NDT 2043 - Ch. 7 HW

Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?

ATP is created when protons pass through the ATP synthase complex. The electron transport chain takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Water is formed when donated electrons are transferred to oxygen. The electron transport chain is the final stage of glucose oxidation.

Which of the following statements regarding the TCA cycle is FALSE?

At the end of the TCA cycle, eight hydrogen ions have been transferred to the electron transport chain. During the TCA cycle, eight metabolic reactions have occurred. During the TCA cycle, energy is released to NAD+NAD+ to form NADHNADH and H+.H+. Acetyl CoA combines with a two-carbon molecule called malate to form citrate.

The energy molecule cells use to perform their functions is _____.

AMD ADP CoA ATP

What is the fate of glycerol during the process of converting triglycerides to energy?

Glycerol is converted directly to acetyl CoA. Glycerol directly enters the TCA cycle. Glycerol (a three-carbon molecule) is converted to pyruvate.

How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced from one 16-carbon-chain fatty acid?

four acetyl CoA molecules eight acetyl CoA molecules sixteen acetyl CoA molecules thirty-two acetyl CoA molecules

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as glucogenic amino acids is called _______.

gluconeogenesis

Energy is obtained from macronutrients via unique metabolic pathways. This question compares the simpler chemical reactions that occur within these pathways. Fill in the blank about metabolic reactions. In the process of ____________, water is always released.

oxidation-reduction dehydration synthesis phosphorylation hydrolysis

The process in which compounds are broken apart with the addition of water is called __________.

oxidation-reduction phosphorylation dehydration synthesis hydrolysis

The body prefers to use fat or carbohydrates for energy, but when total energy or carbohydrate intake is low, protein may be used instead. In order to use amino acids for energy, the amine group must first be removed. Complete the statement about protein catabolism. Amino acids contain nitrogen, which must be removed via oxidative ____________ in order for the carbon skeleton to be used for energy.

proteolysis deamination urea synthesis glycolysis

Stored triglycerides are an important source of energy during fasting. As fasting is prolonged, the body adapts to use this form of energy in different ways. Which of the following statements correctly describes lipid metabolism during the fasting state?

Lipogenesis creates triglycerides from excess carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are stored during the later stages of the fasting state. Fatty acids are rapidly broken down from adipose tissues and converted to ketone bodies during the later stages of the fasting state. Ketogenesis is stimulated by the breakdown of stored muscle glycogen during the early stages of the fasting state. During long-term starvation, ketone bodies can be used by the red blood cells but not by the brain, which relies on glucose produced by gluconeogenesis.

________ is the process in which excess glucose or amino acids are converted into fatty acids to be stored as a triglyceride in the adipose cells.

Lipogenesis

The process of converting excess glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscle is a(n) _______ reaction.

anabolic

Which of the following is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?

broken down to ammonia conversion to pyruvate broken down to urea directed into fatty acid synthesis

Acetyl CoA is the "gateway molecule" for energy metabolism because __________.

it can be produced with or without oxygen carbohydrates, protein, and fats can all be catabolized into acetyl CoA before entering the TCA cycle It facilitates the transport of glucose into cells it is produced only from the body's preferred carbohydrate energy source

The bonding of two amino acids to form a dipeptide is _____.

ketogenesis anabolism catabolism phosphorylation

The end product of glycolysis is __________.

lactate adenosine triphosphate pyruvate acetyl CoA

Fatty acids are cleaved from the glycerol backbone to yield free fatty acids in a process called ________.

lipolysis

Which cells are capable of utilizing ketone bodies for ATP when glucose is limited?

liver cells brain, skeletal muscle, and fat cells red blood cells

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle, glycolysis TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, beta-oxidation glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

Humans appear to have an unlimited ability to store __________.

triglycerides protein glycogen water

How many carbons does acetyl CoA contain?

two three four six

Which of the following occurs in people following a very low-carbohydrate diet?

ATP production becomes more efficient. Insulin levels increase drastically. Ketones are produced. Body glycogen stores are preserved.

T/F: NADH and FADH2 are reduced during the reactions in the electron transport chain.

FALSE

T/F: NADH and FADH2 are formed as each acetyl CoA molecule is formed.

TRUE

T/F: The process of converting fatty acids into ATP is called fatty acid oxidation.

TRUE

What is the first step in utilizing stored fatty acids for ATP?

The first step is the hydrolysis of fatty acids from glycerol in the stored triglyceride. The first step is to transfer high-energy electrons to NAD+. The first step is to convert fatty acids to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. The first step is to convert glycerol into acetyl CoA in the mitochondria.

During the fasting state, metabolism shifts from an anabolic state to a catabolic state. As fasting is prolonged, the body makes further adaptations for survival. Drag the labels onto the flowchart to correctly identify the processes that occur in the early stages, called short-term fasting, versus the later stages, called long-term fasting. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. BOTH SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM

Triglycerides in adipose tissue are broken down during lipolysis to provide fatty acids for energy. Glucose is used as a fuel source for red blood cells, brain cells, and other tissues.

What is pyruvic acid?

a six-carbon molecule transformed from glucose a three-carbon molecule formed from the breakdown of glucose during glycolysis a three-carbon molecule that enters the TCA cycle when there is a lack of oxygen None of these answers is correct.

Which of the following might result in low levels of oxaloacetate?

consuming insufficient dietary protein eating a high-carbohydrate diet consuming excess kilocalories from carbohydrate, protein, and fat a low carbohydrate diet or starvation conditions

Which of the following CANNOT be synthesized from the metabolic intermediates of either fat or carbohydrate?

essential amino acids non-essential amino acids fatty acids glucose

Ketone production by the liver increases when __________.

excess fat is eaten glycogen stores are high carbohydrate is depleted total energy intake exceeds output

What is (are) the major metabolic source(s) of acetyl CoA for a healthy person who is getting an adequate amount of calories?

glycerol beta-hydroxybutyrate amino acids glucose from glycolysis and the oxidation of fatty acids

Which of the following CANNOT be converted to glucose?

glycerol glycogen fatty acids glucogenic amino acids

The process in which glucose is broken down to yield pyruvate and energy is called _______.

glycolysis

To extract energy from carbohydrates, glucose is oxidized through several metabolic processes, resulting in the end products of carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Choose the item that lists the steps involved in glucose oxidation in the correct order. (Assume an aerobic environment is present.)

glycolysis, pyruvate conversion to lactate, Cori cycle glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain glycolysis, electron transport chain, TCA cycle electron transport chain, TCA cycle, glycolysis

Which meal would be most likely to increase the use of ketones for energy?

spinach and cheese omelet with buttered whole wheat toast spinach and cheese omelet with an orange spinach and cheese omelet with bacon spinach and cheese omelet with a plain bagel

The human body relies on stored energy when food is not being consumed or is not adequate to meet current energy needs. This can occur while an individual is sleeping, during periods of dieting or fasting, or when engaging in physical activity. Fill in the blank about energy storage. In a healthy adult, the most abundant source of stored energy is ____________.

stored starch triglycerides stored protein muscle glycogen circulating amino acids

An example of a catabolic reaction would be __________.

the conversion of ADP to ATP triglycerides being broken down to fatty acids and glycerol glycogen synthesis in the liver condensation

When you eat a large meal and take in excess energy, __________.

the rate of protein oxidation decreases and glycogen becomes preferred as a fuel the rate of glucose oxidation increases and more fat is stored fat is pulled from the adipose tissue so the excess carbohydrate in the meal can be spared the rate of fat metabolism increases to decrease storage in the adipose tissue

Which of the following are ketones?

acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate ketoglutarate citrate oxaloacetate

Which of the following metabolic reactions occurs when a cell requires energy?

ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP. ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP. ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP. ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.

Short-term fasting states occur for most people every day. However, if fasting is prolonged, the body must make more drastic adaptations to make up for the lack of glucose and energy. Which of the following statements correctly describes protein metabolism during the fasting state?

Beta-oxidation is a series of metabolic reactions in which amino acids are oxidized to yield energy. Protein metabolism is halted during the fasting state. Glucogenic amino acids are used to produce glucose through gluconeogenesis during the fasting state. Amino acids provide energy at a steady pace throughout the fasting state.

Glucose, nonessential amino acids, cholesterol, and most fatty acids can be endogenously synthesized through anabolic pathways. Choose the correct statement about nutrient synthesis.

Cholesterol must be ingested from an individual's diet because it is an essential nutrient. Lipogenesis occurs when an individual consumes excess fat. Nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) can be synthesized from carbohydrate or fat metabolic intermediates when adequate energy and nitrogen are present in the body. Gluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of glucose from carbohydrate substrates.

Anabolic reactions are those that combine smaller compounds to build larger compounds. Anabolic reactions are favored over catabolic reactions during the fed state. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the anabolic reactions that occur during the fed state?

During the fed state, gluconeogenesis is favored to raise blood glucose levels. During the fed state, glycogen synthesis is favored to store excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and the muscle. During the fed state, excess amino acids are used for energy production after they have first been deaminated. During the fed state, beta-oxidation of fatty acids is favored to raise blood glucose levels.

Triglycerides are obtained from food, and are also stored in the body. Before they can be used by the body for energy, they must be broken down through metabolic processes. Choose the correct statements about fat metabolism.

During β-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon segments. Carnitine transports triglycerides across the mitochondrial membrane for oxidation. Lipolysis results in three fatty acids and glycerol. Cells can convert fat-derived acetyl CoA to glucose, allowing fatty acids to feed glucose production. It requires more steps to convert glucose to energy than it does to convert triglycerides to energy.

Both catabolic and anabolic reactions are regulated by hormones. When the endocrine system detects a change in the concentration of nutrients, such as glucose levels dropping below normal, hormones are released to activate or deactivate the enzymes in the metabolic pathways. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the hormonal control of metabolism during the fed state?

Epinephrine from the adrenal glands stimulates glycogen synthesis and protein degradation, but it has little to no effect on lipid metabolism. Insulin released from the pancreas stimulates glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis. Glucagon from the pancreas stimulates protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis, and lipogenesis when blood glucose levels are low. Cortisol from the adrenal glands stimulates protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis.

The brain adapts during periods of fasting when energy and carbohydrate intake are low, but it still needs some glucose for fuel. Which of the following statements correctly describes carbohydrate metabolism during the fasting state?

Excess glucose is converted to a fatty acid, attached to a glycerol backbone, and stored as a triglyceride in adipose tissue in the fasting state. In the later stages of the fasting state, fatty acids can be converted to glucose to supply the brain and red blood cells with fuel. Muscle glycogen stores are depleted early in the fasting state. Liver glycogen stores are utilized to supply the blood with glucose even during long-term fasting.

During the fed state, metabolism adjusts to either provide energy for immediate use or store excess energy to be used later. Drag the labels onto the flowchart to correctly identify the anabolic and catabolic processes that occur during the fed state. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. Anabolic Processes

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle. Excess amino acids are converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue. Amino acids from the amino acid pool are used to replace old proteins. Excess fatty acids combine with glycerol to form triglycerides, which are stored in adipose tissue.

During the fasting state, metabolism shifts from an anabolic state to a catabolic state. As fasting is prolonged, the body makes further adaptations for survival. Drag the labels onto the flowchart to correctly identify the processes that occur in the early stages, called short-term fasting, versus the later stages, called long-term fasting. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. LONG TERM FASTING

Fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies that can be utilized for fuel by all cells and tissues except red blood cells. The liver utilizes single amino acids from the catabolism of muscle for gluconeogenesis.

Metabolism is the sum of all body processes that break down and build up molecules. This includes the processes of anabolism and catabolism. Choose the correct statement about anabolism and catabolism.

Fetal growth represents a net catabolic state. Catabolism provides the energy required for anabolic reactions. Growth and repair of body tissues are directly achieved through catabolic reactions. Anabolism releases chemical energy.

To stay in balance, the body utilizes anabolic and catabolic hormones to regulate the breakdown and storage of energy. Fill in the blank about metabolic hormones. ____________ promotes storage of macronutrients.

Glucagon Insulin Cortisol Epinephrine

During the fed state, metabolism adjusts to either provide energy for immediate use or store excess energy to be used later. Drag the labels onto the flowchart to correctly identify the anabolic and catabolic processes that occur during the fed state. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. Catabolic Processes

Glucose is used as the primary fuel for energy. Dietary carbohydrate from a meal is digested and absorbed as monosaccharides, mainly glucose. Dietary protein from a meal is digested and absorbed as single amino acids. Dietary fat from a meal is digested and absorbed as monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol.

During the fasting state, metabolism shifts from an anabolic state to a catabolic state. As fasting is prolonged, the body makes further adaptations for survival. Drag the labels onto the flowchart to correctly identify the processes that occur in the early stages, called short-term fasting, versus the later stages, called long-term fasting. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins. SHORT TERM FASTING

Glycogen degradation in the liver helps maintain blood glucose levels. Glucose from glycogen degradation in muscle is used for energy by the muscle cells.

Since human beings do not typically consume energy on a continuous basis, the body must be able to store excess energy, and then utilize that stored energy when needed. What occurs in the body during a short-term fasting state?

The body shifts to a catabolic state. Liver glycogen is broken down to increase blood glucose. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are broken down for fuel. Gluconeogenesis increases. Decreased immune function may lead to infection.