Nervous System Review

6) Explain how the signs of a contusion differ from those of a concussion.

A brain contusion results from marked tissue destruction. If the cerebral cortex is injured, the individual may remain conscious, but severe brain stem contusions always result in a coma lasting from hours to a lifetime due to damage to the reticular activating system. By contrast, a concussion occurs when the brain injury is slight. The victim may be dizzy, "see stars," or lose consciousness briefly. Typically, little permanent damage occurs.

1) Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of the brain and spinal cord A) Central nervous system (CNS) B) Motor (efferent) division C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) D) Sensory (afferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A) Central nervous system (CNS)

4) The axon is indicated by ________. A) Label B B) Label F C) Label H D) Label I E) Label A

A) Label B

2) The metabolic center of the neuron is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label F C) Label A D) Label H E) Label I

A) Label D

1) The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label G C) Label A D) Label F E) Label B

C) Label A

28) The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________. A) diencephalon B) hypothalamus C) brain stem D) pineal gland E) cerebellum

C) brain stem

6) Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) diencephalon D) brain stem

C) diencephalon

13) Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus F) midbrain

F) midbrain

3) The axon terminals are indicated by ________. A) Label I B) Label G C) Label B D) Label A E) Label C

E) Label C

9) Pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) diencephalon D) brain stem

D) brain stem

4) Subdivision of the motor division responsible for controlling involuntary events A) Central nervous system (CNS) B) Motor (efferent) division C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) D) Sensory (afferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

40) Which of the following brain dysfunctions is also known as a stroke? A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) B) Alzheimer's disease C) aphasia D) cerebral edema E) Parkinson's disease

A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

20) What brain dysfunction results when blood supply to a region (or regions) of the brain is blocked and vital brain tissue dies, as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel? A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke B) Parkinson's disease C) Huntington's disease D) multiple sclerosis

A) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

20) The gap between two communicating neurons is termed ________. A) synaptic cleft B) cell body C) effector D) Schwann cell E) node of Ranvier

A) synaptic cleft

9) Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________. A) myelin sheaths B) neuroglia C) oligodendrocytes D) microglia

B) neuroglia

29) What specific part of the midbrain houses reflex centers for vision and hearing? A) pons B) corpora quadrigemina C) fourth ventricle D) medulla oblongata E) reticular formation

B) corpora quadrigemina

19) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________. A) cerebellum B) diencephalon interbrain C) brain stem D) cerebrum

B) diencephalon interbrain

27) The hypothalamus regulates the ________. A) pineal gland B) pituitary gland C) pons D) thalamus

B) pituitary gland

26) A stroke in the primary motor area has caused Don to lose control over his skeletal muscles on the right side of his body. What lobe of his brain was damaged? A) occipital lobe B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) parietal lobe E) pyramidal tract

C) frontal lobe

33) Control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) medulla oblongata B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) thalamus E) cerebrum

C) hypothalamus

42) What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division? A) somatic B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) afferent

C) parasympathetic

29) What portion of the diencephalon acts as a relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward to the sensory cortex? A) pons B) pituitary gland C) thalamus D) hypothalamus

C) thalamus

22) Cerebrospinal fluid is formed from blood by clusters of capillaries in the brain known as ________. A) choroid plexuses B) arachnoid villi C) ventricles D) sinuses

A) choroid plexuses

54) In contrast to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system ________. A) has a chain of two motor neurons B) has a chain of two sensory neurons C) stimulates its effector cells D) has both sensory and motor fibers E) is a subdivision of the central nervous system

A) has a chain of two motor neurons

57) Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) decreased activity of the digestive system B) stimulated sweat glands to produce perspiration C) decreased urine output D) increased metabolic rate E) decreased heart rate

E) decreased heart rate

39) The blood-brain barrier is effective against the passage of ________. A) water B) nutrients such as glucose C) respiratory gases D) fats E) metabolic waste such as urea

E) metabolic waste such as urea

60) What congenital disorder results when the vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord, typically in the lumbosacral region? A) cystic fibrosis B) anencephaly C) hydrocephaly D) cerebral palsy E) spina bifida

E) spina bifida

16) Relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus F) midbrain

E) thalamus

5) What part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters from vesicles? A) axon terminals B) dendrites C) axon hillock D) Schwann cells E) myelin sheath

A) axon terminals

7) What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system? A) central and peripheral B) somatic and autonomic C) sensory and motor D) autonomic and sympathetic

A) central and peripheral

25) Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons? A) breathing B) hunger C) thirst D) consciousness

A) breathing

11) Controls balance and equilibrium A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) diencephalon D) brain stem

A) cerebellum

15) Regulates body temperature, water balance, and metabolism A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus F) midbrain

A) hypothalamus

16) What type of neuron connects sensory and motor neurons in neural pathways? A) interneurons (association neurons) B) afferent neurons C) efferent neurons D) bipolar neurons

A) interneurons (association neurons)

11) Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are ________. A) myelinated B) unmyelinated C) sensory D) motor E) cerebral

A) myelinated

23) In which cerebral lobe is the primary somaticsensory cortex located? A) parietal B) frontal C) temporal D) occipital

A) parietal

18) What reflexes stimulate skeletal muscles? A) somatic B) pupillary C) autonomic D) salivary

A) somatic

35) Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear? A) sympathetic division B) parasympathetic division C) somatic division D) sensory division

A) sympathetic division

56) Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response during threatening situations is the role of the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) cerebrum C) parasympathetic nervous system D) somatic nervous system E) afferent nervous system

A) sympathetic nervous system

3) Which of these neuroglial cells forms the myelin sheath in the central nervous system? A) astrocytes B) oligodendrocytes C) Schwann cells D) ependymal cells E) satellite cells

B) oligodendrocytes

58) The effects of the sympathetic nervous system are essentially opposite of the ________. A) central nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) motor division E) sensory division

B) parasympathetic nervous system

2) Fibers that carry information from the skin, joints, and skeletal muscles to the central nervous system are ________. A) motor B) both visceral and sensory C) both somatic and sensory D) interneurons (association neurons) E) parasympathetic

C) both somatic and sensory

17) Includes the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the third ventricle A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus F) midbrain

C) epithalamus

9) What are the two major functional properties of neurons? A) cover and line body surfaces B) contraction and movements C) irritability and conductivity D) connect and protect E) lubricate and secrete

C) irritability and conductivity

30) The hypothalamus is the "emotional-visceral" center of the brain and, thus, is an important part of the ________. A) posterior association area B) reticular activating system C) limbic system D) Broca's area E) anterior association area

C) limbic system

21) The brain and spinal cord are protected and cushioned by three connective tissue membranes that are collectively called ________. A) ventricles B) arachnoid villi C) meninges D) sinuses

C) meninges

13) Mr. Warren has spinal cord damage that prevents nerve impulses from being carried from the CNS to muscles or glands. What specific type of neuron has been damaged? A) afferent neurons B) sensory neuron C) motor neuron D) axon terminals

C) motor neuron

10) The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________. A) dendrite B) cell body C) synaptic cleft D) axon

D) axon

2) Explain how the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system differ structurally.

Structurally, the central and peripheral nervous systems include different parts. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all parts of the nervous system outside of the CNS. It consists mainly of the nerves that extend from the spinal cord and brain, called spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

1) List and explain the three general functions of the nervous system

1. Sensory (input) function-the nervous system uses millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes (stimuli) inside and outside the body; the gathered information is called the sensory function. 2. Integrative function-the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and makes decisions about what should be done and the magnitude to which it should be done at each moment. 3. Motor (output) function-the process of reaction to stimuli; the body responds by activating muscles that can produce motion or glands that can produce and secrete hormones.

33) Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine? A) Parkinson's disease B) Alzheimer's disease C) Huntington's disease D) cerebral palsy

B) Alzheimer's disease

8) Compare and contrast the functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system, or voluntary nervous system, allows us to consciously, or voluntarily, control our skeletal muscles. The autonomic nervous system, or involuntary nervous system, regulates activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

3) Structural nervous system subdivision that consists of spinal nerves and cranial nerves A) Central nervous system (CNS) B) Motor (efferent) division C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) D) Sensory (afferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

50) Which nervous system subdivision is a chain of two motor neurons consisting of a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron? A) somatic B) central C) autonomic D) skeletal E) sensory

C) autonomic

53) The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are two arms of the ________. A) central nervous system B) voluntary nervous system C) autonomic nervous system D) somatic nervous system E) peripheral nervous system

C) autonomic nervous system

35) Wendy had a few alcoholic drinks, then found walking and maintaining her balance difficult. Which part of her brain was sedated by the alcohol? A) cerebrum B) hypothalamus C) cerebellum D) thalamus E) pons

C) cerebellum

32) How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord? A) 12 B) 18 C) 25 D) 31

D) 31

12) What best describes bipolar neurons? A) Bipolar neurons are motor neurons. B) Bipolar neurons are called neuroglia. C) Bipolar neurons are often found in ganglia. D) Bipolar neurons are found in special sense organs, such as the eye and nose. E) Bipolar neurons are more abundant in adults than in children.

D) Bipolar neurons are found in special sense organs, such as the eye and nose.

27) Sally has a brain injury; she knows what she wants to say but can't vocalize the words. The part of her brain that deals with the ability to say words properly is the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) gyrus C) central sulcus D) Broca's area E) primary motor area

D) Broca's area

2) Functional nervous system subdivision that carries information toward the central nervous system from receptors A) Central nervous system (CNS) B) Motor (efferent) division C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) D) Sensory (afferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

D) Sensory (afferent) division

39) What congenital disorder can occur when there is a temporary lack of oxygen during delivery of a baby? A) hydrocephalus B) anencephaly C) spina bifida D) cerebral palsy

D) cerebral palsy

7) What is the primary role of the interneuron (association neuron)? A) carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and/or the viscera B) form a lipid-protein (lipoprotein) cell membrane on the outside of axons C) transmit nerve impulses from the skin and organs to the central nervous system D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways E) detect the amount of stretch in skeletal muscles or tendons and their joints

D) connect motor and sensory neurons in their pathways

6) The nucleus of the neuron is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label I C) Label A D) Label B E) Label F

A) Label E

18) Decreases heart rate A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

21) Constricts bronchioles of respiratory passageways A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

22) No effect on most blood vessels A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

A) Parasympathetic nervous system

5) The gaps between Schwann cells are indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label H C) Label B D) Label F E) Label A

B) Label H

5) Functional nervous system division that carries information from the central nervous system toward effectors A) Central nervous system (CNS) B) Motor (efferent) division C) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) D) Sensory (afferent) division E) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

B) Motor (efferent) division

19) Stimulates sweat glands to produce perspiration A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

20) Decreases digestive system activities A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

23) Decreases urine output of the kidneys A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

24) Increases metabolic rate A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

25) Increases the release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system

B) Sympathetic nervous system

31) Hemiplegia and aphasia characterize those patients who have experienced a ________. A) concussion B) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke C) contusion D) cerebral edema

B) cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke

7) Occipital Lobe A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) diencephalon D) brain stem

B) cerebrum

34) The vital centers for the control of visceral activities such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, and vomiting are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) cerebrum E) hypothalamus

B) medulla oblongata

8) How are neurons with several processes branching off the cell body, such as motor neurons and interneurons (association neurons), structurally classified? A) efferent B) multipolar C) afferent D) bipolar E) unipolar

B) multipolar

22) Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc? A) effector, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, receptor B) receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector C) effector, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, receptor D) receptor, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, effector E) receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, integration center, effector

B) receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

24) Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain? A) brain stem B) ventral ramus C) diencephalon D) cerebrum E) cerebellum

B) ventral ramus

4) Which ciliated neuroglial cell circulates cerebrospinal fluid? A) oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) microglia D) ependymal cells E) astrocytes

D) ependymal cells

25) Which of the following indicates damage to the primary motor area? A) inability to form complex memories B) inability to say words properly C) inability to recognize patterns and faces D) inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles E) inability to involuntarily move smooth muscles

D) inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles

14) Gland that hangs from the hypothalamus A) hypothalamus B) pituitary gland C) epithalamus D) medulla oblongata E) thalamus F) midbrain

D) medulla oblongata

24) The blood-brain barrier is formed by ________ junctions that nearly seamlessly bind capillaries in the brain. A) gap B) intercalated C) desmosome D) tight

D) tight

46) How many pairs of cranial nerves branch from the surface of the brain? A) three B) five C) seven D) twelve E) eighteen

D) twelve

36) What pair of cranial nerves extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities? A) glossopharyngeal B) oculomotor C) vestibulocochlear D) vagus

D) vagus

23) Rick quickly pulled his hand away from the hot stove. What type of reflex is this? A) two-neuron reflex B) patellar reflex C) knee-jerk reflex D) withdrawal reflex E) autonomic reflex

D) withdrawal reflex

1) The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems B) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves C) brain and cranial nerves D) spinal cord and spinal nerves E) brain and spinal cord

E) brain and spinal cord

4) The family of Mr. Sanchez has learned that his cerebrovascular accident (CVA, or stroke) impaired his ability to move the right side of his body. They were told the CVA involved the primary somatic sensory area in the right cerebral hemisphere. Did they receive correct information? Explain.

Mr. Sanchez's family received two incorrect pieces of information. First, if Mr. Sanchez cannot move the right side of his body, the left cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling that movement. The motor pathway crosses to the opposite hemisphere of the brain. Second, the primary motor area provides conscious motor control of skeletal muscles. By contrast, the primary somatic sensory area receives information from the body's sensory receptors.

5) An 18-wheeler just nearly missed hitting Sam head-on while driving. Exasperated, he pulls over to the side of the road with his heart pounding. Which division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is taking control right now? What other symptoms do you think he's experiencing

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is controlling Sam. In addition to his pounding heart, he is also likely experiencing deep breathing; cold, sweaty skin; a prickly scalp; and dilated pupils of his eyes.