NDFS Unit 1

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for Fat?

20-35%

Select the two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes

Pancreas and small intestine

Function of lower gastroesophageal sphincter

Prevent the flow of food to the stomach from entering too quickly

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

Prospective

What are considered macronutrients

Proteins, fats/lipids, and carbs

What type of experiment is considered the gold standard in research?

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

AMDRs are designed to

Reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases and provide a range of intakes to promote adequate macronutrient intake

What are two items on the new Nutrition Facts label that appear in bold and a larger type for increased emphasis?

Serving size and calories

A _____ is circular muscle that opens and closes to regulate the movement of food particles during the digestion

Sphincter

True/False In the GI tract, goblet cells produce mucus

True

Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes

Vegetables

Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

Double-blind

When taken in high amounts of vitamins behave like _____ and can produce unpleasant and even toxic side effects

Drugs

What represents the sections of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system, even though they do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract

Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas

The Estimated Energy Requirement is used to determine the caloric needs of the average person after considering which of the following data?

Height, sex, weight, and physical activity pattern

Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in _____ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in ______ concentration

Higher, lower

The second step in the scientific method is developing a

Hypothesis

When scientists suggest possible explanations for a natural phenomenon, these are called

Hypothesis

Choose the focus point that is not included in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Increase meat intake

According to the Dietary Guidleines, a healthy eating pattern includes

Limiting added sugars and sodium, foods from all five food groups and oils, and limiting saturated fats and trans fats

The cardiac sphincter is also known as the _________

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus

Lower esophageal

After food enters the stomach, what constricts closing the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?

Lower gastroesophageal sphincter

The Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee made the following recommendations for the development of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. A healthy diet for Americans should contain

More low or nonfat dairy products, fewer refined grains, red and processed meats, less sodium, and less sugar, more seafood, legumes, and nuts

Function of the stomach

Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food

Function of salivary glands

Produce and secrete salivary amylase

Function of Pancreas

Produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes

Function of liver

Produce and secretes bile

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine the study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of an _______ study.

Prospective

Which of the following are true about the use of the nutrient standards that have been established?

RDAs are used to develop the Daily Values and without taking supplements, the risk of a toxicity is small

What research involves the random assignment of human subjects to two or more groups, and a well-controlled intervention

Randomized Controlled Trials

The purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is to

Reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic health conditions and set general nutritional-related lifestyle recommendations

What are considered micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals

Which of the following statements is true? A) The EPA regulates the labeling of dietary supplements B) Most dietary supplements have been thoroughly researched and critically evaluated by scientists C) Medicinal herbs myst undergo testing for safety and effectiveness by the FDA before they can be marketed D) The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful

D) The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful

A control group is important for what reasons

-It allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. -It is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. -It enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

How many macronutrients should be protein?

10-35%

How many kcals are provided from a food containing 4 grams of protein

16

How much biles does the liver make every day?

2-4 cups

Facilitated Diffusion

A process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy

What information is required on the new Nutrition Label?

Added sugars and Vitamin D

Which of the Dietary Reference Values assumes a populations average daily intake of a nutrient is adequate because no deficiency diseases are present?

Adequate Intake

Observational epidemiological research includes...

Cohort studies and case-control studies

In chemistry, what does the term organic refer to?

Compounds that contain carbon

True/False A medical doctor is always a reputable source for nutrition

False

True/False There are only a few factors that influence a persons eating practices

False

True/False. The US department of Agriculture monitors food and beverage labeling in the US

False

What nutrients provide energy to the body?

Fats/lipids, protein, and carbs

Which amendment guarantees freedom of the press and speech

First

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence

Is not

Function of the small intestine

Major site of chemical digestion and absorption

What factors are most likely to influence food choices?

Media, religious beliefs, and mood

According to the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, healthy eating patterns should

Meet a persons preferences, medical needs, and economic situation and be flexible so food choices can be varied and individualized

What five elements compose almost 98% of the human body?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Calcium

The small intestine and the _____ produce most of the digestive enzymes

Pancreas

Which of the following is a function of the pancreas?

Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCI

Function of the pancreas

Secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCl

Absorption

Substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements

What does direct calorimetry measure

The calorie content of a food or beverage

Which is true about the daily values?

They are more simplified than the RDAs and they are based on a standard diet of 2000 kcal/day

You are trying to decide what kind of sandwich to have for lunch. From your NutritionCalc Reports, you have discovered that your diet is often low in protein. Which of the following would give you the most protein per kcal? Turkey= 31g protein (310 kcals) Roast Beef= 27g (341 kcals) Ham= 24g protein (320 kcals) Tuna= 14g protein (290 kcals)

Turkey

A ______ is a factor such as a persons age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome

Variable

What is the GI tract?

a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release _____

bile

The main function of ______ is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion

bile

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the _______ group

control

Each villus (singular of villi) has an outer lay of absorptive cells called ______

enterocytes

When scientists suggest possible explanations for a natural phenomenon, these are called...

hypothesis

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the _____ pH of gastric juice

low

A ________ is a nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in the diet

micronutrient

Nutrient dense food supplies _______ vitamins and minerals in relation to calories

more

A retrospective study examines the _____ whereas a prospective study examines the _____

past, future

Chyme is the

semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach

How many macronutrients should be fat?

20-35%

How many kcal per gram of lipids?

9

The Recommended Dietary Allowances will meet the nutrient needs of what percent of all healthy people in a specific life-stage group

97-98

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _______ of the nutrient to its EAR

A "margin of safety" amount

Secretine

A hormone that stimulates the pancreas and liver to release a bicarbonate-rich solution to raise the pH of chyme

When does the FDA determine if a particular supplement presents a significant or on reasonable risk or harm?

After the product is on the market

What is most likely to be take as a dietary supplement?

Amino acid, vitamin, mineral, and herb

What minerals are required on the new Nutrition Fact label?

Calcium, Iron, and Sodium

Macronutrients and alcohol supply the body with energy in the form of ______

Calories

What are examples of organic nutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish _____

Causation

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?

Epidemiology

Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the US are associated with certain dietary practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the US?

Heart disease and cancer

Accessory Organs

Liver and Gallbladder

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Observation of a natural phenomenon

If a supplement includes a structure/function claim and the FDA questions the safety of the claim, the manufacturer must

Provide the agency with evidence that the product is safe

A member of a treatment group...

Receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

Pyloric Sphincter

Regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

Function of Gallbladder

Release bile into duodenum

During an interview, Dr. Ima Wuack says, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin" Dr. Quacks statement is an example of an

Scare Tactic

GI tract examples

Stomach and small intestine

Intestinal Sphincters

Thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract

Villi

Tiny, fingerlike projections that provide an increased surface area for absorption in the small intestines

Which of the following statements best summarizes the purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

To improve the health of all Americans age two and older

True/False The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification

True

A person can only survive a few days without...

water

A _____ is a report of personal experiences

Anecdote

Which of the following sources of oils would be recommended as part of a healthy diet?

Avocado

Risk factors of heart disease

Genetic background or family history

The main purpose of the Nutrition Facts label includes which of the following?

To help consumers learn more about the nutrition content of the foods, to help consumers determine ingredients, and to help consumers compare energy content

Function of the esophagus

Transfer food from mouth to stomach

How many macronutrients should be carbohydrates?

45-65%

The Dietary Guidlines are updated every _____ years

5

The EAR should meet the needs of ______ percent of healthy people in a particular life stage/gender group

50

Which of the following pieces of information is required on most foods sold in stores?

Ingredients listed in descending order by weight, product name, amount of product in the package, and name and address of manufacturer

True/False Use of certain medications may increase an individuals nutrient needs

True

Which of the following is not a leading cause of death in the US?

Tuberculosis

To make up for his poor diet, Scott has started taking a few different multivitamins everyday. Which standard should Scott research before continuing to take his supplements

UL

How many kcals per gram of carbohydrates?

4

What can influence your food choices?

Childhood experiences, cost, convenience, mood, education, habits, beliefs, flavor, and media

Function of the large intestine

Elimination of waste products

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called an

Experiment

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the ______ group

Experimental

According to the USDA, the major food groups are ______

Grains, fruits, dairy, vegetables, and protein-rich foods

The six major classes of nutrients are...

Lipids, water, carbs, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

The ______ uses cholesterol to make bile

Liver

Chronic Diseases

Long-term conditions that usually take many years to develop and have complex causes

Where is the best place to receive expert advice on nutrition?

Registered Dietitian Nutritionist

Which of the following is NOT true about water?

Water is necessary for immune function

What is the energy content of a meal that contains 5 grams of protein, 5 grams of carbohydrates, 10 grams of fat, and 10 grams of alcohol?

200 kcals

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

Activating some digestive enzymes, killing disease causing microorganisms, partially digesting protein

______ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein

Active Transport

What can help ensure nutritional adequacy in a diet?

Balance and variety

Dietary supplements are intended to...

Be taken in addition to the diet

Which federal agency monitors food and beverage labeling in the US?

Food and Drug Administration

What are examples of inorganic nutrients?

Minerals and water

In the process of digesting food begins in the...

Mouth

Can epidemiology studies establish cause and effect?

No

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Changes in routine, low water intake, and lack of dietary fiber

What type of training has a registered dietitian nutritionist completed?

Trained in dietetics. College trained with extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition

It is easier to disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true

True

True/False A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1 degree Celsius

True

True/False Harmless bacteria (called intestinal flora or microflora) exist and thrive in the GI tract of healthy individuals

True

If you consumed a total of 1800 kcals per day and 60% came from carbohydrates, how many GRAMS of carbohydrates are you consuming?

270 Grams

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

Epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as _______

Epidemiology

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

A treatment group and a control group

Describe a kilocalorie?

A unit describing the energy content of food

What are main functions of the digestion system?

Absorption of nutrients into blood or lymph and breakdown of foods into nutrients

What standard is set by the FNB to indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic disease?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures

Accessory

Which Dietary Reference Intake is used when there is not enough information about a nutrient to set a specific requirement?

Adequate Intakes

Function of the mouth

Begins the chemical digestion of starch

Which of the following typically acts as a probiotic?

Yogurt

This hormone (_________) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ (________) to secrete __________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile

Antibiotic use, opiates, lack of dietary fiber, low water intake, psychological disturbances, and changes to routine can contribute to ______

Constipation

The participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the ________ group

Control

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in _____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship

Correlation

A food that contains a large % of its calories from sugar, fat, and/or alcohol in relation to its content of micronutrients is considered an...

Empty calorie food

Which term describes the energy value of a food in relation to the foods weight?

Energy density

A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been...

Enriched

The Dietary Reference Intake that is set to meet the needs of 50% of healthy people at a particular life-stage is called the...

Estimated Average Requirement

What is used to determine the caloric needs of the average person for a specific weight, age, and gender?

Estimated Energy Requirement

Nutrition scientists conduct ________ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices

Experimental