Network+ [Chapter 1-7 + 9-12]
What is coaxial cable?(or coax)
A type of cable used in network wiring Connector types: RG-58 and RG-62 10Base2 Ethernet networks use coaxial Usually shielded
What is fiber optic?
A type of network cable that uses central glass or plastic core surrounded by plastic coating. because it uses light and not electricity it is immune to RFI and EMI around the core is armor coating(usually kevlar) then covered in PVC or plenum
What are the ranges of the classes?
A: 1 - 126 (8 bits net, 24 bits host) B: 128 - 191 (16 bits net, 16 bits host) C: 192 - 223 (24 bits net, 8 bits host) D: 224 - 239 E: 240 - 255
What are the private IP ranges?
A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
What 2 connection types are typically found in a SOHO network?
ADSL and Cable modem
What is the highest encrpytion that WPA2 can use?
AES-CCMP
What can translate IP address to MAC address?
ARP
What type of packet is addressed and delivered to only a single interface?(IPv6)
Unicast
What are some media converters?
Single mode fiber to ethernet Multi mode fiber to ethernet Fiber to coaxial Single mode to Multi mode fiber
What is IDS(Intrusion detection system)?
Software and/or hardward designed to detect unwanted attempts at accessing/manipulating/disabling computer systems through a network detects, does not solve
What is the topology where all network devices are plugged into an ethernet switch?
Star
What network physical topolgy, when having a single machine's cable breaking, would only affect one network device and not the rest of the network?
Star
What network topology is easiest to add new nodes to?
Star
You are implementing a 1000Base-T network, what physical topology do you use?
Star
You need a topology that is scalable to use, which do you use? (Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh)
Star. Star can add new devices easily to available ports without disrupting the entire network. Bus and Ring both go down when adding a new device. Mesh has to add a cable to every single device to the new device.
How do you convert binary to hex?
Starting from binary: 01010101 Split it into nibbles: 0101 0101 Convert: 0101 0101 = 5 5 The answer is 55 (also can be written as 0x55)
How do you convert hex to binary?
Starting from hex: 6a Split it up: 6 a Convert: 6 a = 0110 1010 Answer: 01101010
What type of routing are you performing if you have to go to each router and type in each network and the path that IP will use to send packets?
Static routing
What is the difference between static and dynamic routing?
Static routing is where you add every route into every routing table on every router on your network. Dynamic routing does this for us.
What is a connection-oriented protocol?
TCP
Which layer determines the availability of communicating partners along with resources necessary to make the connection to the other client and error recovery?
The application layer
What is a 24-port MSL?
a 24 multilayer switch that provides layer 3 routing and 24 collision domains
What is a byte?
a 7-8 bit number, depending on whether parity bit is used
What is MX(mail exchanger) record?
a DNS record type that specifies the DNS hostname of the mail server for a domain name
What is the blocking state in STP?
a blocked port doesn't forward frames, listens for BPDUs and drops everything else
What is PAgp(port aggression protocol)?
cisco proprietary port channel negotiation protocol that aids in the automatic creation of etherchannel links
What is ether channel?
cisco's proprietary term for port channeling
What is the importance of noise immunity?
copper wires are susceptible to things like wiring tap and EMI. For wiring tapping you can use fiber which is light and not electricity. For EMI you can also use fiber or place mangetic sources away from the copper wire
What are 2 purposes for segmentation with bridge?
create more collision domains add more bandwidth for user
What technology should you implement for a separate network for contractors and guests working at your office?
create two VLANs one for each
What does IEEE do?
creates and maintains operational standards
What type of cable is used to connect two switches to each other?
crossover
What hardware addresses are defined at this layer
data link
Ethernet is defined at what layers?
data link and physical
What should be considered first when installing a server for an SOHO?
environment limitations
What is the 0:0:0:0:0:0:0 address?
equivalent to 0.0.0.0
What is the 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 address?
equivalent to 127.0.0.1
What is an example of hybird network? (ethernet switch, ring, bus, star)
ethernet switch, which is a physically star but logcially bus.
What is BGP(border gateway protocol)?
external routing protocol used between AS'(ystem)s that uses an advanced algorithm to determine the best route core routing protocol of the internet
What is DFS(dynamic frequency selection)?
feature that monitors a device's operating range for any radar signals that are allowed to operate in portions of the 5GHz band as well as 802.11a before transmitting
What is TPC(transmit power control)?
feature that sets the client machine's adapter and access point's transmit power to cover various size ranges
What type of cable should be used if you need to make a cable run longer than 100 meters?
fiber optic
What type of cable transmits lights from end to end?
fiber optic
Which type of cable does EMI have the least effect?
fiber optic
What is a routing protocol?
one of a collection of protocols designed to allow routers to dynamically learn routes from one another reducing or eliminating the need for manual configuration
What defines a multicast address?
one to many address
Where does a frame carry a packet?
only 2 places, frames use the MAC address to send them to a host on the LAN or a router's interface if the packet is destined for a remote network
What is OSPF(open shortest path first)?
open-standard routing protocol used by a wide variety of network vendors first, a shortest path tree is made then the routing table is made with the result best paths
What color wire should be in pin 2 of a T568B?
orange
What wireless LAN design ensures that a mobile wireless client will not lose connectivity when moving from one access point to another?
overlapping the wireless cell coverage by at least 10 percent
what are four router functions?
packet switching packet filtering internetwork communication path selection
What is multicast(IPv6)?
packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces indentified by the multicast address
What is unicast(IPv6)?
packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface, same as IPv4
What is a NIC(network interface card)?
physical device that connects computers and other network equipment to the transmission medium
What are the advantages of MPLS to other technologies?
physical layout flexibility prioritizing of data redundancy in case of link failure one-to-many connection labeling numbers to data to forward the data
568A uses which pins to make a connection?
pins 1,2,3,6
What is an access port?
port that belongs to and carries traffic of only one VLAN
What is the learning state in STP?
port that listens to BPDUs and learns all paths in the switched network, it populates the MAC address table but doesn't forward data frames
What is the forwarding state in STP?
port that sends and receives all data frames on the bridge port
Which is the highest layer in the OSI model? transport, session, network, presentation
presentation pdntspa
What are unique local addresses?
private IP address in IPv4 that can't be routed to the internet, but can be routed within your organization or company
What is TDM(Time-division multiplexing)?
process of placing multiple data streams in a single signal by separating the signal into segment(short duration)
What is address learning?
process of remembering the source hardware address of each frame and entering the information into a MAC database(forward/filter table)
What is web proxy server?
sever used to create a web cache, loads sites faster by remembering things or even filing out information like your usename/address/billing
802.11n uses MIMO, how does this optimize output to gain the high speed advantage that 802.11n provides?
several frames are sent by several antennae over several paths and are recombined by another set of antennae
What is ethernet?
shared-media network architecture that operates at the Physical and Data Link layer media-access method that uses baseband signaling over a bus or star, with CSMA/CD(carrier sense multiple access with collision detection)
What is frame filtering?
similar definition to foward/filter decision switch reads destination of frame, looks for this address in filter table, if found then it sends frame only to this port, other ports do not see this frame
What are link-local addresses?
similiar to IPv4 APIPA IP addresses but can't be routed at all
What provides the longest cable distance?
single mode fiber
What are some requirements/constraints to making a SOHO(small office home office) network?
small number of computers are needed high need for internet access resources need to be shared wired/wireless hosts will need to communicate with each other security is import
What is HIDS(Host-base intrusion detection system)?
software that runs on one computer to detect abnormalities on that system alone by monitoring applications, system logs, event logs but not by network traffic
What is the importance of distance for cables/fibers?
some cables are not useful for long distance meanwhile others are
What is the importance of duplex for cables/fibers?
some devices can only send or receive data (like a walkie talkie) while some can send and receive
What is the importance of frequency?
some have smaller frequencies that are useful for connecting desktop host while others have larger frequencies that can be used to connect the floors of a building together
What is a rogue AP?
some wireless access point installed in your network without your knowledge -a hacker sneaking into your building and installing an AP with the same SSID as your own and luring clients to use it for his own personal gain
What can caus LAN traffic congestion?
too many hosts in a broadcast domain broadcast storms multicating low bandwidth adding hubs for connectivity to the network
What roles does the A record in a domain name service server have?
translates human name to IP address
What is the definition for a DNS?
translating FQDN to IP address
The layer that creates a virtual circuit before transmitting between two end stations?
transport
What layer supports flow control and sequencing?
transport
What is ad hoc RF network?
when 2 RF capable devices are brought with in transmission range of each other uses ad hoc mode or IBSS(independent basic service set)
What is DoS(denial of service)?
when a hacker disrupts networks by jamming your frequency to cause an interruption of service until you find out the jamming signal and disable it
What is routing by rumor?
when a router passes its routing table to other routers and they combine that with their own routing table
When is STP said to be converged on the root bridge?
when all ports are forwarding and blocking
What is convergence?
when all ports have transitioned to forwarding or blocking mode. No data is forwarded and all devices must be updated before continuing.
When could you use EIGRP?
when all your routers are cisco routers
When are you most likely to see a request timed out message?
when an unknown error has occured
What is the client mode in VTP?
when switches recieve info from VTP servers but also receive and forward updates, can not create, change or delete VLANS
What is a flat network?
when the network is one broadcast domain
What are classless routing protocols?
when the subnet-mask information is carried with the routing update
When would you configure VTP on a switch?
when you have multiple switches with multiple VLANs and want to share the VLAN database from one switch to others
What is a network device that is used to connect multiple devices together without segmenting a network?
wireless acces point
What is 110 block?
wiring distribution point, used for computer networking sizes from 25 to 500 wire pairs
Why is IPv6 necessary?
without it, we'd be running out of ip addresses
Are dynamic routes automatically added to routing tables for dynamic routing?
yes
Can a single interface have multiple IPv6 addresses of different types?
yes
Is it true that a successor route is used by EIGRP to forward traffic to a destination?
yes
Are MAC address always local?
yes, they are only used on a local LAN and never pass a router's interface
Are MAC addresses always local on the LAN?
yes, they never go past a router
What OSI layer is for synchronizing the data exchange between applications on separate devices?
Session or Transport
What is NFC(Near Field Communication)?
Short range wireless technology used to transfer data over short range between two devices uses radio frequencies that are powered by a small electromagnetic charge used in inductive coupling(when 2 nfc chips are close a charge is created and powers up the built in antenna and transfers data). Example: Phone, ticket machine, Credit card readers
What is logical topology?
The dataflow layout of a network. Defines the way the information travels in a network.
Which layer managers the transmission of data across a physical link, concerned with physical addressing and the ordered delivery of frames?
The datalink layer, when the word frames is used try to think data link
Which layer is routing implemented, connecting two end systems together?
The network layer
What is the difference between SMF(single mode fiber) and MMF(multi mode fiber)?
The number of light rays/signals they carry MMF is for short distance and SMF is for long distance
What is 802.11a standard?
5GHz maximum of 54Mbps 12 non overlapping channels
What is the UNII(unlicensed national information infrastructure) band?
5GHz band
What is the frequency range of 802.11a?
5Ghz
What is the session layer?
5th Layer: determines how 2 computers establish, use and end a session. Security authentication and network naming functions required for applications occur here. Establishes, maintains, and breaks dialogs between 2 computers. Dialog control. Keeps application data separate from other application data.
What is the maxium distance of 10GBaseLR?
6 miles
What is the presentation layer?
6th Layer: deals with formatting data exchange like graphic commands and conversion of character sets. Responsible for data compression, data encryption, and data stream refirection. Translation services. Presents the data to the application layer.
What is the application layer?
7th Layer: deals with applications accessing the network, providing user interface, anddescribes application functionality like file, printing, message, database or application services. Internet Browsers are not part of this layer because it can still be used as a program to view local files or documents, when it tries to access the internet is when it needs to go through the OSI model, specifically the application layer to get network access
What is an IPv6 address?
8 groups of 4 digit hexadecimal numbers seperated by colons example: 2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab
What are the 802.11 Standards?
802.11a: 54Mbps, 5GHz standard 802.11ac: 1Gbps, 5GHz standard 802.11b: enhanced 802.11 to support 5.5 or 11MBps 802.11c: Bridge operation procedures, included in d 802.11d: International roaming extensions 802.11e: quality of service 802.11f: inter access point protocol 802.11g: 54MBps, 2.4GHz standard, (compatible with b) 802.11h: DFS(dynamic frequency selection) and TPC(transmit power control) at 5GHz 802.11i: enhanced security 802.11j: extensions for Japan and US public safety 802.11k: radio resource measurement enhancement 802.11m: maintenance of the standard, odds and ends 802.11n: higher throughput improvements using MIMO(multiple input, multiple output) antennas 802.11p: WAVE(wireless access for Vehicular Environment) 802.11r: fast roaming 802.11s: ESS Extended service set mesh networking 802.11t: WPP(wireless performance prediction) 802.11u: internetworking with non802 networks 802.11v: wireless network management 802.11w: protected management frames 802.11y: 3650-3700 operations in the US
Which IEEE committee has been sanctioned by WPA and is called WPA2?
802.11i
What wireless standard allows you to channel bond to increased bandwidth and uses both the 2.4 and 5GHz frequencies?
802.11n
What are the 802 standards?
802.1: LAN/MAN management 802.2: LLC(Logical Link Control 802.3: CSMA/CD (ETHERNET) 802.4: Token Passing Bus 802.5: Token Passing Ring 802.6: DQDB(Distributed Queue Dual Bus) MAN(Metropolitan Area Network) 802.7: Broadband Local Area Network 802.8: Fiber-Optic LANS and MANs 802.9: Isochronous LANs 802.10: LAN/MAN Security 802.11: Wireless LAN 802.12: Demand Priority Access Method 802.15: Wireless PErsonal Area Network(Bluetooth) 802.16: WiMax(Wireless Metropolitan Area Network) 802.17: Resilient Packet Ring 802.18: LAN/MAN Standards Committee
what two IEEE versions are for STP?
802.1d and 802.1w
Which IEEE standard specifies the protocal for CSMA/CD?
802.3
What is the length or type(of ethernet frame)
802.3 uses length ethernet frame uses type to identify the network layer protocol
What IEEE standard describes 10gigabit ethernet?
802.3ae
What is the default AD of EIGRP?
90
What are the ISM(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) bands?
900MHz and 2.4Ghz bands
What are the 3 unlicensed bands for public use?
900MHz, 2.4GHz and 5Ghz
What is the (IPv6) loopback address?(IPv6)
::1
Which logical topologies should you use to provide a cental authentication for your users? (VLAN,PeerToPeer,ClientSever,Mesh)
A client server, it provides a central database of users and user authentication.
What is an example of LAN?
A computer connected to another computer so they can share resources.
What is a server?
A computer that provides resources to the clients on a network. Often specialized for one task.
What is a workstation?
A computer(not a server) that is on a network. Used to do work. A computer that is not a server.
What is MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching)?
A data carrying mechanism relating to packet-switched networks like Frame Relay and ATM. Is an upgrade compared to those protocols. Operates at an OSI model layer of 2.5
What is the decimal number 10 in hexadecimal?
A
What are the main differences between copper wire and fiber optic?
-composition of signals (electricity or light) -signal speed -signal distance
What is 100BaseFX?
100Mbps IEEE 802.3u 62.5/125 micron MMF 2000 meters uses ST and SC connectors with point to point topology
How do you count nibbles?
(2^3)+(2^2)+(2^1)+(2^0) = 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 1011 = 8(1) + 4(0) + 2(1) + 1(1) = 8 + 2 + 1 = 11 0110 = 8(0) + 4(1) + 2(1) + 1(0) = 4 + 2 = 6 0010 = 8(0) + 4(0) + 2(1) + 1(0) = 2
How do you count bytes?
(2^7)+(2^6)+(2^5)+(2^4)+(2^3)+(2^2)+(2^1)+(2^0) 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 11111111 = 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 255 10101010 = 128 + 32 + 8 + 2 = 170 00011111 = 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 31
What is the format of Ethernet cable descriptions?
(number)(signaling)(type) such as 10Base2 or100BaseX (number) refers to megabits per second(10, 100, or 1000 megabits per second) (signaling) refers to the signalling type, either baseband or broadband (type) is a unique identifier for the ethernet cabling scheme that can range from 2, 5, T, X, FL or others
What are some advantages of using OSI layered model?
-Divides network communication processes into smaller and simple components which help with development, design and troubleshooting -Allows mutliple vendor development through the standardization of the network components -Encourages industry standardization by defining the specific functions that occur at each layer of the model -Allows various types of network hardware and software to communicate -Prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers, facilitating development and making programming easier
What is the data encapsulation process?
-User information converted to data -Data is converted to segments -Reliable connection is set up -Segments are converted to packets -logical address is placed in the header -Packets are converted to frames -Frames are converted to bits and transferred
What are some keypoints about routers?
-by default do not forward any broadcast/multicast packets -use logical address in a network layer header to determine the next-hop router to forward the packet -use access lists(created by admin) to control security on the types of packets allowed to enter/exit -provide layer 2 bridging function is needed and can simultaneously route through the same interface -layer 3 devices (routers) provide connections between VLANs(Virtual Local Area Networks) -Routers can provide QoS(Quality of Service) for specific types of network traffic
What are some internet domains?
.com .edu .gov .int. .mil .net .org
What are the default AD values?
0: Connected Interface 1: Static Route 20: External BGP 90: Internal EIGRP 100: IGRP 110: OSPF 115: IS-IS 120: RIP 170: External EIGRP 200: Internal BGP 255: Unknown
How many host on a half duplex segment can talk at one time?
1
What is the default AD of a static route?
1
What is baud rate?
1 baud is 1 elctronic state change per second example: .2 volts to 3 volts example: binary 0 to binary 1
How many wire pairs are used with half duplex?
1 pair
A crossover uses which pins to make a connection?
1 to 3, 2 to 6
What is 100BaseTX?
100Mbps IEEE 802.3u Fast ethernet cat5/cat5e/cat6 wiring or UTP two pair wiring 1 user per segment up to 100 meters uses RJ-45 connector with physical star and logical bus
How does IP routing work?
1. ICMP creates an echo request paylod 2. ICMP hands the payload to IP which creates a packet 3. IP determines whether the destination is on the local network or remote one 4. Packet is sent to the default gateway so the packet can be routed to the correct remote network 5. the hardware address of the router's interface Ethernet0 must be known so the packet can be handed down to the data link layer and be sent to the router's interface 6. the ARP cache of the host is checked to see whether the IP address of the default gateway has already been resolved to a hardware address 7. after the packet/destination address are handed to the data link layer, the LAN driver is used to provide media access via the type of LAN being used 8. after the frame is completed, its handed down to the physical layer and played onto the physical medium 1 bit at a time 9. every device in the collision domain receives the frame and checks if the hardware destination matches, if it matches then the Ether-type field is checked to find the protocol used at the network layer 10. packet is pulled from the frame and handed to the protocol listed in the Ether-Type field, then given to IP 11. IP receives the packet and checks the IP destination, the router looks up the destination IP network address in its routing table 12. routing table must have an entry for the network or the packet will be discarded 13. when the router finds an entry for the destination, the packet is switched to the exit interface 14. router packet switches the packet to the ethernet buffer 15. the IP needs to know the hardward address and checks the ARP cache, once the hardware address is resolved the packet is handed down to the data link layer to be framed 16. data link layer creates a frame with the destination and source hardware address, ether type field, and FCS field, then the frame is handed to the physical layer to be sent out on a phsyical medium 17. host B receives the frame and runs a CRC,the FCS field and hardware desintation address. then the ethertype is checked for what protocol to use for the network layer 18. the IP receives the packet and checks the IP destination, when the match is made the protocol field is checked to find out where the payload should be sent 19. payload is handed to ICMP which understands this is an echo request, then generates a payload to echo reply back 20. payload is created and the destination is now Host A 21. IP checks to see if the destination is on the local LAN or remote network, then gets sent to the default gateway 22. default gateway IP address is found in the registry and the ARP cache is checked to see if the hardware address has been resolved from an IP address 23. the packet and destination are handed down to the data link layer for framing 24. data link frames the packet and information 25. then heads down to the physical layer to be sent over the network medium 26. the router's ethernet interface receives the bits and builds a frame, the CRC and FCS is checked for matching 27. the hardware destination is checked, the packet is pulled from the frame and the ether type field is checked to see what protocol at the network layer is used to deliver 28. the protocol is determined to be IP so it gets the packet, IP runs a CRC check and checks the destination IP 29. router does know how to get to the network, so it sends it to the exit interface 30. router checks the ARP cache for hardware address 31. hardware address and packet are handed to the data link layer 32. data link layer builds a frame with a destination hardware address then puts IP in the ether type field, CRC is checked and result put in FCS 33. frame handed to physical layer to be sent out onto local network 34. destination host receives the frame, runs CRC, cehcks hardware address, looks in ether type field to see where to hand packet to 35. IP is the reciever and receives the packet, checks the protocol field to give the payload to ICMP 36. ICMP acknowledges the echo reply by sending an exclamation point to the user interface, then sends 4 more echo requests to the destination host
What is a trunk link?
100Mbps/1000Mbps point to point link between 2 switches, a switch and router, or switch and server Carries the traffic of multiple VLANs, from 1-4094 VLANs
What is the four step process a client takes to recieve an IP address from a DHCP server?
1.DHCP client broadcasts a DHCP discover message looking for a DHCP server 2.DHCP server recieves the DHCP discover message and sends a unicast DHCP offer message back to host 3.DHCP client broadcasts a DHCP request message to the DHCP server asking for the IP address 4.DHCP server finalizes the exchange with a unicast DHCP acknowledgment message
What is the ethernet standard designation for fast ethernet?
100 Base TX or 100 Base FX
What is the maxium distance of 1000BaseT?
100 meters
What is the maxium distance of 10GBaseSR?
100 meters
What is 1000BaseTX?
100 meters of cat5 two pair UTP wiring not used and replaced by cat6 cables
What is UTP Gigabit Wiring(1000BaseT)?
1000BaseT UTP wiring requires four pairs and uses more advanced devices so that each and every pair in the cable can transmit simultaneously For UTP gigabit crossover you would cross 8 wires instead of 4
what are some types of (types) for 1000Base
1000base-CX: two pairs of 150 shielded twisted pair cable 1000base-LX: two multimode or singlemode optical fibers using longwave laser optics 1000base-SX: two multimode optical fibers using shortwave laser optics 1000base-T: four pairs of category 5 unshielded twisted pair cable 1000base-X: generic name for 1000 Mbyps ethernet systems
What can run full duplex and achieve 200Mbps with cat 5e cable?
100BaseTX, when using full duplex
What is the maximum distance that CAT5e cable can run before attenuation?
100M or 328Ft
Which is a Class C network address? 10.10.10.0 127.0.0.1 128.0.0.0 192.255.254.0
192.255.254.0
what are some types of (types) for 100Base
100base-FX: two multimode optical fibers 100base-T2: two pairs of category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cables 100base-T4: four pairs of category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cables 100base-TX:two pairs of shielded twisted pair or category 4 twisted pair cable 100base-X: generic name for 100 Mbps ethernet systems
How is the decimal value 10 represented in binary?
1010
what are some types of (number)s used in the ethernet cable standards
10Base: 10 Mbps baseband ethernet 100Base: 100 Mbps baseband ethernet 1000Base: 1000 MBps baseband ethernet 10Gigabit Ethernet: 10 billion Bits per second over optical fiber (multimode fiber supports up to 300 meters, single mode fiber supports up to 40 kilometers)
What are the types of ethernet used in twister pair cabling?
10BaseT 100BaseTX 1000BaseTX
What is 10GBaseLW?
10Gbps 10km of SMF designed for SONET equipment
What is 10GBaseLR?
10Gbps 2-10km of longwavelength laser at 1310nm, SMF
What is 10GBaseSR?
10Gbps 2-300 meters of shortwavelength laser at 850nm, MMF
What is 10GBaseER?
10Gbps 2-40km of extra longwavelength laser at 1550nm, SMF
What is 10GBaseEW?
10Gbps 40km of SMF using optical wavelength 1550nm laser designed for SONET equipment
What is 10GBaseSW?
10Gbps IEEE 802.3ae 300 meters of 850nm laser, MMF designed for SONET equipment
What is 10GBaseT?
10Gbps over UTP cables 100 meter uses RJ-45 connector
What is 10BaseFL?
10Mbps 300-2000 meters of Fiber
What is 10BaseT?
10Mbps with cat3 UTP wiring must be connected into hub or switch only one host per segment or wire uses RJ-45 connector with physical star and logical bus
what are some types of (types) for 10Base or 10Broad
10base-2: 185 meters of coaxial cable (aka thinnet/thinwire) 10base-5: 500 meters of coaxial cable (aka thicknet/thickwire) 10base-36: 3,600 meters of multi-channel coaxial cable 10base-F: optical fiber 10base-FB: two multi-mode optical fibers using asynchronous active hub 10base-FL: two optical fibers and can invlude optional asynchronous hub 10base-FP: two optical fibers using passive hub to connection communication devices 10base-T: 100 meters of twisted pair cables 10broad-36: 3 channels of cable television system with maximum cable length of 3,600 meters
What ethernet unshielded twisted pair cables are commonly used?
10baseT 100basetx 1000basetx
What is the AD of OSPF?
110
What are the two main types of punch down blocks?
110 and 66
What is maximum data rate for 802.11b?
11MBps
What is the max data rate of 802.11b?
11MBps
What are the 802.11g specifications?
11b's big brother 2.4GHz data rate of 54MBps if less than 100 feet
How many non overlapping channels are available in 802.11a?
12
What is the default AD of RIP?
120
What is the default AD of RIPv2?
120
What is a valid Class A address? 191.10.0.1 127.10.0.1 128.10.0.1 126.10.0.1
126.10.0.1 class A is from 1-126
What 2 addresses could you type to ping the lookpack address?
127.0.0.1 and ::1
How many bits is an IPv6 address?
128
What is the decimal value for the binary number 11101000?
128+64+32+8=232
What is a valid Class B address? 10.1.1.1 126.1.1.1 129.1.1.1 192.168.1.1
129.1.1.1 class B is from 128-191
What is the APIPA range?
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254
Which 2 are private IP addresses? 12.0.0.1 168.172.19.39 172.20.14.36 172.33.194.30 192.168.24.43
172.20.14.36 192.168.24.43
What address is not allowed on the internet? 191.192.168.1 191.168.169.254 172.32.255.0 172.31.12.251
172.31.12.251 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 are private
What IEEE standard is for ethernet over power line?
1901
What is the decimal equivalent of this binary number? 11000000.1010100.00110000.1111
192.168.48.240
What is the possible bandwidth of 802.11ac?
1Gbps
What is 1000BaseT?
1Gbps IEEE 802.3ab 100 meters of cat5 four pair UTP wiring
What is 1000BaseSX?
1Gbps IEEE 802.3z 220 meters of 62.5micron MMF or 550 meters of 50micron MMF Short wavelength laser
What is 1000BaseCX?
1Gbps IEEE 802.3z 25 meters of copper twisted pair (twinax) uses 9pin connector(HSSDC or highspeed serial data connector)
What is 1000BaseLX?
1Gbps IEEE 802.3z 3km-10km of 9 micron core, 1300nm laser, SMF
What is the physical layer?
1st Layer: Controls the functional interface. Physical topology. Moves bits between devices Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out of cables
How many devices can be connected to a full duplex segment?
2
How many pairs do you use to make a 568B cable for fast ethernet link?
2
How many wire pairs are used with 100BaseT full duplex?
2 pairs
What is the frequency range of 802.11g standard?
2.4GHz
What are the 802.1b specifications?
2.4GHz 3 non overlapping channels long distances with maximum of 11MBps
What is 802.11g standard?
2.4GHz backwards compatible with b maximum of 54 Mbps 14 channels with only 3 non overlapping channels
What is 802.11b standard?
2.4GHz most widely deployed wireless standard maximum of 11MBps has a better version: 802.11g no reason to buy b over g, why get 10Mbps ethernet card when you can get a 10/100 ethernet for same price
What is 802.11n standard?
2.4GHz/5GHz uses MIMO(multiple input, multiple output) which uses multiple transmitters and receiver antennas to increase data output instead of using 20MHz channels, it uses 40MHz channels instead of acknowledging each packet before being sent, it acknowledges multiple frames before checking
What is the frequency range of 802.11b?
2.4Ghz
What is the frequency range of 802.11g?
2.4Ghz
How to used the shortened expression of IPv6?
2001:0db8:3c4d:0012:0000:0000:1234:56ab you can drop leading zeroes to 2001:db8:3c4d:12:0:0:1234:56ab you can remove 2 blocks of zeroes with a double colon 2001:db8:3c4d:12::1234:56ab you can only do this for 2 blocks, if there are more you have to leave them as 0
Which is an invalid IP address for a host? 10.0.0.1 128.0.0.1 224.0.0.1 172.0.0.1
224.0.0.1
In Class C addresses how long is the network address?
24 bits
What ports does MGCP use?
2427, 2727
What is the data link layer?
2nd Layer: describes the logical topology of a network which is the way the packets move through a network. describes the method of media access using mac address. Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames. Performs error detection(NOT CORRECTION) Flow control
How many non overlapping channels are in 802.11b/g?
3
What are benefits and uses fo rIPv6?
3.4 x 10^38 addresses IPsec, end-to-end security authentication and access control an IPv6 address is 128 bits uses multicast traffic and also anycast
How many bits are in an ip address?
32 bits or 4 8bit numbers each 8bit number lets you use a number up to 255 so the end result would be all numbers ranging from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 in binary it would look like 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 in hexadecimal it would look like FF.FF.FF.FF
What is the port number for RPC or RDP?
3389
What is the network layer?
3rd Layer: deals with logical addressing and translating logical names into physical addresses. Controls the routing of data from source to destination as well as building and dismantling of packets.
How many wires are used in a 100MBps UTP transmission?
4
How wide are the channels used in 802.11n in order to gain the large bandwidth that the specification provides?
40MHz
What port number is for HTTPS?
443
What is SA(Source Address)?
48 bit MAC address used to identify the transmitting device
What is the DA(Destination address)
48 bit value using the LSB(least significant bit) first used by receiving stations to determine whether an incoming packet is addressed to a certain host and can be an individual address, broadcast, or multicast MAC address
How many bits is a MAC address
48 bits
What is the transport layer?
4th Layer: deals with checking the data packets creating in session layer for errors. If necessary it changes the length of messages for transport up or down the remaining layers. Provides reliable/unreliable delivery and performs error correction before retransmit. TCP:Reliable UDP:Unreliable
What port number is related to the server process for pinging by ip address, but not hostname or FQDN?
53, the problem is with DNS
What is the maximum data rate of 802.11a?
54 MBps
What is the max data rate of 802.11a?
54MBps
What is the max data rate of 802.11g?
54Mbps
What are the wiring standards?
568A 568B Straight-through Crossover Rolled/rollover
Whats the difference between 568A and 568B?
568A whiteGreen-Green-whiteOrange-Blue whiteBlue-Orange-whiteBrown-Brown 568A whiteOrange-Orange-whiteGreen-Blue WhiteBlue-Green-whiteBrown-Brown
What is T568A?
568A whiteGreen-Green-whiteOrange-Blue whiteBlue-Orange-whiteBrown-Brown Residential Use
What is T568B?
568A whiteOrange-Orange-whiteGreen-Blue WhiteBlue-Green-whiteBrown-Brown Commerical Use
What is 802.11h standard?
5GHz DFS(dynamic frequency selection) TPC(transmit power control)
What are the 802.11a specifications?
5GHz if you used 802.11h extension you get 23 non overlapping channels maximum of 54 MBps, if less than 50 feet away
What is 802.11ac standard?
5GHz maximum of 1Gigabit output
What LAN topology is known by all devices being daisy chained together with the devices at the end being connected to only one other device?
A Bus.
What is a network?
A group of devices connected by some means for the purpose of sharing information or resources At least 2 devices sharing data/resources with eachother.
What is a virtual circuit?
A logical circuit for reliable communication between two devices on a network. Defined by a virtual path identifier/virtual channel
What is a host?
A network device with a TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) address. Any network device with an IP address.
What is WAN(Wide Area Network)?
A network that crosses local, regional, or internation boundaries. Example: the internet Usually use routers and public links.
What is LAN(Local Area Network)?
A network that is restricted to a single building, group of buildings or a room, that can have one or more servers, defined by the data link protocols they run. (Can be ethernet network, can not be PPP network) Small network between one room to several buildings. Uses ethernet connection
What is a hub?
A physical layer device that serves as a central connection point for several network devices(example: workstations). Hubs repeats the signal it receives from 1 port to all other ports as if they were all connected.
What is a hub?
A physical layer device that serves as a central connection point for several network devices(example: workstations). Hubs repeats the signal it receives from 1 port to all other ports as if they were all connected. uses CSMA/CD to listen 1/2 duplex
Why use a router between two workgroups?
A router lets users access the other workgroups without have to slow down the system by having everyone connected to each other but still allowing users access to the other workgroup.
If a computer shares no resources, would it be connected to the backbone or a segment?
A segment. The backbone is reserved for segments/workgroups that together use other sources so it would be wasteful to plug in a single computer directly into the backbone.
What is a client-server network?
A server centered network where all data is stored on a file server and processing power is distrubuted amoung workstations and the file server.
What is a workgroup?
A specific group of users or network devices organized by job functions or proximity to shared resources. Group defined by purpose or location.
What type of request must a client send if it does not know the destination MAC address?
ARP broadcast
What protocol is used to find the hardware address of a local device?
ARP, address resolution
How many devices in a collision domain have to listen when a single host talks?
All
When one connection to a host fails in a full mesh network what happens?
All hosts can still communicate
What items should be considered when designing a network? (cost, ease of installation, ease of maintenance, fault tolerance?) choose all that apply
All, each topology has its own set of pros and cons considering the cost, ease of installation, ease of maintenance, and fault tolerance.
What is an intranet?
An internetwork with only networks under a single administrative domain. example: A corporation's internal internetwork
What is used for an RJ-11 connector to connect a computer to an ISP using POTS line?
Analog modem
What is a peer to peer network?
Computers that are hooked together but have no centrailzed authority where each computer is equal and acts both as server and workstation.
What cable do you use to connect two switches?
Crossover cable
What should plenum cable be used for?
Comply with fire codes
Which layer is for creating/managing/terminating sessions between application?
The session layer
What OSI layer allows user to access network services suck as filesharing?
Application layer
What layer does EMAIL and FTP work on in the OSI?
Application layer
you are connected to a server on the internet and receive a time out message, what layer could be the source of this message?
Application layer, this would be a problem with your browser or the remote server
What OSI layer is included in the TCP/IP model's application layer?
Application, Presentation, Session
Email and FTP work at what layer of the OSI model?
Application
What layer does SMTP work on for OSI and DoD?
Application
a receiving host fails to recieve all segments that it should acknowledge, what can the host do to improve the reliabilty of this session?
Decrease the window size
What is a collection of networks or subnets that are in the same administrative domain?
Autonomous System
What EGP protocol is used on the internet?
BGP
What routing protocol is typically used to connect AS(ystem)s on the internet?
BGP
What routing protocol uses AS-path as one of the methods to build the routing tables?
BGP
What two are hybrid routing protocols? OSPF BGP RIPv2 IS-IS EIGRP
BGP and EIGRP
What type of connector does UTP cable typically use? (BNC, ST, RJ45, SC)
BNC
What is infrastructure mode?
BSS(basic service set) or BSA(basic service area) communicate only with access points
What options should you choose to allow hosts on a LAN segment using dynamic IP addresses, to be able to access the internet and internal company server when setting up a DHCP server on a LAN segment?
Default gateway, subnet mask, reservations
What does Base mean in 100BaseTX?
Baseband
What are the first different states for STP?
Blocking Listening Learning Forwarding Disabled
What color wire should be placed in pin 4 for T568B wires?
Blue
What is considered PAN?
Bluetooth
What is network segmentation?
Breaking up a large network into smaller networks(segments) using routers, switches or bridges.
At what 3 OSI model layers does does bridges, hubs, and routers operate in, respectively?
Bridges are data link Hubs like repeaters are physical Routers are network
What are some differences between bridging and LAN switching?
Bridges are software based, switches are hardware based There can only be one spanning-tree instance per bridge, but with switches it can have many switches have a higher number of ports than most bridges
What do VLANs break up in a layer 2 switched network?
Broadcast domain
What are the basic topologies?
Bus, Ring, Star (and mesh)
2 computers are connected by a Hub, how would one PC talk to the other?
By broadcasting a MAC address of (ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff) and 192.168.0.255 on the LAN to get the other's MAC address (which is burned right into their NIC) and IP address
What media-access method does the 802.11 standard specify for ethernet networking?
CSMA/CA
What network access control method helps devices share the bandwidth evenly without having two devices transmit at the same time on teh network medium?
CSMA/CD
What are cable categories?
Cable category determines how much protection is offered from interference goes from category 1 to category 6a also can be CAT3, CAT4, CAT5, etc...
How do you make sure there is full coverage in an open warehouse that has varying signal strengths?
Change antenna placement
How to spot unwanted AD HOC networks?
Cisco Unified Wireless NEtwork can identify ad hoc over the air by the frames they send, when it detects this it sends deauthentication frames to keep your stations from associating via ad hoc mode
What is HSRP(hot standby router protocol)?
Cisco proprietary protocol that provides a redundant gateway for hosts on a local subnet, allows configuration of two or more routers into a standby group that shares an IP and MAC address, and provides a default gateway
What are the classes of networks?
Class A: network.host.host.host. for a small amount of networks but large amount of hosts Class B: network.network.host.host. for a medium amount of networks and hosts Class C: network.network.network.host. for a large amount of networks but small amount of hosts Class D: Multicast Class E: Research
What type of network has a dedicated file server, which provides shared access to files?
Client Server
What network model clearly distinguishes between devices that share resources and devices that do not?
Client-Sever
Switches by default only break up what?
Collision domains
What can you do to perform maintenance on a router in your corporate office that is important that the network doesn't go down?
Configure the router a static route that temporarily reroutes traffice through another office
What is TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)?
Connection oriented protocol -Client sends SYN(Synchronization) packet to server -Server responds with SYN-ACK(synchronication-acknowledgment) packet back -Client responds with ACK(acknowledgment) packet
When all routers in a network agree about the path from 1 point to another, the network is said to be what?
Converged
What is it called when protocols update their forwarding tables after changes have occured?
Convergence
What should you do first when setting up a SOHO network?
Create a list of requirements and constraints
You run a protocol analyzer and discover two hosts have the same IP address, what protocol can you use to prevent this problem?
DHCP
Where is the problem if the hosts that were shut down over the weekend restarted but can't acces the LAN or Internet when hosts that weren't shutdown are fine?
DHCP server
What services use UDP? (DHCP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, HTTP, TFTP)(choose 3)
DHCP, SNMP, TFTP
What protocol do you use to automate IP configuration?
DHCP, dynamic host configuration
What uses both TCP and UDP?
DNS
What type of server in your network uses pointer and A records?
DNS server
Whwere would a technician most likely place the company's MX and A records?
DNS server
What spread spectrum technology does 802.11b define for operation?
DSSS
What are the wireless LAN modulation techniques?
DSSS(direct sequence spread spectrum)-most widely used modulation technique, speeds up to 11MBps FHSS(frequency hopping spread spectrum)-used in bluetooth OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
What is the PDU called in the session layer?
Data
What OSI layer performs error detection using a frame check sequence?
Data link
What OSI layer does NIC work on?
Data link NIC is not a dumb device
What is the correct order of data encapsulation?
Data, Segment, Packet, Frame, Bits
What is the location where telco wiring stops and client's wiring starts?
Demarc
Where long the IP routing process does a packet get changed?
Destination device
What is a switch?
Device that filters, floods and sends frames. Uses destination address of individual frames Operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model
What is a switch?
Device that filters, floods and sends frames. Uses destination address of individual frames Operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model makes each of its port a unique singular collision domain has CSMA/CD turned off full duplex
What is a bridge?
Device that separates a single network into segments but lets the segments appear to be one network to higher layer protocals. Operates at Data Link Layer
What is a bridge?
Device that separates a single network into segments but lets the segments appear to be one network to higher layer protocals. Operates at Data Link Layer breaks up collision domains
What is a router?
Device used to connect two networks and allow packets(data) to be transfered back and forth between them.
What is a router?
Device used to connect two networks into an internetwork and allow packets(data) to be transfered back and forth between them.
What is a client?
Device/Computer where the computing is done. A client will use server for storage, backups, or firewall.
What are some causes of signal degradation?
Distance Walls/Barriers Protocols used Interference
Is BGP considered link state or distance vector?
Distance vector
What is the process/application layer of the DoD model?
DoD layer that defines protocols for node-to-node application communication and controls user-interface specifications network services covers the application, presentation, and session layers of the OSI model applications and services: telnet(23), FTP(20,21), LPD, SNMP{161}, TFTP,(69) SMTP(25), NFS, X Window
What is the internet layer of the DoD model?
DoD layer that designates the protocols relating to logical transmission of packets over the entire network, handles routing of packets covers the network layer of the OSI model applications and services: ICMP, ARP, RARP, IP
What is the Network access layer of the DoD model?
DoD layer that monitors the data exchange between the host and network covers the data link and physical layers of the OSI model applications and services: ethernet, fast ethernet, gigabit ethernet, wireless/802.11
What is the Host-to-Host layer protocol of the DoD model?
DoD layer that sets up level of transmission service for application. Creates reliable end-to-end communication and ensures error-free delivery of data. Handles packet sequencing and maintains data intergrity covers the transfer layer of the OSI model applications and services: TCP, UDP
What is the difference between static and dynamic routing?
Dynamic routes are added automatically
Why would you want to use dynamic over static routing?
Dynamic routing scales to larger networks
What is routing tables that are update automatically when changes occur in the network?
Dynamic setting
What of the following is a hybrid routing protocol? RIPv2 EIGRP IS-IS IGRP
EIGRP
What is a hybrid IGP?
EIGRP and also BGP
Which 3 protocols support VLSM, summarization and discontiguous networking? ripv1 ripv2 IGRP EIGRP OSPF BGP
EIGRP, BGP, RIPv2
What is the version of EIGRP that is used with IPv6?
EIGRPv6
What advantage does client-server have over peer to peer?
Easier Management, Greater organization, tighter security
What is infrared technology?
Enables computing devices to communicate via short range wireless signals. Transfer data/commands in short range based on line of sight EXAMPLE: Remote controls
What is the purpose of the FCS(frame check sequence) in an ethernet frame?
Error detection
What does a unique local unicast range start with?(IPv6)
FC00::/7
What does a link-local address always start with?(IPv6)
FE80::/10
What is a layer 2 broadcast?
FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
What would an ARP destination MAC address appear as?
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF or layer 2 broadcast
What protocol uses both TCP ports 20 and 21?
FTP
All segments are retransmitted on time slow intervals, True or false?
False
If segment is not received, the virtual circuit must be restarted from the beginning at a slower transmit interval,True or false?
False
What cable type has immunity from EMI and RFI?
Fiber
What are some examples of servers?
File server: stores/dispenses files Mail server: handles email functions Print server: manages printers Web server: manages web based activites and accessing webpages Fax server: sends and receives paperless faxes Application server: manages network applications Telephony server: handles call routing Proxy server: handles tasks in place of other machines
What network device uses ACLs to prevent unauthorized access into company systems?
Firewall
Convert hexadecimal number 6d into binary and decimal
First list hexadecimal to binary (0-9 and A-F)(0000-1111) 0=0000___1=0001____2=0010___3=0011 4=0100____5=0101____6=0110___7=0111 8=1000____9=1001___A=1010____B=1011 C=1100____D=1101____E=1110____F=1111 Then grab the binary for 6 and D which is 0110 and 1101 which makes 01101101 Then for binary 0(128)+1(64)+1(32)+0(16)+1(8)+1(4)+0(2)+1(1)= 64+32+8+4+1=109
What is category 5e(enhanced) cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires) handles up to 100Mbps frequency limit of 100MHz capable of handling disturbance on each pair that's caused by transmitting on all four pairs at the same time
What is category 5 cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires) handles up to 100Mbps frequency limit of 100MHz no real reason to use over 5e since they are the same price
What is category 4 cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires) handles up to 16Mbps frequency limit of 20MHz obsolete for network
What is category 6 cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires) handles up to 1Gbps frequency limit of 250MHz
What is category 2 cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires) handles up to 4Mbps frequency limit of 10MHz obsolete for network
What is category 3 cable?
Four twisted wire pairs(8 wires), 3 twists per foot handles up to 10 Mbps frequency limit of 16 MHz telecommunication equipment obsolete for network
What is the basic IP routing process?
Frame changes at each hop but packets never change until it reaches the destination device
What feature of the switch allows devices to communicate at 200Mbps on a 100Mbps switch?
Full duplex mode
What color wire should be placed in pin 1 for T568A
Green White
What is a broadcast Domain?
Group of all the devices that receive each other's broadcast frames A router's interface terminates a broadcast domain
What is a Collision Domain?
Group of devices whose frames could potentially collide with each other A bridge, switch or router's interface terminates a collision domain, they also recover from collisions
What protocol is a vendor specific FHRP protocol? STP OSPF RIPv1 EIGRP IS-IS HSRP
HSRP
What are the port numbers of HTTP, GTP, and telnet?
HTTP 80 FTP 20,21 Telnet 23
What are the port numbers of HTTPS and POP3?
HTTPS 443 POP3 110
What are the HSRP timers?
Hello Hold Active Standby
What device can you not use full duplex communication with?
Hub
What topology features a central location that connects to each remote connection but does not feature connections between those remote locations directly?
Hub and Spoke(similiar to star)
What layer 1 device can be used to enlarge the area covered by a single LAN segment? (firewall, NIC, Hub, repeater, RJ45 transceiver)
Hub and repeater
What device is mostly implemented for star topology?
Hub or switch
What network topology is a combination of two or more types of physical/logical topologies? (point to multipoint, hybrid, bus, star)
Hybrid, as the name implies, it's a hybrid or mix of topologies.
What protocol dynamically reports errors to source hosts by using IP directly to build packets?
ICMP
What protocol the heart of the ping and tracert commainds in a windows operating system?
ICMP
What allows an admin to view malicious activity after it has taken place?
IDS
What is ethernet over power line?
IEEE 1901 BPL(broadband over powerline) PLC(power line communication) lets you use network using a power socket
What are some wireless agencies and standard?
IEEE(institute of electrical and electronics engineers) FCC(federal communications commision) ETSi(european telecommunications standards institute) WiFi Alliance WLANA(WLAN association)
What is the protocol that requests membership to a multicast group?
IGMP
What are 2 examples of routed protocols?
IP(Internet Protocol) and IPv6(Internet Protocol version 6)
What tool can clear bad cache records in the DNS record?
IPconfig
What use IPv6(internet protocol version 6)?
IPv4 is fading out and we need something new for the growing number of devices, networks, and users IPv4 only has room for about 4.3 billion addresses and the number of devices will increase as time goes on
What is A record or AAAA record?
IPv4: A record IPv6: quad-A or AAA record assigned IP addresses to domain names or points domain to IP address
What is the difference between partial and full mesh topology? (missing concept from chapter 1)
In full mesh, every device has a connection with each other device, while in partial only some have a connection with everyone else while some don't.
What is layered architecture?
Industry standard way of creating applications to work on a network which allow the application developer to make changes in only one layer instead of the entire program
What layer of the TCP/IP stack does the Network LAyer from the OSI model work on?
Internet
What is an ip address?
Logical address used to define a single host, can also be used to reference many hosts as well When using IP it will always mean IPv4, IPv6 will be stated if it is IPv6
What is a disadvantage of using port spanning?
It can create overhead on the switch
What is Teflon-type covering referred as?
It is known as a plenum-rated coating
What is ethernet addressing?
It uses MAC address which is a 48-bit(6 byte) address in hexadecimal format The first bit is the I/g(Individual/group) address bit that tells if the destination MAC address is unicast(0)(individual) or multicast/broadcast(1)(group) The second bit is the L/G(local/global) address bit that tells if the MAC address is the BIA(burned in addres)(0) or changed locally(1) The third to 24th bits is the OUI(Organizationally Unique Identifier) bits that tell what organization it's from The 25th to 48th is the vendor assigned bits for each product
What is WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)?
LAN that doesn't require ethernet, uses wireless connection. Range of 65-300 feet. by default is unprotected, recommend password
What is the logical grouping of network users and resources called? (WAN, LAN, MPLS, Host)
LAN. WAN is connection between Groups such as LANs to others. MPLS is a method of data transportation. Host is a network device.
What are the four IPv4 address types?
Layer 2 broadcasts: sent to all nodes on LAN Layer 3 broadcasts: sent to all nodes on network Unicast: address for a single interface, used to send packets to a single destination host Multicast: packets sent from a single source and transmitted to many devices on different networks
What are the seven layers of OSI?
Layer 7: Application Layer 6: Presentation Layer 5: Session Layer 4: Transport Layer 3: Network Layer 2: Data Link Layer 1: Physical (Think PDNTSPA or Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away)
What are the two categories of ICP protocols?
Link state and distance vector
What is one the the biggest differences between linkstate and distance vector?
Link state protocols learn and maintain more information about the internetwork than distance vector
What device should be used if you need to send incoming packets to one or more machines that hidden behind a single ip address?
Load balancer
What is bluetooth?
Low power radio communications to link phones, computers or other network devices in short range without using wires IEEE 802.15.1
What address does one host computer use to communicate with another on an ethernet switched network?
MAC address
What is the name for a 48 bit numerical address physically assigned to a NIC?
MAC address
What is the problem? You connect your host to a company's wireless network, the host is set to receive a DHCP address and WPA2 key is entered correctly, but you cannot connect.
MAC filtering is enabled on the AP
When a WAN is confined to a certain geographic area, what is it sometimes known as?
MAN
What is MDF/IDF(Main distribution frame/intermediate distribution frame?
MDF is a wiring point that is for reference point for telephone lines IDF is connected to the MDF to provide greater flexibility for distribution of all communicaiton lines to the building
How to stop/spot DoS?
MFP(management frame protection) infrastructure mode that adds a management frame when it sends data, so that if an AP reads the frame and sees a management frame from an unknown SSID it reports the events to the controller
What is spatial multiplexing?
MIMO several frames are sent by several antennae over several paths and are recombined by another set of antenna to optimize output and mulitpath resistance
What provides the most flexible physical layout in a large geographically dispersed enterprise network? (Bus, Lan Switch, Star, MPLS cloud network)
MPLS Cloud network, provides links between sites so branch offices can be easily added.
What type of WAN technology uses labels, which enables priority of voice through the network? (VPN, T1, MPLS, LAN, BUS)
MPLS allows data to have priority over each other when being sent.
What is a common WAN topology used for multiple connections to a single site(used for high degree of fault tolerance) and has one-to-many connections?
MPLS(Multiprotocol Label Switching)
What type of fiber optic connector contains two fiber strands in a single connector?
MTRJ
What would needed to be installed that requires an MX record to function properly?
Mail server
What could be used to connect a fiber to a PC with an RJ-45 jack?
Media converter
What topology offers the greatest amount of redundancy?
Mesh
What type of topology has the greasted number of physical connections? (point to multipoint, star, point to point, mesh)
Mesh, because of the required connection to every other device.
What physical topology has the most connections and is the least popular for LANS?
Mesh, mesh requires a connection between each device.
What is OSI(Open Systems Interconnection)?
Model defined by the ISO(International Organization for Standardization) to categorize the process of communication between computer in terms of 7 layers.
What type of transmission does RIPv2 use to send out tables efficiently?
Multicast instead of broadcast
What isn't used when making SOHO internet connections? (hub, repeater, NIC, switch)
NIC
What are some devices that operate at the physical layer of the OSI model?
NIC(Network Interface Card) Transceivers Repeaters Hubs
What are some devices that operate at all seven layers of the OSI model?
NMS(Network management station) Web and Application servers Gateways(not default) Network Hosts
What protocol will ensure consistent time across entwork devices on the domain?
NTP
What protocol do you use to make sure all time is consistent accross your network?
NTP, network time
What are the other 2 tables maintained in link state routing?
Neighbor table, maintained using the hello packet Topology table, maintained through use of LSAs or LSPs (link state advertisement or link state packets) which is a map of the entire internetwork
What layer of OSI model do you find IP?
Network
What is PAN(Personal Area Network)?
Network centered around an individual person. Involves mobile computers, cellphones, or pdas Wired/Cable or wireless Range: Less than 30ft(10 meters)
What is twisted pair cable?
Network transmission medium that contains one or more pair of color coded, insulated copper wires that are twisted around each other.
Can you use letters after F for a MAC address?
No 0-9 and A-F
What is the SOF(Start of frame delimiter)/Synch?
OF(Start of frame delimiter)/Synch(1byte): The SOF is 10101011 where the last pair of 1s allows the reciever to come into the alternating 1,0 pattern somewhere int he middle and synch up and detect the beginning of the data
What TCP/IP and OSI layers transmit a TCP packet if not received successfully at its destination?
OSI: transport TCP/IP: transport
What of the following is not a distance vector protocol? ripv1 ripv2 OSPF IGPR
OSPF
What routing protocol do you use for large network with routers from multiple vendors?
OSPF
Which two are distance vector protocols? OSPF RIP RIPv2 IS-IS
OSPF and IS-IS
What are some differences between OSPF and RIPv1?
OSPF is a link state protocol that supports VLSM and classless routing RIPv1 is a distance vector protocol that does not support VLSM and supports classful routing
What is a link state protocol?
OSPF, IS-IS
Which two are link state protocols? ripv1 ripv2 OSPF IS-IS IGRP
OSPF, IS-IS
What is the version of OSPF that is used with IPv6?
OSPFv3
Segments are sequenced back into their proper order upon arrival at their destination, True or false?
True
What is it called when packets are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address?
One to many address
What is it called when an address identified multiple interfaces and the anycast pacjet is delivered to only one address, the closest?
One to nearest
For physical star topology what happens when a workstation loses its physical connection to another device?
Only that workstation loses its ability to communicate.
What network infrastructure would be used to support file transferring between bluetooth?
PAN
What is data(of ethernet frame)?
Packet sent from data link layer and is from 64-1500 bytes
What is backbone?
Part of a network that connects multiple segments together to form a LAN. Has higher speed than segments because it connects workgroups, servers and clients to each other.
What logical topolgy uses distributed authentication?
Peer to Peer
What type of network are all computers considered equal and do not share central authority? (PeertoPeer,ClientServer,PhysicalTopology,NoneofAbove)
Peer to Peer
What layer does a hub function on?
Physical
Remember the phrase Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away
Physical Datalink Network Transport Session Presentation Application
Opening a web page, you see Error 404, you use the ping command and find the default gateway cannot be pinged. What layer does the problem reside?
Physical layer or layer 1
what layer of the OSI model is for converting data into signals for the transmission medium?
Physical, it converts the bits into signals
How is a T1 crossover cable wired?
Pins 1,2,4,5 are connected to 4,5,1,2 respectively
What can you use to provide power to a device over ethernet cable?
PoE
What feature must the switch support for phones that require one cable for both data and power?
PoE
Which network topology/connection type can be used with only 2 endpoints?
Point to point
What type of topology gives you a direct connection between two routers so that there is one communication path? (point to point, star, bus, straight)
Point to point, one point to another point, direct.
What do you need to implement on a switch to see all the packet information?
Port mirroring
What is a segment
Portion of a larger network.
What is an ethernet frame?
Preamble (7bytes) SOF(Start of frame delimiter)/Synch(1byte) DA(Destination Address)(6bytes) SA(Source Address)(6 bytes) Length/Type(2bytes) Data(46-1500bytes) FCS(Frame check sequence)(4bytes)
What is the preamble(of ethernet frame)?
Preamble(7bytes): alternating 1,0 pattern provides a 5MHz clock at the start of each packet to allow receiving devices to lock the incoming bit stream
What layer of the OSI model is for code and character set conversion as well as recognizing data formats?
Presentation layer, it presents the data to you
What is the TCP/IP protocol suite?
Process/application: telnet, FTP, LPD, SNMP, TFTP, SMTP, NFS, X Window Host-to-Host: TCP, UDP Internet: ICMP, ARP, RARP, IP Network Access: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, Wireless/802.11
What does WIFI Alliance do?
Promotes/tests for WLAN interoperability
If you are configuring voice VLANs what should you configure on the switch ports to provide a higher precedence to voice traffic over data traffic?
QoS
What protocol will provide a GUI interface to run applications on your office computer from home?
RDP, remote desktop
What RG rating of coax is used for cable modems?
RG-6
What following standards specifies a type of coaxial cable used by local compies to connect individual homes to the cable company's distribution network?
RG-6, because it's thick and used to long distances, unlike RG-59's thin lines
What protocol uses only hop count as a metric to find the best path?
RIP
What 2 routing protocols have an AD of 120?
RIP and RIPv2
What are some examples of route-update packets?
RIP(Routing Information Protocol) RIPv2(Routing Information Protocol version 2) EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)
What IPv6 routing protocol uses UDP port 521?
RIPng
Which of the following protocols will advertise routed IPv6 networks?
RIPng
What is the version of RIP that is used with IPv6?
RIPng(next generation)
What are the IPv6 routing protocols?
RIPng(next generation)(UDP port 521) EIGRPv6( OSPFv3
What routing protocol has a hop count of 15?
RIPv1
What is a distance vector protocol?
RIPv1, RIPv2, IGRP
What is demarc/demarc extension?
RJ-45 jack that your CDU/DCU(channel service unit/data service unit) connects from your router to WAN connections
What protocol was used most likely with a DB-9 connector?
RS-232
What can be implemented on a DHCP server to ensure that IP of the DHCP workstation will never change?
Reservation
What 2 protocols are distance vector protocols? OSPF RIP RIPv2 IS-IS
Rip and RIPv2
A network with multiple LANs is trying to seperate themselves but still connect together so they can all get to the internet, what do you use? (Static IP address, more hubs, more switches, install router)
Routers are used to connect different networks together.
What protocols can you use to transfer files between hosts? (SNMP, SCP, RIP, NTP, FTP)(choose 2)
SCP, secure copy FTP, file transfer
What protocol is used by email servers to exchange messages with one another?
SMTP
What services use TCP? (DHCP, SMTP, SNMP, FTP, HTTP, TFTP)(choose 3)
SMTP, FTP, HTTP
What port numbers do SMTP, POP3, RDP and IMAP4 severs use?
SMTP: 25 POP3: 110 RDP: 3389 IMAP4: 143
What protocol belongs to IP protocol suite and can monitor network managerd equipment?
SNMP
What protocol can use TCP/UDP, permit authentication and secure polling of network devices and allows for automated alerts and reports on network devices?
SNMP, simple network manangement
What protocol allows you to remotely administrate a unix server securely?
SSH, secure shell
What can you configure in an Access Point?
SSID AP IP address operating mode (access point or bridging) password wireless channel WEP/WPA
What are the most common fiber-optic cable connectors?
ST and SC
What are some fiber optic connectors?
ST(Straight tip) SC(subscriber connector/square connector) FC(Field assembly connector/ferrule connector) SFF(small form factor)
What are fiber optic connectors?
ST, SC, LC
What is a layer2 protocol used to maintain a loop free network?
STP
What is loop avoidance?
STP(spanning tree protocol) used to stop loops in a switched network
Client A sends a SYN packet to Client B what does Client B send in response?
SYN/ACK
Which pins will the client expect to receive a response from if using an RJ-48c with cat5e cables?
Sends on 1 and 2 receives on 4 and 5
What device shares its resources with other network devices?
Server
What are the modes of operation in VTP?
Server Client Transparent
What device is a layer 2(Data Link) device that uses MAC address learning to intelligently forward traffic?
Switch
What device is used to segment a network?
Switch
What do switches and routers break up?
Switches break collision domains Routers break broadcast domains
What layer 4 protocol is used for telnet connection and what is the port number?
TCP with port number 23
What transport layer protocol does a DNS server use?
TCP(53) and UDP(53)
What is NAT(network address translation)?
TCP/IP service that translates private IP addresses and converts it for the internet
What uses a certificate on both the server and client to provide the best wireless security with 802.1x, but is hardest to use?
TLS
What are some environmental considerations?
Temperature: must be cool area to operate, don't overwork, have ventilation humidity: air can't be too damp or dry, if it's fry then static electricity will build up. if too damp connections start corroding and shorts begin to circuit
What covers the coaxial cable?
The copper center is surrounded by a plastic jacket, usually PVC(Poly vinyl chloride) or FEP/Tefon(Fluroe thylene propylene)
What are class B addresses?
The first 2 bytes are for the network while the last 2 are for hosts example: in 172.16.30.56 the network address is 172.16 the host address is 30.56 the first bit of the first byte of Class B network address must always be 1 or ON and the second bit must be OFF of 0 1000 0000 - 1011 1111 = 128 - 191 network has 2 bytes so 2^16 but we have to start with binary digits 1 and 0 in the first two spots so this leaves 2^14 or 16,384 host has 2 bytes so 2^16 = 65,534 minus all 0s and 1s so (2^16)-2 = 65,532 possible addresses
What are class C addresses?
The first 3 bytes are for the network while the last one is for the host example: in 192.168.100.102 the network address is 192.168.100 the host address is 102 the first 3 bit positions are always 110 so the possible number of addresses for network are 2^21 = 2,097,152 1100 0000 - 1101 1111 = 192-223 host has 1 byte minus the all 1s and 0s so the possible number of hosts addresses is 256 - 2 = 254
What are Class A addresses?
The first byte is for the network while the rest are for hosts example: in 49.22.102.70 the network address is 49 the host address is 22.102.70 network starts with the first bit of the first byte of Class A network address must always be 0 or OFF 0000 0000 - 0111 1111 = 0 - 127 but you can't use 0 or 127 either because network address of 0 or 127 is reserved for default rout or diagnostics so the range is actually 1 - 126 host has 3 bytes so 2^24 or 16,777,216 possible addresses but you can't use all 0s or 1s so it's (2^24)-2 or 16,777,214
What is an internetwork?
The interconnection and intercommunication between autonomous networks, or internet for short. Lan or wan that connects a bunch of networks or intranets.
What is DB-25?
The letter following D is it's size on sacle of A,B,C,D,E the 25 means how many pins are in the shell DB-25 means 25 pins in a B sized shell RS-232s usually connect to DB-25
Which layer is for converting frames from the Data link layer into electrical signals?
The physical layer
What is physical topology?
The physical layout of a network. Defines specific characteristics of a network such as workstations, devices, and cables. Includes bus, star, ring, point to point, point to multipoint, and hybrids
What is the primary difference between T568A and T568B?
The pinout
Segments delivered are acknowdleged back to the sender upon reception, True or false?
True
What is hybrid Topology?
Topology that is a combination of two or more types of physical or logical topolgies working together.
What is point to multipoint Topology?
Topology where a succession of connections between one main router and multiple destination routers.
What is Star topology?
Topology where all devices on the network have direction connection to a single device on the network. (most physical used today. Physically: network where a cable runs from each device to the central device(hub, switch, or accesspoint) Logically(no glossary definition): topology where a workstation sends a signal directly to the central hub to access data
What is Bus topology?
Topology where cable and signals run in a straight line from one end of the network to the other. Physically: network that uses one network cable that runs from one end to the other while several devices connect inbetween the ends at various points(using vampire wire taps). Logically: topology where the signal travels the distance of the cable is received by all workstations. (most often used in physical star topology or backbone)
What is Ring Topology?
Topology where each workstation is connected to 2 other workstations (one behind it and in front) forming a large circle of workstations. Physically: network set up in a circular shape where data travels in a ring(in one direction) using each device as a repeater. Each device needs a reciever and transmitter to read and send the data forward. Logically: topology where all signals travel from one workstation to the next being read then forwarded
What is Mesh Topology?
Topology where each workstation is connected to every other workstation. Physically: network setup where each device has multiple connections to the other devices Logically(no glossary definition):topology where a device can send a signal to any other device using a direct line Number of connections can be calculated using (x(x-1))/2 where x is the number of devices example (4(4-1))/2=6 or (5(5-1))/2=10 or (6(6-1)/2=15
What is point to point Topology?
Topology where routers, workstations, or hubs are directly linked to each other either by ethernet, wireless, or even WAN link. It can be two routers connected, two workstations connect, or a workstation to a hub. Also called adhoc
What is used to define how much bandwidth can be used by various protocols on the network?
Traffic shaping
What are the cable properties?
Transmission speeds distance duplex noise immunity frequency
Segmentation of data stream happens at what layer?
Transport
What OSI layer does TCP operate in?
Transport
What is the OSI layer where the three way handshake on?
Transport
TCP and UDP reside at what layer of the OSI Model?
Transport LAyer pdnTspa = layer 4 (physical is layer 1, application is layer 7)
What is segmentation?
Transport layer breaks large data units from sessio layer into small segments
Acknowledgements, sequencing, and flow control are characters of what OSI layer?
Transport layer, layer 4 pdnTspa
Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted, True or false?
True
What is the total throughput increase with a duplex connection?
Twice as much
What is category 1 cable?
Two twisted wire pairs(4 wires) oldest and used for voice
What is a connectionless protocol?
UDP
What destination transport layer protocol and port number does a TFTP client use to transfer files over the network?
UDP and port 69
What is the difference between UPC(ultra polished connectors) and APC(angled polished connectors)?
UPC: light reflects back down core return loss: 55db good for most applications blue wire APC:light reflects into cladding return lose: -65db good for video and single fiber applications green wire
What is a RJ-45 connector(Registered jack) ?
UTP wire connector, using 4 copper wire pairs(8 wires), for network adapters or LAN
What is a RJ-11 connector(Registered jack) ?
UTP wire connector, using 4 copper wire, for telephones or DSL
What is the importance of transmission speed of cable/fiber?
Use high speeds for areas that connect parts of the network together but user areas use lower speeds like around 100Mbps
You plug a host into a switch port and the hose receives an IP but the user can't get to the service it needs
VLAN port membership may be set wrong
What are static VLANs?
VLAN that is manually configured port by port secure because you assign each port yourself
What are dynamic VLANs?
VLAN that uses management software to assign VLAN based on hardware addresses
What switching technology reduces the size of broadcast domain?
VLANs
You have multiple departments all connected to switches, with crossover cables connecting the switches together, the response time on the network is slow even with switches. What should you implement to improve response time?
VLANs
What are the requirements for VTP to communicate VLAN info between switches?
VTP management domain name of both switches must be set the same one of switches have to be configured as VTP server set a VTP password if used no router is necessary and a router is not a requirement
What is an example of when a point to multipoint network is needed for?
When a central office needs to communicate with branch offices.
What describes a broadcast address?
When all the host bits are 1s
What is a disadvantage of star topology?
When the central network device fails, all attached devices lose connectivity.
What type of topology should you use for a growing company with a large network?
Wired star topology to make use of adding and modifying devices.
What is 802.11 standard?
Wireless Network
What is a Wireless Hotspot?
Wireless access points providing network/internet access to mobile devices.
What does it mean to use 10Base2?
You are using thinnet coax from your LAN
How to stop/spot a passive attack?
You can use an IDS or IPS
What is the disabled state in STP?
a disabled port does not participate in frame forwarding or STP, nonoperational
What is the listening state in STP?
a port listens to BPDUs to make sure no loops occur in the network before passing data frames
What is a bit?
a single binary digit, either a 1 or 0
what two ports are on a switch? VLAN trunk protocol access 802.1q trunk
access and trunk
If a switch receives a frame and the source MAC address is not in the MAC address but the destination is, what will the switch do with the frame?
add the source address to the table and send the frame
What is a unicast address?
address assigned to a single interface, used to describe your host interface IP address
What are the 3 distinct functions of Layer 2 switching?
address learning forward/filter decisions loop avoidance
What are the 3 switch functions?
address learning forward/filter decisions loop avoidance
What are the three switch functions at layer 2?
address learning forward/filter table loop avoidance
What are some features of layer 2 switching that increases bandwidth?
address learning forward/filtering loop avoidance
What is a multicast address?
address that enables mutliple recipients to receive messages without flooding the messages to all hosts on a broadcast domain
What is anycast?
address that identifies multiple interfaces, but the packet is delivered to only one address, the first IPv6 address it finds in the route
What is a MAC(Media Access Control) address?
address that is either assigned to a network card or burned into the NIC(Network Interface Card)
What is a network address?
address to identify each network 10.0.0.0 or 172.16.0.0 or 192.168.10.0 example: in 172.16.30.56 the 172.16 is the network address
What is broadcast address?
address used by applications and hosts to send information to all hosts on a network 255.255.255.255 which designates all networks/hosts 172.16.255.255 designates all on 172.16.0.0 10.255.255.255 broadcasts all on 10.0.0.0
What is the host address?
address used to identify each machine on a network example: in 172.16.30.56 the 30.56 is the host address
What is a network address?
address used with logical network addresses to identify the host addresses in an internetwork Have two parts 172.16.10.5 172.16 is the network address 10.5 is the host address
What is unique local address?
addresses intended for nonrouting, but are globally unique designed to replace site-local addresses, basically what IPv4 pricate addresses do
What is link-local address?
addresses not meant to be routed and are unique for each link/LAN
What are class D and class E addresses?
addresses with the first byte of 224-255 are for class D and class E networks Class D is for 224 - 239 and used for multicast Class E is for 240 - 255 and used for scientific purposes
What are some benefits of VLAN?
allowing grouping of users enhance network security increase the number of broadcast domains while decreasing the size of the broadcast domain
What is VLSM(variable length subnet mask)?
allows classless routing, meaning that routing protcol sends subnet-mask information with route updates, which can save address space
What is stateless autoconfiguration(EUI-64)?
allows devices on a network to address themselves with a link-local unicast address with a global unicast address
What is portmirror or SPAN(switch port analyzer) or RSPAN(remote SPAN)?
allows to sniff traffic on a network when using a switch
What is an octet?
also an 8 bit number, interchangeable
What is CNAME(canonical name) record?
also known as Alias record allows host to have more than one name
What is a smart jack?
also known as NID(Network Interface Device), NIU(Network interface unit) that is used between service provider's network and the internal network
What is a BGP(border gateway protocol)?
an EGP(rotocol) used to make multiple connections to the internet and perform load balancing. works by maintaining a table of IP networks or prefixes that desginate network reachability amount AS(ystem)s
What defines a unicast address?
an IP address assigned to an interface
What is a DNS(Domain Name Service) server?
any server that performs address resolution by translating DNS hostnames to IP addresses lets you use www.example.com instead of having to type http://192.192.192.192
What addressing type is also referred to as one-to-nearest?(IPv6)
anycast
What type of address ifentidies multiple interfaces, but packets are delivered only to the first address it finds?(IPv6)
anycast
What is an advantage of using DHCP in a network environment?
assign IP address to hosts
What is a PTR(pointer record) for?
assigns domain names to an IP Addres points ip address to domain name
What are the states of STP?
blocking-prevent use of looped paths listening-prepares to forward date frames without populating the MAC table learning-populates the MAC address table but doesn't forward data frames forwarding-sends and receives all data frames on the bridge port disabled-virtually nonoperational
What is the primary function of a bridge?
breaks up collision domains
The device that uses hardware addresses to filter a network?
bridge or switch
What is STP(spanning tree protocol)?
bridge protocol(IEEE 802.1d) that enables a learning bridge to dynamically avoid loops in a network by creating a spanning tree. The frames used in STP are called, Bridge protocol data units or BPDU, which are sent and received by all switches in a network at regular intervals. they detect any loops and destroy redundant links
What is transparent bridging?
bridging scheme that is used in ethernet and 802.3 networks and passes frames along, using briding information stored on tables that associate end node MAC address with bridge ports its transparent because the source node does not know it has been bridge because the destination frames are addressed directly to the end node
What is entire IP address set to all 1s?
broadcast to all hosts on the current network aka (all 1s broadcast) or limited broadcast 255.255.255.255
What command would be used to view the ARP cache on your host?
c:\ >arp -a
What is 25 pair?
cable made of 25 individual pairs of wires all inside one jacket, used for telephone cabling and backbone/cross connect cables because it reduces cable clutter (aka feeder cable: supplies signal to other connected pairs
What is RG-59 used in?
cable television
What is R-6 used in?
cable television, cable modems
What are wireless antennas?
can act as both transmitter and receiver either omni direction(point to multipoint) and directional, or Yagi(point to point) Yagi provides higher range than Omni while providing same gain, because it concentrates its power in that direction while Omni does it in all directions
You need to connect 2 devices on a network and send voice traffice, which cables will you use?
category 5
What UTP uses four twisted wire pairs, is rated 100 MHZ, and is capable of handling the disturbance on each pair caused by transmitting on all four pairs at the same time?
category 5e
What UTP wiring uses fourr twisted wire pairs and is rated 250MHz?
category 6
What categories is UTP cable not rated? (2,3,5e,8)
category 8
You need to install wireless on multiple floors, what is your first concern before installing the access points?
channel overlap
What does the ETSi do?
charted to produce common standards in Europe
What is EIGRP(enhanced interior gateway routing protocol)?
classless, enhanced distance vector protocol that has an advantage over IGRP, which is why it's enhanced, combines the advantages of linkstate and distance vector protocols
What is plenum-rated coating?
coaxial cable plastic coating that does not produce toxic gas when burned, meaning non-plenum rated coatings will produc toxic fumes when burned that circulate buildings and also help fire spread from room to room
What two could be used in IP-based video conferencing?
codec and SIP
What is an autonomous system?
collection of networks or subnets that are in the same administrative domain administrative domain within your company's netowkr
What is a firewall?
combination of hardware and software that protects a network from attack by hackers
What is port channeling/bonding?
combining two to eight fast ethernet or gigabit ethernet ports together between two switches into on aggregated logical link to achieve more bandwidth and resiliency
What is a multilayer switch?
computer networking device that switches on OSI LAyer 2 like an ordinary network switch but provides routing
What is the DoD Model?
condensed version of the OSI model (from top to bottom)(corresponding OSI layer) Process/Application(7,6,5) Host-to-Host(4) Internet(3) Network Access(1,2)
What are the goals of security mechanisms?
confidentiality of data data integrity assured identification process
What is a managed switch?
configurable more flexibility and network capacity monitored/adjusted locally or remotely for more control
When do you use a T1 crossover cable?
connect two CSU/DSUs
When would you use BGP?
connecting autonomous systems together
What is LC(local connector)?
connector ued to terminate the end of an opticalfiber enables quicker connecting and disconnecting than splicing mechanically couples and aligns the cores of fibers so that light can pass
What is MTRJ(mechanical transfer registered jack)?
connector used to connect pairs of optical fibers together uses form factor and latch like the RJ45 supports full duplex cost less than ST and SC easier to terminat and install than ST and SC
What is FQDN(Fully qualified domain name)?
consists of a hostname and domain name
What data is encapsulated, what is the correct order? data, frame, packet, segment, bits segment, data, packet, frame, bits data, segment, packet, frame, bits data, segment, frame, packet, bits
data, segment, packet, frame, bits
Where does a frame have to carry a packet if it is destined for a remote network?
default gateway
What is the server mode in VTP?
default mode, need at least one server in your VTP domain to propagate VLAN info throughout that domain can create, change and delete VLANs
What do the bottom four layers do? (layers 4,3,2,1)
define how the data is transmitted from end to end through physical media, switches, routers determine how to rebuild data stream from a transmitting host to destination host
What do the top 3 layers do? (layers 7,6,5)
define the rules of how the applications communicate with each other and end users application communication between hosts
What is the MAC(Media Access Control) sublayer?
defines how packets are placed on the media adds destination computer's physical address onto data frame
What are the 5 problems that can affect data as it travels over network cable?
delay dropped packets error jitter out of order delivery
The point when the operational control switches from your company to the service provider is ____
demarcation
What must a router know before routing packets?
destination network address neighbor routers from which it can learn about remote networks possible routes to all remote networks best route to each remote network how to maintain/verify routing information
What two pieces of information does a router require to make a routing decision?
destination network address and neighbor router
What is a VPN concentrator?
device that accepts multiple VPN connections from remote locations
What is a Wireless Access Point?
device that connects wireless devices together bridge between wireless clients with wired network
What is a mobile hot spot?
device that connects your device to the internet at a decent speed
What is a wireless controller?
device that lets someone configure each Access point from that location
What is a modem(modulator-demodulator)?
device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information and democulates the signal to decode teh transmitted information
What are the Cons to fiber optic?
difficult to install more expensive that twisted pair troubleshooting is more expaensive harder to troubleshoot
What happens when a router receives a packet for a network that isn't listed in the routing table?
discard the packet
What is RIP(routing information protocol)?
distance vector routing protocol that sends complete routing table to all active interfaces every 30 seconds, only uses hop count to determine the best way, max of 15 hops before dropping
What are connectionless protocols?
do not establish connection before transmitting Such as UDP
What are 2 advantages to using routers?
don't forward broadcasts by default they can filter network based on layer 3 information
What does WLANA do?
educates and raises consumer awareness of WLANs
How to spot/stop rogue APs?
employ wireless LAN controller(WLC) to manage your APs it checks all APs, if an AP is detected that isn't managed by the controller then it's classified as a Rogue
What technique is used in protocols where headers and trailer information is added to the PDU?
encapsulation
What is FCS(Frame check sequence)?
end of the frame used to store the CRC(cyclic redundancy check)
What is FC(field assembly/ferrule connector)?
fiberopctic connector used in telecommunicatoins and measurement equipment with singlemode lasers not very popular
What is SFF(small form factor connector)?
fiberoptic connector that allows more terminations in the same amount of space than standardsized counterparts two popular versions are MTRJ(mechanical transfer registered jack) and LC(local connector)
What is SC(subscriber connector/square connector)?
fiberoptic connector that is square shaped and have release mechanism to prevent cable from being unplugged
What is ST(Straigh tip connector)?
fiberoptic connector that uses a mechanishm similiar to the BNC connectors used by thinnet most popular fiberoptic connector
What is category 6a(augmented) cable?
frequency limit of 500MHz has a 100 percent increase of near-end crosstalk noise reduction
What type of address is used like a regular public routable address in IPv4?(IPv6)
global unicast
What is the 2000::/3 address?
glocbal unicast address range allocated for internet access
What is a passive attack?
hacker captures a large amount of raw frames to analyze online with sniffing software used to discover a key and decrypt it or analyze offline
What are some benefits to Layer 2 switching?
hardware based briding wire speed low latency low cost
What are layer 2 broadcasts?
hardware broadcasts, only go out on a LAN and don't go past the LAN boundary(router) the hardware address is 6 bytes and is usually in hexadecimal a broadcast is in all 1s and would look like FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
Why would a network admin use plenum cable during an installation?
high combustion temperatures and to reduce toxic gas during a fire
What is MMF(multi mode fiber)?
high speed at medium distance(3000ft) using numerous paths for the light to travel often used for 1 building, while SMF for between buildings MMF can use plastic that makes installation easier and increases flexibility used laser or LED 62.5/125 microns
What is SMF(single mode fiber)?
high speed, long distance media consiting of a single strand or 2 or glass fibers. LED(Light emitting diodes) and lasers are the light sources This is for long distance because it can do 50x the distance of MMF at a faster rate can not be pinched around tight corners because of the glass uses laser, not LED 8-10/125 microns
A crossover cable is used to connect all except? (switch to switch, host to host, hub to switch, host to switch)
host to switch
What layer in the IP stack is equivalent to the transport layer of the OSI model?
host-to-host
What is the 0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.100.1 address?
how IPv4 addresses are written in a mixed IPv6/IPv4 network
What device can never run full duplex?
hub
What device creates one big collision domain and one large broadcast domain?
hub
What device doesn't aid in network segmentation?
hub
What is an access point?
hub that accepts wireless clients by analog wireless signal
What are the Pros to fiber optic?
immune to EMI and RFI transmit up to 40KM or 25Miles
What are two advantages of fiber optics?
immunity to EMI and RFI transmit distance of 40KM
What are some results of segmenting a network with a bridge switch?
increases the number of collision domains and makes smaller collision domains
What is ASIC(application specific integrated circuit)?
integrated circuit customized for a particular use rather than general purpose use
What is ASIC(application specific integrated circuit)?
integrated circuit customized for a particular use rather than intended for general purpose
What is RFI(Radio Frequency Interference)
interference on copper cables caused by radio frequencies
What is EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference)
interfernce that occurs during transmission over coppy cable because of elctromagnetic energy outside the cable
What does IGRP stand for?
interior gateway routing protocol
What is IS-IS(intermediate system to intermediate system)?
interior gateway routing protocol intended for use within administrative domains or networks, not for routing between AS(ystem)s commonly used by ISPs for ability to run IP and IPv6 without creating a separate database for each protocol
What is a packet shaper?
internet working traffic management technique that delays some/all packets to bring them into compliance with your company's traffic profile
Why is fiber optic immune to EMI and RFI?
it transmits digital signals using light impulses
What two states is the MAC address table populated with addresses?
learning and forwarding
What is not an advantage of using applicances to offload services like encryption and content filtering?
less expensive
What is Ethernet over HDMI?
lets you use network using an HDMI cable
What is the FE80::/10 address?
link local unicast range
What type of addres is not meant to be routed?(IPv6)
link-local
What is a VLAN(virtual local area network)?
logical group of network users and resources connected to administratively defined ports on a switch
What is the 127.0.0.1 address used for?
loopback or diagnostics
Why use trunking?
make a single port part of a bunch of different VLANs at the same time
What is host address of all 1s?
means all hosts on a specified network example:126.255.255.255 means all hosts on the 126 network
What is a network address of all 1s?
means all networks
What is host address of all 0s?
means network address or any host on a specified network example:126.0.0.0 means any host on the 126 network
What is a network address of all 0s?
means this network or segment
What is bit rate?
measure of the number of data bits(0s and 1s) transmitted in one second by digital or analog signal 55,500 bps means 55,500 bits can be sent in one second
What is an ESS(extended service set)?
setting all your access points to the same SSID which provides more coverage than a single access point
What is CSMA/CA(carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance)?
media access method that checks if there is a signal on the wire that means if someone is transmitting currently. If no one is transmitting it attempts to transmit and listens for someone else to transmit at the same time, if it happens both senders stop and dont transmit until a specified amount of time has passed
What is CSMA/CD(carrier sense multiple access with collision detection)?
media access method that sends a RTS(request to send) packet and waits to receive a CTS(clear to send) packet before sending, once the CTS is clear the sender sends the packet
What is ACK(Acknowledgement)?
message confirming the data packet was recieved If no ack is sent, data is retransmitted Works in the Transport Layer of the OSI Model
What is static routing?
method of routing packets in which the router's routing table is updated manually by the network administrator instead of automatically by a route-discovery protocol
What is packet switching?
method of switching that sends data as smaller discrete packets, each one addressed for the recipient
What is ISL(inter switch link)?
method of tagging VLAN info onto a frame for it to be read while being moved
What devices can interfere with the operation of a wireless network because they operate on similar frequencies?
microwave oven cordless phone
What does extended service set ID mean?
more than 1 AP that are in the same SSID connected by a distribution system
What type of address is meant to be delivered to multiple interfaces?(IPv6)
multicast
What is the FF00::/8 address?
multicast range
What is a hostname?
name of a device that has a specific IP address
What EIGRP info is held in RAM and maintained through the usage of hello and update packets?
neighbor and topology table
Routers perform routing at what OSI layer?
network
What OSI layer is for logical addressing?
network
What layer using logcial adressing?
network
What are some reserved IP addresses?
network address of all 0s network address of all 1s 127.0.0.1 host address of all 0s host address of all 1s entire ip address set to all 0s entire ip address set to all 1s
What are layer 3 broadcasts?
network broadcasts, reach all hosts on a broadcast domain
What is IPS(intrusion prevention system)?
network security device that monitors network and system activies for malicious behavior and can react to block/prevent those activiies can stop a network attack
What is DNS(Domain Name service)?
network service used in TCP/IP networks that translate hostnames to IP addresses
What is a discontiguous network?
network that has two or more subnetworks of a classful network connected together by different classful networks
What is baseband?
network transmission method in which the signal uses the entire bandwidth of a transmission medium can use one digital signal that requires all the bandwidth, used by LANs bi-directional, back and forth uses TDM(time division multiplexing)
What is broadband?
network transmission method where a single transmission medium is divided so that multiple signals can travel accross the same medium simultaneously can send analog voice and digital data, used at homes uses FDM(frequency division multiplexing)
Can a remote host across the internet, ping your host if it has a private address?
no
What is an unmanaged switch?
no configuration not designed to be configured no install less network capacity home use
IS EIGRP a nonproprietary routing protocol?
no, it is a cisco-proprietary routing protocol
IS RIPv1 a link state protocol?
no, it is distance vector
Is RIPv2 a hybrid routing protocol?
no, it is distance vector
What is the main difference between single mode fiber and multi mode fiber?
number of light rays
What is administrative distance?
number that is used by routing protocols to determine the trustworthiness of a router If 2 route updates are received on a router with different ADs, the router will choose the one with the lower AD and discard the other route update 0-255
What advantage does a switch have over hub?
recognizes frame boundaries and destination MAC addresses of incoming frames
What is routing?
process of taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network
What is demodulation?
process of transforming analog signals back into digital information (1s and 0s)
What is modulation?
process of transforming digital information (1s and 0s) into analog signals
What is layer 2 switching?
process of using the hardware addresses of devices on a LAN to segment a network
What is data encapsulation?
process of wrapping data with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model User information is converted to data for transmission, data is converted to segments, reliable connection is set up, segments are converted to packets/datagrams, a logical address is placed on the header so each packet can route through an internetwork, packets are converted to frames for transmission on local network, hardware addresses are used to identify hosts on a local network, frames are converted to bits
What is address resolution?
process used for resolving differences between computer addressing schemes usally trace network layer adresses to data link layer addresses
What is forward/filter decisions?
process when a frame is received and the switch looks at the destination hardware address and finds the exit interface in the MAC database and sends it only to that port, saving bandwidth
What is FDM(Frequency-division multiplexing)?
process where numerous signals are combined for transmission on a single communications line/channel each signal is assigned a different frequency
What is MGCP(media gateway control protocol)?
protocol for handling signal and session management during multimedia conferences port: 2427/2727 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is RTP(real-time transport protocol)?
protocol for sending audio/video over the internet port: 5004/5005 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is LDAP(light weight directory access protocol)?
protocol standardizes how you access directories port: 389 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is TCP/IP(transmission control protocol/internet protocol)?
protocol suite developed by the Department of Defense as an internetworking protocol suite that could route information around network failures. Today it is the de facto standard for communications on the Internet.
What is NetBIOS(network basic input/output system)?
protocol that allows for an interface on separate computers to communicate over a network port:137, 138, 139 OSI:Session Layer DoD:process/application layer
What is SNMP(simple network management protocol)?
protocol that collects/manipulates valuable network infromation port:161 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is TLS(transport layer security)/SSL(secure sockets layer)?
protocol that enables secure online data transfering activities, like web browsing, instant messaging, internet faxing port 995(TLS) 465(SSL) OSI:Presentation Layer DoD:process/application layer
What is RARP(reverse address resolution protocol)?
protocol that finds its own ip address of diskless machines by sending out a packet that includes its MAC address and request for its IP address OSI:Network Layer DoD:Internet layer
What is ARP(address resolution protocol)?
protocol that finds the hardware address of a host from a known IP address. by sending out a request for the hardware address by sending it to its IP address OSI:Network Layer DoD:Internet layer
What is FHRP(first hop redundancy protocol)?
protocol that gives you a way to configure more than one physical router to appear as if they were only a single logical router
What is TFTP(trivial file transfer protocol)?
protocol that is a simplified version of FTP that can be faster if you know where the files are. Less functions, less security, no error checking. port: 69 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is IP(internet protocol)?
protocol that is the internet layer, responsible for addressing and routing OSI:Network Layer DoD:Internet layer
What is RDP(remote desktop protocol)?
protocol that lets you connect to another computer and run programs port: 3389 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is SFTP(Secure file transfer protocol)?
protocol that permits the transfering of files over an encrypted connection port: 22 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is FTP(file transfer protocol)?
protocol that permits the transferring of files between computer systems port: 20, 21 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is a VRRP(virtual router redundancy protocol)?
protocol that provides redundant but not load balanced gateway for hosts on a local subnet can allow a group of routers to form a single virtual router
What is telnet?
protocol that provides terminal-emulation capabilities used to access resources of the telnet server from the telnet client, or telnet client machine Port: 23 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is SSH(secure shell)?
protocol that sets up a secure telnet session over TCP/IP connection and is for things like, logging onto other systems, running programs on remote systems or moving files from one system to another while mainting a strong encrypted connection port: 22 OSI:Session Layer DoD:process/application layer
What is not an advantage of network segmentation?
reduced congestion
What is TCP(transmission control protocol)?
protocol that takes data/info and breaks them into segments, numbers and sequences the segments so it can be put back later, after being sent the TCP host waits for acknowledgment from the receiving TCP and resends if acknowledgement isn't sent OSI:Transport layer DoD:Host-to-Host layer
What is H.323?
protocol that tells how real-time audio, video, and data information is transmitted port: 1720 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is UDP(user datagram protocol)?
protocol that transports information that doesn't require reliable delivery while using less resources OSI:Transport layer DoD:Host-to-Host layer
What is SMTP(simple mail transfer protocol)?
protocol that uses a queued method to send mail port: 25 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is POP(Post office protocol)?
protocol that uses a storage facility to receive mail port: 110 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is IMAP(internet message access protocol)?
protocol to control how you download your mail and security for mail port: 143 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is IGMP(internet group management protocol)?
protocol used for manageing IP multicast sessions port: doesn't use port numbers OSI:Network layer DoD:internet layer
What is ICMP(internet control message protocol)?
protocol used for management and messaging service OSI:Network Layer DoD:Internet layer
What is SMB(server message block)?
protocol used for sharing acces to files, printers and other communications between hosts on a microsoft windows network port: 445(can run on udp137,udp138,tcp137,tcp139 using NetBIOS) OSI:Session Layer DoD:process/application layer
What is a DHCP(Dynamic host ocnfiguration protocol)?
protocol used on TCP/IP networks to send configuration data(TCP/IP address, default gateway, subnet mask, DNS config) to clients
What is DHCP(dynamic host configuration protocol)?
protocol used to assign IP addresses to hosts with information provided by a server port: 67 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is BootP(bootstrap protocol)?
protocol used to assign an IP address to a host but the host's hardware address must be manually entered in a BootP table port: 68 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is SIP(session initiation protocol)?
protocol used to construct/deconstruct multimedia communication sessions for voice, video calls, streaming multimedia distribution, instant messaging, presence information and online games port: 5060/5061 OSI:Session Layer DoD:process/application layer
What is HTTP(hyper text transfer protocol)?
protocol used to manage communications between web browsers and webservers port: 80 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is HTTPS(hyper text transfer protocol secure)?
protocol used to manage communications between web browsers and webservers, SECURE port: 443 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is NTP(network time protocol)?
protocol used to synchronize computer clocks to one standard time source port: 123 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is DNS(Domain name server)?
protocol used to translate hostnames into IP addresses port: 53 OSI:Application layer DoD:process/application layer
What is a routed protocol?
protocol used to transmit user data through an internetwork
What is SLIP(serial line IP)?
protocol used with modem configurations port: doesn't use port numbers OSI:datalink layer DoD:network access layer
What is EGP(exterior gateway protocol)?
protocols used to connect Autonomous systems together
What are routed protocols?
protocols used to support data traffic
What are route-update packets?
protocols used to update neighboring routers about the network connected to all the routers in the internetwork
What statements are true regarding ICMP packets?
provide hosts with info about network problems encapsulated within IP datagrams
How does WPA work in WLAN?
provides both authentication and encryption, latest version is WPA2
What is benefits of a switch?
provides extra bandwidth
What is the LLC(Logical Link Control) sublayer?
provides interface to network layer protocols by identifying them then encapsulating
What does PoE provide?
provides power to devices that are connected to a switch port
What device should you use to prevent users from accessing certain websites?
proxy server
What device would limit the availability of the types of sites that users on a LAN have access to while providing granular control over the traffice between the local LAN and internet
proxy server
What is a reverse proxy?
proxy takes request from the internet and forwards them to servers in an internal network
What is global unicast address?
publicly routable addresses
What is quality of service?
refers to the way resources are controlled so that the quality of service is maintained
What does FCC do?
regulates the use of wireless devices in the US
What can you do to improve the link? You installed a point to point connection using wireless bridges and OMNI directional antennas between two buildings, the output is low.
replace the OMNI with Yagis
What is binary?
representing each digit by a bit such as 1 or 0 4 bits is a nibble and 8 bits is a byte usually counting from the right to left
What is the 2001:0DB8::/32 address?
reserved for examples and documentation
What is the 3FFF:FFFF::/32 address?
reserved for examples and documentation
What is the network address 127.0.0.1?
reserved for loopback tests allows test packets to be sent without generating network traffic
What is ethernet at the Data Link layer for?
responsible for ethernet addressing, hardware addressing or MAC addressing responsible for framing packets received from the network layer and preparing them for transmission on the local network through CSMA/CD
Which of these is not a routing protocol? rip ripv2 ripv3 EIGRP
ripv3
What is a Distance vector routing protocol?
route discovery method where each router uses broadcasts to tell every other router what network and routes they know about and distances, or Hops RIPv1, RIPv2, IGRP
A layer 3 switch or multilayer switcher?
router
The device that sends and receives information about the network layer?
router
What device breaks up collision domains and broadcast domains?
router
What device can measure the distance to a remote network?
router
What is a benefit of multilayer switch over a layer 2 switch?
routing functions
What is hybrid routing protcol?
routing protocol that uses both distance vector and linkstate EIGRP, BGP
What is IGP(interior gateway protocol)?
routing protocol used within an AS to update the routing table on all routers includes RIP, EIGRP, OSPF IS-IS
What is link state routing protocol?
routing protocol where the router has 3 tables, 1 for directly attached neighbors, 1 for topology of the network, and 1 for actual routing table OSPF, IS-IS
What are some decisions you face when dealing with security?
safety of authentication process strength of encryption mechanism ability to protect integrity of the data
What does a content filtering appliance do?
scans contents of what goes through it and filters out specific content/types
What is a load balancer?
send incoming packets to multiple machines hidden behind one IP address, incase one of your servers crashes/freezes they can still use your site
If a destination MAC address is not in forward/filter table, what will the switch do with the frame?
send the frame to all ports except the one it was sent from
What does a switch do when a frame is received on an interface and the destination hardware address is unknown or not in the filer table?
sends the frame to all other ports except the sending one
What are the characteristics of TCP?
sequenced reliable connection-oriented virutal circuit high overhead acknowledgements windowing flow control
What is a DHCP(Dynamic host ocnfiguration protocol) server?
server that assigns IP addresses to hosts
What is a proxy server?
server that makes a single internet connection and services requests on behalf of many users
What is a caching proxy server?
server that speeds up the network's service request by recovering information from a client's earlier request caching proxies keep local copies of the resources requested often which helps minimize the upstream use of bandwidth
What is APIPA(automatic private IP addressing)?
service to automatically self configure an IP address and subnet mask to communicate with eachother without a DHCP server
What additional configuration step is necessary in order to connect to an access point that has SSID broadcasting disabled?
set the SSID value on the client to the SSID configured on the AP
What is site survey?
steps to make your WLAN as efficient as possible -check scope of network(all applications, data types, data sensitivity) -check areas to be covered -check types of wireless devices to support -place 1 AP then place the next one accordingly based on distance -
What pin out configuration do you use to connect a host into a switch?
straight through
What type of ethernet cable do you use to connect a host to a switch port?
straight through
What does :: represent?
successive hexadecimal fields of zeroes
What are some features of EIGRP?
support for IP and IPv6 classless VLSM support CIDR support Summaries and Discontiguous network support Efficient neighbor discovery RTP communication Best path selection via DUAL(diffusing update algorithm)
What device can work at both layers 2 and 3 of the OSI model?
switch
What device creates collision domains and a single broadcast domain?
switch
What device creates many smaller collision domains but the network is still one large broadcast domain?
switch or bridge
What are some similarities between bridging and LAN switching?
switches can be viewed as a multiport bridge both forward Layer 2 broadcasts both make forwarding decisions based on Layer 2 address
how can you improve network performance and increase bandwidth and limit the size of broadcast domains/>
switches configured with VLANS
What is the transparent mode in VTP?
switches in transparent mode don't participate in the VTP domain or share its VLAN database, but they still forward VTP advertisements Admins on transparent switches can still create, change or delete VLANS because they keep their own database
What is a routing table?
table that contains information about the locations of other routers on the network and their distance from the current router
What is a routing table?
table that has information about the locations of other routers on the network and their distance from the router
What is a Topology table?
table that is populated by the neighbor table and the best path to each remote network is found by running DUAL contains all destinations advertised by neighboring routers
What is a neighbor table?
table with information about adjacent neighbors
What is POE(power over ethernet)?
technology for transmitting electricity with data to remote devices over standard twisted pair cable in an ethernet network
What TCP/IP protocols are used at the application layer of the OSI model? (IP, TCP, telnet, FTP, TFTP)(choose 3)
telnet, FTP, and TFTP
What will be the source hardware address of a frame that a server has recevied from your remote host?
the MAC address of the router
What will the be the destination hardware address of a frame sent from your host to reach a server on another subnet?
the MAC address of your default gateway
which layer of the OSI model provides user interface for programs to access the network?
the application layer
Which layer combines bits into bytes and bytes into frames, while using MAC addressing?
the data link layer
What is a wavelength?
the distance between peaks or high points
When a host is rebooted and you look at the IP address it was assigned, the address is 169.123.13.34. What happened? received an APIPA address, multicast address, public address, private address
the host received a public address
A server recieved a packet from your remote host, what will the destination IP address of the packet be?
the ip address of the server
What will be the destination IP address of a packet sent from your host to reach a server on another subnet?
the ip address of the server
Which layer provides logical addressing that routers use for path determination
the network layer
Which layer specifies voltage, wire speed, connector pin outs and moves bits between devices?
the physical layer
Which layer defines how data is formatted/presented/encoded/converted?
the presentation layer
What is a data frame?
the protocol data unit encapsulation at the data link layer of the OSI model Structured package for moving data -Payload-Raw Data -Header-Sender/Reciever's physical addresses -Trailer-Error Checking and Control Information
How do you count Hexadecimal?
the same as counting a nibble Hex Binary Decimal 0 0000 0 1 0001 1 2 0010 2 3 0011 3 4 0100 4 5 0101 5 6 0110 6 7 0111 7 8 1000 8 9 1001 9 A 1010 10 B 1011 11 C 1100 12 D 1101 13 E 1110 14 F 1111 15
What could cause a server that you ping not to provide the particular TCP/IP service, such as FTP, HTTP and others, that you expect it to offer?
the service not running on that server or a firewall between the client and server has blocked that protocol
The demarcation point separates the customer from who?
the service provider
You cant log onto a server that is plugged into the same switch, whats the problem?
the switch port may not be configured to the correct VLAN membership or STP shut down the port
When you plug in a new host what should you check?
the switch port's VLAN
Which layer is for reliable communications between end nodes over the network and provides for maintaing virutal circuits?
the transport layer
Why use WPA instead of WEP?
the values of WPA keys change dynamically while system is being used
What is Thick ethernet(Thicknet)?
thick coaxial cable that uses RG(RadioGrade)-8 10Base5 same as thin but is only 1/2" diamtere
What is 10Base5?
thicknet 10Mbps 500 meters of coax with repeaters, 2500 meters and 1024 users uses physical/logcial bus with AUI connectors
What is Thin ethernet(Thinnet)?
thin coaxial cable that uses RG(RadioGrade)-58 cable 10Base2 same as thick but is only 5mm or 2/10" diameter
What is 10Base2?
thinnet 10Mbps 185 meters of coax 30 users uses BNC or T connects
What describes routing convergence time?
time required by protocols to update their forwarding tables after changes have occured
What is a hello timer?
timer that identifies the state that each router is in default interval of 3 secs
What is a standby timer?
timer that monitors the state of a standby router resets the timer anytime a router in standby receives a hello packet from a standby router
What is an active timer?
timer that monitors the state of the active router resets the timer if a router in standby receives a hello packet from an active router
What is a hold timer?
timer that specifies the interval the standby router uses to determine whether the active router is offline or out of communication default interval of 10 secs
What is the main purpose of the spanning tree protocol in a switched LAN?
to prevent switching loops in a network with redundant switch paths
What feature of a switch allows two switches to pass VLAN network info?
trunking
What are STP(Shielded twisted pair) cables?
type of cables that include pairs of copper conductors around each other inside a metal/foil shield supports faster speeds than unshielded wiring because of the crosstalk
What is connection-oriented?
type of communication between two hosts that establish a session for synchronizing sent data
What is crosstalk?
type of interference that occurs when two LAN cables run close to each other example: If one cable is carrying a signal and the other isn't, the one carrying will create a ghost signal(crosstalk) in the other cable which can help protect against interference -is cheaper than other type of cabling -easy to work with -allows transmission rates that were impossible 10 years ago
What are UTP(Unshielded twisted-pair) cables?
types of cables that have a simple plastic casing because of no shielding, it is weak against some interference like EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference) or RFI(Radio Frequency Interference)
What is SSID(service set identifier)
unique 32 character identifier that represents a particular wireless network can be referred to as BSS
What type of address is not meant to be routed to the internet but is still globally unique?(IPv6)
unique local
What is the FC00::/7 address?
unique local unicast range
What are data packets?
unit of data sent over a network used to transport user data Includes header, addressing info, and data itself
What are the characteristics of UDP?
unsequenced unreliable connectionless no virtual circuit low overhead no acknowledgment no windowing or flow control
RIP has a long convergence time and people have been complaining of the response time when routers go down and RIP has to reconverge. What can you use to improve convergence time on the network?
update RIP to OSPF using link stat
What is dual stacking?
upgrading your devices and applications on the network one at a time
What is entire IP address set to all 0s?
used by cisco to designate the default router or any network 0.0.0.0
What is encapsulation?
used by layered protocols to add header information to the PDU(protocol Data Unit) from the layer above
What is rolled/rollover cable?
used to connect a host EIA-TIA 232 interface to a router console serial communication port connecting a cisco router/switch to your PC connecting the wires inversly
What is T1 crossover cable?
used to connect two CSU/DSUs by using T568B pairs 1,2,4,5 or pairs 1 and 2
What is windowing?
used to determine how much data can be sent before the receiver acknowledges the data. Window size of 1 means the sender has to wait for data to be acknowledged before sending more. Window size of 3 means the sender can send data 3 times before having to wait for the acknowledge
What is flow control?
used to ensure that receiving units are not overwhelmed with data from sending units by having buffers that tell the sending unit to stop transmitting when buffers are full.
What is VTP(VLAN trunking protocol)?
used to manage all configured VLANs across a switched internetwork maintain consistency throughout network add, delete rename VLANs accurate tracking/monitoring of VLANs dynamic reporting of added VLANs to all switched in VTP domain adding VLANs using plug and play
What is the 2002::/16 address?
used with 6to4 tunneling, an IPv4 to IPv6 transition system allows IPv6 packets to be transmitted over an IPv4 network without needing to configure explicit tunnels
What is 66 block?
uses 25pair cable and is a standard termination block containing 50 rows
What describes the DHCP discover message?
uses FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF as a layer 2 broadcast uses UDP as the transport layer protocol
How does Wireless LAN work?
uses RF(radio frequencies) that are radiated into the air from an antenna to create radio waves
What is WPA(wifi protected access)?
uses WEP encryption but upgrades it to an 128bit encryption provides standard authentication and encryption of WLANs
What is a wNIC(wireless network interface card)?
uses a radio antenna to connect to a the internet wireless through a WLAN or WAP
What allows a server to distinguish amoung different simultaneous request from the same host?
using different port numbers
What is crossover cable?
using four wires to connect to difference pins can be used for switch-switch, hub-hub, host-host, hub-switch, router direct-host only pins 1,2,3,6 are used like devices crossover 568A->568A=straight-though 568B->568B=straight-though 568A->568B=crossover
What is a straight-through cable?
using four wires to connect to their corresponding pin can be used for 10/100 ethernet devices only pins 1,2,3,6 are used
What is dynamic routing?
using route discovery protocols to talk to other routers and find out what networks they are attached to
What are some differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2?
v1 sends broadcasts every 30 seconds with an AD of 120 v2 sends mutlicasts every 30 seconds with an AD of 120 v2 sends subnet mask information with route updates v1 doesn't support authentication between routers
What is the difference between Ripv1 and Ripv2?
v1: classful______v2: classless v1: broadcast based______v2: mulitcast 224.0.0.9 v1: no VLSM support______v2: VLSM support v1: no authentication______v2: md5 authentication v1: no discontiguous network support v2: discontiguous network support
What is one reason that WPA is preferred over WEP?
value of WPA keys can change dynamically while system is in use
What is USB(Universal Serial Bus)?
versatile, chainable serial-bus technology that can connect up to 127 devices at speeds of 1.5Mbps, 12Mbps or 480Mbps
What are some differences between WAN and LAN?
wans need routers wans cover larger geographic areas wans are slower wans can be connected to whenever while lans are always connected wans utilize private/public data transport media such as phone lines
What is the RS-232(Recommended Standard 232)?
was a cable standard commonly used for serial data signals connecting the DTE and DCE replaced by USB, Thunderbolt, FireWire
What is the most common use for a web proxy?
web cache
