Neuro A&P

Where is CSF located

Subarachnoid space

Adrenergic fibers

Sympathetic

Cervical ganglia of sympathetic trunk

Sympathetic

Gray rami communicans

Sympathetic

Increases heart rate, BP, respiratory rate

Sympathetic

Innervates blood vessels

Sympathetic

More widespread response

Sympathetic

Most active when you are running a marathon

Sympathetic

Relates to fear response induced by amygdala

Sympathetic

Short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers

Sympathetic

Synapse in celiac ganglion

Sympathetic

Damage to the amygdala would interfere with regulation of what division of the ANS

Sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight reaction

The function of what is dominated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Systemic blood vessels

The effector pathway of the autonomic nervous system generally contains how many neurons?

2

Thalamus

All inputs to cerebral cortex must first synapse in one of its nuclei

A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus infected motor neuron to be?

Anterior gray horns of spinal cord where somatic motor neurons are located

Pons

Associated with 4th ventricle and contains nuclei of CN V-VII

Mesencephalon

Basal ganglia involved in motor activities: related to Parkinson's Disease

Many water soluble molecules that are abundant in blood do not occur in the CSF. Why?

Blood brain barrier regulates and restricts passage of materials from blood to CSF

Cerebellum

Brain area that coordinates movements

Mesencephalon

Brain region that contains cerebral aqueduct

After suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to speak but can understand what people are saying. What part of the brain is affected by the stroke?

Broca's area in cerebral cortex frontal lobe

What would happen if an interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe) were blocked?

CSF would accumulate in lateral ventricles: hydrocephalus

Predict some of the functional disorders that can result from injuries in the hypothalamus

Cause disorders in visceral functions and in emotions; can lead to severe weight loss or obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, emotional disorders, difficulty with temperature, and vital sign regulation

Injury to which of the nerve plexuses would interfere with the ability to breathe

Cervical: phrenic nerve is of C3-C5

Hypothalamus

Controls temperature, ANS, hunger, water balance

Describe effects of damage to the floculonodular lobe

Disorders of equilibrium

The parasympathetic nervous system affects which organs?

Heart, pupillary smooth muscles, salivary glands

Mesencephalon

Houses substantia nigra and red nucleus

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

Involved in visual and auditory reflexes: found in midbrain

The medulla oblongata is one of the smallest sections of the brain, yet damage there can cause death, whereas similar damage in the cerebrum might go un-noticed. Why?

It contains many reflex centers that control breathing, heart rate, BP

Craniosacral outflow

Parasympathetic

Increases motility of stomach and secretion of lacrimal and salivary gland

Parasympathetic

Most active when you are relaxing

Parasympathetic

Otic and ciliary ganglia

Parasympathetic

Hypothalamus

Part of diencephalon with vital centers controlling heart rate, some emotions, and BP

After injuring her back, Tina exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Tina's injury?

Possible damage of descending tracts of spinal cord

Shelly suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area located?

Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

Medulla

Region where there is cross over of fibers of pyramidal tracts

An 18 year old male is thrown from a horse and sustains a spinal cord injury as a result of severe hyperextension of his neck. He died in about 5 minutes. What vertebrae were most likely fractured and dislocated? What probably caused his death?

Severe hyperextension of the neck usually causes fractures of the atlas. The arch of the axis may also break. As the patient hit the ground, his neck, skull, atlas and axis, were probably separated from the rest of the vertebral column. As a result, his spinal cord was probably severed in the upper cervical region. Since the injury is above the origin of the phrenic nerve, respiration is severely affected since the phrenic nerve is the sole motor supply to the diaphragm. Death would result from acute respiratory failure.

An anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. Which area of the body will be affected?

Skin and muscles of the back, neck and shoulders

A weight lifter is straining to lift a 200 kg barbell. Shortly after he lifts it to his chest height, his muscles appear to relax and he drops the barbell. Which reflex has occurred?

Tendon reflex

Karen falls down a flight of stairs suffers spinal cord damage due to hyperextension of spinal cord during the fall. The injury results in edema of central cord with resulting compression of the anterior horn cells of lumbar region. What symptoms would you expect to observe as a result of this injury?

The anterior horn cells are somatic motor neurons that direct the activity of skeletal muscles. The lumbar region controls skeletal muscles that control the hip, leg, and foot. As a result of her injury, Karen would have problems with walking and/or standing since these functions are controlled by muscles of lower limb.

Paul is having a difficult time remembering facts and recalling long term memories. Which part of his cerebrum is probably involved?

The temporal lobe of cerebrum, specifically the hippocampus and amygdala

Corpus Callosum

Thick track between the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function

Vental root: visceral and somatic motor fibers

Damage to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which senses?

Vision

Layers of Veterbral column

Walls of vertebral canal, Epidural space, Dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater, spinal cord

Describe effects of damage to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

disorders of coordination, slow jerky movements that overshoot their targets. Speech may be slow and slurred.

Which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes?

hearing and smell

Which area of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature

hypothalamus

What brain regions make up the brain stem

mesencephalon, pons, medulla