NEURO - CHAPTER 1 BIOPSYCHOLOGY AS A NEUROSCIENCE: WHAT IS BIOPSYCHOLOGY, ANYWAY?

The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called a. the comparative approach. b. ethology. c. biopsychology. d. evolutionary biology. e. none of the above

A

The division of biopsychology that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brains of laboratory animals in controlled experiments is a. physiological psychology. b. psychophysiology. c. neuropsychology. d.cognitive neuroscience

A

The experiment of Lester and Gorzalka (1988 is significant because it constitutes the first strong evidence of a Coolidge effect) in a. females. b. humans. c. nonhumans. d. hamsters. e.rats.

A

The major method of cognitive neuroscience is a. functional brain imaging. b. structural brain imaging. c. autonomic nervous system recording. d. the ethological approach. e. the intelligence test.

A

The primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is a. severe memory loss. b. epilepsy. c. insomnia. d. dehydration. e. obesity.

A

The study of the nervous system is called a. neuroscience. b. psychology. c. biopsychology. d. neurochemistry. e. neurophysiology.

A

The term "within-subjects design" refers to experiments in which a. each subject is exposed to each condition of the experiment. b. a different group of subjects is tested in each condition of the experiment. c. some groups of subjects receive drug injections. d. invasive procedures are used, that is, those in which the internal physiology of the subjects is manipulated. e. either C or D

A

The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the a. retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles. b. cornea and its movement on the retina. c. retina and contractions of the eye muscles. d. retina and movement of the eyes. e. two retinas.

A

What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience? a. its focus on the study of behavior b. its focus on animal subjects c. its focus on psychiatric disorders d. its focus on psychoactive drugs e. both C and D

A

Which part of the brain is illustrated (the shaded area) in the accompanying drawing? a. prefrontal cortex b. occipital cortex c. corpus callosum d. caudate e. hypothalamus

A

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of scalp EEG activity and ANS activity in humans? a. psychophysiology b. experimental psychology c. physiological psychology d. neuropsychology e. psychopharmacology

A

Which subdiscipline of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with the assessment of the memory deficits of patients with damage to the frontal portions of the neocortex? a. neuropsychology b. physiological psychology c. psychopharmacology d. experimental psychology e. psychophysiology

A

A term that refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, and attention is a. "cognition." b. "motivation." c. "emotions." d. "prosody." e. "IQ."

A

Biopsychology is the scientific study of the a. biology of behavior. b. brain. c. chemistry of the brain. d. biology of the brain. e. biology of cognition.

A

In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are a. quasiexperiments. b. case studies. c. true experiments. d. randomized experiments. e. unethical.

A

Jimmie G., the man frozen in time, had a severe problem with his a. memory. b. temperature regulation. c. IQ. d. attention. e.ability to tell time.

A

Scientific progress is most likely when different approaches are focused on a single problem, particularly when the strengths of one approach compensate for the weaknesses of the others. This is called a. converging operations. b. comparative analysis. c. critical thinking. d. scientific inference. e. functional imaging.

A

Some comparative psychologists study behavior in the laboratory, whereas others conduct a. ethological research. b. case studies. c. experiments. d. applied research. e. converging operations.

A

In a successful experiment, the independent variable affects the a. confounded variable. b. dependent variable. c. correlated variable. d. all of the above e. none of the above

B

Psychology is often defined as the scientific study of a. psychophysics. b. behavior. c. biopsychology. d. the brain. e. conditioning.

B

Scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by a. neuroscience. b. scientific inference. c. generalization. d. operational sets. e. direct observation.

B

Structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as a. biopsychology is to psychology. b. neuroanatomy is to neurophysiology. c. neuropathology is to clinical psychology. d. neuroscience is to biopsychology. e. biopsychology is to neuroscience.

B

The Coolidge effect refers to the fact that a. rats often gorzalka after sex. b. a sexually-fatigued animal will often resume sexual activity if its current partner is replaced with a new one. c. the members of some species do not become sexually fatigued. d. male animals tend to become sexually fatigued. e. prolonged copulation is more difficult for males.

B

The man who played a key role in the emergence of biopsychology as a discipline by writing "The Organization of Behavior" is a. Sperry. b. Hebb. c. Lashley. d. Milner. e. Pinel.

B

Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the major divisions of biopsychology? a. physiological psychology b. clinical psychology c. neuropsychology d. psychophysiology e.psychopharmacology

B

Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing? a. the procedure later used by Freeman in Canada b. the procedure introduced by Moniz and Lima c. the improved prefrontal lobotomy procedure developed in Sweden d. the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy e. both B and C

B

Which subdivision of biopsychology is most likely to be identified with an experiment in which the effects of the drug fluoxetine on the ability of mice to learn a maze is studied? a. experimental psychology b. psychopharmacology c. psychophysiology d. physiological psychology e. neuropsychology

B

A volunteer with curarized eye muscles, who viewed a stationary target, saw the target move a. in the direction opposite to the direction in which his eyes drifted. b. in the direction opposite to the direction in which he attempted to move his eyes. c. in the same direction as he attempted to move his eyes. d. rapidly back and forth. e. rapidly up and down.

C

Biopsychology is a branch or division of a. neuropsychology. b. psychophysiology. c. neuroscience. d. all of the above e.both A and B

C

Many individuals with schizophrenia have a. regular EEG waves. b. irregular heartbeats. c. difficulty in the smooth visual tracking of regularly moving objects. d. both A and B e. none of the above

C

Psychobiology, behavioral biology, and behavioral neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for a. cognitive behavior. b. behavioral psychology. c. biopsychology. d. neurophysiology. e. neuroscience.

C

Research has now established that the brain is a. static. b. immutable. c. plastic. d. white. e.gray.

C

Research that tries to discover how pure research can best be applied to the solution of practical human problems is called a. applied. b. pure. c. translational. d. confounded. e. quasiexperimental.

C

Scientists in many fields study the unobservable a. with electron microscopes. b. with microelectrodes. c. by scientific inference. d. by direct observation. e. by direct measurement.

C

The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called a. glial cells. b. axons. c. neurons. d. oligodendroglia. e. sulci.

C

The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and a. whiter. b. all gray. c. have more cortex. d. have two hemispheres. e. both C and D

C

This drawing illustrates a. Lima's original prefrontal lobotomy. b. Moniz's original prefrontal lobotomy. c. a transorbital prefrontal lobotomy. d. both A and B e. both B and C

C

A major shortcoming of case-study research is that a. it is always done on sick people. b. it cannot be applied to laboratory animals. c. it is too general. d. the degree to which the results can be generalized is unclear. e. both A and B

D

According to the text, the division of biopsychology that deals generally with the biology of behavior, rather than specifically with the neural mechanisms of behavior, is a. physiological psychology. b. psychobiology. c. neural biology. d. comparative psychology. e.none of the above

D

An advantage of biopsychological research on nonhuman animals as opposed to humans is that a. the brains of nonhumans are simpler. b. there are fewer ethical constraints in studying nonhumans. c. research in several species makes it possible to use the comparative approach. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

Experimental evidence suggests that the brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by a. the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. b. thiamine deficiency. c. vitamin B1 deficiency. d. all of the above e. both A and B

D

If an object is moving to the left at a constant speed and you are rotating your eyes to the left at twice the speed, you will see the object moving a. to the right at the same speed. b. to the right at twice the speed. c. to the right at half the speed. d. to the left. e. back and forth.

D

In a well-designed experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the a. between-subject variable. b. within-subject variable. c. dependent variable. d. independent variable. e. confounded variable.

D

In the U.S. alone, more than __________ psychiatric patients have received a prefrontal lobotomy. a. 40 b. 400 c. 4,000 d. 40,000 e. 400,000

D

Research that is intended to bring about direct benefit to humankind is a. biopsychological research. b. pure research. c. case-study research. d. applied research. e. correlational research.

D

The advantage of humans over other primates as subjects in biopsychological research is that they a. are often cheaper. b. can report their subjective experiences. c. can follow verbal directions. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the a. brain. b. cerebellum. c. great cerebral commissure. d. cerebral hemispheres. e. all of the above

D

The first prefrontal lobotomy performed on a human was a. performed by Lima. b. based on the study of Becky. c. performed with a leucotome. d. all of the above e.none of the above

D

The human brain weighs about a. 0.3 kilograms (0.7 pounds). b. 0.8 kilograms (1.8 pounds). c. 1.0 kilograms (2.2 pounds). d. 1.3 kilograms (2.9 pounds). e. 2.3 kilograms (5.1 pounds).

D

The posture of lordosis in a female rodent indicates that she a. is looking for food. b. will attack if provoked. c. is defending a litter of pups. d. is sexually receptive. e.is sexually fatigued.

D

Which of the following animals are currently the most common subjects of biopsychological research? a. monkeys b. chimpanzees c. dogs d. rats and mice e. cats

D

Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline? a. physics b. astrology c. biology d. biopsychology e. chemistry

D

Which of the following makes it difficult to make causal interpretations of experimental results? a. independent variables b. dependent variables c. constant variables d. confounded variables e. none of the above

D

Which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders? a. ethoexperimental psychology b. biopsychology c. developmental neurobiology d. neuropathology e. neuroendocrinology

D

According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about a. 1549. b. 1649. c. 1749. d. 1849. e. 1949.

E

Common participants in the conduct of cognitive neuroscientific research are a. cognitive psychologists. b. computer experts. c. biopsychologists. d. mathematicians. e.all of the above

E

In 1949, Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel Prize for a. demonstrating that the two cerebral hemispheres have different functions. b. writing The Organization of Behavior. c. research on the visual system. d. studies of hormone production by the brain. e. none of the above

E

In psychophysiology, the usual measure of brain activity is the a. EKG. b. ANS. c. EEG. d. electroencephalogram. e. both C and D

E

Morgan's canon is a. a weapon used by Morgan. b. a surgical instrument used by Moniz. c. a method used to tame bulls. d. a brain operation. e.none of the above

E

The corpus callosum is a a. large medical dictionary. b. source of hypothalamic hormones. c. membership directory of the Society for Neuroscience. d. part of the neocortex. e. neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres.

E

The major method of cognitive neuroscience is a. single cell recording. b. the electrocardiogram. c. the ethological approach. d. the electrooculogram. e. none of the above

E

The principle that precedence should be given to the simplest interpretation of a behavior when more than one interpretation is possible is called a. the principle of precedence. b. the principle of simplicity. c. Delgado's canon. d. the principle of convergence. e. Morgan's canon.

E

The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be a. largely pure. b. completely pure. c. psychopharmacological. d. applied. e.both C and D

E

What do Hubel, Sperry, Axelrod, Moniz, Pavlov, and Golgi have in common? They are all a. biopsychologists. b. neuroanatomists. c. neuropsychologists. d. psychologists. e. Nobel Prize winners.

E

Which of the following is a major theme of your text? a. thinking creatively about biopsychology b. clinical implications c. the evolutionary perspective d. neuroplasticity e. all of the above

E