skin with a shirt or gown before percussing. b. Strike the chest wall with a flat-hand position. c. Percuss over the entire trunk anteriorly and posteriorly. d. Percuss before positioning for postural drainage.

ANS: A For postural drainage and percussion, the child should be dressed in a light shirt to protect the skin and placed in the appropriate postural drainage positions. The chest wall is struck with a cupped-hand, not a flat-hand position. The procedure should be done over the rib cage only. Positioning precedes the percussion.

24. Kimberly, age 3 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. Her mother calls the nurse, reporting a fever of 102° F even though she had acetaminophen 2 hours ago. The nurse's action should be based on knowing that: a. Fevers such as this are common with viral illnesses. b. Seizures are common in children when antipyretics are ineffective. c. Fever over 102° F indicates greater severity of illness. d. Fever over 102° F indicates a probable bacterial infection.

ANS: A Most fevers are of brief duration, have limited consequences, and are viral. Little evidence supports the use of antipyretic drugs to prevent febrile seizures. Neither the increase in temperature nor its response to antipyretics indicates the severity or etiology of infection.

81. Nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management: a. May reduce pain perception. b. Make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary. c. Usually take too long to implement. d. Trick children into believing they do not have pain.

ANS: A Nonpharmacologic techniques provide coping strategies that may help reduce pain perception, make the pain more tolerable, decrease anxiety, and enhance the effectiveness of analgesics. Nonpharmacologic techniques should be learned before the pain occurs. With severe pain it is best to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures for pain control. The nonpharmacologic strategy should be matched with the child's pain severity and taught to the child before the onset of the painful experience. Some of the techniques may facilitate the child's experience with mild pain, but the child will still know that discomfort is present.

62. Natasha, age 8 years, is being admitted to the hospital from the emergency department with an injury from falling off her bicycle. What will help her most in her adjustment to the hospital? a. Explain hospital schedules such as mealtimes. b. Use terms such as "honey" and "dear" to show a caring attitude. c. Explain when parents can visit and why siblings cannot come to see her. d. Orient her parents, because she is young, to her room and hospital facility.

ANS: A School-age children need to have control of their environment. The nurse should offer explanations or prepare the child for experiences that are unavoidable. The nurse should refer to the child by the preferred name. Telling the child about all of the limitations of visiting does not help her adjust to the hospital. At the age of 8 years the child and parent should be oriented to the environment.

38. When teaching a mother how to administer eye drops, where should the nurse tell her to place them? a. In the conjunctival sac that is formed when the lower lid is pulled down b. Carefully under the eye lid while it is gently pulled upward c. On the sclera while the child looks to the side d. Anywhere as long as drops contact the eye's surface

ANS: A The lower lid is pulled down, forming a small conjunctival sac. The solution or ointment is applied to this area. The medication should not be administered directly on the eyeball.

55. What represents the major stressor of hospitalization for children from middle infancy throughout the preschool years? a. Separation anxiety b. Loss of control c. Fear of bodily injury d. Fear of pain

ANS: A The major stress for children from infancy through the preschool years is separation anxiety, also called anaclitic depression. This is a major stressor of hospitalization. Loss of control, fear of bodily injury, and fear of pain are all stressors associated with hospitalization. However, separation from family is a primary stressor in this age group. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: 1221 OBJ: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

84. The nurse is caring for a child receiving intravenous (IV) morphine for severe postoperative pain. The nurse observes a slower respiratory rate, and the child cannot be aroused. The most appropriate management of this child is for the nurse to: a. Administer naloxone (Narcan). b. Discontinue IV infusion. c. Discontinue morphine until child is fully awake. d. Stimulate child by calling name, shaking gently, and asking to breathe deeply.

ANS: A The management of opioid-induced respiratory depression includes lowering the rate of infusion and stimulating the child. If the respiratory rate is depressed and the child cannot be aroused, IV naloxone should be administered. The child will be in pain because of the reversal of the morphine. The morphine should be discontinued, but naloxone is indicated if the child is unresponsive.

19. The nurse is preparing a 12-year-old girl for a bone marrow aspiration. She tells the nurse that she wants her mother with her "like before." The most appropriate nursing action is to: a. Grant her request. b. Explain why this is not possible. c. Identify an appropriate substitute for her mother. d. Offer to provide support to her during the procedure.

ANS: A The parents' preferences for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room should be assessed, as well as the child's preference for parental presence. The child's choice should be respected. If the mother and child are agreeable, the mother is welcome to stay. An appropriate substitute for the mother is necessary only if the mother does not wish to stay. Support is offered to the child regardless of parental presence.

58. A 10-year-old girl needs to have another intravenous (IV) line started. She keeps telling the nurse, "Wait a minute," and, "I'm not ready." The nurse should recognize that: a. This is normal behavior for a school-age child. b. This behavior is usually not seen past the preschool years. c. The child thinks the nurse is punishing her. d. The child has successfully manipulated the nurse in the past.

ANS: A This school-age child is attempting to maintain control. The nurse should provide the girl with structured choices about when the IV will be inserted. This can be characteristic behavior when an individual needs to maintain some control over a situation. The child is trying to have some control in the hospital experience.

27. The nurse wore gloves during a dressing change. When the gloves are removed, the nurse should: a. Wash hands thoroughly. b. Check the gloves for leaks. c. Rinse gloves in disinfectant solution. d. Apply new gloves before touching the next patient.

ANS: A When gloves are worn, the hands are washed thoroughly after removing the gloves because both latex and vinyl gloves fail to provide complete protection. Gloves should be disposed of after use and hands should be thoroughly washed again before new gloves are applied.

44. A child is receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN; hyperalimentation). At the end of 8 hours the nurse observes the solution and notes that 200 ml/8 hr is being infused rather than the ordered amount of 300 ml/8 hr. The nurse should adjust the rate so that how much will infuse during the next 8 hours? a. 200 ml b. 300 ml c. 350 ml d. 400 ml

ANS: B The TPN infusion rate should not be increased or decreased without the practitioner being informed because alterations in rate can cause hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Any changes from the prescribed flow rate may lead to hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

46. The advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children include (choose all that apply): a. Less painful than vastus lateralis b. Free of important nerves and vascular structures c. Cannot be used when child reaches a weight of 20 pounds d. Increased subcutaneous fat, which increases drug absorption e. Easily identified by major landmarks

ANS: A, B, E Less painful, free of important nerves and vascular structures, and easily identifiable are advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle. The major disadvantage is lack of familiarity by health professionals and controversy over whether the site can be used before weight bearing. Cannot be used when a child is 20 pounds or more and increased subcutaneous fat are not advantages of the ventrogluteal muscle as an injection site in young children.

68. Ryan has just been unexpectedly admitted to the intensive care unit after abdominal surgery. The nursing staff has completed the admission process, and Ryan's condition is beginning to stabilize. When speaking with the parents, the nurses should expect which stressors to be evident? Choose all that apply. a. Unfamiliar environment b. Usual day-night routine c. Strange smells d. Provision of privacy e. Inadequate knowledge of condition and routine

ANS: A, C, E Intensive care units, especially when the family is unprepared for the admission, are a strange and unfamiliar place. There are many pieces of unfamiliar equipment, and the sights and sounds are much different from a general hospital unit. Also, with the child's condition being more precarious, it may be difficult to keep the parents updated and knowledgeable about what is happening. Lights are usually on around the clock, seriously disrupting the diurnal rhythm. There is usually little privacy available for families in intensive care units.

60. An appropriate nursing intervention to minimize separation anxiety in a hospitalized toddler is to: a. Provide for privacy. b. Encourage parents to room in. c. Explain procedures and routines. d. Encourage contact with children the same age.

ANS: B A toddler experiences separation anxiety secondary to being separated from the parents. To avoid this, the parents should be encouraged to room in as much as possible. Maintaining routines and ensuring privacy are helpful interventions, but they would not substitute for the parents. Contact with same-aged children would not substitute for having the parents present.

30. A venipuncture will be performed on a 7-year-old girl. She wants her mother to hold her during the procedure. The nurse should recognize that this: a. Is unsafe. b. May help the child relax. c. Is against hospital policy. d. Is unnecessary because of the child's age.

ANS: B Both the mother's preference for assisting, observing, or waiting outside the room and the child's preference for parental presence should be assessed. The child's choice should be respected. This will most likely help the child through the procedure. If the mother and child are agreeable, the mother is welcome to stay. Her familiarity with the procedure should be assessed, and potential safety risks identified (mother may sit in chair). Hospital policies should be reviewed to ensure that they incorporate family-centered care

16 The nurse is planning how to prepare a 4-year-old child for some diagnostic procedures. Guidelines for preparing this preschooler should include to: a. Plan for a short teaching session of about 30 minutes. b. Tell the child that procedures are never a form of punishment. c. Keep equipment out of the child's view. d. Use correct scientific and medical terminology in explanations.

ANS: B Illness and hospitalization may be viewed as punishment in preschoolers. Always state directly that procedures are never a form of punishment. Teaching sessions for this age group should be 10 to 15 minutes in length. Demonstrate the use of equipment and allow the child to play with miniature or actual equipment. Explain the procedure in simple terms and how it affects the child.

39. A 2-year-old child comes to the emergency department with dehydration and hypovolemic shock. What best explains why an intraosseous infusion is started? a. It is less painful for small children. b. Rapid venous access is not possible. c. Antibiotics must be started immediately. d. Long-term central venous access is not possible.

ANS: B In situations in which rapid establishment of systemic access is vital and venous access is hampered such as peripheral circulatory collapse and hypovolemic shock, intraosseous infusion provides a rapid, safe lifesaving alternative. The procedure is painful, and local anesthesia and systemic analgesia are given. Antibiotics could be given when vascular access is obtained. Long-term central venous access is time consuming, and intraosseous infusion is used in an emergency situation.

45. In preparing to give "enemas until clear" to a young child, the nurse should select: a. Tap water. b. Normal saline. c. Oil retention. d. Fleet solution.

ANS: B Isotonic solutions should be used in children. Saline is the solution of choice. Plain water is not used. This is a hypotonic solution and can cause rapid fluid shift, resulting in fluid overload. Oil-retention enemas will not achieve the "until clear" result. Fleet enemas are not advised for children because of the harsh action of the ingredients. The osmotic effects of the Fleet enema can result in diarrhea, which can lead to metabolic acidosis.

18. Using knowledge of child development, the best approach when preparing a toddler for a procedure is to: a. Avoid asking the child to make choices. b. Demonstrate the procedure on a doll. c. Plan for the teaching session to last about 20 minutes. d. Show necessary equipment without allowing child to handle it.

ANS: B Prepare toddlers for procedures by using play. Demonstrate on a doll, but avoid the child's favorite doll because the toddler may think the doll is really "feeling" the procedure. In preparing a toddler for a procedure, the child is allowed to participate in care and help whenever possible. Teaching sessions for toddlers should be about 5 to 10 minutes. Use a small replica of the equipment and allow the child to handle it.

59. Amy, age 6 years, needs to be hospitalized again because of a chronic illness. The clinic nurse overhears her school-age siblings tell her, "We are sick of Mom always sitting with you in the hospital and playing with you. It isn't fair that you get everything and we have to stay with the neighbors." The nurse's best assessment of this situation is that: a. The siblings are immature and probably spoiled. b. Jealousy and resentment are common reactions to the illness or hospitalization of a sibling. c. The family has ineffective coping mechanisms to deal with chronic illness. d. The siblings need to better understand their sister's illness and needs.

ANS: B Siblings experience loneliness, fear, worry, anger, resentment, jealousy, and guilt. The siblings experience stress equal to that of the hospitalized child. These are not uncommon responses by normal siblings. There is no evidence that the family has maladaptive coping.

32. An important nursing consideration when performing a bladder catheterization on a young boy is to: a. Use clean technique, not Standard Precautions. b. Insert 2% lidocaine lubricant into the urethra. c. Lubricate catheter with water-soluble lubricant such as K-Y Jelly. d. Delay catheterization for 20 minutes while anesthetic lubricant is absorbed.

ANS: B The anxiety, fear, and discomfort experienced during catheterization can be significantly decreased by preparing the child and parents, selecting the correct catheter, and using appropriate insertion technique. Generous lubrication of the urethra before catheterization and use of lubricant containing 2% lidocaine may reduce or eliminate the burning and discomfort associated with this procedure. Catheterization is a sterile procedure, and Standard Precautions for body-substance protection should be followed. Water-soluble lubricants do not provide appropriate local anesthesia. Catheterization should be delayed only 2 to 3 minutes. This provides sufficient local anesthesia for the procedure.

82. Which drug is usually the best choice for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child in the immediate postoperative period? a. Codeine b. Morphine c. Methadone d. Meperidine

ANS: B The most commonly prescribed medications for PCA are morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl. Parenteral use of codeine is not recommended. Methadone is not available in parenteral form in the United States. Meperidine is not used for continuous and extended pain relief.

37. Guidelines for intramuscular administration of medication in school-age children include to: a. Inject medication as rapidly as possible. b. Insert the needle quickly, using a dartlike motion. c. Penetrate the skin immediately after cleansing the site, before skin has dried. d. Have the child stand, if possible, and if he or she is cooperative.

ANS: B The needle should be inserted quickly in a dartlike motion at a 90-degree angle unless contraindicated. Inject medications slowly. Allow skin preparation to dry completely before skin is penetrated. Place the child in a lying or sitting position.

22. The nurse is caring for an unconscious child. Skin care should include: a. Avoiding use of pressure reduction on the bed. b. Massaging reddened bony prominences to prevent deep tissue damage. c. Using draw sheet to move child in bed to reduce friction and shearing injuries. d. Avoiding rinsing skin after cleansing with mild antibacterial soap to provide a protective barrier.

ANS: C A draw sheet should be used to move the child in the bed or onto a gurney to reduce friction and shearing injuries. Do not drag the child from under the arms. Pressure-reduction devices should be used to redistribute weight. Bony prominences should not be massaged if reddened. Deep tissue damage can occur. Pressure-reduction devices should be used instead. The skin should be cleansed with mild nonalkaline soap or soap-free cleaning agents for routine bathing.

83. A lumbar puncture is needed on a school-age child. The most appropriate action to provide analgesia during this procedure is to apply: a. Tetracaine-adrenaline-cocaine (TAC) 15 minutes before procedure. b. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) patch immediately before procedure. c. Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) 1 hour before procedure. d. EMLA 30 minutes before procedure.

ANS: C EMLA is an effective analgesic agent when applied to the skin 60 minutes before a procedure. It eliminates or reduces the pain from most procedures involving skin puncture. TAC provides skin anesthesia about 15 minutes after application to nonintact skin. The gel can be placed on the wound for suturing. Transdermal fentanyl patches are useful for continuous pain control, not rapid pain control. For maximal effectiveness EMLA must be applied approximately 60 minutes in advance.

21. In some genetically susceptible children anesthetic agents can trigger malignant hyperthermia. The nurse should be alert in observing that, in addition to an increased temperature, an early sign of this disorder is: a. Apnea. b. Bradycardia. c. Muscle rigidity. d. Decreased blood pressure.

ANS: C Early signs of malignant hyperthermia include tachycardia, increasing blood pressure, tachypnea, mottled skin, and muscle rigidity. Apnea is not a sign of malignant hyperthermia. Tachycardia, not bradycardia, is an early sign of malignant hyperthermia. Increased, not decreased, blood pressure is characteristic of malignant hyperthermia.

25. Tepid water or sponge baths are indicated for hyperthermia in children. The nurse should: a. Add isopropyl alcohol to the water. b. Direct a fan on the child in the bath. c. Stop the bath if the child begins to chill. d. Continue the bath for 5 minutes.

ANS: C Environmental measures such as sponge baths can be used to reduce temperature if tolerated by the child and if they do not induce shivering. Shivering is the body's way of maintaining the elevated set point. Compensatory shivering increases metabolic requirements above those already caused by the fever. Ice water and isopropyl alcohol are inappropriate, potentially dangerous solutions. Fans should not be used because of the risk of the child developing vasoconstriction, which defeats the purpose of the cooling measures. Little blood is carried to the skin surface, and the blood remains primarily in the viscera to become heated. The child is placed in a tub of tepid water for 20 to 30 minutes.

67. The nurse is caring for an adolescent who had an external fixator placed after suffering a fracture of the wrist during a bicycle accident. Which statement by the adolescent would be expected about separation anxiety? a. "I wish my parents could spend the night with me while I am in the hospital." b. "I think I would like for my siblings to visit me but not my friends." c. "I hope my friends don't forget about visiting me." d. "I will be embarrassed if my friends come to the hospital to visit."

ANS: C Loss of peer-group contact may pose a severe emotional threat to an adolescent because of loss of group status; friends visiting are an important aspect of hospitalization for an adolescent and would be very reassuring. Adolescents may welcome the opportunity to be away from their parents. The separation from siblings may produce reactions from difficulty coping to a welcome relief.

35. An appropriate method for administering oral medications that are bitter to an infant or small child would be to mix them with: a. A bottle of formula or milk. b. Any food the child is going to eat. c. A small amount (1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance such as jam or ice cream. d. Large amounts of water to dilute medication sufficiently.

ANS: C Mix the drug with a small amount (about 1 teaspoon) of sweet-tasting substance. This will make the medication more palatable to the child. If the child does not finish drinking/eating, it is difficult to determine how much medication was consumed. Medication should not be mixed with essential foods and milk. The child may associate the altered taste with the food and refuse to eat in future.

64. Kimberly, age 3 years, is being admitted for about 1 week of hospitalization. Her parents tell the nurse that they are going to buy her "a lot of new toys because she will be in the hospital." The nurse's reply should be based on an understanding that: a. New toys make hospitalization easier. b. New toys are usually better than older ones for children of this age. c. At this age children often need the comfort and reassurance of familiar toys from home. d. Buying new toys for a hospitalized child is a maladaptive way to cope with parental guilt.

ANS: C Parents should bring favorite items from home to be with the child. Young children associate inanimate objects with significant people; they gain comfort and reassurance from these items. New toys will not serve the purpose of familiar toys and objects from home. The parents may experience some guilt as a response to the hospitalization, but there is no evidence that it is maladaptive.

34. A nurse must do a venipuncture on a 6-year-old child. An important consideration in providing atraumatic care is to: a. Use an 18-gauge needle if possible. b. If not successful after four attempts, have another nurse try. c. Restrain the child only as needed to perform venipuncture safely. d. Show the child equipment to be used before procedure.

ANS: C Restrain the child only as needed to perform the procedure safely; use therapeutic hugging. Use the smallest gauge needle that permits free flow of blood. A two-try-only policy is desirable, in which two operators each have only two attempts. If insertion is not successful after four punctures, alternative venous access should be considered. Keep all equipment out of sight until used.

43. The nurse must suction a child with a tracheostomy. Interventions should include: a. Encouraging the child to cough to raise the secretions before suctioning. b. Selecting a catheter with a diameter three fourths as large as the diameter of the tracheostomy tube. c. Ensuring that each pass of the suction catheter take no longer than 5 seconds. d. Allowing the child to rest after every five times the suction catheter is passed.

ANS: C Suctioning should require not longer than 5 seconds per pass. Otherwise the airway may be occluded for too long. If the child is able to cough up secretions, suctioning may not be indicated. The catheter should have a diameter one-half the size of the tracheostomy tube. If it is too large, it might block the child's airway. The child is allowed to rest for 30 to 60 seconds after each aspiration to allow oxygen tension to return to normal. Then the process is repeated until the trachea is clear.

33. The Allen test is performed as a precautionary measure before which procedure? a. Heel stick b. Venipuncture c. Arterial puncture d. Lumbar puncture

ANS: C The Allen test assesses the circulation of the radial, ulnar, or brachial arteries before arterial puncture.

20. The emergency department nurse is cleaning multiple facial abrasions on 9-year-old Mike. His mother is present. He is crying and screaming loudly. The nurse should: a. Ask him to be quieter. b. Have his mother tell him to relax. c. Tell him it is okay to cry and scream. d. Suggest that he talk to his mother instead of crying.

ANS: C The child should be allowed to express feelings of anger, anxiety, fear, frustration, or any other emotion. The child needs to know that it is all right to cry. There is no reason for him to be quieter. He is too upset and needs to be able to express his feelings.

15. What should the nurse consider when having consent forms signed for surgery and procedures on children? a. Only a parent or legal guardian can give consent. b. The person giving consent must be at least 18 years old. c. The risks and benefits of a procedure are part of the consent process. d. A mental age of 7 years or older is required for a consent to be considered "informed."

ANS: C The informed consent must include the nature of the procedure, benefits and risks, and alternatives to the procedure. In special circumstances such as emancipated minors, the consent can be given by someone younger than 18 years without the parent or legal guardian. A mental age of 7 years is too young for consent to be informed.

31. Frequent urine testing for specific gravity and glucose are required on a 6-month-old infant. The most appropriate way to collect small amounts of urine for these tests is to: a. Apply a urine-collection bag to perineal area. b. Tape a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper. c. Aspirate urine from cotton balls inside the diaper with a syringe. d. Aspirate urine from a superabsorbent disposable diaper with a syringe.

ANS: C To obtain small amounts of urine, use a syringe without a needle to aspirate urine directly from the diaper. If diapers with absorbent material are used, place a small gauze dressing or cotton balls inside the diaper to collect the urine, and aspirate the urine with a syringe. For frequent urine sampling, the collection bag would be too irritating to the child's skin. Taping a small medicine cup to the inside of the diaper is not feasible; the urine will spill from the cup. Diapers with superabsorbent gels absorb the urine, so there is nothing to aspirate.

41. It is important to make certain that sensory connectors and oximeters are compatible since wiring that is incompatible can cause: a. Hyperthermia. b. Electrocution. c. Pressure necrosis. d. Burns under sensors.

ANS: D It is important to make certain that sensor connectors and oximeters are compatible. Wiring that is incompatible can generate considerable heat at the tip of the sensor, causing second- and third-degree burns under the sensor. Incompatibility would cause a local irritation or burn. A low voltage is used, which should not present risk of electrocution. Pressure necrosis can occur from the sensor being attached too tightly, but this is not a problem of incompatibility.

80. Physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment are: a. The best indicator of pain in children of all ages. b. Essential to determine whether a child is telling the truth about pain. c. Of most value when children also report having pain. d. Of limited value as sole indicator of pain.

ANS: D Physiologic manifestations of pain may vary considerably, not providing a consistent measure of pain. Heart rate may increase or decrease. The same signs that may suggest fear, anxiety, or anger also indicate pain. In chronic pain the body adapts, and these signs decrease or stabilize. These are of limited value and must be viewed in the context of a pain-rating scale, behavioral assessment, and parental report. When the child states that pain exists, it does. That is the truth.

9. Several types of long-term central venous access devices are used. A benefit of using an implanted port (e.g., Port-a-cath) is that it: A. Is easy to use for self-administered infusions. B. Does not need to pierce the skin for access. C. Does not need to limit regular physical activity, including swimming. D. Cannot dislodge from the port, even if child plays with port site.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

23. An appropriate intervention to encourage food and fluid intake in a hospitalized child is to: a. Force child to eat and drink to combat caloric losses. b. Discourage participation in noneating activities until caloric intake is sufficient. c. Administer large quantities of flavored fluids at frequent intervals and during meals. d. Give high-quality foods and snacks whenever child expresses hunger.

ANS: D Small, frequent meals and nutritious snacks should be provided for the child. Favorite foods such as peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, fruit yogurt, cheese, pizza, and macaroni and cheese should be available. Forcing a child to eat only meets with rebellion and reinforces the behavior as a control mechanism. Large quantities of fluid may decrease the child's hunger and further inhibit food intake.

79. Kyle, age 6 months, is brought to the clinic. His parent says, "I think he hurts. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot." This most likely suggests which feature of pain? a. Type b. Severity c. Duration d. Location

ANS: D The child is displaying a local sign of pain. Rolling the head from side to side and pulling at ears indicate pain in the ear. The child's behavior indicates the location of the pain. The behavior does not provide information about the type, severity, or duration.

26. The nurse approaches a group of school-age patients to administer medication to Sam Hart. To identify the correct child, the nurse should: a. Ask the group, "Who is Sam Hart?" b. Call out to the group, "Sam Hart?" c. Ask each child, "What's your name?" d. Check the patient's identification name band.

ANS: D The child must be correctly identified before the administration of any medication. Children are not totally reliable in giving correct names on request; identification bracelets should always be checked. Asking the group to identify the child, calling out the child's name, and asking each child to give their name are not acceptable ways to identify a child. Older children may exchange places, give an erroneous name, or choose not to respond to their name as a form of a joke.

29. An 8-month-old infant is restrained to prevent interference with the intravenous infusion. The nurse should: a. Remove the restraints once a day to allow movement. b. Keep the restraints on constantly. c. Keep the restraints secure so infant remains supine. d. Remove restraints whenever possible.

ANS: D The nurse should remove the restraints whenever possible. When parents and/or staff are present, the restraints can be removed, and the intravenous site protected. Restraints must be checked and documented every 1 to 2 hours and should be removed for range of motion on a periodic basis. The child should not be securely restrained in the supine position because of risks of aspiration.

40. When caring for a child with an intravenous infusion, the nurse should: a. Use a macrodropper to facilitate reaching the prescribed flow rate. b. Avoid restraining the child to prevent undue emotional stress. c. Change the insertion site every 24 hours. d. Observe the insertion site frequently for signs of infiltration.

ANS: D The nursing responsibility for intravenous therapy is to calculate the amount to be infused in a given length of time, set the infusion rate, and monitor the apparatus frequently, at least every 1 to 2 hours, to make certain that the desired rate is maintained, the integrity of the system remains intact, the site remains intact (free of redness, edema, infiltration, or irritation), and the infusion does not stop. A minidropper (60 drops per milliliter) is the recommended intravenous tubing in pediatrics. The intravenous site should be protected. This may require soft restraints on the child. Insertion sites do not need to be changed every 24 hours unless a problem is found with the site. Frequent change exposes the child to significant trauma.

66. The nurse is doing a prehospitalization orientation for Diana, age 7, who is scheduled for cardiac surgery. As part of the preparation, the nurse explains that she will not be able to talk because of an endotracheal tube but that she will be able to talk when it is removed. This explanation is: a. Unnecessary. b. The surgeon's responsibility. c. Too stressful for a young child. d. An appropriate part of the child's preparation.

ANS: D This is a necessary part of preoperative preparation that will help reduce the anxiety associated with surgery. If the child wakes and is not prepared for the inability to speak, she will be even more anxious. It is a joint responsibility of nursing, medical staff, and child life personnel. This is a necessary component of preparation that will help reduce the anxiety associated with surgery.

57. Because of their striving for independence and productivity, which age group of children is particularly vulnerable to events that may lessen their feeling of control and power? a. Infants b. Toddlers c. Preschoolers d. School-age children

ANS: D When a child is hospitalized, the altered family role, physical disability, loss of peer acceptance, lack of productivity, and inability to cope with stress usurps individual power and identity. This is especially detrimental to school-age children, who are striving for independence and productivity and are now experiencing events that lessen their control and power. Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, although affected by loss of power, are not as significantly affected as are school-age children.

75. The nurses caring for a child are concerned about the child's frequent requests for pain medication. During a team conference a nurse suggests that they consider administering a placebo instead of the usual pain medication. This decision should be based on knowledge that: A. This practice is unjustified and unethical. B. This practice is effective in determining whether a child's pain is real. C. The absence of a response to a placebo means the child's pain has an organic basis. D. A positive response to a placebo will not occur if the child's pain has an organic basis.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

10. The nurse observes erythema, pain, and edema at a child's intravenous (IV) site with streaking along the vein. What should the nurse do first? A. Immediately stop the infusion. B. Check for a good blood return. C. Ask another nurse to check the IV site. D. Increase the IV drip for 1 minute and recheck.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

11. The best explanation for why pulse oximetry is used on young children is that it: A. Is noninvasive. B. Is better than capnography. C. Is more accurate than arterial blood gases. D. Provides intermittent measurements of O2.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

2. It is time to give 3-year-old David his medication. Which approach is most likely to receive a positive response? A. "It's time for your medication now, David. Would you like water or apple juice afterward?" B. "Wouldn't you like to take your medicine, David?" C. "You must take your medicine, David, because the doctor says it will make you better." D. "See how nicely John took his medicine? Now take yours."

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

3. When should clear liquids be stopped before scheduled surgery? A. 2 hours before surgery B. 6 hours before surgery C. The night before surgery, at 8 PM D. The night before surgery, at midnight

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

5. Maria, age 10, requires daily medications for a chronic illness. Her mother tells the nurse that she is always nagging her to take her medicine before school. What is the most appropriate nursing action to promote Maria's compliance? A. Establishing a contract with her, including rewards B. Suggesting time-outs when she forgets her medicine C. Discussing with her mother the damaging effects of nagging D. Asking Maria to bring her medicine containers to each appointment so they can be counted

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

53. A mother tells the nurse that she will visit her 2-year-old son tomorrow about noon. During the child's bath, he asks for Mommy. The nurse's best reply is: A. "Mommy will be here after lunch." B. "Mommy always comes back to see you." C. "Your Mommy told me yesterday that she would be here today about noon." D. "Mommy had to go home for a while, but she will be here today."

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

6. Allison, age 7 years, has a fever associated with a viral illness. She is being cared for at home. The nurse should recognize that the principal reason for treating fever in this child is: A. Relief of discomfort. B. Reassurance that illness is temporary. C. Prevention of secondary bacterial infection. D. Prevention of life-threatening complications.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

74. Nonpharmacologic strategies for pain management: A. May reduce pain perception. B. Make pharmacologic strategies unnecessary. C. Usually take too long to implement. D. Trick children into believing that they do not have pain.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

88. Guidelines for a nurse using an interpreter in developing a care plan for an 8-year-old admitted to rule out epilepsy include: A. Explaining to the interpreter what information is necessary to obtain from the patient and family. B. Encouraging the interpreter to ask several questions at a time to make the best use of time. C. Not giving the interpreter too much information so the interview evolves. D. Discouraging the interpreter and client from discussing topics that are deemed irrelevant to the original intent of the interview.

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

96. During an otoscopic examination on an infant, in which direction is the pinna pulled? A. Down and back B. Down and forward C. Up and forward D. Up and back

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

97. Which method should the nurse use to view the tonsils and oropharynx of a cooperative 6-year-old child? A. Ask child to open mouth wide & say "aah" B. Ask child to open mouth wide and then place the tongue blade in the center back area of the tongue C. Examine the mouth when the child is crying to avoid use of tongue blade D. Pinch nostrils closed until the child opens his or her mouth and then insert tongue blade

Correct Answer: A Your Response:

12. When is bronchial (postural) drainage generally performed? A. Immediately before all aerosol therapy B. Before meals and at bedtime C. Immediately on arising and at bedtime D. Thirty minutes after meals and at bedtime

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

48. Which behavior would most likely be manifested in a young child experiencing the protest phase of separation anxiety? A. Inactivity B. Clings to parent C. Depressed, sad D. Regression to earlier behavior

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

51. The nurse needs to start an intravenous (IV) line on an 8-year-old child to begin administering intravenous antibiotics. The child starts to cry and tells the nurse, "Do it later, O.K.?" The nurse should: A. Start the IV line because allowing the child to manipulate the nurse is bad. B. Start the IV line because unlimited procrastination results in heightened anxiety. C. Postpone starting the IV line until the child is ready so that the child experiences a sense of control. D. Postpone starting the IV line until the child is ready so the child's anxiety is reduced.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

73. An important consideration when using the FACES Pain Rating Scale with children is: A. Children color the face with the color they choose to best describe their pain. B. The scale can be used with most children as young as 3 years of age. C. The scale is not appropriate for use with adolescents. D. The scale is useful in pain assessment but is not as accurate when assessing physiologic responses.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

76. A child who has been receiving morphine intravenously will now start receiving it orally. The nurse should anticipate that, to achieve equianalgesia (equal analgesic effect), the oral dose will be: A. The same as the intravenous (IV) dose. B. Greater than the IV dose. C. One half of the IV dose. D. One fourth of the IV dose.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

77. Transdermal fentanyl (Duragesic) is being used for an adolescent with cancer who is in hospice care. The adolescent has been comfortable for several hours but now complains of severe pain. The most appropriate nursing action is to: A. Administer meperidine (Demerol) intramuscularly (IM). B. Administer morphine sulfate immediate release (MSIR) intravenously (IV). C. Use a nonpharmacologic strategy. D. Place another fentanyl patch on the adolescent.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

91. The nurse is ready to begin a physical examination on an 8-month-old infant. The child is sitting contentedly on his mother's lap, chewing on a toy. What should the nurse do first? A. Elicit reflexes B. Auscultate heart and lungs C. Examine eyes, ears, and mouth D. Examine head, systematically moving toward feet

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

95. What explains the importance of detecting strabismus in young children? A. Color vision deficit may result. B. Amblyopia, a type of blindness, may result. C. Epicanthal folds may develop in affected eye. D. Ptosis may develop secondarily.

Correct Answer: B Your Response:

14. A neonate had corrective surgery 3 days ago for esophageal atresia. The nurse notices that after the child receives his gastrostomy feeding, there is often a backup of formula feeding into the tube. As a result, the nurse should: A. Position the child in a supine position after feedings. B. Position the child on his or her left side after feedings. C. Leave the gastrostomy tube open and suspended after feedings. D. Leave the gastrostomy tube clamped after feedings.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

50. The psychosexual conflicts of preschool children make them extremely vulnerable to: A. Separation anxiety. B. Loss of control. C. Bodily injury and pain. D. Loss of identity.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

52. A 4-year-old child will be having cardiac surgery next week. The child's parents call the hospital, asking about how to prepare her for this. The nurse's reply should be based on knowledge that: A. Preparation at this age will only increase the child's stress. B. Preparation needs to be at least 2 to 3 weeks before hospitalization. C. Children who are prepared experience less fear and stress during hospitalization. D. Children who are prepared experience overwhelming fear by the time hospitalization occurs.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

69. The nurse is using the C.R.I.E.S. pain assessment tool on a preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit. A component of this tool is: A. Color. B. Reflex. C. Oxygen saturation. D. Posture of arms and legs.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

7. Standard Precautions for infection control include: A. Gloves are worn any time a patient is touched. B. Needles are capped immediately after use and disposed of in a special container. C. Gloves are worn to change diapers when there are loose or explosive stools. D. Masks are needed only when caring for patients with airborne infections.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

78. The nurse is caring postoperatively for an 8-year-old child with multiple fractures and other trauma resulting from a motor vehicle injury. The child is experiencing severe pain. An important consideration in managing the child's pain is to: A. Give only an opioid analgesic at this time. B. Increase the dosage of analgesic until the child is adequately sedated. C. Plan a preventive schedule of pain medication around the clock. D. Give the child a clock and explain when he or she can have pain medications.

Correct Answer: C Your Response:

1. The nurse needs to take the blood pressure of a preschool boy for the first time. Which action would be best in gaining his cooperation? A. Taking his blood pressure when a parent is there to comfort him B. Telling him that this procedure will help him get well faster. C. Explaining to him how the blood flows through the arm and why the blood pressure is important D. Permitting him to handle equipment and see the dial move before putting the cuff in place