NEUROSCIENCE FINAL, biopsychology chapter 2, Chapter 2 Biopsychology, Psychology Chapter 3: Biopsychology, pinel biopsychology chapter 3, Pinel Biopsychology Chapter 4, BIOPSYCH Chapter 4, Biopsychology-Pinel CH. 7

ionotropic receptors

-a type of postsynaptic receptor, ligand-gated ion channels -open when bound by transmitters and selective ions can go through

what two areas of biopsychology research employ comparative psychology

1) evolutionary psychology, focusing on understandering behavior by considering its likely evolutionary origins 2) behavioral genetics, study of genetic influences on behavior

One of the major turning points in the study of the neuropsychology of memory was the year H.M. had his operation:

1953.

How many injections of sodium amytal are administered during a conventional sodium amytal test? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 12

2

peptide hormones and protein hormones

2 types of hormones that are chains of amino acids

Somnambulism usually occurs during stage __________ sleep.

4

It is widely believed that damage to the hippocampus is the major factor in the difficulties that medial temporal lobe amnesics have in recognizing objects. Why? What does relevant research on monkeys and rats suggest?

40% for describing the evidence linking the hippocampus to object recognition amnesia 40% for describing relevant experiments in rats and monkeys 20% for reaching a conclusion based on the evidence

Label this illustration of how LTP is typically studied. Then use this illustration, and any others that you may wish to supply, to describe and explain how LTP is typically produced and measured.

40% for effective use of illustration or illustrations to answer the question 30% for describing how LTP is typically produced 30% for describing how LTP is typically measured

The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner's theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F. A) could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see. B) has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area. C) has bilateral damage to her posterior parietal cortex. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A & B could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area

According to the retinex theory, the color of an object depends on A) its reflectance. B) the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects. C) the dominant wavelength that it reflects. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A & B its reflectance the proportion of light of different wavelengths that it reflects

Which of the following tasks is commonly used to study the spatial abilities of rats? A) Morris water maze B) radial-arm maze C) Mumby box D) all of the above E) both A and B

A & B morris water maze radial-arm maze

Current evidence suggests that some cases of blindsight may be mediated by A) surviving islands of primary visual cortex. B) ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex. C) subjective contours. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A & B surviving islands of primary visual cortex ascending pathways to secondary visual cortex that do not involve primary visual cortex

Studies of encephalitis lethargica suggested that the A) the anterior hypothalamus promotes sleep. B) posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness. C) basal forebrain promotes REM sleep. D) basal forebrain inhibits REM sleep. E) both A and B

A & B the anterior hypothalamus promotes sleep posterior hypothalamus promotes wakefulness

Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often display deficits in A) working memory. B) memory for the temporal order of events. C) reference memory. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A & B working memory memory for the temporal oder of events

In addition to the memory deficits commonly observed in medial temporal lobe amnesics, predementia Alzheimer's patients commonly experience deficits in A) short-term memory. B) implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material. C) implicit memory for sensorimotor learning. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A & B short-term memory implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material.

Transsexualism

A condition of sexual identity in which an individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex

Action potential (AP)

A massive momentary reversal of a neuron's membrane potential from about -70 mV to about +50 mV, past the threshold to send a signal

Action Potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

Bipolar neurons

A neuron that has only two projections (one axon/one dendrite) from the cell body

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement, sleep and wakefulness. Found in milk, eggs, and nuts.

Dihydrotestosterone

A nonaromatizable androgen, restores copulatory behavior of castrated male primates but fails to restore copulatory behavior of castrated male rodents

Vasopressin

- also called antidiuretic hormone - allows for reabsorption of water by kidneys - influences stress- coping and social responses

Sexual Orientation and Genes

- sexual orientation influenced by genes pairs of... - 52% monozygotic twin brothers - 22% dizygotic twin brothers were both homosexual

A structural MRI study found that the __________ in the left hemisphere in musicians with perfect pitch than it is in musicians without perfect pitch. A) planum temporale is larger B) planum temporale is smaller C) frontal operculum is larger D) frontal operculum is smaller E) Heschl's gyrus is larger

A) planum temporale is larger

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction, as an addict habitually consumes the drug, the... A) positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases. B) hedonic value of taking the drug increases. C) positive-incentive value of taking the drug decreases. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A) positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the cortical region indicated here plays a special role in... A) reading and writing. B) sign language. C) language comprehension. D) language expression. E) emotional language

A) reading and writing.

Many addicts who are motivated to "kick their habit" manage to stop taking their drug, but they often... A) relapse. B) become tolerant. C) recover. D) regret it. E) become ill for months

A) relapse.

Electrical stimulation of the left cerebral cortex of conscious patients can influence their speech in a variety of ways. Which of the following is not a commonly observed speech-related response to cortical stimulation? The patient... A) says an unintended phrase. B) is momentarily mute. C) can speak but finds it difficult to name common objects. D) can speak but makes errors in counting. E) mispronounces well-known words

A) says an unintended phrase

The Wernicke-Geschwind model is a... A) serial model. B) parallel model. C) holistic, nonlocalizationist model. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) serial model

Remarkably, naming famous faces, animals, and tools seems to be associated with activity in A) slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe. B) a large area of the right parietal lobe. C) a very small part of Broca's area. D) a large area of Wernicke's area. E) a small are of the left angular gyrus

A) slightly different areas of the left temporal lobe.

Aromatization hypothesis

According to this, perinatal testosterone does not directly masculinization the brain; the brain is masculinized by estradiol that has been aromatized from perinatal testosterone

All-or-None Law

Action potentials are equal in intensity and speed with a given neuron.

Parasympathetic Division

Acts to calm the body after an emergency situation has engaged the sympathetic division; provides a means for the body to maintain storage of energy sources

Sympathetic Division

Acts to prepare the body in stressful emergency situations, mobilizing resources to respond to a threat

Integration

Adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal

serotonin

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal and weight -In the indolamines group

It is difficult to differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff patients because

Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset. Rationale: Korsakoff's syndrome typically begins long before it is diagnosed, or even recognized by the patient. It is thus impossible to say which deficits precede or follow the onset.

Amygdala

BRAIN: Damage to this area can result in usually docile and tame animals into belligerent savages

Cerebellum

BRAIN: Damage: Instability and unsteadiness in movement. Inability to walk a straight line without staggering and lurching forwards

Hippocampus

BRAIN: Damage: Results in difficulty in learning and remembering new information

Corpus Callosum

BRAIN: Damage: delayed social skills, learning processes, and are sensitive to certain sensory cues. A patient might have trouble with coordinating their hands, preventing them from matching sensations on one hand with movement on the other, because the information doesn't get to where it's needed.

Corpus Callosum

BRAIN: Function: Bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres - divides it into two hemispheres - transferring motor, sensory, and cognitive info from left and right hemispheres

Cerebellum

BRAIN: Function: Controls bodily balance

Amygdala

BRAIN: Function: Controls fear and aggression

Hippocampus

BRAIN: Function: Learning and Memory

hypothalamus

BRAIN: Function: Maintain a steady internal environment for the body - responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

Thalamus

BRAIN: Function: Relay information about the sense, relay center for cortex, handles incoming and outcoming signals

Corpus Callosum

BRAIN: Location: Below Cerebral Cortex

Thalamus

BRAIN: Location: In the middle of the central core

Cerebellum

BRAIN: Location: Just above the medulla and behind the pons

hypothalamus

BRAIN: Location: Just below the thalamus

Amygdala

BRAIN: Location: Small end of the limbic system a series of doughnut shaped structure

Hippocampus

BRAIN: Location: part of the limbic system the doughnut shaped structure

Delta waves, the largest EEG sleep waves, occur in stage A) 1 EEG sleep. B) 2 EEG sleep. C) 3 EEG sleep. D) 4 EEG sleep. E) both C and D

C & D 3 EEG sleep 4 EEG sleep

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to... A) Wernicke's area in the right hemisphere. B) the frontal operculum. C) Wernicke's area. D) the arcuate fasciculus. E) Broca's area

C) Wernicke's area

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions? A) morphine B) heroin C) alcohol D) cocaine E) both A and B

C) alcohol

The primary defining feature of addiction is... A) physical dependence. B) tolerance. C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop. D) sensitization. E) both A and B

C) the inability to stop using a drug despite its adverse effects and efforts to stop.

Anterior pituitary

Begins as part of the same embryonic tissue that eventually develops into the roof of the mouth - THIS IS THE REAL MASTER GLAND -releases tropic hormones - receives no neural input from the hypothalamus or any other neural structure

Amenorrhea

Cessation of menstruation

Basal Ganglia

Collection of nuclei involved in the control of movement and decision making. Includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus. (Striatum consists of caudate and putamen).

Globus Pallidus

Component of the basal ganglia that connects to the thalamus.

Gray Matter

Composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

White Matter

Composed largely of myelinated axons.

Cell Membrane

Composed of a lipid bilayer. Embedded with channel proteins. Many organelles have membranes as well.

Central nervous system

Consists of brain and spinal cord

Nervous System

Consists of the brain the neurons extending throughout the body.

Sex chromosomes

Contain the genetic programs that direct sexual development

DNA

Contained in chromosomes in the nucleus. All cells are derived from a single cell and thus share the same genes/DNA. Codes for making proteins such as receptors, transporters, neurotransmitters, synthetic and degradative enzymes, and growth factors. The functions of the interactions of these proteins are used to maintain neuronal health, determining maintaining and changing neuronal shape, responding to injury, and apoptosis.

Zygote

Contains all of the information necessary for the normal growth of a complete adult organism in its natural environment

Nucleus

Contains chromosomes. Undergoes protein synthesis.

Tegmentum

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of the reticular formation.

Cell body/Soma

Contains nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes; responsible for metabolic work of neuron; covered with synapses on its surface.

Nucleus

Contains the chromosomes.

Frontal Lobe

Controls important cognitive skills, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. Contains Prefrontal Cortex.

Aromatase

Converts testosterone to estradiol

Electrical stimulation of sites in the left neocortex of conscious human patients often A) disrupts language-related abilities, even when applied to sites outside the areas of the Wernicke-Geschwind model. B) has similar disruptive effects at widely scattered sites. C) has different effects at the same sites in different patients. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Drug taking is not the only problem experienced by drug addicts; many also... A) display anhedonia. B) have general deficits in self-control. C) engage in excessive risk taking. D) all of the above E) both B and C

D) all of the above

During cocaine sprees, there is a risk of... A) convulsions. B) respiratory arrest. C) stroke. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

The ability of drug-related cues to induce craving and relapse increases as a period of abstinence increases. This is called... A) contingent tolerance. B) conditioned tolerance. C) situational specificity. D) incubation of drug craving. E) conditioned compensatory responses.

D) incubation of drug craving.

Cognitive neuroscientists interested in the brain mechanisms of language search for the specific parts of the brain that mediate A) phonemes. B) language production. C) language comprehension. D) language's constituent cognitive processes. E) both B and C

D) language's constituent cognitive processes

In the middle ages, marijuana was commonly used by Europeans to... A) keep the sailors happy on long voyages. B) suppress sexual urges during long voyages. C) treat scurvy. D) make rope. E) feed pigs.

D) make rope

Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop? A) alcohol B) opium C) tobacco D) marijuana E) magic mushrooms

D) marijuana

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs has been likened to a bad case of the flu? A) alcohol B) nicotine C) cocaine D) opiates E) marijuana

D) opiates

Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern. A) brain damage B) permanent memory loss C) violent crime D) schizophrenia E) bradycardia

D) schizophrenia

One theory of why lateralization of function evolved is that there are two fundamentally different modes of thinking, each requiring different neural circuitry. These two modes of thinking are referred to as... A) positive and negative. B) scientific and nonscientific. C) logical and illogical. D) synthetic and analytic. E) motor and sensory

D) synthetic and analytic

Components of all neurons

Dendrites (Makes grey matter) Soma/Cell body (Makes grey matter) Axon (Makes white matter) Presynaptic Terminals (Send signals)

Tectum

Dorsal surface of the midbrain. Composed of two pairs of bumps, the inferior and superior colliculi. Division of the Mesencephalon.

Cerebellum

Dorsal to the pons. Part of the Metencephalon. Major component of the motor system. Involved in movements that require timing or complex movement patterns.

Agonist

Drug or other chemical that enhances or mimics the effects of neurotransmitters.

Antagonist

Drug or other chemical that inhibits the effects of neurotransmitters.

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the A) orbicularis smile. B) Ekman smile. C) Duchenne smile. D) legitimate smile. E) Pinel smirk.

Duchenne smile

Endocrine glands

Ductless glands that release their chemicals (hormones) directly into the circulatory system

Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces the DTs? A) morphine B) heroin C) cocaine D) both A and B E) none of the above

E) none of the above

The smallest units of sound that distinguish among various words in a language are called A) semantics. B) syllables. C) graphics. D) lexicons. E) phonemes.

E) phonemes

The anticipated pleasure associated with an action is its _____________, whereas the actual pleasure experienced is its_____________. A) anhedonia; hedonic value B) hedonic value; anhedonia C) anhedonia; positive incentive value D) hedonic value; positive incentive value E) positive incentive value; hedonic value

E) positive incentive value; hedonic value

The lack of strong support for early physical-dependence theories of addiction lent indirect support to the notion that the primary factors in drug addiction are... A) withdrawal effects. B) tolerance effects. C) conditioned withdrawal effects. D) conditioned compensatory responses. E) the drug's positive-incentive properties.

E) the drug's positive-incentive properties.

The two hemispheres, although similar in appearance, differ in function. The study of these functional differences is commonly referred to as the study of A) bilateral representation. B) lateralization of function. C) the split brain. D) fundamental functional duality. E) both C and D

Lateralization of Function

Distal

Farther from the CNS.

Myelin

Fatty insulating tissue around the axon that increases the speed of conduction of the action potential.

Adrenogenital syndrome

Females suffer from unusually enlarged clitoris and fused labia

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

Found in the hypothalamus, larger in male rats

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

Graded postsynaptic depolarizations, which increase the likelihood that an action potential will be generated and the neuron will fire -bringing it closer to 0

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

Graded postsynaptic hyperpolarizations, which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated -making membrane more negative

Neuropeptides

Group of compounds that act as neurotransmitters and are short-chained polypeptides.

Radial Glia

Guide migration of neurons and the growth of axons.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Increase in this hormone cause the gonads and adrenal cortex to increase their release of gonadal and adrenal hormones, which in turn initiate the maturation of the genitals and the development of secondary sex hormones

Hyperpolarization

Increasing polarization or the difference between the electrical charge of 2 places.

Neuron

Information processing and information transmitting element of the nervous system. Consists of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons.

Sensory Association Cortex

Involved in perceiving and storing memories.

Reticular Formation

Involved in sleep, arousal, attention, movement, and reflexes. Part of the brain that wakes you up based on information from cues.

Voltage-activated ion channels

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

It is difficult to differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff patients because A) the damage associated with Korsakoff's syndrome is diffuse. B) the damage associated with Korsakoff's syndrome is not diffuse. C) Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset. D) the anterograde deficits are so much milder than the retrograde deficits. E) the retrograde deficits are so much milder than the anterograde deficits.

Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset.

Relative refractory period

A period after the absolute refractory period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A postsynaptic potential that hyperpolarizes the neuronal membrane, making a cell less likely to fire an action potential.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, Broca's area contains the neural programs of... A) articulation (speech production). B) reading. C) language comprehension. D) language reception. E) translation.

A) articulation (speech production)

Which drug is currently an alternative to methadone as a treatment for heroin addiction? A) buprenorphine B) laudanum C) codeine D) anandamide E) disulfiram

A) buprenorphine

Although __________ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms when a characteristic binge is terminated. A) cocaine B) alcohol C) nicotine D) morphine E) opium

A) cocaine

Some drugs can be effectively administered through mucous membranes. One such drug is... A) cocaine. B) heroin. C) morphine. D) nicotine. E) caffeine.

A) cocaine.

The impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is... A) crack. B) smack. C) lidocaine. D) procaine E) both A and B

A) crack.

Sry protein

Protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad to grow and develop into a testis - there is no female counterpart

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Provides a fluid cushion around your brain. Your brain floats in this liquid and stops your brain from hitting your skull when you get up quickly. If you hit the front of your head, the back of your brain is affected.

Fluoxetine is marketed under the name A) Prozac. B) Lithium. C) Imipramine. D) Iproniazid. E) Paxil.

Prozac

Medulla

Located just above spinal cord, responsible for vital reflexes such as breathing, HR, vomiting, salvation, coughing, sneezing.

Temporal Lobe

Located on sides of brain, near temples. Target for auditory information, and essential for processing spoken language.

Axon

Long thin structure that conveys information from the soma to the terminal buttons. Can be covered in myelin. Carries action potential.

pituitary peptides

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those first identified as hormones released by the pituitary

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Parallel layers of membrane that serves as storage and channel for transporting things through the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes while smooth ER does not.

Golgi Apparatus

Parallel membrane that packages products to be secreted.

"reptillian stare" is sometimes used to describe the widely opened unblinking eyes and motionless face of

Parkinson's disease

Putamen

Part of basal ganglia. Connected to caudate through fiber bridges.

Fornix

Part of limbic system, runs from hippocampus to septum.

Septum

Part of limbic system.

Pituitary gland

Part of the Diencephalon. Controlled by hypothalamus. Anterior pituitary - Secretes hormones that control the endocrine glands in the body. Posterior pituitary - Extension of hypothalamus, secretes hormones produced by it.

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment and receives sensory info from sensory organs and controls the movement of skeletal muscles. The afferent nerves carry sensory signals to the CNS. The efferent nerves carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Autonomic Nervous System

Part of the PNS that regulates the body's internal environment, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands. Afferent nerves carry sensory signals from the internal organs to the CNS. Efferent nerves carry motor signals from the CNS to the internal organs. Has sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves which project from the CNS and go part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons that carry the signals the rest of the way.

Cerebral Cortex

Part of the Telencephalon. A layer of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres. Convoluted (furrowed) to increase the amount of cerebral cortex; most animals are lissencephalic (smooth brained).

Limbic System

Part of the Telencephalon. Circuit midline brain structure that circles the thalamus. Involved in emotion, learning, and memory. Includes the subcortical structures: mammillary bodies, amygdala, fornix, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus.

Because it is difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the A) guilty-knowledge technique. B) control-question technique. C) mock-crime procedure. D) all of the above E) both A and B

Mock-crime procedure

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Modified version of an MRI that uses oxygen consumption in the brain to provide a moving picture.

Enzymes

Molecule that controls a chemical reaction. Act as catalysts, makes a reaction happen without becoming a product. Both enzymes and receptors are proteins. Metabolic enzymes break down substances without changing themselves. Catabolic/Anabolic enzymes form products like neurotransmitters from other substances.

social learning theory

Money, the doctor of 'John' felt his case strongly supported the _____ _____ _____ of sexual identity

Thalamus

Part of the diencephalon. Both lobes are joined together by the massa intermedia. Contains many pairs of nuclei, several are sensory relay nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process the signals, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of the sensory cortex.

Hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon. Under thalamus; contains many nuclei and fiber tracts. Controls the autonomic and endocrine system. Organizes behavior related to survival; fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating.

Ventromedial nucleus

Part of the hypothalamus that contains circuits that appear to be critical for female sexual behavior

Tegmentum

Part of the mesencephlaon below the tectum. Has three sections called the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the red nucleus. Reticular formation in the rostral end. Ventral Tagmental Area connected to prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens.

Inferior Colliculi

Part of the tectum. Auditory function.

Superior Colliculi

Part of the tectum. Visual function. More involved in animals' visual senses than humans.

Cerebral Aqueduct

Part of the tegmentum. The duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles. Of special interest because of its role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opiate drugs.

Periaqueductal Gray

Part of the tegmentum. The gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct. Controls sequences of movements in species-specific behaviors.

On which of the following tests did H.M. display substantial long-term memory as indicated by improved performance?

Pavlovian conditioning test mirror-drawing test

Intromission

Penis insertion

Mitochondrion

Performs metabolic activities; provides energy that cells require.

Mammillary Bodies

Often considered to be part of the hypothalamus. Pair of spherical nuclei on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus behind the pituitary. Part of limbic system.

Central & Lateral Fissure

On the lateral surface of each hemisphere. Divide each hemisphere into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

Tectum

Roof of midbrain.

Scrotum

Sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity

Primordial gonads

Same pair of gonadal structures

Membrane

Separate inside of cell from outside environment.

Copulation

Sexual intercourse

Bisexual

Sexually attracted to members of both sexes

Heterosexual

Sexually attracted to members of the other sex

Homosexual

Sexually attracted to members of the same sex

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

Shows biochemical activity within the brain at a given moment. Begin with an injection of radioactive liquid into the bloodstream, which carries into the brain. Computer pinpoints more active regions, providing a picture of the brain at work. Used to search for brain tumors in people with memory problems.

Ribosomes

Sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules.

Secondary sex characteristics

Those features other than the reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature men and women

Meninges

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Consists of three layers known as the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Vesicles

Tiny spherical pockets located in the presynaptic terminal where neurotransmitters are held for release.

Depolarize

To decrease the resting membrane potential, to make more positive (EPSP)

Vasopressin and oxytocin

Two major hormones of the posterior pituitary - peptide hormones synthesized in the cell bodies of neurons in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei

Ventral Horns

Two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter.

Schwann Cells

Type of glia in the PNS responsible for the formation of myelin. Constitutes one myelin segment. Can guide axonal regeneration after damage. This is why effective axonal regeneration is restricted to the PNS.

Oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath. "Wire Workers"

Volunteers in sleep experiments are normally habituated to the sleep laboratory for a few nights before the commencement of any formal testing A) to get rid of excess alpha activity. B) to increase the amount of alpha activity. C) because the first night of sleep in a laboratory is often fitful. D) to get rid of delta sleep. E) to increase the levels of stage 2 EEG.

because the first night of sleep in a laboratory is often fitful

what are other terms for neuropharmacology

behavorial pharmacology and psychopharmacology

Urbach-Wiethe disease is associated with A) an inability to experience happiness. B) bilateral calcification of the amygdala. C) degeneration of the hippocampus. D) neurogenesis in the hippocampus. E) unilateral calcification of the amygdala

bilateral calcification of the amygdala

The brain operation performed on H.M. was a

bilateral medial temporal *lobectomy. *

Reserpine is not currently used in the treatment of schizophrenia because it A) is ineffective. B) is an antihistamine. C) can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure. D) is an anxiolytic. E) violates the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.

can produce a dangerous decrease in blood pressure.

receptor blocker

a drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor

A fortification illusion often begins with: A) a headache. B) a seizure. C) a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field. D) a zigzag pattern of flickering lines. E) thick lines in the periphery that then constrict.

a gray area of blindness near the center of the visual field

active transport

a protein mediated process that expends energy to enable a molecule to cross a membrane

G protein

a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP

enzyme

a protein that influences a biochemical reaction without participating in it

basal forebrain

a region, ventral to the basal ganglia, that is the major source of acetylcholine in the brain -projections go to hippocampus -important for memory function

dendrodendritic synapse

capable of transmission in either direction

One patient with prefrontal damage could not cook a meal because she could not A) remember the various steps involved in preparing a meal. B) find her utensils. C) carry out the various steps involved in preparing a meal in proper sequence. D) read her cookbooks. E) recognize Wilder Penfield.

carry out the various steps involved in preparing a meal in proper sequence.

miscellaneous peptides

catch all category that contains all the neuropeptide transmitters that do not fit into the other 4 categories

Dopamine norepinephrine, and epinephrine are in what group

catecholamines

The encephale isolé preparation is produced by transecting the A) brain stem just rostral to the superior colliculus. B) caudal brain stem. C) brain stem between the colliculi. D) both A and B E) both A and C

caudal brain stem

The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the A) basal forebrain. B) posterior hypothalamus. C) caudal reticular formation. D) midbrain. E) colliculi.

caudal reticular formation.

Eastern flights A) slow down most zeitgebers. B) cause phase advances. C) cause phase delays. D) both A and B E) both A and C

cause phase advances

androgenital syndrome

caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol, which results in compensatory adrenal hyperactivity and excessive release of adrenal androgens

which are more varied; cerebral neurons or motor neurons

cerebral neurons

Color perception would be of less survival value if the color of an object A) did not change under different illumination. B) changed under different illumination. C) were not a hue. D) were not chromatic. E) were influenced by its wavelength.

changed under different illumination

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

second messenger

chemical synthesized in a neuro in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor in its cell membrane

neurotransmitters

chemicals released from terminal buttons when neurons fire; diffuse across the synaptic cleft's and interact with specialized receptor molecules on the receptive membranes of the next neurons in the circuit; when neurotransmitter molecules bind to postsynaptic receptors they depolarize or hyperpolarize

pheromones

chemicals that are released by an animal and elicit through their odor specific patterns of behavior in its conspecifics.

neurotransmitters

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiving neuron

The first two antischizophrenic drugs were A) Librium and chlorpromazine. B) chlorpromazine and reserpine. C) L-DOPA and reserpine. D) haloperidol and chlorpromazine. E) haloperidol and Valium.

chlorpromazine and reserpine.

The identification of basal forebrain degeneration Alzheimer's disease implicated

cholinergic neurons in memory.

Vas deferens

Where sperm cells travel to the seminal vesicles

One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have

a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.

simultanagnosia

a disorder characterized by the inability to attend to more than one thing at a time.

androgen insensitivity syndrome

a disorder in which the androgen receptors are unresponsive, making her external development proceed as female, but inhibiting her internal female organs/ducts

contralateral neglect

a disturbance of the patient's ability to respond to visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli on the side of the body opposite to the site of brain damage, usually the left side of the body follows damage to the right parietal lobe.

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds? A) auditory cortex B) hypothalamus C) periaqueductal gray D) amygdala E) medial geniculate nucleus

auditory cortex

conduction in neurons without axons

action potentials are the means by which axons conduct all or none signals nondecrementally over relatively long distances; many neurons in mammalian brains either do not have axons or have very short ones, and many of these neurons do not normally display action potentials

Dual-opponent color cells A) are found in blobs. B) respond best when the center of their receptive field is fully illuminated with one wavelength while the periphery is fully illuminated with another. C) have particularly high concentrations of cytochrome oxidase. D) all of the above E) both A and b

all the above

Structural brain-imaging studies of schizophrenic patients typically reveal A) widespread abnormalities. B) reduced brain size. C) abnormally large cerebral ventricles. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Study of the neural mechanisms of Tourette syndrome is difficult because A) it has not been linked to a particular gene.. B) there are no animal models. C) the symptoms tend to subside as patients mature. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome A) was first demonstrated by Kluver and Bucy. B) was first demonstrated in monkeys. C) has been observed in humans. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

The bleaching of rhodopsin by light A) triggers inhibitory effects. B) closes rod sodium channels. C) hyperpolarizes the rods. D) reduces the release of glutamate from rods. E) all of the above

all of the above

The defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of A) their topography. B) the situations in which they occur. C) their apparent function. D) all of the above E) both B and C

all of the above

The dominant male rat of a colony A) is the alpha male. B) usually moves sideways toward a male intruder. C) usually directs lateral attacks at male intruders. D) usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder. E) all of the above

all of the above

The evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that A) hormones may have less effect on human aggression than they do on aggression in other species. B) the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in humans are markedly different from those used in other species. C) testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all of the above

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions A) was published in 1872. B) was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. C) introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all of the above

The opponent theory appears to provide the best explanation of color coding at the A) bipolar level. B) retinal ganglion cell level. C) cortical level. D) all of the above E) receptor level.

all of the above

When the pupils are constricted, A) the retinal image is usually sharper. B) there is usually greater depth of focus. C) vision is poor in dim illumination. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all of the above

Which of the following early experiential factors have been implicated in some cases of schizophrenia? A) stress B) faulty autoimmune reactions C) infections D) exposure to toxins E) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia? A) hallucinations B) inappropriate affect C) delusions D) incoherent speech or thought E) all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following structures is part of the limbic system? A) amygdala B) cingulate cortex C) septum D) mammillary body E) all of the above

all of the above

Monoamines

all synthesized from a single amino acid

According to the text, A) Freud viewed dreams as symbolic representations of repressed sexual conflict. B) there is no convincing evidence for Freud's theory of dreams. C) Freud's view of dreams is widely accepted by the general public. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Damage to the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the A) medial temporal lobe structures. B) basal forebrain. C) prefrontal cortex. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

In comparison to the photopic system, the scotopic system has more A) rods. B) neural convergence. C) receptors in the periphery of the retina. D) sensitivity in dim illumination. E) all of the above

all the above

In males, some degree of penile erection usually occurs during A) sex-related dreams. B) dreams with no sexual content. C) REM sleep. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all the above

Prosopagnosics A) can usually recognize a face as a face. B) have difficulty telling one face from another. C) report seeing faces as a jumble of individual parts, rather than as a unitary whole. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all the above

Support for the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is the mechanism of memory came from the discovery that A) LTP can be induced by levels of stimulation that mimic normal neural activity. B) LTP effects are prominent in neural structures that have been implicated in memory. C) behavioral conditioning can produce LTP-like effects. D) the induction of maximal LTP in the hippocampus blocks learning of the Morris-water-maze task. E) all of the above

all the above

The entrainment of circadian rhythms by visual zeitgebers is mediated by A) part of the optic nerve. B) the retinohypothalamic tract. C) a rare type of retinal ganglion cell. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all the above

The human medial temporal lobe includes the A) hippocampus. B) amygdala. C) medial temporal cortex. D) CA1 subfield. E) all of the above

all the above

The striatum is thought to store A) memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses. B) the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials (habit formation). C) memory for habits. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Which of the following can entrain the circadian sleep-wake cycles of animals living under constant lighting conditions? A) regular daily bouts of social interaction B) regular daily meals C) regular daily bouts of exercise D) all of the above E) none of the above

all the above

Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients? A) thalamus B) mediodorsal nuclei C) mammillary bodies D) all of the above E) both A and C

all the above

Rats can perform the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

almost as well as monkeys at retention delays up to a minute or so.

When anxiety disrupts normal behavioral functioning, it is generally referred to as A) fear. B) hypertension C) an anxiety disorder. D) a panic disorder. E) a phobia.

an anxiety disorder

what is a bilateral lesion

an area of damage to both sides of the brain of the prefrontal lobes

piriform cortex

an area of medial temporal cortex that is adjacent to the amygdala and that receives direct olfactory input.

primary sensory cortex

an area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of one sensory system.

dermatome

an area of the body that is innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of one segment of the spinal cord.

action potential

an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron's axon when it is set off by a "trigger" changing the neuron's charge from negative to positive

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called A) LTP. B) an engram. C) a memorial. D) a stilton. E) synaptic facilitation.

an engram

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called

an engram.

astereognosia

an inability to recognize objects by touch that is not attributable to a simple sensory deficit or to general intellectual impairment.

Which of the following is not a change that signals the beginning of REM sleep? A) a decrease in EEG amplitude B) an increase in the tension of the muscles of the body core C) an increase in the oxygen consumption of the brain D) an increase in the irregularity of the pulse E) an increase in EEG frequency

an increase in the tension of the muscles of the body core

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by...

an influx of calcium ions

myelin

an insulating material composed of fats and proteins

The main function of color constancy is to ensure that A) lights of the same wavelength appear to be the same color. B) lights of different wavelengths appear to be different colors. C) lights of the same wavelength appear to be the same color, regardless of their intensity. D) an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting. E) complementary colors always look complementary.

an object appears to be the same color despite changes in the wavelengths of light that it is reflecting

The first endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter to be discovered in the nervous system was named __________, which means "internal bliss."

anandamide

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the visual form of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by the left __________.

angular gyrus

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of A) opposition. B) antithesis. C) conspecifics. D) parsimony. E) anti-expression.

antithesis

Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat is known as A) psychological fear. B) anxiety. C) panic. D) a phobia. E) the Selye syndrome.

anxiety

Most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders are the __________ disorders. A) manic B) anxiety C) schizophrenic D) depressive E) phobic

anxiety

The elevated-plus-maze test is a commonly used model of clinical A) depression. B) anxiety. C) mania. D) bipolar affective disorder. E) phobia.

anxiety

Phobic disorders, panic disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders are all categories of A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) anxiety disorder. D) mania. E) unipolar affective disorder.

anxiety disorder

association cortex

any area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system.

ligand

any molecule that binds to neither

Interneurons

any neuron that have neurons feeding info into it and sending info out of other neurons, doesn't normally have axons

horizontal sections

any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that are parallel to the top of the brain

frontal sections

any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections

endogenous ligand

any substance, produced within the body, that selectively binds to the type of receptor that is under study, neurotransmitters and hormones

Brain-damage-produced deficits in language-related ability are generally referred to as A) aphasia. B) aphagia. C) apraxia. D) dyslexia. E) dementia.

aphasia

medial preoptic area

appears to control male sexual behavior via a tract that projects to an area of the midbrain called the lateral tegmental field

Benzodiazepines A) are GABAA agonists. B) are monoamine agonists. C) are catecholamine antagonists. D) are monoamine antagonists. E) bind to serotonin receptors.

are GABAA agonists.

secondary sensory cortex

areas of sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of one sensory system or from other areas of the secondary cortex of the same system.

During REM sleep, changes in autonomic nervous system activity suggest A) arousal. B) unresponsiveness. C) increased relaxation. D) neural inactivity. E) both B and C

arousal

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects A) criminals. B) arousal. C) guilty knowledge. D) guilt. E) psychopathy.

arousal

process of a firing neuron

as a neuron is stimulated, it becomes less polarized until the threshold of excitation is reached and firing occurs; neural firing are all or one events

Parkinson's disease

associated with degeneration of main dopamine pathway in the brain

iconographic receptors

associated with ligand activated ion channels; when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to an iconographic receptor, association ion channel opens or closes immediately

metabotropic receptors

associated with signal proteins and G proteins

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be A) association cortex. B) secondary visual cortex. C) primary visual cortex. D) primary cortex. E) paleocortex.

association cortex

Wolffian system; Mullerian system

at 6 weeks, they have both a male _____ _____ and the female _____ _____

sodium potassium pumps

at the same rate that sodium ions leaked into resting neurons, other sodium ions were actively transported out; at the same rate that potassium ions leaked out of the resting your arms, other potassium ions are actively transported in

Mammals without cones tend to A) be blind. B) be nocturnal (active mainly at night). C) eat lots of carrots. D) be totally blind during the night. E) live near the equator.

be nocturnal (active mainly at night)

Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys?

delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ similar to those displayed by H.M.

delayed nonmatching-to-sample test

Stage 4 sleep EEG is characterized by a predominance of __________ waves.

delta

The identification of basal forebrain degeneration Alzheimer's disease implicated A) the hippocampus in memory. B) cholinergic neurons in memory. C) the amygdala in memory. D) serotonin in memory. E) dopamine in memory.

cholinergic neurons in memory.

Accommodation is controlled by the __________ muscles.

ciliary

ventromedial nucleus

contains circuits that appear critical to female sexual behavior

opioid peptides

contains neuropeptides that are similar in structure to the active ingredients of opium

hypothalamic peptides

contains neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus

pituitary peptides

contains neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the pituitary

brain-gut peptides

contains neurotransmitters that were first discovered in the gut

The before-and-after design is used to study __________ drug tolerance.

contingent

Simple images that are stabilized on the retina start to A) vibrate. B) continually disappear and reappear. C) change shape. D) increase in brightness. E) move to the midline.

continually disappear and reappear

The specificity of LTP to particular synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is likely attributable to compartmentalizing effects of A) serotonergic receptors. B) glutamate. C) dendritic spines. D) axoaxonal synapses. E) presynaptic inhibition.

dendritic spines

Fear is the motivating force for A) defensive behaviors. B) social aggression. C) threat. D) target sites. E) aggressive behavior.

defensive behaviors

Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of explicit object-recognition deficits in monkeys? A) radial arm maze B) one-trial appetitive learning paradigm C) non-delayed matching-to-sample task D) delayed non-matching-to-sample task E) Mumby box

delayed non-matching-to-sample task

The specificity of LTP to particular synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is likely attributable to compartmentalizing effects of

dendritic spines.

An important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression in many mammalian species is that it is A) dependent on testosterone. B) similar to defensive attack. C) controlled by the amygdala. D) directed at the tail. E) directed at the head.

dependent on testosterone

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) tuberculosis. D) mania. E) addiction.

depression

posterior pituitary

develops from a small outgrowth of the hypothalamic tissue that dangles from the end of the pituitary stalk

concentration gradient

difference in distribution of ions across a membrane

membrane potential

difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the cell

electrical gradient

difference in positive and negative charges across a membrane

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. A) the same B) different C) tangential D) similar E) inhibitory

different

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience. A) different B) the same C) similar D) no E) five

different

define between-subject design

different groups are tested under each condition

receptor subtypes

different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is A) diffuse. B) restricted to the basal ganglia. C) restricted to the basal forebrain. D) unilateral. E) contralateral.

diffuse

The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored

diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.

The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored A) diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience. B) throughout the hippocampus. C) in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. D) in the diencephalon. E) in the rhinal cortex.

diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience.

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ similar to those displayed by H.M. A) digit-span +1 test B) WAIS C) incomplete-pictures test D) delayed non-matching-to-sample test E) digit-span test

delayed non-matching-to-sample test

The Mumby-box is an apparatus that has been frequently used to study A) delayed matching-to-sample in monkeys. B) delayed nonmatching-to-sample in rats. C) delayed matching-to-sample in mice. D) delayed nonmatching-to-sample in monkeys. E) nondelayed matching-to-sample in rats.

delayed nonmatching-to-sample in rats.

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their A) mouse killing. B) play. C) defensive attack. D) risk assessment. E) social aggression

mouse killing

Magnocellular neurons are particularly responsive to A) color. B) detail. C) stationary patterns. D) movement. E) all of the above

movement

Evidence that environmental factors play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia is that the concordance rate for identical twins is A) greater for males than for females. B) much less than 100%. C) much more than 50%. D) more than for dizygotic twins. E) greater among cocaine users.

much less than 100%

Androgenic insensitivity syndrome

mutation to the androgen receptor gene- making them completely unresponsive

multiple sclerosis is a disease known to attack___ in the ____

myelin sheaths in the CNS

gap junction

narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by fine, tubular, cytoplasm filled protein channels; connect the cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells, allowing electrical signals and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next; transmit signals more rapidly than chemical synapses

Endocannabinoids

natural, marijuana-like substances produced by the body THC

what is korsahoff's syndrome

neuropsychological disorder that is common among alcoholics cause memory loss, sensory, motor function, and severe dementia -associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

botox

neurotoxin released by a bacterium often found in spoiled food; nicotinic antagonist; blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and is a deadly poison

endocannabinoids

neurotransmitters similar to THC (main psychoactive constituent of marijuana); produced immediately before they are released; synthesized from fatty compounds in the cell membrane; tend to be released from dendrites and cell body; tend to have most of their effects on presynaptic neurons, inhibiting subsequent synaptic transmission

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties in sleeping, and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.

nicotine

Evidence suggests that the induction of LTP is postsynaptic and the maintenance and expression involve presynaptic changes. This implies the existence of a retrograde messenger. Recent studies suggest that this messenger may be A) glutamate. B) dopamine. C) serotonin. D) nitric oxide. E) NMDA.

nitric oxide

Evidence suggests that the induction of LTP is postsynaptic and the maintenance and expression involve presynaptic changes. This implies the existence of a retrograde messenger. Recent studies suggest that this messenger may be

nitric oxide.

do prefrontal lobotomies produce desirable effects?

no cause majority, lack of foresight, emotional lack, epilepsy, and urinary

dendritic spines

nodules of various shapes that are located on surfaces of many dendrites

conduction of action potentials

nondecremental (does not grow weaker as it travels longer); action potentials are donated more slowly than postsynaptic potentials

Stimulation of the __________ elicits a response in the __________ layer of the hippocampal __________.

perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus

In general, conventional neuroleptics tend to be more effective against A) negative schizophrenic symptoms. B) positive schizophrenic symptoms. C) anhedonia. D) unipolar schizophrenic disorders. E) bipolar schizophrenic symptoms.

positive schizophrenic symptoms.

Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia. A) post-concussion B) post-traumatic C) retrograde D) anterograde E) post-episodic

post-traumatic

Studies of encephalitis lethargica suggested that the __________ promotes wakefulness A) posterior hypothalamus B) preoptic area C) basal forebrain D) both A and B E) both B and C

posterior hypothalamus

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

postsynaptic depolarizations; increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire; transmission is rapid; decrease in amplitude as they travel through neuron

inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

postsynaptic hyperpolarizations; decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire; decrease in amplitude as they travel through neuron

Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia.

posttraumatic

Alzheimer's amnesia is usually studied in

predementia Alzheimer's patients.

Alzheimer's amnesia is usually studied in A) monkeys. B) predementia Alzheimer's patients. C) advanced cases of Alzheimer's disease. D) neuropsychological patients with mediodorsal nucleus damage. E) neuropsychological patients with medial temporal lobe damage.

predementia Alzheimer's patients.

In functional brain-imaging studies of Tourette patients who are suppressing their tics, abnormal activity has been consistently observed in the caudate and A) prefrontal cortex. B) cerebellum. C) primary motor cortex. D) association motor cortex. E) dorsal horn.

prefrontal cortex

The __________ is thought to play a role in working memory and memory for temporal order.

prefrontal cortex

Disorders characterized by extreme feelings of anxiety and severe stress responses in the absence of an apparent precipitating stimulus are classified as A) generalized anxiety disorders. B) panic attacks. C) phobic anxiety disorders. D) obsessive-compulsive disorders. E) tachycardia.

generalized anxiety disorders.

The __________ is thought to play a role in working memory and memory for temporal order.

prefrontal cortex.

Schwann cells

glia cell that surrounds and insulates certain axons in the periphery of the vertebrate body

oligodendrocytes

glia cells that surround and insulate certain axons in the vertebrate brain and spinal cord

The most commonly employed physiological measure of stress is the level of circulating A) glucocorticoids. B) adrenocorticotropic hormone. C) norepinephrine. D) epinephrine. E) serotonin.

glucocorticoids

NMDA receptors respond to the __________ neurotransmitter.

glutamate

The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.

glutamate

The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor. A) serotonin B) glutamate C) dopamine D) GABA E) nitric oxide

glutamate

Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

glutamate

Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain? A) NMDA B) GABA C) glycine D) epinephrine E) glutamate

glutamate

what is the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

glutamate

4 amino acid neurotransmitters

glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for the induction of LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement for simultaneous activity in A) the hippocampus and dentate. B) sensory neurons and motor neurons. C) presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. D) the CA1 and CA3. E) pyramidal and granule cells.

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on

implicit memory tests. the hippocampus.

Brief stressors usually A) disrupt immune function. B) increase illness. C) improve immune function. D) produce chronic stress. E) both A and B

improve immune function

nicotinic receptors

in PNS, occur at junctions between motor neurons and muscle fibers; ionotropic and metabotropic

Some hippocampal neurons become active only when the subject is A) remembering. B) forgetting. C) in a particular place. D) thinking. E) eating.

in a particular place

Some hippocampal neurons become active only when the subject is

in a particular place.

conduction in myelinated axons

in myelinated axons, ions can pass through the axonal membrane only at the nodes of Ranvier; signal is conducted passively; action potential is conducted passively along the axon to the next node, where another full blown actin potential is elicited

The belief that __________ is specific to faces has been challenged.

prosopagnosia

The most widely studied form of visual agnosia is A) color agnosia. B) prosopagnosia. C) object agnosia. D) bird watchers' agnosia. E) name agnosia.

prosopagnosia

enzyme

proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them

The field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called A) biopsychology. B) psychophysiology. C) ethoexperimental immunology. D) psychoneuroimmunology. E) psychoimmunology.

psychoneuroimmunology.

There are more rods A) at the center of the fovea than there are 20° from the center. B) in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina. C) in the temporal hemiretina than in the nasal hemiretina. D) both A and B E) both A and C

in the nasal hemiretina than in the temporal hemiretina

does myelination increase or decrease the speed of axonal conduction

increase

In the short-term, stressors produce physiological changes that A) are maladaptive. B) disrupt the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. C) increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor. D) both A and B E) both A and C

increase the ability to deal effectively with the stressor.

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called A) psychological disorders. B) mental disorders. C) psychiatric disorders. D) stress disorders. E) psychosomatic disorders.

psychosomatic disorders.

light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the A) cornea. B) fovea. C) pupil. D) retina. E) sclera.

pupil

hyperpolarization

increased polarization across a membrane

Neuropeptides

relatively short chains of amino acids, serve as neurotransmitters.

astrocytes

release chemical transmitters, to contain receptors for neurotransmitters, to conduct signals, and to influence synaptic transmission between neurons; coordinate the activity of neurons in its domain; may coordinate activity of synapses in its domain

endocrine glands

release chemicals (hormones) directly into the circulatory system

gonadotropic hormones; adrenocorticotropic hormones

release of _____ _____ and _____ _____ cause gonads and adrenal cortex to increase their release of gonadal and adrenal hormones

exocrine glands

release their chemicals into ducts which carry them to targets, mostly the surface of the body

exocytosis of neuropeptides

released gradually in response to general increases in the level of intercellular calcium ions

The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are

repetition priming tests

The first EEG stage of a night's sleep is A) alpha. B) initial stage 1. C) stage 3. D) stage 4. E) stage 2.

initial stage 1

Which does not belong with the others? A) dreaming B) emergent stage 1 EEG C) REM D) initial stage 1 EEG E) loss of core muscle tone

initial stage 1 EEG

myelin sheath

insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons

The brightness of a light depends on its A) intensity. B) wavelength. C) color. D) both A and B E) both A and C

intensity/wavelength

define neuroendorinology

interactions between nervous system and the endocrine system

pyramidal cells

large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a very long axon

Astrocytes

large star shaped glial cells that play multiple roles in the cns

Food-caching species of birds tend to have __________ hippocampi than non-food-caching species.

larger

Food-caching species of birds tend to have __________ hippocampi than non-food-caching species. A) fewer B) smaller C) more complex D) larger E) more

larger

In humans, all of the visual receptors are in the A) last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye. B) first layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye. C) cornea. D) middle neural layer of the retina. E) optic disk.

last layer of the retina to be reached by light entering the eye

To be diagnosed as clinical depression (or major depressive disorder), the condition must A) last more than 2 weeks. B) not involve anhedonia. C) be triggered by an obvious traumatic event. D) involve a suicide attempt. E) last less than 2 weeks.

last more than 2 weeks

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning. This part is the A) lateral nucleus. B) preoptic nucleus. C) paraventricular nucleus. D) basolateral nucleus. E) amygdala complex.

lateral nucleus

The cerebellum is thought to store memories of A) learned sensorimotor skills. B) faces. C) time. D) objects. E) spatial locations.

learned sensorimotor skills

The cerebellum is thought to store memories of

learned sensorimotor skills.

Broca's area is in the __________ cortex. A) left frontal B) right frontal C) left temporal D) right temporal E) left parietal

left frontal

Apraxia is usually associated with A) left-hemisphere lesions. B) right-hemisphere lesions. C) asphyxia. D) damage to Broca's area. E) damage to Wernicke's area.

left hemisphere lesions

Broca's area is adjacent to the A) left longitudinal fissure. B) right lateral fissure. C) left primary motor cortex face area. D) left primary somatosensory cortex face area. E) right primary somatosensory cortex.

left primary motor cortex

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as A) EEG recording. B) ANS recording. C) lie detection. D) polygraph interrogation. E) many measurements.

lie detection

The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the A) hippocampus. B) light-dark cycle. C) amygdala. D) free-running period. E) hyrax.

light-dark cycle

Mumby and his colleagues showed that large hippocampal lesions blocked the object-recognition deficits caused in rats by cerebral ischemia when the lesions were A) unilateral but not bilateral. B) contralateral but not ipsilateral. C) made 1 hour, but not 1 week, after the ischemia. D) ipsilateral but not contralateral. E) made 1 week, but not 1 hour, after ischemia.

made 1 hour, but not 1 week, after the ischemia.

According to one theory, the __________ stream controls behavior in the absence of conscious awareness.

dorsal

Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions? A) lust B) fear C) happiness D) disgust E) sadness

lust

T cells and B cells are A) lymphocytes. B) antigens. C) antibodies. D) phagocytes. E) macrophages.

lymphocytes

pulsatile hormone release

means there can be large minute-to-minute fluctuations in levels of circulating hormones

Mumby and his colleagues showed that large hippocampal lesions blocked the object-recognition deficits caused in rats by cerebral ischemia when the lesions were

made 1 hour, but not 1 week, after the ischemia.

sodium-potassium pump

mechanism that actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell while simultaneously drawing in two potassium ions

transporters

mechanisms in the membrane of a cell but actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane

Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not. A) septum; lateral geniculate nucleus B) frontal lobe; cingulate C) medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex D) hypothalamus; septum E) hippocampus; medial geniculate nucleus

medial geniculate nucleu; auditory cortex

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research have focused on the role of two brain structures in emotion: the A) hypothalamus and amygdala. B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. C) hippocampus and PAG. D) hypothalamus and hippocampus. E) hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala

H.M.'s operation was a bilateral __________ lobectomy.

medial temporal

Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of medial-temporal-lobe lesions on nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample suggest that __________ damage contributes substantially to the amnesic effects of bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy.

medial temporal cortex

Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of medial-temporal-lobe lesions on nonrecurring-items delayed nonmatching-to-sample suggest that __________ damage contributes substantially to the amnesic effects of bilateral medial-temporal lobectomy. A) medial temporal cortex B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) both A and C E) both B and C

medial temporal cortex

Damage to the brains of Alzheimer's patients is often apparent in the

medial temporal lobe structures. basal forebrain. prefrontal cortex. brain damage in Alzheimer's patients is extremely diffuse

The shaded areas on this drawing of the inferior surface of the brain illustrate the position of the

medial temporal lobes.

Damage to the __________ nuclei of the thalamus is currently thought to account for many of the memory problems experienced by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.

mediodorsal

The first theories of Korsakoff's amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later evidence suggested that damage to the __________ is more likely the major contributing factor.

mediodorsal nuclei

The first theories of Korsakoff's amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later evidence suggested that damage to the __________ is more likely the major contributing factor. A) frontal cortex B) hippocampus C) mediodorsal nuclei D) temporal infarction E) cribriform plate

mediodorsal nuclei

superior olives

medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localizations.

voltage-gated channels

membrane channel whose permeability to sodium (or some other ion) depends on the voltage difference across the membrane

The striatum is thought to store

memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses. the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials (habit formation) memory for habits.

The amygdala is thought to play a role in

memory for the emotional significance of experiences.

The amygdala is thought to play a role in A) object recognition memory. B) memory for time. C) memory for the emotional significance of experiences. D) space and working memory. E) memory for language.

memory for the emotional significance of experiences.

The dorsal stream flows from primary visual cortex to A) inferotemporal cortex then to prestriate cortex. B) dorsal prestriate cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. C) inferotemporal cortex then to posterior parietal cortex. D) posterior parietal cortex then to inferotemporal cortex. E) dorsal prestriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex.

dorsal presriate cortex then to posterior parietal cortex

According to Ungerleider and Mishkin, "where" is to "what" as A) dorsal stream is to ventral stream. B) agnosia is to blindsight. C) ventral stream is to dorsal stream. D) visual perception is to spatial perception. E) contrast vision is to color vision.

dorsal stream is to ventral stream

local anesthetic

drug that attaches to the sodium channels of the membrane, preventing sodium ions from entering and thereby blocking action potentials

agonists

drugs that facilitate effects of a particular neurotransmitter

antagonists

drugs that inhibit effects of a particular neurotransmitter

Somehow the visual system compares the wavelengths of light reflected by adjacent areas of a visual display, and on this basis color is perceived. The cells that appear to perform this function are A) cones. B) dual-opponent color cells. C) simple cortical color cells. D) trichromatic color cells. E) complex cortical color cells.

dual-opponent color cells

The aspect of R.M.'s case that is most ironic is that

during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered the case of H.M.

By definition, mood stabilizers act against A) seasonal affective disorder. B) depression without increasing mania. C) mania without increasing depression. D) lithium. E) either B or C

either B or C

resting potential

electrical potential across a membrane when a neuron is not being stimulated

Bilateral transection of the nerve indicated by the arrow A) severed the corpus callosum. B) damaged the fornix. C) eliminated all circadian rhythms. D) eliminated the ability of light to entrain circadian rhythms. E) eliminated sleep.

eliminated the ability of light to entrain circadian rhythms

REMs are associated with __________ stage 1 EEG.

emergent

The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component. A) emotional; sensorimotor B) visual; temporal C) spatial; visual D) sensory; emotional E) procedural; implicit

emotional;sensorimotor

Memory B cells A) facilitate long-term memory. B) facilitate short-term memory. C) enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly if a particular antigen is encountered a second time. D) are contained in macrophages. E) act by phagocytosis

enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly if a particular antigen is encountered a second time.

advantage of receptor subtypes

enable one neurotransmitter to transmit different kinds of messages to different parts of the brain

Studies of __________ provided early evidence that the anterior hypothalamus is involved in sleep. A) insomnia B) narcolepsy C) encephalitis lethargica D) catalepsy E) multiple sclerosis

encephalitis lethargica

another class of unconventional neurotransmitters

endocannabinoids

Depression is often divided into two categories: reactive depression and __________ depression. A) bipolar B) endogenous C) unipolar D) acute E) chronic

endogenous

Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are located in the A) entorhinal cortex. B) amygdala. C) frontal cortex. D) place field. E) Morris water maze.

entorhinal cortex

Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are located in the

entorhinal cortex.

Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one's life are __________ memories.

episodic

Islands of memory following concussion are memories of

events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia.

distal

far from something

secondary sex characteristics

features other than reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature males/females

Broca' s area corresponds to the part of the cortex referred to as the left __________

frontal operculum

PET and __________ are currently the main imaging techniques used by cognitive neuroscientists to study language.

functional MRI (fMRI)

the maintenance of stable blood levels of hormones

funtion of hormonal feedback

Prosopagnosia has been linked to damage of the A) dorsal stream. B) fusiform face area. C) frontal lobes. D) hippocampus. E) both A and B

fusiform face area

• Recent technological developments have led to the discovery of --- throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type

gap junctions

H. pylori has been implicated as a causal factor in A) gastric ulcers. B) heart disease. C) stress. D) immune dysfunction. E) brain tumors

gastric ulcers

Cells of the suprachiasmatic nuclei display circadian cycles of A) gene expression. B) osmosis. C) sleep. D) degeneration. E) regeneration.

gene expression

Understanding of the bidirectional effects of stress on immune function improved substantially following the __________ of Segerstrom and Miller. A) infection B) meta-analysis C) experiment D) case study E) thesis

meta-analysis

autoreceptors

metabotropic receptors that have 2 unconventional characteristics; they bind to their neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules and they are located on the presynaptic membrane

Clock is a circadian gene; it was discovered in A) mice. B) sunflowers. C) dogs. D) humans. E) monkeys.

mice

what animals are most commonly used in research and experiments?

mice and rats

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called A) flash expressions. B) insidious expressions. C) microexpressions. D) give-away expressions. E) pseudoexpressions.

microexpressions

The active ingredient of snakeroot is A) chlorpromazine. B) reserpine. C) atropine. D) morphine. E) chlordiazepoxide

reserpine

dihydotestosterone

restores copulatory behavior in castrated male primates, but not rodents (shows it occurs by different mechanisms)

Apraxia usually A) results from right-hemisphere damage. B) results from left-hemisphere damage. C) affects the left side of the body far more than the right side. D) affects the right side of the body far more than the left side. E) both B and D

results from left-hemisphere damage

Because REM sleep is similar to wakefulness in several respects, it makes sense that REM sleep circuits are controlled by a structure involved in maintaining wakefulness: the A) thalamus. B) basal forebrain. C) reticular activating system. D) cerveau isolé. E) both A and B

reticular activating system

Electrical stimulation of the __________ awakens sleeping cats. A) anterior hypothalamus B) cerebellum C) diencephalon D) reticular formation E) basal forebrain

reticular formation

Partial transections of the brain stem at the collicular level did not disrupt the normal sleep-wake cycle of cortical EEG unless the transections included the A) hypothalamus. B) cerebellum. C) substantia nigra. D) reticular formation. E) diencephalon.

reticular formation

Specialized __________ cells function as receptors for gradual changes in illumination. These receptors contain melanopsin and play a role in regulating circadian cycles.

retinal ganglion

Here is an illustration of the retina. The neurons identified by the pointer lines carry signals from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei. These neurons are A) lateral geniculate cells. B) bipolar cells. C) retinal ganglion cells. D) horizontal cells. E) amacrine cells.

retinal ganglion cells

According to the __________ theory, the color of an object depends on its relative reflectance of low, medium, and high wavelengths.

retinex

The diurnal light-dark cycle entrains the sleep-wake cycle via the A) REM-sleep circuits. B) cortex. C) retinohypothalamic tracts. D) caudal brain stem. E) reticular formation.

retinohypothalamic tracts

The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized A) from top to bottom. B) from left to right. C) on the basis of wavelength. D) retinotopically. E) ipsilaterally.

retinotopically

The surface of the primary visual cortex is laid out __________.

retinotopically

2 message terminating mechanisms

reuptake by transporters and enzymatic degradation

action potential

reversal of membrane potential from about -70 to +50 mV

Here is an illustration of coronal section of a monkey brain cut through the hippocampus and amygdala. The shaded area indicates the position of the

rhinal cortex portion of the medial temporal cortex.

• Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on

ribosomes

tinnitus

ringing in the ears.

ion

salts in neural tissue separate into positively and negatively charged particles

Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. It is the

sample phase

Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. It is the A) delay phase. B) recall phase. C) sample phase. D) recognition phase. E) choice phase.

sample phase

Companies that employ shift workers have improved productivity and job satisfaction by A) scheduling only phase advances. B) scheduling only phase delays. C) accelerating the zeitgebers. D) desynchronizing the zeitgebers. E) desynchronizing body temperature.

scheduling only phase delays.

The absorption spectrum of rhodopsin closely corresponds to the A) scotopic spectral sensitivity curve. B) colors of the rainbow. C) absorption spectrum of cones. D) photopic vision of humans. E) photopic vision of fish.

scotopic spectral sensitivity curve.

Posterior parietal cortex is considered to be association cortex because it receives substantial sensory input from the A) primary visual cortex. B) thalamus. C) secondary areas of more than one sensory system. D) primary motor cortex. E) hypothalamus.

secondary areas of more than one sensory system

Prestriate cortex and inferotemporal cortex are considered to be areas of A) primary visual cortex. B) association cortex. C) the parietal lobe. D) secondary visual cortex. E) the occipital lobe.

secondary visual cortex

cross section

section cut at a right angle to any long narrow structure of the cns

The best animal model of human drug addiction is the drug __________ paradigm.

self-administration

Rats will press a lever to administer electrical brain stimulation to sites in their own brains. This phenomenon is called intracranial __________.

self-stimulation

Interpreting the meaning of a word is called a __________ analysis.

semantic

Medial temporal lobe epileptics often have good explicit long-term memories for __________ information.

semantic

A state of increased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to it is called drug __________.

sensitization

A recent structural MRI study of the brains of children with Tourette syndrome revealed thinning of the A) sensorimotor cortex. B) prefrontal cortex. C) amygdala. D) parietal cortex. E) striatum

sensorimotor cortex.

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as A) hypothalamic aggression. B) septal defensiveness. C) hippocampal aggression. D) septal predatory aggression. E) septal social aggression.

septal defensiveness

Indolamines

serotonin - synthesized from tryptophan

indolamine

serotonin is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan

glial cells

several classes of non neural cells of the nervous system

neuropathic pain

severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable painful stimulus.

Decorticate cats display A) orchidectomy rage. B) sham rage. C) species-typical rage. D) species-common rage. E) offensive rage.

sham rage (biting, clawing, scratching, and other violent limb movements, produced in animal experiments by removing their cerebral cortex -EXCLUDING the hypothalamus)

neuropeptides

short amino acid chains composed of between 3 and 36 amino acids; assembled in the cytoplasm of the cell body on ribosomes; packaged in vesicles by the Golgi complex and transported by microtubules to the terminal buttons; are released diffusely

dendritic spines

short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses

In rats, lateral attack is a component of A) social aggression. B) predatory aggression. C) predatory attack. D) target site attack. E) defensive attack.

social aggression

Which of the following is testosterone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species? A) defensive attack B) predatory aggression C) social aggression D) freezing E) flight

social aggression

2 kinds of ions

sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+)

proceptive behaviors

solicitation behaviors

oxytocin

stimulates contractions of uterus during labor and ejaculation of milk during suckling

gonadotropin releasing hormones

stimulates the release of the anterior pituitary's gonadotropins: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

define within-subject design

testing same group of subjects under each condition

The limbic system rings the A) hypothalamus. B) cingulate. C) cerebellum. D) amygdala. E) thalamus

thalamus

The mediodorsal nuclei, which are often damaged in cases of Korsakoff's amnesia, are nuclei of the A) thalamus. B) hypothalamus. C) hippocampus. D) cerebellum. E) mammillary bodies.

thalamus

Which of the following medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients?

thalamus *mediodorsal nuclei* mammillary bodies Rationale: The text emphasizes that the damage is diffuse and not restricted to a single medial diencephalic structure although B is the most commonly damaged.

The mediodorsal nuclei, which are often damaged in cases of Korsakoff's amnesia, are nuclei of the

thalamus.

aromatization hypothesis

that perinatal testosterone doesn't directly masculinize the brain, but that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that has been aromatized from perinatal testosterone (strong evidence to support this)

maternal immune hypothesis

that some mothers become progressively more immune to masculinizing hormones in male fetuses, and a mother's immune system might deactivate masculinizing hormones in other sons

cranial nerves

the 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called A) sham rage. B) the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. C) hippocampal rage. D) septal rage. E) temporal-lobe rage.

the Kluver-Bucy syndrome

selective attention

the ability to focus on small subset of the multitude of stimuli that are being received at any one time.

cocktail-party phenomenon

the ability to unconsciously monitor the contents of one conversation while consciously focusing on another.

Vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because A) viruses have a memory. B) the adaptive immune system has a memory. C) conspecifics have a memory. D) the innate immune system has a memory. E) the acquired immune system has a memory.

the adaptive immune system has a memory.

neuron's firing rate

the amount of percent of time it is above threshold at the axon hillock -often described as the intensity of potential

graded responses

the amplitudes of EPSPs and IPSPs are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them (strong signals have large potentials)

electrostatic pressure

the attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs attract each other and my cause particle to move across barrier

organ of corti

the auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrance.

medial geniculate nuclei

the auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex

medial geniculate nuclei

the auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.

Which of the following can be found at the blind spot? A) fovea B) cones C) the axons of retinal ganglion cells D) the cell bodies of retinal ganglion cells E) amacrine cells

the axons of retinal ganglion cells

auditory nerve

the branch of cranial nerve VIII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane.

tectorial membrane

the cochlear membrane that rests on the hair cells.

limbic system

the collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus

Blanchard and Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using A) specially trained boxing rats. B) the colony intruder model of aggression and defense. C) the S-R approach. D) all of the above E) both A and B

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.

flavor

the combined impression of taste and smell.

anosognosis

the common failure of neurological patients to recognize their own symptoms.

anterior cingulate cortex

the cortex of the anterior cingulate gryus, which is involved in the emotional reaction to painful stimulation.

cingulate cortex

the cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes

orbitofrontal cortex

the cortex of the inferior frontal lobes, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus.

gyri

the cortical ridges that are located between fissures or sulk

estrous cycle

the cycle of sexual receptivity

nuclei

the dan- containing structures of cells;also neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

pia mater

the delicate, innermost meninx

hypothalamus

the diencephalic structure that sits just below the anterior portion of the thalamus

receptor subtypes

the different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind

change blindness

the difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended-to parts of a visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image.

anterolateral system

the division of the somatosensory system that ascends in the anterolateral portion of the spinal white matter and carries signals related to pain and temperature.

dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

the division of the somatosensory system that ascends in the dorsal position of the spinal white matter and carries signals related to touch and proprioception.

tympanic membrane

the eardrum.

H.M.'s surgery was a success in that

the incidence of his seizures was markedly reduced. his IQ was increased. it became possible to reduce the level of his anticonvulsant medication.

what does the term neuroscience designate

the interdisciplinary scientific approach to the study of the mind and brain

lordosis

the intromission-facilitating arched-back procedure signaling receptivity

central fissure

the large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

lateral fissure

the large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

longitudinal fissure

the large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres

fissures

the large furrows in a convoluted cortex

follicle

the ovarian structure in which eggs mature

brain stem

the part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulate reflex activities that are critical for survival

axon

the part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons

somatic nervous system(SNS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment

Autonomic nervous system(ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body's internal environment

vestibular system

the sensory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system.

parallel processing

the simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.

lateral geniculate nuclei

the six layered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex

central canal

the small csf- filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

somatosensory homunculus

the somatic map that corresponds to the primary somatosensory cortex.

medial lemniscus

the somatosensory pathway between the dorsal column nuclei and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.

dorsal columns

the somatosensory tracts that ascend in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord white matter.

subarachnoid space

the space beneath the arachnoid membrane which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

synapse

the space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as A) the stress response. B) anxiety. C) depression. D) hypertension. E) arousal.

the stress response

putamen

the structure that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate compose the striatum

inferior colliculi

the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives

inferior colliculi

the structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.

define neuropharmacology

the study of drugs that alter processes controlled by the nervous system

define neurochemistry

the study of the chemical bases of neural activity

define neuroanatomy

the study of the structure of the nervous system

define neurophysiology

the study of the workings of the nervous system

caudate

the tail-like structure that is part of the striatum

the men are men and women are women assumption (mamawawa)

the tendency to think of maleness and femaleness as mutually exclusive opposite categories

medial dorsal nuclei

the thalamic relay nuclei of the olfactory system.

gate-control theory

the theory that signals descending from the brain can activate neural gating circuits in the spinal cord to block incoming pain signals.

meninges

the three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

ossicles

the three small bones of the middle ear: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes.

dura mater

the tough outer meninx

dorsal horns

the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

vasopressin and oxytocin

the two major hormones of the posterior pituitary that are peptide hormones that are synthesized in cell bodies of neurons in the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei on each side of the hypothalamus

ventral horns

the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter

tegmentum

the ventral division of the mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular formation, substantial nigra, and red nucleus

optic chasm

the x-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; th point where the optic nerves decussate.

what is the concentration of potassium and sodium ions in resting neurons

there are more sodium ions outside the cell then inside and more potassium ions inside than outside

axon

thin fiber of constant diameter; the neuron´s information sender

parasympathetic nerves

those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord

sympathetic nerves

those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumber and thoracic region areas of the spinal cord

sensory relay nuclei

those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of the cortex

Fear is the emotional reaction to A) threat. B) target sites. C) alpha males. D) defensive behavior. E) stress.

threat

how are action potential produced and how are they conducted along the axon

through the action of voltage activated ion channels

relative refractory period

time after the absolute refractory period, when potassium gates remain open wider than usual, requiring a stronger than usual stimulus to initiate an action potential

absolute refractory period

time immediately after an action potential, when the sodium gates close and the membrane cannot produce an action potential in response to stimulation of any intensity

dendritic spines

tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain

presynaptic terminal

tip of an axon, the point from which the axon releases chemicals

decussate

to cross over to the other side of the brain

depolarize

to reduce polarization toward zero across a membrane

The monoamine theory of depression is that depression is associated with A) underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. B) degeneration of monoamines. C) decreases in dopamine receptors. D) monoamine agonists. E) realignment MAO inhibitors.

underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses.

what is a confounded variable

unintended difference between the conditions of an experiment that could affect the dependent variable

Prozac is a slight structural variation of A) tricyclic antidepressants. B) lithium. C) neuroleptics. D) phenothiazines. E) MAO inhibitors.

tricyclic antidepressants.

thyrotropin releasing hormones

trigger the release of thyrotropin which stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland (discovered by Guillemin and Schally)

Sry gene

triggers synthesis of the Sry protein which causes the medulla to develop into a testis at six weeks after conception

Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have A) eyes that do not converge. B) two eyes. C) color vision. D) two eyes side by side on the front of the head. E) eyes that move.

two eyes side by side on the front of the head

superior colliculi

two of th e4 nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input

radial glia

type of glia cell that guides the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryological development

What are the steps in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine?

tyrosine -> L dopa (for parkinsin) -> dopamine -> norepinephrine -> epinephrine

Depressed patients who do not experience periods of mania are said to suffer from __________ affective disorders. A) bipolar B) reactive C) unipolar D) endogenous E) seasonal

unipolar

When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often compensatory __________ of the receptors? A) up-regulation B) degeneration C) regeneration D) blockade E) realignment

up-regulation

how to study the unobersvable workings of the brain?

use empirical (observational)methods to study ice age, gravity, and etc. NONE can be directly seen BUT effects CAN be OBSERVED. -aka scientific inference, the logical process by which observable events are used to infer the properties of unobservale events

The ability to refrain from visiting an arm of the radial arm maze more than once on a given test is a measure of __________ memory.

working

Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often display deficits in

working memory. memory for the temporal order of events.

A free-running rhythm is a rhythm without any external A) light. B) light-dark cycles. C) desynchronization. D) zeitgebers. E) jet lag.

zeitgebers

The muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the A) orbicularis major. B) orbicularis oculi. C) zygomaticus major. D) zygomaticus oculi. E) gluteus maximus.

zygomaticus major

"Limbic" means A) "border." B) "thalamus." C) "emotion." D) "emotional structure." E) "emotion circuit."

"border"

enkephalins

"in the head"

what is the nonhuman advantage?

1) brain and bevaior is simpler 2) insights frequently arise from comparative approach 3) ethical reasons

At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

90%

Menstrual cycle

A cycle that often repeats itself every 28 days or so

Enzyme

A protein that influences a biochemical reaction without participating in it

With respect to the visual system, a high degree of neural convergence is to a low degree of neural convergence as A) low acuity is to high acuity. B) high sensitivity is to low sensitivity. C) photopic is to scotopic. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A&B: low acuity is to high acuity high sensitivity is to low sensitivity

The Z lens was developed by... A) Zaidel. B) Zalman Amit. C) Zurif. D) Zimbardo. E) Zola-Morgan.

A) Zaidel

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the neural output of the left frontal operculum goes to... A) the primary motor cortex. B) Broca's area. C) Wernicke's area. D) the angular gyrus. E) the arcuate fasciculus

A) the primary motor cortex

Which country has taken a novel approach to the problem of heroin addiction, an approach that is proving to be an unqualified success? A) Canada B) Switzerland C) USA D) England E) Germany

B) Switzerland

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, the patient can... A) say what it was. B) reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented. C) reach into a bag containing several test items with the right hand and pull out the object that was presented. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) reach into a bag containing several test items with the left hand and pull out the object that was presented.

There is a growing appreciation that drug addiction is a specific expression of a more general behavioral problem: The inability to... A) cope with dopamine release. B) refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects. C) refrain from anhedonia. D) cope with positive incentives. E) engage in striatal control.

B) refrain from a behavior despite its adverse effects.

Medulla Oblongata

BRAIN: Location:

The animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the... A) conditioned tolerance model. B) contingent tolerance model. C) drug self-administration paradigm. D) drug withdrawal syndrome E) conditioned place preference paradigm

C) drug self-administration paradigm.

Drug sensitization is the opposite of... A) drug withdrawal. B) physical dependence on drugs. C) drug tolerance. D) conditioned drug withdrawal effects. E) drug addiction.

C) drug tolerance.

A pathological difficulty in reading is termed A) phonemia. B) aphasia. C) dyslexia. D) apraxia. E) lexicalia.

C) dyslexia

Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the... A) stomach. B) mouth. C) intestine. D) esophagus. E) lungs.

C) intestine.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, the visual form of a read word is translated into a meaningful auditory code by... A) Broca's area B) Wernicke's area. C) the angular gyrus. D) the primary motor cortex. E) the arcuate fasciculus

C) the angular gyrus

The identification and study of the various areas in the left cerebral cortex that participate in language-related activities is generally referred to as the study of... A) cortical language asymmetry. B) cortical language lateralization. C) the cortical localization of language. D) the functional cortical asymmetry of language. E) the cortical Wernicke-Geschwind model

C) the cortical localization of language

Diencephalon

Composed of thalamus, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus. Relays to cortex.

Many chronic addicts come to prefer the __________ route of drug administration. A) oral B) IM C) SC D) IV E) IP

D) IV

According to the text, the independence of the hemispheres of split-brain patients tends to be overestimated because... A) most published discussions of split-brain patient's focus on those cases in which independence is relatively complete. B) few studies have focused on emotional information, which is more readily transferred between separated hemispheres. C) most studies of split-brain patients have used simple tests, which are readily performed by one isolated hemisphere. D) all of the above E) most split-brain patients are right-handed

D) all of the above

Bavalier et al. (1997) used a particularly sensitive fMRI procedure to study reading. They found that the areas of cerebral activity A) in individual volunteers were patchy. B) varied both from individual to individual and within individuals from trial to trial. C) were widespread over the lateral surfaces of brain. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Broca's aphasia" and "Wernicke's aphasia" are confusing terms because... A) the disorders to which they refer rarely, if ever, exist in their pure forms. B) the disorders to which they refer do not result from damage to Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively. C) they are predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model rather than common neuropsychological disorders. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes from reports that... A) animals will self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens. B) microinjection of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens can lead to the development of conditioned place preferences.. C) lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the rewarding effects of systemically administered drugs. D) all of the above E) both A and C

D) all of the above

With respect to cerebral lateralization of function, A) the left hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of language in most people. B) the right hemisphere plays the greater role in many aspects of spatial perception in many people. C) lateralization of neither language nor spatial perception is total. D) all of the above E) both A and B

D) all of the above

Visual information can be restricted to the right hemisphere of a laboratory animal by... A) blindfolding the left eye. B) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. C) cutting the corpus callosum longitudinally. D) all of the above together E) both A and C together

D) all of the above together

Which component of the Wernicke-Geschwind model is illustrated here? A) Broca's area B) Wernicke's area C) angular gyrus D) arcuate fasciculus E) auditory cortex

D) arcuate fasciculus

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is... A) situationally specific tolerance. B) contingent tolerance. C) reverse tolerance. D) functional tolerance. E) metabolic tolerance

D) functional tolerance.

The substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are both mesencephalic nuclei of the... A) lateral forebrain bundle. B) nigrostriatal pathway. C) mesocortical limbs. D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system. E) mesotelencephalic serotonin system.

D) mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

Dr. William Stewart Halsted, a brilliant surgeon and one of the founders of Johns Hopkins Medical School, is considered by many to be the father of modern surgery. Surprisingly, he was addicted to __________ throughout most of his brilliant career. A) alcohol B) cocaine C) heroin D) morphine E) nicotine

D) morphine

The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal. A) alcohol B) nicotine C) cocaine D) opiate E) marijuana

D) opiate

Posterior pituitary

Develops from a small outgrowth of hypothalamic tissue that eventually comes to dangle from the hypothalamus at the end of the pituitary stalk

Gap Junction

Direct contact of the membrane of one neuron with the membrane of another.

What proportion of the digits recognized by healthy volunteers in the conventional dichotic listening test are typically those presented to the right ear? A) 100% B) 95% C) 90% D) 85% E) 55%

E) 55%

Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the consequences of chronic __________ consumption. A) nicotine B) morphine C) cocaine D) marijuana E) alcohol

E) alcohol

According to the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry, A) the left hemisphere thinks in an analytic mode. B) the left hemisphere operates in a logical computer-like fashion. C) the right hemisphere is concerned with overall stimulus configuration and processes information in Gestalts or wholes. D) the left hemisphere abstracts relevant details and attaches verbal labels to them. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Illustrated here is the location of the... A) nucleus accumbens. B) substantia nigra. C) ventral tegmental area. D) nigrostriatal pathway. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry established that... A) one function of the corpus callosum is to transmit learned information between hemispheres. B) the key to studying the function of the cerebral commissures is to develop experimental procedures for presenting information to one hemisphere while keeping it out of the other. C) one hemisphere is capable of solving simple problems as rapidly as two hemispheres working together. D) the cerebral hemispheres are capable of functioning independently. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

The results of CT and structural MRI studies of aphasic patients indicate that... A) not all aphasic patients have damage to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. B) most aphasics have extensive damage to subcortical white matter. C) few, if any, aphasics have damage restricted to the classic Wernicke-Geschwind areas. D) large anterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language expression, whereas large posterior lesions tend to be associated with deficits in language comprehension. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Which form of amphetamine is more potent than d-amphetamine? A) ecstasy B) ice C) methamphetamine D) MDMA E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Exocrine glands

E.g. Sweat glands; release their chemicals into ducts

draded responses

EPSP and IPSP; amplitudes of EPSP and IPSP are proportional to the intensity of the signals that elicit them: weak signals illicit small post synaptic potentials and strong signal

Masculinize and defeminize

Effect of perinatal injection of testosterone

Ejaculation

Ejection of sperm

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression? A) Darwin B) Ekman C) Ax D) Cannon E) Lykken

Ekman

Neuron Proteins

Every area of a neuron has specialized proteins associated with its functions. Body - protein production Axon - conduction Dendrites - input Initial Segment/Axon Hillock - integration Terminal - output

Hirsutism

Excessive growth of body hair

Genitals

External reproductive organs

Microelectrodes

Extremely fine recording electrodes, which are used for intracellular recording, needs to be able to pierce intracellular electrode without damaging it

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Facilitates vegetative and nonemergency responses. Composed of long pre ganglion axons. "Relation after fight or flight"

Protein

Functional unit of biology. The code to make proteins are contained in genes which need to be "expressed".

Which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effects of benzodiazepines? A) GABA B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) glutamate E) acetylcholine

GABA

R.B.'s amnesia was similar to

H.M.'s. amnesia, but less severe.

The concept of a generalized stress response was developed by A) Doreen Kimura. B) D. O. Hebb. C) Hans Selye. D) Roger Clemens. E) Greg Miller.

Hans Selye

Cerebral Commissures

Hemisphere-connecting tracts.

Seminal vesicles

Hold the fluid in which sperm cells are ejaculated

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Hormone that triggers the release of thyrotropin

Pituitary Gland

Hormone-producing gland found at the base of the hypothalamus.

Protein hormones

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids

Peptide hormones

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids

Steroid hormones

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol- fat mollecule - the sex hormones are all steroid hormones - can penetrate cell membranes (bc small and fat-soluble) - once inside, can bind to receptors in cytoplasm's nucleus and influence gene expression - has the most diverse/ long lasting effects on cellular function

Action Potential

How information passes through a neuron. Chemical messages are sent between neurons and these chemical messages dictate if the next neuron will fire an action potential. Communication is directional. When an AP travels down the axon to the terminal buttons it causes the release of a neurotransmitter. The neurotransmitter can excite or inhibit the next neuron and determine if that neuron will fire an AP.

Rats have one advantage over monkeys in the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia:

In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial medial temporal cortex damage.

Genes

In segments of DNA. Make proteins to determine our development.

Neurons in the medial temporal lobes of humans respond only to particular people or objects. These neurons are called ____________ neurons.

Jennifer Aniston

Neurons that respond only to specific individuals or objects have been discovered in the human brain. These have been termed

Jennifer Aniston cells.

Synapse

Junction between the terminal button and another neuronal membrane.

The association of REM sleep and dreaming was discovered in the early 1950s in the laboratory of A) Siegel. B) Kleitman. C) Mistlberger. D) Meddis. E) Freud.

Kleitman

Support for the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is the mechanism of memory came from the discovery that

LTP can be induced by levels of stimulation that mimic normal neural activity. LTP effects are prominent in neural structures that have been implicated in memory. behavioral conditioning can produce LTP-like effects. the induction of maximal LTP in the hippocampus blocks learning of the Morris-water-maze task.

Feminize and demasculinize

Lack or early exposure of male rats to testosterone _______ their reproductive behavior as adults

With respect to the study of amnesia, R.B. is to the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus as

N.A. is to the medial diencephalon.

Red Nucleus

Part of the tegmentum. Involved in the sensorimotor system.

Substantia Nigra

Part of the tegmentum. Involved in the sensorimotor system. Connected to caudate and putamen.

Astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons. "Plows"

Thalamus

Relay station from the sensory organs, main source of input to cortex. (Think of it as an airport)

Magnetoencephalograph (MEG)

Similar to EEG, but it measures faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity instead.

Synapses

Special junctions in which neurons communicate with other neurons.

Cytoskeleton

Strands of proteins linked together to give the cell shape. Microtubules are the largest cytoskeletal filaments and they move things throughout the cell.

Cerebellum

Structure located in hindbrain with many deep folds. Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

The anterior pituitary's gonadotropins

Resting Potential

The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane.

Microglia

The smallest of glial cells; protect the brain from invading microorganisms. Break down dead and dying neurons through phagocytosis. Trigger inflammatory responses.

Resting potential

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about -70mV charge across the membrane

Progestins

Third class of steroid hormones

The up-the-nose case of N.A. had a major impact on theories of amnesia because

This case was about the medial diencephalon,

Cell Differentiation

Through selective expression of DNA or synthesis of protein.

Dorsal Horns

Two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, word salad results from damage to __________.

Wernicke's area

thiamine

a B1 vitamin necessary to use glucose

endorphins

a class of endogenous opioids.

H.M. was

a person who had epilepsy.

Cerebral ischemia is A) a condition characterized by cancerous brain tumors. B) a type of cerebral hemorrhage. C) a shortage of blood to the brain. D) an area of brain damage. E) an area of brain damage caused by a toxin.

a shortage of blood to the brain

Cerebral ischemia is

a shortage of blood to the brain.

glucose

a simple sugar

Amygdala

a structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus, plays a role in emotion

red nucleus

a structure of the sensorimotor system that is located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon

diethylstilbestrol

a synthetic estrogen found to significantly increase women's attraction to other women when mothers are exposed to it during pregnancy

what is phylogenetic

aka hereditary history

Convulsions can be triggered by the sudden withdrawal of this widely used drug of abuse: __________.

alcohol

Delirium tremens is a symptom of __________ withdrawal.

alcohol

Dementia, liver cirrhosis, and gastritis are often experienced by people addicted to __________.

alcohol

large neurotransmitters

all neuropeptides

A major problem with the therapeutic use of neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia is that they A) help only a small proportion of patients. B) tend to act on only some symptoms. C) produce disturbing side effects. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all of the above

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression A) are parallel processes. B) have no direct causal relation. C) are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

If you were going to illustrate the extent of H.M.'s bilateral lesion, you could accomplish this best if you drew H.M.'s brain from __________ perspective.

an inferior

sagittal sections

any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain

Lateral tegmental field

area of midbrain that appears to control male sexual behavior

After several nights of REM-sleep deprivation, penile erections often A) do not occur during sleep. B) become difficult to achieve during wakefulness. C) begin to occur during SWS. D) make it difficult to get back to sleep. E) become embarrassing.

begin to occur during SWS

anterior pituitary

begins in the same part of tissue that develops into the roof of the mouth, but migrates upward toward the posterior pituitary; it is from here that it releases the hormones

Imipramine A) is a serotonin and norepinephrine antagonist. B) blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. C) blocks dopamine receptors. D) is a dopamine antagonist. E) both C and D

blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Ablatio penis

born a male and reassigned genitals of a female

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted: A) The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. B) There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state. C) The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli. D) both A and B E) both B and C

both A and B

Phenothiazines bind effectively to A) D1 receptors. B) D2 receptors. C) glutamate receptors. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

what is psychosurgery

brain surgery to perform the treatment of a psychological problem -based on a single chimp case -failure the see the consequences of the surgery

dendrites

branching fibers from a neuron that receive information from other neurons

monoamine neurotransmitters are divided into 2 groups

caetcholamines and indolamines

axoaxonic synapse

can mediate presynaptic facilitation and inhibition

One patient with prefrontal damage could not cook a meal because she could not

carry out the various steps involved in preparing a meal in proper sequence.

The first mammalian circadian gene to have its structure characterized was A) tau. B) clock. C) alarm. D) circa. E) circada.

clock

proximal

close to something

An effective atypical antischizophrenic drug is A) clozapine. B) buspirone. C) reserpine. D) chlorpromazine. E) iproniazid.

clozapine

ganglia

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system(singular ganglion)

olfactory glomeruli

discrete clusters of neurons on the surface of the olfactory bulbs; each neuron in a particular cluster contains the same type of receptor protein.

schizophrenia

dopamine agonists (cocaine and amphetamines) produce a transient condition that resembles schizophrenia; caused by excessive activity at dopamine synapses and that potent dopamine antagonists would be effective in its treatment; D2 receptor plays a major role in schizophrenia and drugs that block the D2 receptor are the most effective antischozopheric drugs

ion channel

each type of ion channel is specialized for the passage of particular ions

The stage of sleep EEG that follows the second bout of stage 2 sleep during a normal night's sleep is A) emergent stage 3. B) initial stage 1. C) emergent stage 1. D) emergent stage 2. E) stage 3.

emergent stage 1

REMs are associated with A) initial stage 1 EEG. B) increased EMG activity in the core muscles. C) stage 4 EEG. D) emergent stage 1 EEG. E) the first-night phenomenon.

emergent stage 1 EEG

The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum appears to be involved in the __________ component.

emotional; sensorimotor

A mirror-like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of A) empathy. B) fear. C) love. D) negative emotions. E) fear mosaics.

empathy

K.C., the man who can't time travel, experienced a severe deficit in __________ memory.

episodic

An MRI of N.A.'s brain later revealed

extensive medial diencephalic damage.

An MRI of N.A.'s brain later revealed A) extensive medial diencephalic damage. B) selective damage to the mammillary bodies. C) selective damage to the mediodorsal nuclei. D) total destruction of the thalamus. E) deficits in forming new explicit memories.

extensive medial diencephalic damage.

The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in A) eye blink conditioning. B) face memory. C) music memory. D) aversive conditioning. E) operant conditioning.

eye blink conditioning

The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in

eye blink conditioning.

The belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the A) facial feedback hypothesis. B) Duchenne hypothesis. C) Ekman hypothesis. D) prosody principle. E) Pinel principle.

facial feedback hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the A) emotion feedback hypothesis. B) induced-emotion hypothesis. C) facial feedback hypothesis. D) Duchenne hypothesis. E) Ekman hypothesis

facial feedback hypothesis

vasopressin

facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys

What is an independent variable?

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes. example: time

Withdrawal from morphine or heroin triggers a syndrome that is much like a bad case of the __________.

flu

Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the

hippocampus.

• Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged---

ions

In 1957, this drug became the first drug to be marketed as an antidepressant: A) iproniazid. B) imipramine. C) reserpine. D) clozapine. E) lithium.

iproniazid

saltatory conduction

jumping of action potentials from one node to another by the flow of positive ions

Disorders characterized by recurring uncontrollable anxiety-producing thoughts and impulses are classified as __________ disorders. A) panic B) phobic C) obsessive-compulsive D) schizophrenic E) manic-depressive

obsessive-compulsive

opioid chemicals

occur naturally in the brain

Many addicts manage to stop taking the drug to which they are addicted, sometimes for several months, but they usually __________.

relapse

anosmia

the inability to smell.

aromatization

the process of aromatase converting testosterone to estradiol

how is dopamine synthesized

tyrosine is converted to L-dopa, which is converted to dopamine

Testosterone

- Most common androgen - in adulthood, males have HIGHER levels than women but women DO have androgens

what are 2 common non experimental studies?

1) quasi experimental 2) case study

About what percentage of people suffer from clinical depression at some point in their lives? A) 1% B) 0.1% C) 10% D) 3% E) 23%

10%

potential inside a resting neuron

70 mV less than that outside the neuron

Medical examiners often attribute death to heroin overdose without assessing blood levels. In one study, careful toxicological analysis at autopsy of such cases often revealed... A) low blood levels of heroin. B) high blood levels of other CNS depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines. C) high levels of disulfiram. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A and B A) low blood levels of heroin. B) high blood levels of other CNS depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines.

The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language is based to a large degree on the following method: A) fMRI. B) PET. C) structural CT. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A and B A) fMRI. B) PET.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which results in compensatory adrenal hyperactivity and excessive release of adrenal androgens

Amygdala

A part of the limbic system that plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories.

Estrus

A period of 12-18 hours during which the female is fertile, receptive, proceptive, and sexually attractive

Of the 214 aphasic patients in the classic Hecaen and Angelergues's study, how many displayed disorders of language that were purely expressive (i.e., Broca's aphasia) or purely expressive (i.e., Wernicke's aphasia)? A) 0 B) 23 C) 47 D) 102 E) 148

A) 0

Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose? A) IV B) IM C) SC D) through mucus membranes E) oral

A) IV

Many of the early studies of the split brain were conducted in the laboratory of... A) Roger Sperry. B) Wilder Penfield. C) Brenda Milner. D) John Pinel. E) Doreen Kimura

A) Roger Sperry

Who were the neurosurgeons who performed the first major series of commissurotomies for the treatment of intractable epilepsy? A) Vogel and Bogen B) Kolb and Whishaw C) Olds and Milner D) Pinel and Barnes E) Sperry and Gazzaniga

A) Vogel and Bogen

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, when we read, the output of the angular gyrus is transmitted to... A) Wernicke's area. B) Broca's area. C) the primary motor cortex. D) the arcuate fasciculus. E) the primary visual cortex

A) Wernicke's area

A hangover is a... A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome. B) form of alcohol psychosis. C) fetal alcohol syndrome. D) form of alcohol dementia. E) mild alcohol sensitization effect.

A) mild alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Mesencephalon

AKA midbrain. Two divisions are the tectum and the tegmentum.

Active conduction is to passive conduction as

APs are to EPSPs

Prefrontal Cortex

All cortical areas rostral to the motor association cortex. Planning and strategizing.

Basal Ganglia

Associated with planning of motor movement and with the aspects of memory and emotional expressions.

Sympathetic Nerves

Autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (lower back) and thoracic (chest) regions of the spinal cord. Project from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons that are a substantial distance from their target organs.

Parasympathetic Nerves

Autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord. Project from the CNS terminate near their target organs on very short second-stage neurons.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, during speech, the output of Wernicke's area is transmitted to... A) the angular gyrus. B) Broca's area. C) primary motor cortex. D) Heschl's gyrus. E) the planum temporale

B) Broca's area

Which of the following investigators, along with Sperry, played a major role in testing the original series of human split-brain patients? A) Kimura B) Gazzaniga C) Kolb D) Milner E) Petersen

B) Gazzaniga

__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less of the drug gets to its site of action in the brain A) Contingent B) Metabolic C) Situationally specific D) Functional E) In vitro

B) Metabolic

The first large-scale cortical electrical stimulation studies of conscious human patients were conducted by... A) Lashley. B) Penfield. C) Hebb. D) Kimura. E) Milner.

B) Penfield

Medulla Oblongata

BRAIN: Function: Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation

Cerebral Cortex

BRAIN: Function: The "new brain" responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain; contains four lobes: Think, evaluate, make complex judgements

Cerebral Cortex

BRAIN: Location: Above everything

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Breaks down excessive levels of some neurotransmitters.

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, __________ area is the center of speech production

Broca's

__________ disease is a condition experienced by tobacco users; it is associated with the constriction of the blood vessels of the periphery, particularly the feet.

Buerger's disease

Neurotransmitter

Chemical that travels across synapses and allows communication between neurons.

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from... A) morphine. B) cocaine. C) heroin. D) alcohol. E) high doses of nicotine.

D) alcohol

"Song of Praise" to cocaine was written by... A) The Grateful Dead. B) Bob Marley. C) Paul Simon. D) The Rolling Stones. E) Sigmund Freud

E) Sigmund Freud

Substantia Nigra

Gives rise to the dopamine-containing pathway facilitating readiness for movement.

Rats have one advantage over monkeys in the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia: A) In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial medial temporal cortex damage. B) Rats live longer. C) Rats learn object-recognition tasks more readily. D) Rats have better episodic memories. E) Rats have a subcortical hippocampus.

In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial medial temporal cortex damage.

Adaptation

In response to changes in the environment, neurons turn on or turns off the machinery to convert DNA to RNA and then to protein--induced by neurotransmitter input and other things. Transporting proteins made in the cell body down an axon is a slow process and may take days or weeks before the neuron can make and transport enough new protein to observe an adaptive response.

Ionotropic receptors are linked to...

Ligand-activated ion channels

Occipital Lobe

Located at posterior end of brain above cerebellum. Known as primary visual cortex. Highly responsible for visual input.

Hindbrain

Located at posterior portion of brain. Consists of Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

Parietal Lobe

Located at top of brain. Region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Mitochondria

Makes ATP from nutrients like glucose or lactate.

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Mechanism that surrounds brain and blocks most chemicals from entering.

Which of the following tasks is commonly used to study the spatial abilities of rats?

Morris water maze radial-arm maze

Motor Association Cortex

Planning and execution of movements.

Hippocampus

Plays a major role in memory.

Aromatization

Process of converting testosterone to estradiol

Autoreceptors

Receptors that detect the amount of transmitters released and inhibit further synthesis and release.

Ovariectomy

Removal of the ovaries

Orchidectomy

Removal of the testes

Microglia

Remove waste material, viruses, and fungi from brain. "Custodians"

Postsynaptic Neurons

Respond to stimulation by releasing chemicals that travel back to the presynaptic terminal where they inhibit further release.

Gyri

Ridges between fissures and sulci.

Neuron

Specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

Gonadotropin

Stimulates the release of gonadal hormones

Surgical sexual reassignment

Surgery to change sex

Threshold of excitation

The level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential; usually about -65 mV

substantia negra

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system

Myelencephalon

The most posterior division of the brain composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body.

Growth hormone

The only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a gland as its primary target; acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Testicular atrophy

Wasting away of testes

Medial preoptic area

Where the sexually dimorphic nucleus is found - plays a key role in male sexual behavior

myelin

a fatty insulating substance

graded potentials

a membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to the intensity of the stimulus

septum

a midline nucleus of ht limbic system, located near the anterior too of the cingulate cortex

myelinated axons

axons covered with myelin sheaths

whether a neuron fires depends on

balance between the excitatory and inhibitory signals reaching of axon

Performing visually guided tasks in the absence of conscious awareness of a visual image is called A) blindsight. B) macular sparing. C) macular sight. D) subcortical sight. E) cortical sight.

blindsight

Some patients with Tourette syndrome also display signs of A) attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. B) obsessive convulsive disorder. C) auditory and visual hallucinations. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and B

enzymatic degradation

breakdown of chemicals by enzymes

varicosities

bulges or sweepings

soma

cell body

neurons

cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

receptor

cells that are specialized to receive chemical, mechanical, or radiant signals from the environment; proteins that contain binding sites for particular neurotransmitters

neurons

cells that receive information and transmit it to other cells

The left and right hemispheres are connected by the A) fornix. B) septum. C) cerebral commissures. D) cerebral ligaments. E) arcuate fasciculus.

cerebral commissures

The existence of complementary color after images supports the opponent-process theory of __________ vision.

color

The discovery that there are three kinds of cones, each with a different absorption spectrum, supports the __________ or trichromatic theory of color vision.

component

Jennifer Aniston cells are also called

concept cells.

by binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death:

curare

In rats, boxing is A) a form of lateral attack. B) defensive. C) predatory. D) social aggression. E) an alpha attack

defensive

Each facial expression __________ on the left side of the face. A) develops later B) develops sooner C) is of less magnitude D) both A and C E) both B and C

develops sooner

The most widely used behavioral test of language lateralization for healthy subjects is Kimura's adaptation of the A) dichotic listening test. B) sodium amytal test. C) unilateral-lesion procedure. D) token test. E) split-brain test

dichotic listening test

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial A) diencephalon. B) prefrontal lobes. C) temporal lobes. D) parietal lobes. E) hippocampus.

diencephalon.

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is

diffuse.

The aspect of R.M.'s case that is most ironic is that A) he is a sleep researcher who sleeps a lot. B) during his amnesia, his circadian cycles were disturbed. C) during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered the case of H.M. D) he should not have been skiing after a head injury. E) he never forgot how to ski during his amnesia..

during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered the case of H.M.

periacqueductal gray

effect of the VMN on sexual vehavior is mediated by a tract that descends to the...

Stress that improves health has been termed A) good stress. B) eustress. C) adaptive stress. D) bona fide stress. E) pseudostress

eustress

what is the advantage of having a human subject for research?

follow intructions, report subjective experience

The blind spot is the place where axons of retinal __________ cells leave the eye

ganglion

The first retinal neurons encountered by light entering the eye are the retinal __________ cells

ganglion

oligodendrocytes

glial cells that myelinated axons of the central nervous system:aka oligodendroglia

microglia

glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses

In one common type of LTP experiment, the perforant path is stimulated and the response is recorded in the A) neocortex. B) cerebellum. C) granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. D) motor neuron. E) nictitating-membrane circuit.

granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus

In one common type of LTP experiment, the perforant path is stimulated and the response is recorded in the

granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Why do we have two memory systems - explicit and implicit - that are both capable of learning the same material? What advantage is there in having a second, conscious system? Recent evidence suggests that the answer is

greater flexibility. Rationale: Explicit memories because they are conscious, can be used in a variety of ways and contexts.

Dimorphic

humans come in two standard models: males and females

hyperpolorize

increase the resting membrane potential

The longer that an addict remains abstinent, the greater craving response to drug-related cues. This is called ____________ of drug craving.

incubation

define applied research

intened to bring about some benefit to humans kind

The EEG of a cerveau isolé is desynchronized only during A) sleep. B) wakefulness. C) intense visual or olfactory stimuli. D) all of the above E) both A and C

intense visual or olfactory stimuli

microelectrodes

intracellular electrodes

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

is faster than in unmyelinated axons

Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggest that schizophrenia A) is caused entirely by genetic factors. B) is uninfluenced by genetic factors. C) is greatly influenced by genetic factors. D) is a mental disorder. E) doesn't run in families.

is greatly influenced by genetic factors

conduction of EPSP and IPSP

is passive

Sodium amytal and dichotic listening tests are commonly used tests of A) audition. B) intelligence. C) handedness. D) language lateralization. E) brain damage.

language lateralization

sexual dimorphisms

male-female structural differences

blood-brain barrier

mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the brain

Lashley experienced an interesting completion effect: The face of his friend was replaced by the background wallpaper pattern. This occurred during A) a seizure. B) a migraine attack. C) a flash back. D) blindsight. E) recovery from a brain tumor.

migraine attack

threshold of excitation

minimum amount of membrane polarization necessary to trigger an action potential

glutamate

most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian CNS

motor neuron

neuron that receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells

Multipolar neurons

one axon, has many dendrites projecting out, most common type

parietal lobe

one of the 4 cerebral lobes;it is located just posterior to the central fissure

brain-gut peptides

one of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; consists of those first discovered in the gut

hypothalamic peptides

one of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus

tonotopic

organized, like the primary auditory cortex, according to the frequency of sound.

somatotopic

organized, like the primary somatosensory cortex, according to a map of the surface of the body.

retinotopic

organized, like the primary visual cortex, according to a map of the retina.

Drugs for which the market is too small for them to be profitable are called __________ drugs. A) orphan B) translational C) noneconomic D) petit mal E) active

orphan

Hippocampectomy in rats usually involves damage to a small area of overlying __________ so that the aspiration can be performed.

parietal cortex

The human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in the A) perception of fear in others. B) experience of fear. C) feelings of fear. D) focus of fear. E) reappraisal of fear paradigms.

perception of fear in others

Scotomas are normally identified and characterized by a __________ test.

perimetry

If you wanted to conduct a study to determine whether rats find a particular drug pleasurable, the conditioned __________ paradigm would be a good test to use.

place-preference

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by A) head bobbing. B) head nodding. C) wing flapping. D) pointing their beaks away from one another. E) none of the above

pointing their beaks away from one another.

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be...

polarized

gray matter

portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

white matter

portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons

Most lateral geniculate neurons terminate in A) the primary visual cortex. B) cortical layer IV. C) the contralateral hemisphere. D) both A and B E) both A and C

primary visual cortex cortical layer IV

Blindsight occurs most commonly in people with A) retinal damage. B) collicular damage. C) primary visual cortex damage. D) thalamic damage. E) spinal damage.

primary visual cortex damage

Although much evidence from various species suggests that hippocampal damage disrupts spatial memory, evidence from __________ has been inconsistent.

primates

define genes

providethe code for the unique arrangements of the many protein which make up people

A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist is called a __________ disorder. A) neuropsychological B) psychiatric C) neurobehavioral D) neurochemical E) degenerative

psychiatric

what are other terms for behavorial neuroscience

psychobiology, biological psychology, biopsychology. -all refer to the study of brain-behavior relationships

what is another name(s) for biopsychology?

psychology, behaviorist biology, or behavioral neuroscience

__________ theories of sleep presume that being awake somehow disrupts the homeostasis of the body, and sleep is required to restore it.

recuperation

Unlike reserpine, chlorpromazine does not A) reduce the extracellular levels of dopamine. B) increase dopamine levels. C) produce Parkinsonian side effects. D) cause dementia. E) function as a dopamine antagonist.

reduce the extracellular levels of dopamine

Cerebral hypoxia

reduction of oxygen to the brain

Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.

reference

Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory. A) complex B) reference C) working D) place E) inclusive

reference

noradrenergic

referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter

hormone release

regulated by signals from nervous system, signals from hormones, and signals from nonhormonal chemicals in the blood

membrane potential of a neuron at rest

relatively constant despite the high pressure acting to drive sodium ions into the cell; resting membrane is relatively impermeable to sodium ions and because these few that do pass in are pumped out

ovariectomy

removal of ovaries

orchidectomy

removal of the testes

REM sleep is controlled by circuits in the caudal __________ of the brain stem.

reticular formation (or reticular activating system)

dopamine

reward and motivation

Involuntary fixational flick-like eye movements are called __________.

saccades

Rod-mediated achromatic vision under dim illumination is called __________ vision.

scotopic

polarization

see electrical gradient

nodes of ranvier

short unmyelinated sections of axon between segments of myelin

In addition to the memory deficits commonly observed in medial temporal lobe amnesics, predementia Alzheimer's patients commonly experience deficits in

short-term memory. implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material.

Under free-running conditions, longer periods of wakefulness and are usually followed by A) shorter periods of sleep. B) longer periods of sleep. C) sleep with no REM. D) sleep inertia. E) restless legs.

shorter periods of sleep

monopolar or unipolar neurons

single extension that branches in two directions forming a receptive pole and output zone

Investigators have studied the contribution of eye movements to vision by studying the effects of A) visual objects that do not move. B) stabilized retinal images. C) ciliary muscle paralysis. D) neck muscle paralysis. E) accommodation.

stabilized retinal images

The adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by A) enriched environments. B) stress. C) antibodies. D) pyramidal cells. E) maternal grooming

stress

Another name for primary visual cortex is A) lateral geniculate cortex. B) retinocortex. C) striate cortex. D) foveal cortex. E) optic cortex.

striate cortex

The retina-geniculate-striate system terminates in the A) striate cortex. B) primary visual cortex. C) neocortex of the parietal lobe. D) both A and B E) both A and C

striate cortex primary visual cortex

As drug addiction develops, the control of drug taking seems to spread from the ventral to the dorsal __________.

striatum

cell body (soma)

structure containing the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria

spatial summation

summing of potentials that come from different parts of the neurons, all the EPSP and IPSP are added up from the dendrites and cell body and the neuron gets ready to fire

axon hillock

swelling of the soma, the point where the axon begins

directed synapses

synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity

ageusia

the inability to taste.

growth hormone

the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a gland as its primary target

The existence of complementary color afterimages supports A) the opponent-process theory. B) the component theory. C) the trichromatic theory. D) a hierarchical model. E) spatial-frequency theory.

the opponent-process theory

adrenal cortex

the outer layer of the adrenal glands, regulates glucose and salt levels in the blood, but also releases small amounts of all the sex steroids

define biopsychology

the scientific study of the biology of behavior

sexual identity

the sex, male or female, that a person believes themselves to be

all or none response

they either occur to the full extent or did not occur at all

Imipramine is a A) tricyclic antidepressant. B) MOA inhibitor. C) phenothiazine. D) butyrophenone. E) serotonin antagonist.

tricyclic antidepressant.

glia

type of cell in the nervous system that, in contrast to neurons, does not conduct impulses over long distances

Depth of focus is normally greater A) in dim light. B) when the pupils are dilated. C) when the pupils are constricted. D) when the ciliary muscles are contracted. E) both B and D

when the pupils are constricted

The ability to refrain from visiting an arm of the radial arm maze more than once on a given test is a measure of __________ memory. A) semantic B) episodic C) working D) reference E) spatial

working

The radial arm maze can be used to study both reference memory and ___ memory

working

The radial arm maze can be used to study both reference memory and __________ memory.

working

Tryptophan

Precursor to serotonin

Superior/Inferior Colliculus

Processes sensory information.

Maternal immune hypothesis

Proposes that mothers become progressively more immune to masculinizing hormones in male fetuses, and a mother's immune system might deactivate masculinizing hormones in her younger sons

The discovery of the lateralization of aphasia and apraxia led to the A) concept of a dominant left hemisphere. B) concept of a dominant right hemisphere. C) development of commissurotomy. D) development of split-brain surgery. E) both C and D

concept of a dominant left hemisphere

Autonomic Division

concerned with the parts of the body that function involuntarily without our awareness

Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after

concussion.

velocity of axonal conduction

conduction is faster in large diameter axons and those that are myelinated; motor neurons are fast;

Animals without __________ tend to be nocturnal (i.e., active only at night).

cones

axon hillock

conical structure at the junction between the cell body and the axon

Motoneurons

connect through motor neurons and make muscles move

Depth of focus is usually greater when the pupils are __________.

constricted

Botox is

-a deadly poison -a nicotinic antagonist -used to reduce tremors

depolarize

decrease the resting membrane potential

In contrast to the "where" vs. "what" theory, Goodale and Milner have argued that the respective functions of the dorsal and ventral streams are A) "what" vs. "where." B) "conscious perception" vs. "control of behavior." C) "control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception." D) both A and B E) both A and C

"control of behavior" vs. "conscious perception"

When rats are not sure where they are, their place cells fire in accordance with where they A) "think" they are. B) "want" to be. C) came from. D) are going. E) "expect" to be picked up.

"think" they are

When rats are not sure where they are, their place cells fire in accordance with where they

"think" they are.

gonadectomy

(castration) is the removal of gonads

The Mumby-box is an apparatus that has been frequently used to study

*delayed nonmatching-to-sample* in rats.

Wolffian system

- 6 weeks after fertilization -Has the capacity to develop into the male reproductive ducts

Mullerian system

- 6 weeks after fertilization -Has the capacity to develop into the female ducts - ex: upper part of vagina and fallopian tubes

Which of the following is a correct statement about medial temporal lobe amnesics? They often have

- medial temporal lobe pathology. - a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to that of H.M. Many temporal lobe amnesics have normal semantic memories

Progesterone

- most common type of progestin -In women, prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy

voltage between electro tips in the intracellular electrode inserted into a neuron

-70 millivolts

decremental

-lose amplitude as it travels, strongest at the epicenter

metabotropic receptors

-receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins -the G proteins go on and open ion channels or second messenger systems, which can cause structural change

Microglia are phagocytes of the A) blood. B) liver. C) adrenal cortex. D) CNS. E) PNS.

CNS

Hypothalamus

-ventromedial nucleus: female sexual behavior - medial preoptic area: male sexual behavior

How many gene therapies are currently in widespread routine clinical use? A) 0 B) 2 C) 8 D) over 50 E) over 100

0

voltage between electrode tips in the extracellular fluid

0

What proportion of patients with damage restricted to Broca's area display pure Broca's aphasia? Approximately __________%.

0.0

what are the 4 monoamines neurotransmitters?

1 - dopamine. 2- epinephrine. 3- norepinephrine. 4- seratonin.

what are the two most widely studied amino acid neurotransmitters?

1 - glutamate - GABA most common excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter into

About what proportion of the adult population suffers from schizophrenia? A) 0.01% B) 0.1% C) 1% D) 12% E) 17%

1%

Translation

1) Initiation: An mRNA reaches a ribosome and an initiator tRNA appears with the first amino acid, usually Methionine. 2) Elongation: Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to forma chain. 3) Termination: A stop codon in the mRNA enters the A site and is recognized by proteins called release factors which add water to the last amino acid in the chain causing the chain to separate from the tRNA and the new protein is released.

Transcription

1) Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene and unwinds the DNA. 2) Elongation: RNA polymerase reads the unwound strand of DNA and builds the mRNA molecule using complementary base pairs. 3) Termination: Ends transcription, RNA polymerase reads a stop sequence and the mRNA strand detaches from DNA.

Functional Differences Between the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves

1) Sympathetic nerves stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations, whereas parasympathetic nerves act to conserve energy. 2) Each autonomic target organ receives opposing sympathetic and parasympathetic input, and its activity is thus controlled by relative levels of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity. 3) Sympathetic changes are indicative of physiological arousal, whereas parasympathetic changes are indicative of psychological relaxation.

what are three classes.of conventional small-molecule neurotransmitters?

1- amino acids. 2 - monoamines. 3 - acetylcholine

what are the 7 steps a neurotransmitter goes through?

1- synthesis of the neurotransmitter. 2- storage in vesicles. 3-breakdown on cytoplasm of any neurotransmitter that leaks from vesicles. 4- exocytosis. 5- inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors. 6- activation of postsynaptic receptors. 7- deactivation

what are the divisions of biopsychology

1. physiological psychology 2. psychopharmacology 3. neuropsychology 4. psychophysiology 5. cognitive neuroscience 6. comparative psychology

It has been estimated that benzodiazepines are currently being used by approximately __________ of adult North Americans. A) 10% B) 2% C) 1% D) 19% E) 33%

10%

The probability that a close biological relative (i.e., a parent, sibling, or child) of a patient suffering from schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about A) 1%. B) 2%. C) 10%. D) 35%. E) 55%.

10%

Approximately __________% of people experience infantile amnesia

100

Approximately __________% of people experience infantile amnesia.

100

maximum velocity of motor neuron action potentials for cats

100 meters per second

Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?

100%

Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia? A) 0% B) 5% C) 8% D) 21% E) 100%

100%

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves of the peripheral nervous system that project off the brain and not the spinal cord. Include purely sensory nerves but most contain both sensory and motor fibers. The autonomic motor components are parasympathetic.

A meta-analysis of 46 studies indicated that about _________ of individuals will suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. A) 54% B) 17% C) 8% D) 7% E) 33%

17%

In the neurotransplantation experiment by Ralph and colleagues, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) were transplanted from the fetuses of mutant hamsters that had abnormally brief free-running sleep-wake cycles into normal adult hamsters whose sleep-wake cycles had been abolished by SCN lesions. The transplants initiated __________ sleep-wake cycles in the recipients. A) 24-hour B) 24-hour free-running C) 25.5-hour free-running D) 20-hour free-running E) reversed

20 hour free-running

Under normal living conditions, most of our entrained circadian cycles are about A) 23.1 hours long. B) 23.5 hours long. C) 24.0 hours long. D) 24.5 hours long. E) 25.2 hours long.

24.0 hours long

Discuss medial temporal lobe amnesia, emphasizing the cases of H.M. and R.B. What have we learned from the study of this disorder?

25% for discussing H. M. 25% for discussing R. B. 25% for a general discussion of medial temporal amnesia 25% for explaining what we have learned from the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia

Clinical trials are typically conducted in __________ separate phases. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 6 E) 10

3

Normally, the fifth stage of sleep EEG to be reached after a person falls asleep at night is stage __________.

3

Describe the major symptoms of posttraumatic amnesia and how these symptoms have provided support for the theory of consolidation. Describe studies that have been conducted to determine consolidation times and what they have accomplished.

30% for a description of post traumatic amnesia 20% for a description of consolidation and the evidence for it 30% for a description of studies of gradients of retrograde amnesia 20% for reaching a conclusion based on the discussion

What is LTP? Why is LTP so interesting to researchers? Describe a specific demonstration of LTP at a hippocampal site of your choice, and include a diagram.

30% for defining LTP 30% for explaining why it is to interesting to researchers 30% for describing a specific demonstration of LTP 10% for a relevant diagram

Summarize the evidence that the hippocampus is involved in memory for space. Describe three kinds of evidence, and reach a conclusion.

30% for describing relevant lesion studies 30% for describing research on place cells 30% for describing comparative research 10% for reaching conclusions based on the evidence

Discuss Korsakoff's syndrome and the amnesia associated with it. What areas of the brain have been linked to Korsakoff's syndrome, and what is the evidence for these links?

30% for discussing Korsakoff's syndrome 40% for linking the mammillary bodies, mediodorsal nuclei, and the medial diencephalon to Korsakoff's amnesia 30% for describing relevant evidence

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. Axons are joined to the cord by one of two roots; the dorsal root or the ventral root.

what is the Jimmie G. case?

49 year old who is reliving his 19 year old self by retelling of his school days and speaks of navy days in the present tense

How many digits are presented during one trial of the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 12

6

maximum velocity of motor neurons in humans

60 meters per second

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about --/---

60 meters/second

how many branches of biopsychology are there? what are they?

6; 1) neurophysiology 2)neuropharmacology 3) neuropathology 4)neuroanatomy 5) neurochemistry 6)neuroendocrinology

In the initial report of the relation between dream recall and REM sleep, what proportion of awakenings from REM sleep led to dream reports? A) 100% B) 80% C) 60% D) 40% E) 20%

80%

Each cycle of sleep during a typical night tends to be about A) 5 minutes long. B) 20 minutes long. C) 35 minutes long. D) 90 minutes long. E) 140 minutes long.

90 minutes long

At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task A) 90% B) 76% C) 70% D) 60% E) 5%

90%

In humans, about __________% of retinal ganglion cell axons become part of the retina-geniculate pathways.

90%

The induction of LTP at glutaminergic synapses appears to A) be a postsynaptic phenomenon. B) be a presynaptic phenomenon. C) depend on an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron. D) both B and C E) both A and C

A & C be a postsynaptic phenomenon depend on an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron

LTP is one of the most widely studied models of the physiology of memory because it A) can last for a long time. B) does not depend on co-occurrence. C) depends on co-occurrence. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A & C can last for a long time depends on co-occurrence

In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on A) implicit memory tests. B) explicit memory tests. C) the hippocampus. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A & C implicit memory tests the hippocampus

Hemianopsic patients who focus on the tip of a person's nose sometimes A) experience completion. B) report seeing only half the face contralateral to the damage. C) report seeing the entire face. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A & C experience completion report seeing the entire face

K complexes and sleep spindles A) occur during stage 2 sleep. B) are EOG waves. C) are EEG waves. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A & C occur during stage 2 sleep are EEG waves

Rattlesnakes can see in A) what for humans would be complete darkness. B) what for snakes is complete darkness. C) infrared light. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A & C: what for humans would be complete darkness/ infrared light

The volunteers in the first experiments performed on split-brain humans had... A) suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. B) their corpus callosums severed. C) their optic chiasms severed. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) suffered from severe cases of epilepsy. B) their corpus callosums severed.

According to the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction, as an addict habitually consumes the drug, the... A) positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases. B) hedonic value of taking the drug decreases. C) positive-incentive value of taking the drug decreases. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A and B A) positive-incentive value of taking the drug increases. B) hedonic value of taking the drug DECREASES

According to the cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of language, A) constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. B) the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose. C) because language is very complex it is likely controlled by one large homogeneous area of cortex. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) constituent cognitive processes of language are localized in the brain. B) the areas of the brain involved in language are not dedicated solely to that purpose.

The decision to treat "terminal" human epileptics with commissurotomy was made on the basis of previous comparative studies that had shown that... A) epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. B) commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations. C) commissurotomy eliminates seizure discharges. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) epileptic discharges spread from one hemisphere to the other via the corpus callosum. B) commissurotomy has little disruptive effect on behavior outside contrived laboratory situations.

The first-to-be-isolated endogenous chemical that binds to THC receptors was named... A) anandamide. B) hightime. C) bromandamine. D) mellotamine. E) endorphin.

A) anandamide.

Which of the following opiates is an analgesic? A) morphine B) codeine C) amphetamine D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) morphine B) codeine

In healthy individuals, information from the right eye can cross to the left hemisphere via the... A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum. C) fornix. D) all of the above E) both A and B

A and B A) optic chiasm. B) corpus callosum

After the picture of a familiar object is flashed in the right visual field of a human split-brain patient, the patient can... A) say what the object was. B) reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects. C) reach into a bag with her left hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects. D) both A and B E) both A and C

A and B A) say what the object was. B) reach into a bag with her right hand and select the object that was presented from a group of test objects

In experiments on split-brain laboratory animals, visual information can be presented to only the left hemisphere by... A) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. B) blindfolding the left eye. C) blindfolding the right eye. D) both A and B together E) both A and C together

A and C together A) cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally. C) blindfolding the right eye

Absolute refractory period

A brief period (typically 1 to 2 milliseconds) after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron

The left planum temporale roughly corresponds to... A) Wernicke's area. B) Broca's area. C) the frontal operculum. D) Heschl's gyrus. E) primary auditory cortex

A) Wernicke's area

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses. A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) amphetamine E) morphine

A) alcohol

Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation. A) alcohol B) nicotine C) morphine D) caffeine E) marijuana

A) alcohol

Which of the following drugs is a diuretic? A) alcohol B) marijuana C) nicotine D) morphine E) cocaine

A) alcohol

Which of the following drugs is associated with severe dementia, gastritis, and cirrhosis of the liver? A) alcohol B) nicotine C) morphine D) cocaine E) marijuana

A) alcohol

A spoon is presented in the left visual field of a split-brain patient, and an apple is simultaneously presented in the right. Then, the patient is instructed to reach into two bags (one with each hand) and feel around until he comes up with the object that was presented on the screen. However, before the objects are withdrawn, the patient is asked to tell the experimenter what he has in each hand. The patient is likely to say, "I have... A) an apple in each hand." B) a spoon in each hand." C) an apple in my left hand and a spoon in my right." D) a spoon in my left hand and an apple in my right." E) no idea."

A) an apple in each hand."

The early physical-dependence theories of drug addiction were discredited by the observation that... A) detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits. B) if addicts withdraw over a long period, withdrawal symptoms are more severe. C) drug addicts who are kept from using drugs for a year or more almost always permanently kick the habit. D) both A and B E) both B and C

A) detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits.

A major advantage of the Z lens over conventional procedures for testing split-brain patients is that it... A) does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds. B) permits the testing of both hemispheres. C) does not require an eye patch. D) all of the above E) both B and C

A) does not restrict the experimenter to the use of simple visual stimuli presented for 0.1 seconds

Illustrated here is a paradigm that is used to study addictive drugs: the... A) drug self-administration paradigm. B) contingent tolerance paradigm. C) conditioned place paradigm. D) intracranial electrical self-stimulation paradigm. E) conditioned tolerance paradigm

A) drug self-administration paradigm.

A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called... A) drug tolerance. B) drug sensitization. C) drug withdrawal. D) physical dependence. E) psychological dependence.

A) drug tolerance.

Cross-cuing is communication between the hemispheres of a split-brain patient that occurs... A) externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres B) via the corpus callosum. C) via any cerebral commissure. D) via any cerebral commissure other than the corpus callosum. E) B or C

A) externally, via the behavior of one of the hemispheres

The substantia nigra is... A) in the mesencephalon. B) part of the striatum. C) one of the largest tracts of the brain stem. D) in the telencephalon. E) serotonergic

A) in the mesencephalon

The study of how left and right hemispheres differ in their approach to cognitive tasks has led to the concept of a left hemisphere... A) interpreter. B) reporter. C) responder. D) calculator. E) scientist.

A) interpreter

Which paradigm is illustrated here? A) intracranial self-stimulation B) conditioned place preference C) contingent tolerance D) drug self-administration E) Pavlovian conditioning

A) intracranial self-stimulation

Many early studies of intracranial self-stimulation focused on the stimulation of the... A) lateral hypothalamus or septum. B) cortex. C) amygdala. D) hippocampus. E) striatum or substantia nigra

A) lateral hypothalamus or septum.

The branch of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area is called the... A) mesocorticolimbic pathway. B) tegmental-striate pathway. C) medial forebrain bundle. D) fornix. E) nigrostriatal pathway

A) mesocorticolimbic pathway

In most countries, attempts to treat heroin and morphine addiction usually involve the prescription of... A) methadone. B) heroin. C) morphine. D) all of the above E) both B and C

A) methadone.

Tobacco is a leading cause of preventable death; worldwide, it contributes to over 5 __________ premature deaths per year. A) million B) hundred C) thousand D) trillion E) billion

A) million

Which of the following drugs is a now commonly prescribed analgesic? A) morphine B) caffeine C) cocaine D) alcohol E) heroin

A) morphine

Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium? A) morphine B) codeine C) heroin D) cocaine E) methadone

A) morphine

The findings of the brain stimulation studies of Ojemann and colleagues suggest that language abilities might be organized in the cortex like a A) mosaic. B) phonograph. C) text book. D) lexicon. E) serial.

A) mosaic

In humans, the following trait predicts individuals who will initially begin taking a drug: A) novelty seeking. B) low IQ. C) high IQ. D) paranoia. E) depression

A) novelty seeking

As compulsive drug taking develops, control of drug taking is thought to shift from the... A) nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum. B) dorsal to the ventral striatum. C) septum to ventral tegmental area. D) dorsal to the ventral septum. E) both B and D

A) nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum to the dorsal striatum

Laudanum, Godfrey's Cordial, Dalby's Carminative, Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, and Street's Infant Quietness were all legal medications that contained... A) opiates. B) coca paste. C) alcohol. D) cocaine. E) THC.

A) opiates.

Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be... A) physically dependent. B) psychologically dependent. C) tolerant. D) intoxicated. E) both B and C

A) physically dependent.

Evidence that the perception of music is lateralized comes from demonstrations that... A) the left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test. B) the right ear is superior to the left in the melodic dichotic listening test. C) left temporal-lobe damage is more likely than right temporal-lobe damage to disrupt musical abilities. D) both A and C E) both B and C

A) the left ear is superior to the right in the melodic dichotic listening test.

Both the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus are in... A) the temporal lobe. B) the frontal lobe. C) primary olfactory cortex. D) Wernicke's area. E) Broca's area.

A) the temporal lobe

Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease? A) tobacco B) morphine C) marijuana D) cocaine E) alcohol

A) tobacco Rationale: The fact that many patients continue to smoke after being diagnosed with Buerger's disease illustrates the power of nicotine addiction.

Cocaine sprees are the product of the interaction between the high positive-incentive value of cocaine and the rapid development of... A) tolerance. B) alcohol. C) schizophrenia. D) paranoia. E) convulsions.

A) tolerance.

Cranial Nerves

Allow medulla to control sensations from the head, muscle movements in the head, and many parasympathetic outputs.

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

An electric potential that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire.

Sodium-potassium pumps

An ion transporter that actively exchanges three Na+ ions inside the neuron for two K+ ions outside

Brain

An organ roughly half the size of a loaf of bread that constantly controls behavior

Much of what we believe about the biopsychology of drug addiction is based on the study of drug self-administration in laboratory animals, but there is a major concern: A) Most of the research has been based on opiate self-administration. B) Most of the research has been based on stimulant self-administration. C) The housing and testing conditions have been unnatural. D) both A and C E) both B and C

B and C B) Most of the research has been based on stimulant self-administration. C) The housing and testing conditions have been unnatural

The most powerful fMRI tests suggest that the language areas of the cortex are A) large and homogeneous. B) patchy and widespread. C) variable. D) both A and C E) both B and C

B and C B) patchy and widespread. C) variable

Antibodies are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called A) B cells. B) T cells. C) antigens. D) leucocytes. E) white blood cells

B cells

Light passes through layers of the retina in which of the following sequences? A) receptor layer, bipolar cell layer, retinal ganglion cell layer B) retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer C) retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer D) both B and C E) none of the above

B&C: retinal ganglion cell layer, horizontal cell layer, receptor layer retinal ganglion cell layer, amacrine cell layer, receptor layer

Each hemisphere of a human split-brain patient is capable of completion. That is why on the chimeric figures test, each hemisphere sees... A) the entire stimulus. B) a complete, but different, face. C) only half a face. D) the same face. E) only half the stimulus

B) a complete, but different, face.

Damage to the left angular gyrus has been implicated in some cases of... A) word salad. B) alexia and agraphia. C) aphagia. D) expressive aphasia. E) conduction aphasia.

B) alexia and agraphia

This split-brain patient was asked to reach under the ledge with her left hand and select the object that appeared on the screen. She selected the... A) spoon. B) apple. C) first the spoon and then the apple. D) first the apple and then the spoon. E) none of the above

B) apple

According to the Wernicke-Geschwind model, signals are carried from Wernicke's area to Broca's area via the left... A) corpus callosum. B) arcuate fasciculus. C) massa intermedia. D) angular gyrus. E) primary motor cortex

B) arcuate fasciculus

Many self-stimulation sites... A) contain serotonergic neurons. B) are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. C) are adrenergic. D) are glutaminergic. E) contain dopamine antagonists

B) are part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

Although several average neuroanatomical asymmetries have been reported in the areas of the human neocortex that are thought to play important roles in language, there is no strong evidence that these anatomical asymmetries... A) occur in healthy people. B) are related to the lateralization of language functions in individuals. C) occur in women. D) occur in musicians. E) occur in the left hemisphere

B) are related to the lateralization of language functions in individuals.

It has been estimated that the corpus callosum contains 200 million... A) nuclei. B) axons. C) glia. D) synapses. E) cell bodies

B) axons

Marijuana contains over 80... A) kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. B) cannabinoids. C) kinds of morphine. D) kinds of Cannabis sativa. E) hemp.

B) cannabinoids

Which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine? A) marijuana B) cocaine C) LSD D) morphine E) valium

B) cocaine

Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia? A) alcohol B) cocaine C) heroin D) opium E) LSD

B) cocaine Rationale: Before the effects of cocaine became well known to the medical community, cocaine users were commonly diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenics when they were taken to hospital emergency wards.

As a result of mounting evidence that broad categories of cognitive function are not lateralized, research on the lateralization of function has started to focus on... A) language. B) constituent cognitive processes. C) emotion. D) spatial ability. E) cognitive tasks

B) constituent cognitive processes

Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called... A) generalized tolerance. B) cross tolerance. C) contingent tolerance. D) functional tolerance. E) transferred tolerance.

B) cross tolerance.

During a test in which split-brain patients were asked to verbally specify which of two colors, red or green, had been presented in the left visual field, an interesting phenomenon was discovered. This phenomenon is... A) unilateral emotion. B) cross-cuing. C) the helping-hand phenomenon. D) transfer of hircismus. E) interhemispheric transfer of color.

B) cross-cuing

Most people palpate with their... A) prefrontal cortex. B) fingers. C) right hemispheres. D) visual cortex. E) mouths open

B) fingers

Left-hemisphere damage is more likely than right-hemisphere damage to be associated with... A) contralateral motor problems. B) ipsilateral motor problems. C) motor problems of the left hand. D) both A and C E) both B and C

B) ipsilateral motor problems.

The hypothetical neural mechanism in humans that continuously assesses patterns of events and tries to make sense of them is termed the... A) right-hemisphere interpreter. B) left-hemisphere interpreter. C) right prefrontal lobe. D) left prefrontal lobe. E) left-hemisphere dominatrix

B) left-hemisphere interpreter

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug... A) tolerance. B) metabolism. C) withdrawal. D) blocking. E) habituation.

B) metabolism.

Laboratory animals have frequently been shown to self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the... A) raphé nucleus. B) nucleus accumbens. C) basal forebrain. D) hippocampus. E) striatum.

B) nucleus accumbens

Opiates likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to... A) endorphins. B) opiate receptors. C) dopamine receptors. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) opiate receptors.

The direct health hazards of addiction to __________ are relatively minor; they include constipation, pupil constriction, menstrual irregularity, and reduced sex drive. A) marijuana B) opiates C) stimulants D) cocaine E) alcohol

B) opiates

Restlessness, watery eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from... A) alcohol. B) opiates. C) cocaine. D) nicotine. E) marijuana.

B) opiates.

In 1644, the Emperor of China banned tobacco smoking. This law contributed to an increase in __________ addiction. A) nicotine B) opium C) cocaine D) heroin E) morphine

B) opium

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually... A) similar to the initial effects of the drug. B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug. C) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much more severe. D) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe. E) no longer than a few minutes in duration.

B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are, by definition, A) addicted. B) physically dependent. C) metabolic. D) tolerant. E) psychologically dependent

B) physically dependent

Which of the following structures was found to be larger in the left hemisphere in about 65% of human brains? A) Heschl's gyrus B) planum temporale C) frontal operculum D) Broca's area E) both C and D

B) planum temporale

The major weakness of functional brain-imaging techniques as research tools is that they cannot A) be used to study nonhuman primates. B) prove causation. C) be used to study subcortical structures. D) reveal activity in cerebral nuclei. E) be used to study split-brain patients

B) prove causation

Kimura found that the __________ ear was better at identifying digits and the __________ ear was better at identifying melodies in the __________ test. A) left; right; sodium amytal B) right; left; dichotic listening C) left; right; dichotic listening D) right; left; sodium amytal E) left; right; cross-cuing

B) right; left; dichotic listening

Areas of the brain that analyze the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis. A) phonological B) semantic C) grammatical D) serial E) lexical

B) semantic

Theoretically, Broca's area is to Wernicke's area as... A) speech production is to speech reception. B) speech production is to language comprehension. C) conduction aphasia is to receptive aphasia. D) the frontal operculum is to the arcuate fasciculus. E) word salad is to conduction aphasia

B) speech production is to language comprehension.

Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified as... A) synthetics. B) stimulants. C) opiates. D) barbiturates. E) tricyclics.

B) stimulants.

Evidence suggests that the naming of different categories of nouns (such as faces, animals, or tools) is each mediated by a different part of the A) parietal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) occipital lobe. E) limbic lobe.

B) temporal lobe

Early research indicated that much of the aphasia resulting from the surgical excision of Broca's area was a consequence of... A) removal of the center for speech production. B) temporary postsurgical edema. C) removal of the center for speech reception. D) inadvertent removal of the arcuate fasciculus. E) inadvertent damage to Wernicke's area

B) temporary postsurgical edema

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by... A) reflexology. B) the blood-brain barrier. C) tolerance. D) the cerebrospinal fluid. E) withdrawal.

B) the blood-brain barrier.

Broca's area roughly corresponds to... A) the left planum temporale. B) the left frontal operculum. C) the left Heschl's gyrus. D) Wernicke's area. E) the right frontal operculum

B) the left frontal operculum

Studies of electrical intracranial self-stimulation have influenced the development of biopsychological theories of addiction by indicating that... A) the rewarding effects of drugs play a major role in addiction. B) there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure. C) drug withdrawal and drug pleasure are opposite processes. D) there are particular areas of the brain that mediate pleasure from drugs. E) the brain mediates pleasure

B) there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure.

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve A) upward. B) to the right. C) to the left. D) both A and B E) both A and C

B) to the right.

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack? A) alcohol B) tobacco C) cocaine D) marijuana E) morphine

B) tobacco

Recent research suggests that dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is more related to____________ than to _____________. A) liking; wanting B) wanting; liking C) craving; wanting D) wanting; craving E) hedonia: anhedonia

B) wanting; liking

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks A) indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. B) are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory. C) are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. D) both A and B E) both B and C

Both A and B

LSD and the other classical hallucinogens produce behavioral effects A) by acting as serotonin agonists. B) by acting as serotonin antagonists. C) that mimic the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. D) both A and C E) both B and C

Both A and C

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord.

Dendrites

Branched structure attached to the soma. Receives information from the terminal buttons.

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Gynecomastia

Breast growth in men

Corpus Callosum

Bundle of nerves that join the 2 halves of the brain together. Relays information between two hemispheres.

Exocytosis

Bursts of release neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft. Triggered by an action potential.

According to the text, the sad truth about many heroin-related deaths is that many... A) heroin addicts suffer incredible pain before dying. B) heroin addicts rarely take heroin. C) appear to be caused in part by the very laws that were enacted to prevent them. D) laws are aimed at solving the cause of the problem rather than the problem itself. E) of those who die are not breaking the law.

C) appear to be caused in part by the very laws that were enacted to prevent them.

Which of the following drugs is a stimulant? A) heroin B) morphine C) cocaine D) marijuana E) both A and B

C) cocaine

Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic? A) alcohol B) morphine C) cocaine D) nicotine E) ethyl alcohol

C) cocaine Rationale: Cocaine was once commonly used as a local anesthetic in dentistry

The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is.. A) cacao. B) crack. C) cocaine hydrochloride. D) lidocaine. E) procaine.

C) cocaine hydrochloride.

The helping-hand phenomenon was demonstrated in a test... A) involving the presentation of a photograph of a nude human figure. B) involving the presentation of a chimeric figure. C) in which the test items were in open view on top of a table. D) in which the patients were asked to reach into two different bags and pull out two different objects. E) in which the patients were asked to simultaneously pull the same object from two different bags

C) in which the test items were in open view on top of a table

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is... A) indigestion. B) the binding of drugs to the wall of the stomach. C) its unpredictability. D) nausea. E) that it promotes drug interactions.

C) its unpredictability

Wernicke's area is... A) in the right parietal lobe. B) in the right frontal lobe. C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex. D) both A and C E) both B and C

C) just posterior to the left primary auditory cortex

Shivering, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and muscle spasms are symptoms of... A) cocaine intoxication. B) alcohol withdrawal. C) later stages of severe heroin withdrawal. D) early stages of morphine withdrawal. E) heroin intoxication.

C) later stages of severe heroin withdrawal.

Freud died in 1939 from cancer caused by his addiction to... A) cocaine. B) morphine. C) nicotine. D) alcohol. E) marijuana.

C) nicotine.

The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways: The... A) fornix and the nigrostriatal pathway. B) MFB and the fornix. C) nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway. D) MFB and the nigrostriatal pathway. E) MFB and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

C) nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway

Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the... A) occipital association cortex. B) ventral horn. C) nucleus accumbens. D) PAG. E) raphé nucleus

C) nucleus accumbens

These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea: A) anxiolytics. B) stimulants. C) opiates. D) depressants. E) antidepressants.

C) opiates.

One way of using the Z lens to test the left hemisphere's comprehension of spoken words is to... A) read words to the left ear. B) read words to the right ear. C) present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli. D) both A and B E) both B and C

C) present visual stimuli in the right visual field, then verbally instruct the patient to respond to the visual stimuli.

Geschwind... A) proposed a nonlocalizationist approach to the neuropsychology of language. B) attacked the strict localizationist approach. C) revived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke. D) both A and B E) both A and C

C) revived the localizationist ideas of Broca, Dejerine, and Wernicke.

Olds and Milner argued that the brain circuits that support intracranial self-stimulation are the same ones that mediate... A) fear. B) addiction. C) the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex. D) withdrawal effects. E) electroconvulsive effects

C) the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex.

The left hemisphere plays a greater role in controlling the left hand than... A) it does in controlling the right hand. B) the right hemisphere does in controlling the left hand. C) the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand. D) all of the above E) both B and C

C) the right hemisphere does in controlling the right hand

Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug? A) alcohol B) marijuana C) tobacco D) heroin E) cocaine

C) tobacco

According to the text, the main problem with the analytic-synthetic theory of cerebral asymmetry is its... A) specificity. B) brevity. C) vagueness. D) simplicity. E) age.

C) vagueness.

In the ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry on the learning of a visual discrimination by split-brain cats, when the eye patch was shifted to the other eye, the performance of all cats... A) in the experiment fell to 50% correct. B) with transected corpus callosums fell to 50% correct. C) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct. D) with transected optic chiasms fell to 50% correct. E) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to zero correct.

C) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct.

R.B. had obvious damage to the __________ subfield of the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus.

CA1

Hypothalamopituitary portal system

Carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Axons

Carry impulses away from the cell body.

Gonadectomy

Castration; surgical removal of gonads- either ovaries or testes

Striatum

Caudate and putamen.

Mullerian-inhibiting substance

Causes the Mullerian system to degenerate and the testes to descend into the scrotum

Soma

Cell body that contains the nucleus. Comes in a variety of shapes.

Neural Darwinism

Circuits that get the appropriate input from the environment will develop optimally and the ones that don't will either not develop optimally or not at all. If you take a child with good eyes at birth and raise him in a dark room for five years, he will become blind because the circuits of vision require light waves for their development and without it, even the circuits that were present and active will atrophy and die.

Proximal

Closer to the CNS.

Which of the following drugs produces hypothermia (a reduction in body temperature)? A) morphine B) nicotine C) marijuana D) alcohol E) cocaine

D) alcohol Rationale: Many people think that alcohol warms them, but it can kill people who are already very cold.

A major difficulty in studying the asymmetry of the cortical language areas is... A) their boundaries are unclear. B) they differ greatly from person to person. C) that it is unclear how anatomical asymmetries are related to functional asymmetries. D) all of the above E) both A and C

D) all of the above

Cell bodies of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system are in the... A) midbrain. B) substantia nigra. C) ventral tegmental area. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Cutting the optic chiasm longitudinally produces blindness in the... A) medial half of each retina. B) right half of the visual field of the right eye. C) left half of the visual field of the left eye. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Drug addicts have been found to make poor decisions and to... A) engage in excessive risky behavior. B) make particularly poor decisions. C) display deficits in self-control. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

In contrast to the predictions of the Wernicke-Geschwind model, CT and structural MRI studies have identified aphasic patients who appear to have damage restricted to... A) the medial frontal lobes. B) the basal ganglia. C) subcortical white matter. D) all of the above E) both A and B

D) all of the above

Many researchers believe that a major cause of drug relapse is... A) priming. B) stress. C) drug-related cues. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Modern approaches to the study of drug addiction are concerned with modeling... A) initial drug taking. B) habitual drug taking. C) drug craving and relapse. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Modern theories of drug addiction suggest that addicts relapse after lengthy drug-free periods because of the effects of... A) stress. B) drug priming. C) exposure to cues related to drug effects by Pavlovian conditioning. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect... A) the activity of the central nervous system. B) subjective experience. C) behavior. D) all of the above E) psychotic behavior

D) all of the above

Recent research suggests that during the transition from initial drug taking to habitual drug taking. A) there are impairments in the function of prefrontal cortex. B) the control of drug taking is shifted from the nucleus accumbens. C) the control of drug taking is shifted to the dorsal striatum. D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following seem to share some brain mechanisms with habitual drug taking? A) kleptomania B) overeating C) compulsive shopping D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Heschl's gyrus is the location of the primary... A) visual cortex. B) language area. C) somatosensory cortex. D) auditory cortex. E) reading area.

D) auditory cortex

The right hemispheres of most split-brain patients... A) have no language abilities. B) have more language abilities than the left hemispheres. C) have language abilities equivalent to those of the left hemispheres. D) can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences. E) none of the above

D) can understand many spoken or written words and simple sentences.

"Song of Praise" was written by Freud about... A) nicotine. B) cigars. C) his female companion. D) cocaine. E) heroin.

D) cocaine

According to the text, addicts are drug users who... A) are tolerant and psychologically dependent. B) are physically and psychologically dependent. C) are tolerant and physically dependent. D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop. E) continue to use a drug because they are locked into a cycle of drug taking and withdrawal effects.

D) continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop.

According to the text, watching a game of chess without knowing the rules would be like studying research on the... A) lateralization of language without knowing the names of the commissures. B) lateralization of language without knowing about Sperry's Nobel-prize-winning experiments. C) cortical localization of language without knowing about PET-scan experiments. D) cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model. E) production of language without knowing about Broca's area

D) cortical localization of language without knowing about the Wernicke-Geschwind model

The study of lateralization of function has focused on the right hemisphere because... A) most people are right-handed. B) most people are dextrals. C) the right hemisphere is dominant. D) the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent. E) both A and B

D) the special abilities of the left hemisphere have been more apparent

who founded biopsychology?

D.O. HEB. developed the first theory of how complex psychological phenomena (perception, emotion, thought, memories) are produced by brain activity

Which drugs are used in the reduction of Tourette tics? A) D2 receptor blockers B) selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors C) selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors D) tricyclic antidepressants E) benzodiazepines

D2 receptor blockers

The clinical effectiveness of typical neuroleptic drugs is positively correlated with the degree to which they bind to A) dopamine. B) glutamate receptors. C) D1 receptors. D) D2 receptors. E) autoreceptors

D2 receptors

__________ first reported evidence of the lateralization of language functions, but he received little or no recognition for his insightful observations. A) Dax B) Broca C) Wernicke D) Hebb E) Penfield

Dax

Alpha fetoprotein

Deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it - testosterone is immune to it - does not break down estradiol in the brain because it does not penetrate the blood- brain barrier

Depolarization

Decreasing polarization towards zero. Goes from -70 charge to -50 --> -40 --> -10 etc. (BAD)

Polarization

Division into two opposite positions.

The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the... A) particular drug in question. B) dose of the preceding drug exposure. C) duration of the preceding drug exposure. D) speed with which the drug is cleared from the body. E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Cocaine is frequently consumed in... A) paper bags. B) paper bags with holes. C) water pipes. D) glasses. E) binges.

E) binges.

An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative... A) predictability. B) ease. C) safety. D) all of the above E) both B and C

E) both B and C B) ease. C) safety.

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration. A) slight B) fast C) predictable D) all of the above E) both B and C

E) both B and C B) fast C) predictable

Evidence indicates that one serious health hazard of marijuana is... A) brain damage. B) permanent memory loss. C) bradycardia. D) cancer. E) heart attack in people who have previously suffered heart attacks.

E) heart attack in people who have previously suffered heart attacks.

The Harrison Narcotics Act, which was passed in the U.S. in 1914, unintentionally encouraged the use of... A) Aspirin. B) Street's Infant Quietness. C) cocaine. D) opium. E) heroin.

E) heroin.

Which of the following is not an effect of chronic opiate exposure? A) constipation B) pupil constriction C) reduced libido D) menstrual irregularity E) hypersexuality

E) hypersexuality

Chimera... A) developed the dichotic listening test. B) has studied the lateralization of musical ability. C) has shown that subjects tend to make gestures during speech with the hand controlled by the hemisphere that is dominant for speech. D) all of the above E) is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.

E) is a mythical monster composed of the combined parts of different animals.

Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties in sleeping, and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms. A) heroin B) morphine C) alcohol D) cocaine E) nicotine

E) nicotine

A meta-analysis that focused only on "well-designed" studies of moderate drinking and coronary heart disease found that... A) red wine reduced the number of heart attacks. B) red wine reduced the severity of heart attacks. C) red and white wine were both beneficial. D) any alcohol in moderate amounts reduced both the incidence and severity of heart attacks. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

Areas of the brain that interpret the meaning of a word are said to be performing a __________ analysis. A) phonological B) serial C) grammatical D) phonemic E) none of the above

E) none of the above

CT and structural MRI studies of the brains of patients with language-related disorders have found that... A) lesions restricted to Broca's area produce Broca's aphasia in most patients. B) lesions restricted to Wernicke's area produce Wernicke's aphasia in most patients. C) large anterior lesions are more likely to produce deficits in language reception than are large posterior lesions. D) both A and B E) none of the above

E) none of the above

In the conditioned place-preference paradigm, rats usually prefer the... A) control compartment. B) lever that they have previously pressed to obtain addictive drugs. C) the goal box of the maze. D) light that has previously been paired with drug withdrawal. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

The largest commissure in the human brain is the... A) optic chiasm. B) anterior commissure. C) massa intermedia. D) majora commissura. E) none of the above

E) none of the above

Androgens and estrogens

Gonadal hormones

Ventricles

Four fluid-filled cavities within brain central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid . Provides cushioning for brain. Reservoir of hormones/nutrition for brain/spinal cord.

Cerebral Ventricles

Four large internal chambers of the brain: two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.

Pituitary gland

Frequently referred to as the master gland because most of its hormones are tropic

Swellings of the Brain

From anterior to posterior: Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

Frontal Lobes

Function: MOTOR AREA: body's voluntary movement BORCA'S AREA: speech Location: Lie in the center of the cortex

Pariental Lobe

Function: SOMATOSENSORY AREA: sensations of touch and pressure on skin SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA: permits you to determine the exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it Location: Behind frontal lobes

Temporal Lobe

Function: WERNICKE'S AREA: understand spoken language PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA: hearing AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA: Allows you to recognize a particular sound as speech, music or noise Location: Occupy lower center position

Occipital Lobe

Function: stimulation by electrodes produces the experiences of flashes of light or colors, suggestive that the raw sensory input from the eyes is received in this area of the brain and transformed into meaningful images VISUAL AREA: sight VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA: allows one to recognize visually Location: Behind temporal lobe

what is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter on the mammalian CNS?

GABA, made from glutamate

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.

the lizard, a case of Parkinson's disease

Garcia d'Orta; tremor at reat; reptilian stare; like a blinking and the widely opened eyes gazing out of motionless face; substantia nigra where unaccountably dying; as the cells of the substantia nigra die, the amount of dopamine they can deliver goes down; striatum helps control movement, and to do that normally, it needs dopamine

Nervous System Neural Structures

Generally composed of cell bodies or axons. Nuclei ~ In the CNS, clusters of cell bodies. Ganglia ~ In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies. Tracts ~ In the CNS, bundles of axons. Nerves ~ In the PNS, bundles of axons.

Gene-Environment Interaction

Genes influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene activity. Genes provide choices for the organism to change its form or traits when environmental variables change; therefore genes are self-regulating.

R.B.'s amnesia was similar to A) H.M.'s. amnesia, but less severe. B) H.M.'s. amnesia, but more severe. C) Korsakoff's amnesia. D) Alzheimer's amnesia. E) other causes of cerebral ischemia.

H.M.'s. amnesia, but less severe

Amino acid derivative hormones

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule - ex: epinephrine- released from the adrenal medulla and synthesized from tyrosine

Tropic hormones

Hormones whose primary function is to influence the release of hormones from other glands

Metencephalon

Houses many ascending and descending tracts and part of the reticular formation.

Projections to the visual cortex from the lateral geniculate nuclei terminate in cortical layer A) I. B) II. C) III. D) IV. E) V.

IV

Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior

Identify peculiar behaviors and look for abnormal brain structures of function.

Sry gene

In the 7th week after conception, this gene on the Y chromosome of the male triggers the synthesis of Sry protein

Afferent

Incoming axons/information towards an area.

Computerized Axial Tomography Scan (CAT Scan)

Injecting dye into the blood and passing an X-Ray across to get clear pictures.

Sexual dimorphisms

Instances where a behavior comes in two distinctive classes into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned

Prefrontal Cortex

Integration center for all sensory information and other areas of the cortex. Responsible for higher functions such as abstract thinking and planning, and working memory.

Medulla

Internal core which has the potential to develop into a testis

Lordosis

Intromission-facilitating arched-back posture that signals female rodent receptivity

Ventral Tagmental Area

Involved in motivation. Connected to prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Area between two red nuclei. One of the major dopamine neuronal areas of the brain.

Illustrated here is a neural circuit in which __________ is commonly studied. A) maintenance B) LTD C) LTP D) amnesia E) forgetting

LTP

The NMDA receptor is thought to be involved in A) all LTP phenomena. B) postsynaptic inhibition. C) habituation. D) LTP at some synapses. E) eye blink inhibition.

LTP at some synapses

The NMDA receptor is thought to be involved in

LTP at some synapses.

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and A) Lange. B) Cannon. C) Ax. D) Bard. E) Ekman.

Lange

Pons

Large bulge in brainstem between the mesencephalon and the medulla, ventral to the cerebellum. Part of the Metencephalon. Serves as a message system between parts of the brain. Deals with sleep and arousal.

Fissures

Large furrows in a convoluted cortex.

Pulsatile hormone release

Large minute-to-minute fluctuations in the levels of circulating hormones

Primary Cortex

Large regions that receive sensory information.

Hippocampus

Large structure located between thalamus and cerebral cortex. Critical for storing certain new memories.

Corpus Callosum

Largest cerebral commissure.

Telencephalon

Largest division of the human brain, mediates complex functions. Initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving.

Longitudinal Fissure

Largest fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres.

Astrocytes

Largest glial cells, they are star-shaped. Physical support, surround and isolate synapses. Phagocytosis. Aid in controlling extracellular chemical environment with K+ and neurotransmitters. Provide nourishment by taking glucose from the blood and breaking it down into lactate and release it into the extracellular environment where neurons take it up and the mitochondria use it to make energy; saves mitochondria time compared to making ATP from glucose. Blood-brain barrier controlling blood flow.

Threshold of Excitation

Level above which any stimulation produces a massive depolarization.

Pons

Lies on each side of the medulla. Contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum.

Amygdala

Located in the left and right medial temporal lobes, play a general role in the experience of emotions and social cognition - play a role in identifying potential mating partners

Medulla

Lower border is the rostral end of the spinal cord. Regulates cardiovascular system, breathing, & skeletal muscle tone.

Iproniazid is to imipramine as A) tricyclic antidepressant is to MAO inhibitor. B) cheese is to yogurt. C) MAO inhibitor is to tricyclic antidepressant. D) depression is to mania. E) mania is to depression.

MAO inhibitor is to tricyclic antidepressant.

Glia Cells

Make up about 1/2 of the CNS. High rate of metabolism and little stored nutrients. Four types are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and schwann cells. Provide physical and chemical buffers to isolate neurons that insulate neurons from each other so that neural signals do not get scrambled. Surround neurons and hold them in place. Control the supply of chemicals from the bloodstream. Destroy and remove dead cells.

Blood-brain Barrier

Mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain. A consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels; their cells are packed tightly and therefore proteins and other large molecules are not able to get through. Some large molecules are actively transported through cerebral blood vessel walls if they are critical for the brain like glucose. The barrier is not the same for all parts of the brain, sex hormones have difficulty entering some areas and enter other areas easily.

Transporters

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane

Meninges

Membranes that surround the brain/spinal cord. Contains pain receptors.

__________ is an opiate that is often prescribed for the treatment of heroin and morphine addiction.

Methadone

Arachnoid Mater

Middle layer of the meninges. Thin membrane made of blood vessels and elastic tissue.

Forebrain

Most anterior/prominent part of mammalian brain. 2 cerebral hemispheres. Consists of Cerebral Cortex, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Ventricles, and Meninges.

Cerebral Cortex

Most prominent part of brain. Consists of cellular layer of the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Makes up the 4 lobes of the brain.

Ventral Root Nerve

Motor (efferent) multipolar neurons with cell bodies in the ventral horns.

Classes of Neurons

Multipolar (Motor Neuron) - A neuron with one axon and many dendrite attached to the soma. Unipolar (Sensory Neuron) - A neuron with one axon attached to its soma. Bipolar (Interneuron) - A neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma. Neurons with short axons or no axon at all. They integrate the neural activity within a signal brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another.

With respect to the study of amnesia, R.B. is to the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus as A) N.A. is to the medial dorsal nucleus of the hippocampus. B) N.A. is to the medial diencephalon. C) R.M. is to the medial diencephalon. D) aspirations are to infarcts. E) H.M. is to the medial diencephalon.

N.A. is to the medial diencephalon.

Dopamine

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain EFFECT: Inhibitory or excitatory FUNCTION: Movement control, pleasure and reward, attention

Acetylcholine

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, especially some organs of the parasympathetic nervous system EFFECT: Excitatory in brain and autonomic system; inhibitory elsewhere FUNCTION: muscle movement, cognitive functioning

Glutamate

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain, spinal cord EFFECT: Excitatory FUNCTION: Memory

Serotonin

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain, spinal cord EFFECT: Inhibitory FUNCTION: Sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain, spinal cord EFFECT: Main inhibitory neurotransmitter FUNCTION: Eating, aggression, sleeping

Endorphins

NEUROTRANSMITTER: LOCATION: Brain, spinal cord EFFECT: Primarily inhibitory, except in hippocampus FUNCTION: Pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos

The __________ glutamate receptor appears to play a critical role in LTP at some synapses in the brain.

NMDA

Efferent Nerves

Nerves carrying motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nervous system that includes the autonomic and somatic subdivisions: Made up of long axons and dendrites, it contains all parts of the nervous system other than the brain and spinal cord and reaches extremities of the body

Sympathetic Nervous System

Network of nerves that prepares organs for rigorous activity. Increases HR, BP, and respiration. 'Fight or Flight.'

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to their locations.

Presynaptic Neuron

Neuron that delivers messages through synaptic transmission.

Postsynaptic Neuron

Neuron that receives the messages.

Neurosecretory cells

Neurons that release hormones into general circulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation imagine (TMS)

Newest brain-scannning technique. Exposing a region of the brain to a strong magnetic field, it disrupts electrical activity. One can note the effect on normal brain functioning. Identifies areas of the brain that are responsible for particular functions - useful treatment for depression an schizophrenia.

Endocrine glands

Organs whose primary function appears to be the release of hormones

Antidiuretic hormone

Other term for vasopressin; facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys

Cortex

Outer covering of the primordial gonads that has the potential to develop into an ovary

Adrenal cortex

Outer layer of the adrenal glands - regulates glucose and salt levels in the blood - releases small amounts of all the sex steroids released by the glands

Efferent

Outgoing axons/information away from an area.

Peripheral Nervous System

Outside the brain and spinal cord. Composed of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Dura Mater

Physical outer layer of the meninges for protection.

Optic Chiasm

Point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together. The X shape is from the axons of the optic nerve decussating (crossing over to the other side of the brain) via the optic chiasm. Decussating fibers are ipsilateral (stay on same side of the body).

Ion channels

Pores in neural membranes through which specific ions pass -Na+ is usually outside and K+ ions are inside when neuron is resting

Which of the following patients suffered ischemia-produced hippocampal damage?

R.B

The study of which of the following amnesic subjects seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory?

R.B.

The study of which of the following amnesic subjects seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement of the hippocampus in memory? A) R.B. B) N.A. C) R.M. D) J.P. E) K.C.

R.B.

Which of the following amnesic patients suffered what appeared to be selective bilateral damage to the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal pyramidal-cell layer?

R.B.

Which of the following amnesic patients suffered what appeared to be selective bilateral damage to the CA1 subfield of the hippocampal pyramidal-cell layer? A) H.M. B) P.B. C) J.P. D) R.B. E) K.C.

R.B.

Which of the following patients suffered ischemia-produced hippocampal damage? A) H.M. B) R.B. C) P.B. D) K.C. E) N.A.

R.B.

Dreaming appears to occur most commonly during A) REM sleep. B) delta sleep. C) initial stage 1 EEG. D) periods during which muscle tension in core muscles is high. E) all of the above

REM sleep

Rosenzweig Experiment

Rats raised in enriched environments developed thicker cortices than those in impoverished environments. Early postnatal experiences affect brain development. Suggest that varied early environmental experiences influence cortical size & thickness.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Records electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the head. Electrical activity into a pictorial representation of the brain that allows more precise diagnosis of such disorders as epilepsy and learning disabilities

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Records electrical activity produced by various brain regions. Can produce evoked potentials that self report.

Positron-emission Tomography (PET)

Records emission of radioactivity from injected radioactive chemicals to produce a high-resolution image.

All-or-none responses

Responses that are not graded; they either occur to their full extent or do not occur at all

Androstenedione

Responsible for growth of pubic hair and axilliary hair (underarm hair)

Drug tolerance can be defined as a shift in the dose-response curve to the __________.

Right

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Scans provide detailed, three-dimensional computer-generated images of brain structures and activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the body. Vivid, detailed images of the functioning of the brain. Used in planning brain surgeries because they can help distinguish areas of the brain involved in normal and disturbed functioning.

Differences between Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells can only myelinated one axon. Oligodendrocytes myelinated up to 50 cells at a time. Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS. Schwann cells are in the PNS, which is why Schwann cells can guide regrowth after axon damage but Oligodendrocytes cannot. Schwann cells are not always myelinated.

Autonomic Nervous System

Sends and receives messages to regulate the automatic behaviors of the body (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, etc.)

Dorsal Root Nerve

Sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the dorsal root ganglia; many of their synaptic terminals are in the dorsal horns of the spinal gray matter.

Afferent Nerves

Sensory nerves; carry signals to the CNS.

Hypothalamus

Small area near base, conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter release of hormones, associated with behaviors such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior.

Central Canal

Small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord.

Midbrain

Small central part of the brainstem, developing from the middle of the primitive or embryonic brain. Consists of Tectum, Superior Colliculus, Inferior Colliculus, Tegmentum, and Substantia Nigra.

Sulci

Small furrows in a convoluted cortex.

Pia Mater

Soft layer of tissue around the brain with blood vessels going deep into the brain.

Proceptive behaviors

Solicitation behaviors

According to the text, which of the following statements is true? A) Some evidence suggests that the brains of females are less lateralized than those of males. B) Some evidence suggests that the brains of males are less lateralized than those of females. C) The evidence that the brains of males are less lateralized than those of females is very strong. D) Recent evidence has finally established that male and female brains are lateralized to the same degree. E) none of the above

Some evidence suggests that the brains of females are less lateralized than those of males.

Somatic Division

Specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organs

Roger __________ won a Nobel Prize for his studies of split-brain patients

Sperry

Fraternal birth order effect

States that the probability of a man's homosexuality increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has

Anabolic steroids

Steroids such as testosterone that have growth-promoting effects

Oxytocin

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling

Thyrotropin

Stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland

Terminal Buttons

The bud at the end of an axon branch. Forms multiple synaptic connections with other neurons.

Axon hillock

The conical structure at the junction between the axon and the cell body which is where the message starts

Estrous cycle

The cycle of sexual receptivity

Membrane potential

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

Nodes of Ranvier

The gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths on an axon where the axon is exposed

Release-inhibiting hormones

The hypothalamic hormones that were thought to inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormone

thalamus

The large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem;many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project the cortex

Gonads

The male testes and the female ovaries

Sexual identity

The sex that a person believes himself or herself to be

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone

This releasing hormone stimulates the release of the anterior pituitary's gonadotropins

Hyperpolarize

To make the membrane potential more negative

Superior vs Inferior

Top and bottom of the head.

Anterior

Toward the nose.

Dorsal

Toward the surface of the back and top of head.

Ventral

Toward the surface of the chest or bottom of head.

Posterior

Toward the tail.

Oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cells that send out extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system. Provide support to axons and insulate them to prevent messages spreading to other axons. Extensions are rich in myelin, a fatty insulating substance, that increases the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

Portal vein

Vein that connects one capillary network with another

The left planum temporale corresponds roughly to __________.

Wernicke's area

myelin sheath

a protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around an axon

A peg-like, cytochrome-oxidase-rich column of dual-opponent color cells is called A) an "on-off" color peg. B) a blob. C) a color field. D) an aggregate color peg. E) a dual-opponent peg.

a blob

absolute refractory period

a brief period after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron

dendrite

a cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that recieves messages form other neurons

Each amygdala is A) a single nucleus. B) a cluster of many nuclei. C) actually two distinct structures. D) actually three distinct structures. E) composed of a medulla and a cortex.

a cluster of many nuclei

basal ganglia

a collection of subcortical nuclei

reticular formation

a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem

transsexualism

a condition of sexual identity in which an individual believes themselves trapped in the body of the other sex

The neuroplasticity theory of depression is that depression is caused by A) an increase in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex. B) a decrease in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. C) abnormal neuroplastic processes in the hypothalamus. D) abnormal neuroplastic processes throughout the limbic system. E) both C and D

a decrease in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. Her response is an example of A) social aggression. B) a lateral attack. C) alpha aggression. D) a defensive attack. E) predatory aggression.

a defensive attack

asomatognosia

a deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body that is typically produced by damage to the parietal lobe.

Strong evidence that the object-recognition deficits produced by cerebral ischemia do not result from hippocampal damage comes from

a demonstration that hippocampal lesions can prevent ischemia-produced object-recognition deficits.

Strong evidence that the object-recognition deficits produced by cerebral ischemia do not result from hippocampal damage comes from A) the case of R.B. B) a demonstration that hippocampal lesions can prevent ischemia-produced object-recognition deficits. C) demonstrations that the deficits are the result of CA1 damage. D) the case of N.A. E) demonstrations that ischemia can prevent the amnesic effects of hippocampal lesions.

a demonstration that hippocampal lesions can prevent ischemia-produced object-recognition deficits.

During REM sleep, there A) is a general increase in muscle tension in the muscles of the body core. B) is little EMG activity in the muscles of the body core. C) are occasional bursts of delta activity. D) are occasional bursts of EMG activity from the cortex. E) both B and C

a little EMG activity in the muscles of the body core

fourier analysis

a mathematical procedure for breaking down a complex waveform (e.g., an EEG signal) into component sine waves of varying frequency.

cerebellum

a mesencephalic structure that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills

electron microscopy

a microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure

Following his surgery, H.M. seemed to experience

a mild retrograde amnesia for events of the 2 years preceding the surgery.

second messenger

a molecule that is generated when a specific substance attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in cellular function

cerebral aqueduct

a narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles

hypothalamopituitary portal system

a network of hypothalamic capillaries feeding portal veins that carry blood to pituitary stalk (cutting these veins disrupts anterior pituitary hormone release)

golgi stain

a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue thereby revealing their silhouettes

nissl stain

a neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies

unipolar neuron

a neuron with one process extending from its cell body

bipolar neuron

a neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

Reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron that are immediately drawn back into the presynaptic buttons. Some are repackaged back into vesicles and used again

mammillary bodies

a pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus

estrus

a period of 12-18 hours in rodents during which the female is receptive, proceptive, and sexually attractive, initiated by surges of estrogens and progesterone

gonadotropin

a pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of gonadal hormones

what is transorbital lobotomy

a prefrontal lobotomy performed with an instrument inserted through the eye socket. ice pick like device

One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and that associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe damage is that patients with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome have A) a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood. B) a mild retrograde amnesia for recent events. C) deficits in consolidation. D) anterograde amnesia. E) difficulty forming new explicit long-term memories.

a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood.

globus pallidus

a structure of the basal ganglia that is located between the putamen and thalamus

striatum

a structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigostriatal pathway

hippocampus

a structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory

what happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor

a subunit of the associated G protein breaks away; subunit may move along the inside surface of the membrane and bind to a nearby job channel (inducing EPSP or IPSP) or it may triggers the synthesis of the second messenger; once created; a second messenger diffuses through the cytoplasm and may influence the activities of the Huston in a variety of ways: may enter the nucleus and bind to DNA, influencing genetic expression

ventral posterior nuclei

a thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems

ventral posterior nucleus

a thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems.

progestins

a third class of gonadal hormone that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy in women

Currently, consolidation is thought to last

a very long time, if not indefinitely.

48) Currently, consolidation is thought to last A) 10 seconds. B) 2 minutes. C) 10 minutes. D) 2 days. E) a very long time, if not indefinitely.

a very long time, if not infedintely

selectively permeability

ability of some chemicals to pass more freely than others through a membrane

threshold of excitation

about -65 mV

How many different specialized visual areas have been identified in the cortex of macaque monkeys? A) 4 B) 7 C) about 12 D) about 30 E) about 65

about 30

The concordance rate of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins is A) the same as that in dizygotic twins. B) the same as that in any two siblings. C) slightly more than that in husbands and wives. D) slightly more than that in pairs of unrelated individuals. E) about 45%.

about 45%

Exposure to intense light early in the morning following an east-bound flight A) accelerates adaptation to the phase advance. B) accelerates adaptation to the phase delay. C) slows adaptation to the phase advance. D) slows adaptation to the phase delay. E) both B and C

accelerates adaptation to the phase advance

Which of the following is accomplished by the ciliary muscles? A) pupil constriction B) accommodation C) tracking D) both A and B E) both B and C

accommodation

The dopaminergic brain nucleus that has been linked more than any other to the effects of addictive drugs is the nucleus __________.

accumbens

In the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain.

acetylcholine

In the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced, resulting from degeneration of the basal forebrain. A) epinephrine B) norepinephrine C) acetylcholine D) dopamine E) serotonin

acetylcholine

The immune system has two components: the innate immune system and the __________ immune system. A) phagocyte B) adaptive C) antibody D) antigen E) antibody-mediated

adaptive

The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by

administering electroconvulsive shock.

The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by A) hitting them on the head with a little rubber hammer. B) administering acetylcholine agonists. C) administering electroconvulsive shock. D) using multiple-trial learning tests that must be learned over several days. E) both B and D

administering electroconvulsive shock.

Schizophrenia typically begins in A) infancy. B) childhood. C) adolescence or early adulthood. D) middle age. E) old age.

adolescence or early adulthood

Which of the following is not a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A) aggression B) sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects C) lack of fear D) consumption of almost anything that is edible E) a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

aggression

Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because A) social aggression occurs only in males. B) the effects of estradial cannot be ruled out. C) aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels. D) humans and rats differ in their sex hormones. E) aggressive behavior is controlled by the amygdala

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.

• Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be ____ of that neurotransmitter.

agonists

define translational research

aims to translate the findings to pure research into useful applications for human kind

what is ontogenetic

aka environmental history

Adrenocorticotropic hormone A) is released by the anterior pituitary. B) activates the adrenal cortex. C) increases circulating levels of glucocorticoids. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Because schizophrenia appears to be a neurodevelopmental disorder, several studies have tracked the development of brain damage in schizophrenic patients. Meta-analyses of these studies indicate that A) extensive brain damage exists when patients first seek medical help and have their first brain scan. B) brain damage continues to develop after the initial diagnosis. C) damage to different areas of the brain develops at different rates. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Broca's area is in the A) left hemisphere. B) frontal lobe. C) inferior prefrontal cortex. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all of the above

Buspirone A) does not bind to GABA receptors. B) is an anxiolytic drug. C) is an agonist at one serotonin receptor subtype. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Common verbal tics of Tourette syndrome include A) echolalia. B) coprolalia. C) palilia. D) barking. E) all of the above

all of the above

Darwin believed that A) expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. B) expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. C) opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because A) the immune system has many redundant components. B) disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection. C) disruptions in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all of the above

Gastric ulcers A) are lesions to the lining of the stomach and duodenum. B) are more common in people living in stressful situations. C) have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress. D) all of the above E) both A and B

all of the above

Haloperidol is a potent A) neuroleptic. B) D2 receptor ligand. C) antischizophrenic drug. D) all of the above E) both A and C

all of the above

Korsakoff's syndrome is typically associated with A) amnesia. B) chronic alcohol consumption. C) damage to the medial diencephalon. D) confusion and personality changes. E) all of the above

all of the above

Lymphocytes are A) specialized white blood cells. B) produced in bone marrow. C) stored in the lymphatic system. D) all of the above E) both B and C

all of the above

Many studies have found structural and functional brain pathology in patients suffering from affective disorders. Although there is little consensus about the exact location of the brain pathology, it is most commonly observed in three structures. These structures include the A) amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex. B) hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. C) amygdala and hippocampus. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Prozac A) is a SSRI. B) is no more effective in treating depression than imipramine. C) is no more effective in treating depression than SNRIs. D) has few side effects at therapeutic doses. E) all of the above

all of the above

Several large scale studies have compared the effectiveness of various antidepressants to placebos. These studies have found that A) various classes of antidepressants are similarly effective. B) overall, antidepressants benefitted only 25% more patients than did placebos. C) antidepressants are of no significant benefit for the mildly or moderately depressed. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

Stressed individuals are more likely than unstressed individuals to report being ill. This may occur because A) they expect to be more ill. B) illness while stressed is more uncomfortable. C) stress contributed to the cause of the illness. D) all of the above E) none of the above

all of the above

androstenedione

an androgen released primarily from the adrenal cortex that is normally responsible for pubic and axillary hair in females

Rats can perform the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task A) only at chance levels. B) at levels that are only slightly above chance. C) at levels that are not significantly above chance. D) almost as well as monkeys at retention delays up to a minute or so. E) as well as humans when food is involved.

almost as well as monkeys at retention delays up to a minute or so.

The cortical EEG of cerveau isolé cats is indicative of A) almost continuous SWS. B) almost continuous REM sleep. C) alternating periods of SWS and REM sleep. D) alternating periods of sleep and wakefulness. E) the arousing effects of reticular formation damage.

almost continuous SWS

As we fall asleep, A) alpha activity begins. B) EMG activity suddenly increases. C) alpha activity ceases. D) REMs begin to occur. E) REMs suddenly stop.

alpha activity ceases

The 8-to-12 Hz EEG waves that are often associated with relaxed wakefulness are called A) alpha waves. B) delta waves. C) K complexes. D) sleep spindles. E) REM waves.

alpha waves

Acetylcholine (ACh)

also know as the cholonogic system and has neuromuscular junction, connecting nerves to muscles -found in the autonomic system, the basil forebrain -Contain one kind of receptor which is nicotine -sleep wake cycles

The trichromatic theory of color vision is A) supported by complementary afterimages. B) a version of the opponent-process theory. C) supported by monochromatic colors. D) also known as the opponent theory. E) also known as the component theory

also known as the component theory

The case of Miss M. is interesting because A) although she slept little, she appeared to be healthy, productive, and well adjusted. B) her lack of sleep had rendered her neurotic. C) she had, with considerable effort, trained herself not to sleep. D) her lack of sleep caused her have vivid hallucinations during the day. E) brain damage had left her unable to sleep.

although she slept little, she appeared to be healthy, productive, and well adjusted.

The __________ is thought to play a role in the storage of the emotional significance of various experiences.

amgydala

3 classes of conventional small molecule neurotransmitters

amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine; fourth group is unconventional neurotransmitters

Korsakoff's syndrome is typically associated with

amnesia. chronic alcohol consumption. damage to the medial diencephalon. confusion and personality changes.

Bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the __________ block auditory fear conditioning. A) amygdala B) septum C) auditory cortex D) hippocampus E) granule cells

amygdala

Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower sniper, had a tumor in his A) hippocampus. B) amygdala. C) prefrontal cortex. D) cingulate cortex. E) limbic system.

amygdala

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the A) hippocampus. B) hypothalamus. C) amygdala. D) septum. E) cortex.

amygdala

The __________ is thought to play a role in the storage of the emotional significance of various experiences.

amygdala

The human medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, the __________, and the medial temporal cortex.

amygdala

The structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the A) amygdala. B) hypothalamus. C) septum. D) hippocampus. E) medial geniculate.

amygdala

catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; each is synthesized from amino acid tyrosine

endorphins

another major family of endrogenous opioids

Some success has been reported in treating clinical depression with chronic low-level electrical stimulation of the___________ through implanted electrodes. A) anterior cingulate gyrus of the prefrontal cortex B) amygdala C) posterior thalamus D) hippocampus E) striatum

anterior cingulate gyrus of the prefrontal cortex

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? A) medial prefrontal lobe B) hippocampus C) anterior temporal lobe D) lateral prefrontal lobe E) medial temporal lobe

anterior temporal lobe

Posttraumatic amnesia for events that occur in the period after a concussive blow to the head is called __________ amnesia.

anterograde

H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his

anterograde amnesia.

Each T cell has two kinds of receptors on its membrane: one for molecules normally found on the surface of __________ and one for a specific __________. A) antigens; macrophage B) antigens; antibody C) macrophages; antigen D) antibodies; antigen E) phagocytes; lymphocyte

antibodies; antigen

Ventral striatum

anticipation and experience of sexual activity/ other pleasurable activities

lateral

away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate toward the body's lateral surfaces

afferent axon

axon that brings information into a strucure

orthodromic conduction

axonal conduction in the natural direction; from the cell body to the terminal buttons

antidromic conduction

axonal conduction opposite to the normal direction; conduction from axon terminals back toward the cell body

During a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rat's target site is almost always the A) back, near the base of the tail. B) back of the neck. C) throat. D) nose. E) hind legs.

back of the neck

In the rat, the target site for social aggression is the A) back, near the base of the tail. B) throat. C) nose. D) hind legs. E) side.

back, near the base of the tail

The major source of the brain's acetylcholine is often degenerated in Alzheimer's patients. This area is the __________.

basal forebrain

The main source of the brain's acetylcholine is the

basal forebrain.

The main source of the brain's acetylcholine is the A) frontal cortex. B) hippocampus. C) basal forebrain. D) mammillary bodies. E) substantia nigra.

basal forebrain.

The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer's patients results from damage to the

basal forebrain.

The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer's patients results from damage to the A) basal forebrain. B) frontal cortex. C) mediodorsal nuclei. D) rhinal cortex. E) mammillary bodies.

basal forebrain.

Hodgkin - Huxley model

based on the study of squid motor neurons

The induction of LTP at glutaminergic synapses appears to

be a postsynaptic phenomenon depend on an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron.

Although the symptoms of apraxia are ________, apraxia usually results from damage to the ________ hemisphere. A) unilateral; left B) contralateral; right C) ipsilateral; left D) bilateral; right E) bilateral; left

bilateral; left

A nanometer is a: A) tenth of a meter. B) hundredth of a meter. C) thousandth of a meter. D) millionth of a meter. E) billionth of a meter.

billionth of a meter

receptor blockers

bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and block the access of usual neurotransmitters

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by...

binding to postsynaptic receptors.

• A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that

binds to acetylcholine

About half the complex cells in monkey primary visual cortex are __________.

binocular

Lithium has often been used as a treatment for A) unipolar affective disorder. B) bipolar affective disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) cocaine psychosis. E) nausea.

bipolar affective disorder.

The concordance rates for affective disorder are highest for A) bipolar disorders and monozygotic twins. B) bipolar disorders and dizygotic twins. C) unipolar disorders and monozygotic twins. D) unipolar disorders and dizygotic twins. E) unipolar disorders and siblings.

bipolar disorders and monozygotic twins

glans, urethral folds, lateral bodies, and labioscrotal swellings

bipotential precursor consists of...

The reaction that transduces light into an electrical signal in rods is the A) bleaching of rhodopsin by light. B) elicitation of action potentials in rods. C) turning red of rhodopsin. D) inhibition of action potentials in rods. E) elicitation of action potentials in cones.

bleaching of rhodopsin by light

Dual-opponent color cells are found in peg-like columns called __________.

blobs

MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they A) are totally ineffective against depression. B) produce tardive dyskinesia. C) block MAO's ability to break down tyramine. D) are effective only if they are taken with iproniazid. E) both A and B

block MAO's ability to break down tyramine.

Ekman and Friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. On the basis of their analysis, they concluded that A) there are six primary facial expressions of emotion. B) many facial expressions of emotion are mixtures of the six primary expressions. C) facial expressions of emotion are too numerous and varied to categorize. D) shame, desire, and excitement are three of the primary emotions. E) both A and B

both A and B

In rats, boxing is A) a defensive behavior. B) directed at attacking conspecifics. C) an aggressive behavior. D) both A and B E) none of the above

both A and B

Librium and Valium are A) chlordiazepoxide and diazepam, respectively. B) benzodiazepines. C) commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

Patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by A) antibiotics. B) psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection. C) psychological treatments, but only if they reduce H. pylori infection. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and B

Sodium amytal tests have indicated that A) the cerebral dominance for speech is more variable in left-handed individuals than in right-handed individuals. B) right-handers are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant for speech than right-hemisphere dominant for speech. C) left-handers are more likely to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech than left-hemisphere dominant for speech. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

Support for the neuroplasticity of depression comes from the discovery that ketamine A) alleviates depression within hours. B) stimulates widespread synaptogenesis. C) eliminates mania. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

The fact that social aggression in many mammalian species (e.g., mice) occurs more frequently between males than between females is often attributed to the A) organizational effects of testosterone. B) activational effects of testosterone. C) high levels of defensive attack by females. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and B

The final phase of human clinical trials usually involves A) placebo controls. B) double-blind procedures. C) yoked controls. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

The following is used to study anxiety in laboratory rats: the A) elevated-plus-maze test. B) defensive-burying test. C) radial-arm-maze test. D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

The main difficulty in diagnosing psychiatric disorders is that A) patients suffering from the same psychiatric disorder often display different symptoms. B) patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders often display the same symptoms. C) dream analysis is subjective and expensive. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and B

Which of the following can trigger schizophrenic episodes at high doses? A) amphetamine B) cocaine C) snakeroot D) all of the above E) both A and B

both A and B

Cocaine hydrochloride... A) is a dopamine agonist. B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters. C) is a dopamine antagonist. D) both A and B E) both B and C

both A and B A) is a dopamine agonist. B) reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters.

Chlorpromazine binds to dopamine receptors without activating them, and keeps dopamine from binding to them. Accordingly, chlorpromazine is classified as a A) receptor blocker. B) dopamine agonist. C) dopamine antagonist. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and C

Functional brain imaging studies of the role of human medial prefrontal cortex in emotion have often employed A) suppression paradigms. B) passive avoidance paradigms. C) reappraisal paradigms. D) all of the above E) both A and C

both A and C

Sham rage is displayed by A) decorticate cats. B) cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. C) cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. D) both A and B E) both A and C

both A and C

Anxiety disorders are A) now reasonably rare. B) the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders. C) often treated with benzodiazepines or serotonin agonists. D) both A and C E) both B and C

both B and C

Remarkably, a single injection of ketamine alleviates depression A) totally for about 1 hour. B) for over a week. C) within hours. D) and is widely used in its treatment. E) both B and C

both B and C

Which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion? A) The brain activity associated with each emotion is localized to a small area of cortex. B) There is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion. C) Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion. D) all of the above E) both B and C

both B and C

LTP is induced only when the high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation activates the

both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

LTP is induced only when the high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation activates the A) presynaptic neurons but not the postsynaptic neurons. B) postsynaptic neurons but not the presynaptic neurons. C) both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. D) hippocampus. E) the hippocampus and the perforant path.

both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

What is neuroplasticity?

brain's ability to change continuously in response to the individual's genes and experiences. "plastic"= changeable.

refractory period

brief period following an action potential, when the cell resists the production of further action potentials

The photopic spectral sensitivity curve of a person can be determined by having the person report the A) intensity of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea. B) brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea. C) intensity of various wavelengths of light shone on the periphery of the retina. D) brightness of various intensities of light shone on the periphery of the retina. E) both B and D

brightness of various wavelengths of light shone on the fovea

Spinal cord

bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body

tracts

bundles of axons in the central nervous system

nerves

bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system

In a nutshell, H.M.'s main problem seems to be that he

can form no new explicit long-term memories.

LTP is one of the most widely studied models of the physiology of memory because it

can last for a long time. depends on co-occurrence.

The fact that most people sleep almost exactly the same amount each day under free-running conditions, despite large day-to-day variations in physical and mental activity provides strong support for the dominance of A) recuperative factors in the regulation of sleep. B) circadian factors in the regulation of sleep. C) light cycles in the regulation of sleep. D) light cycles in the regulation of wakefulness. E) temperature in the regulation of sleep.

circadian factors in the regulation of sleep.

taste buds

clusters of taste receptors found on the tongue and in parts of the oral cavity.

Which of the following is regarded as a critical factor in the induction of LTP?

co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Which of the following is regarded as a critical factor in the induction of LTP? A) the hippocampus B) co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons C) the amygdala D) reinforcement E) expression

co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as A) reserpine is to chlorpromazine. B) cocaine is to reserpine. C) reserpine is to amphetamine. D) chlorpromazine is to reserpine. E) amphetamine is to cocaine.

cocaine is to reserpine

With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as A) vision is to audition. B) wavelength is to color. C) color is to brightness. D) color is to loudness. E) color is to pattern.

color is to brightness

The component theory and the opponent theory are theories of A) edge perception. B) visual illusions. C) wavelength. D) color vision. E) color mixing.

color vision

The parvocellular neurons are particularly responsive to A) color, fine detail, and stationary objects. B) moving objects, large patterns, and color. C) black and white, stripes, and moving objects. D) color, fast moving objects, and faces. E) large, moving objects.

color, fine detail, and stationary objects.

what is converging operation

combined approach -taking the strengths of other divisions and having it compensate for the weaker parts of a division -together they answer a question that they cant do individually

Pairs of colors that produce white or gray when combined are A) achromatic. B) chromatic. C) complementary. D) opposite. E) antagonistic.

complementary

Many neuropsychological patients with scotomas are unaware of them because of A) completion. B) hindsight. C) hemianopsia. D) binding. E) serial processing

completion

The ability of a stationary eye to fill in the gap in its visual field that results from the blind spot is called A) blind spotting. B) completion. C) convergence. D) scotopic vision. E) foveal summation.

completion

The cerebral commissure indicated here is the A) corpus callosum. B) posterior commissure. C) anterior commissure. D) hippocampal commissure. E) massa commissura.

corpus callosum

The effects of adult stress on the hippocampus appear to be mediated by increases in A) corticosterone release. B) adrenalectomy. C) handling. D) maternal grooming. E) immune function.

corticosterone release.

myelin sheaths

coverings on the axons of some neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

The hemispheres of split-brain patients can communicate with one another externally, through their behavior; this is called __________.

cross-cuing

Dual-opponent color cells are rich in __________.

cytochrome oxidase

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever. A) cytokines. B) glucocorticoids C) adrenocorticotropic hormones D) thiamines E) catecholamines

cytokines

alpha fetoprotein

deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it (prevents masculinization) (testosterone is immune to it)

H.M. showed no long-term retention on the

digit-span +1 test.

The most commonly employed test of short-term verbal memory is the

digit-span test.

In a classic study, Tranel and Damasio found that prosopagnosics A) were also agnostic. B) displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize. C) did not display galvanic skin responses to faces they could consciously recognize. D) could consciously recognize faces if they were familiar. E) both C and D

displayed appropriate galvanic skin responses to familiar faces they could not consciously recognize.

Psychedelic drugs include the classical hallucinogens and ketamine and phencyclidine, which are classified as A) psilocybins. B) dissociative anesthetics. C) dopamine agonists. D) dopamine antagonists. E) both B and D

dissociative anesthetics

Some evidence suggests that prosopagnosia may not be specific to faces, that it may be attributable to a general inability to A) distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli. B) recognize parts of faces. C) recognize specific names of faces. D) recognize cows and birds. E) distinguish among similar individuals.

distinguish among similar members of complex classes of visual stimuli

dopamine levels in Parkinson's disease

dopamine levels are low; dopamine is not an effective treatment because it is not readily penetrate the BBB; effective treatment is L - dopa, the chemical precursor of dopamine, which readily penetrates the BBB and just converted to dopamine once inside the brain

4 momamine neurotransmitters

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

Catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine - synthesized from tyrosine

effects of metabotropic receptors

effects are slower to develop, longer lasting, more diffuse, and more varied

Islands of memory following concussion are memories of A) a few things from lists that have been otherwise forgotten. B) events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia. C) implicit events that occurred during a background of amnesia for explicit events. D) vacations to Hawaii. E) of early childhood.

events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia.

According to the James-Lange theory, the A) experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli. B) cortex is not involved in emotion. C) autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion. D) experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli. E) experience of emotion is not physiological.

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

H.M.'s main problem is that he cannot form new __________ long-term memories.

explicit

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test is a good measure of __________ long-term object-recognition memory in both rats and monkeys.

explicit

Recent studies have demonstrated that infantile amnesia can occur for __________ memories without affecting __________ memories for the same information.

explicit; implicit

Recent studies have demonstrated that infantile amnesia can occur for __________ memories without affecting __________ memories for the same information. A) implicit; explicit B) explicit; implicit C) reference; working D) working; reference E) short-term; long-term

explicit; implicit

The EOG is a measure of A) the first-night phenomenon. B) eye movement. C) eye-muscle tension. D) stage 1 EEG. E) both B and C

eye movement

Saccades are A) connections between the photopic and scotopic systems. B) blind spots. C) eye movements. D) centers of color vision. E) retinal neurons.

eye movements

uterus; vagina; fallopian tubes

female ducts are the _____, the upper part of the _____, and the _____ _____, through which the ova travel from the ovaries to the uterus

Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex often display __________ deficits on conventional tests of memory.

few

Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex often display __________ deficits on conventional tests of memory. A) few B) extreme C) many D) complex. E) both B and C

few

norepinephrine and epinephrine

fight or flight

Determining the maximum safe dose for humans typically occurs in the __________ phase of human clinical trials. A) first B) second C) third D) fourth E) both B and C

first

define case study

focus on one single case or subject. -the disadvantage: generalizability- the degree tp which results can be applied to other cases

What is the evolutionary perspective? what is another name for it?

focuses on the environmental pressures that likely lead to the evolution of the characteristics of current species. aka comparative approach

In one test commonly used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys, A) the sample appears over the central food well during the test phase of each trial. B) food is available under both objects during the test phase of each trial. C) food is available under the non-sample object during the test phase of each trial. D) no food is available during the sample-presentation phase of each trial. E) no food is available during the test phase of each trial.

food is available under the non-sample object during the test phase of each trial.

In one test commonly used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,

food is available under the nonsample object during the test phase of each trial.

prior to migraine attacks, sufferers often experience: 1. headaches 2. fortification illusions 3. indigestion 4. amnesia 5. agnosia

fortification illusions

High-acuity vision is mediated by the A) optic disk. B) blind spot. C) fovea. D) choroid. E) sclera.

fovea

The retinal indentation that mediates high-acuity vision is the __________.

fovea

Which of the following is a small indentation? A) optic disk B) fovea C) retina D) amacrine layer E) pupil

fovea

Most of the cones are concentrated in the A) nasal hemiretinas. B) temporal hemiretinas. C) foveas. D) periphery of the retinas. E) blind spot.

foveas

Circadian cycles without zeitgebers are said to be A) free-running periods. B) free-running. C) desynchronized. D) diurnal. E) entrained.

free-running

__________ circadian cycles are those without zeitgebers.

free-running

Which of the following colors does not exist? A) greenish red B) greenish blue C) greenish yellow D) greenish purple E) greenish tan

greenish red

G proteins

guanosine-triphosphate-sensitive proteins

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the A) guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible. B) mock-crime procedure is often employed. C) control-question technique is often employed. D) polygraph is often employed. E) group-contingency threat procedure is often employed.

guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible.

In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT. They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that A) had played for more than 5 years. B) had played for more than 3 years. C) were currently playing during the experiment. D) had played for only one season. E) were first shown in other countries.

had played for only one season

In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT. They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that

had played for only one season.

relative refractory period

happens after absolute refractory period; period during which it is possible to fire the neuron again but only by applying higher than normal levels of stimulation

Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it

has amnesic effects similar to those produce by concussion.

Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it A) improves semantic memory. B) has amnesic effects similar to those produce by concussion. C) causes hippocampal damage. D) is an effective form of therapy for anxiety. E) produces no retrograde effects on memory.

has amnesic effects similar to those produce by concussion.

nervous system

has been implicated in control of the anterior pituitary

Long-term potentiation A) is usually induced by the intense stimulation of motor neurons. B) cannot be induced by electrical stimulation. C) has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus. D) has not been studied in mammals. E) is not associated with changes in synaptic transmission

has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus

Long-term potentiation

has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus.

estradiol

has been shown to have several neurotrophic effects that account for its neuroprotectivve properties, such as reducing inflammation, encouraging axonal regeneration, etc.

postsynaptic potential is created at a single synapse

have a little effect on the firing of the postsynaptic neuron

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to A) also question a control suspect. B) ask pointed questions. C) have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects. D) have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else. E) record basal skin conductance levels.

have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects.

primordial gonads

have an outer covering (cortex) that has the potential to develop into an ovary and an internal core (medulla) which can develop into a testis

Split-brain patients are those who A) have been commissurotomized. B) have split personalities. C) are schizophrenic. D) have two cerebral commissures. E) have only one hemisphere.

have been commissurotomized

Apraxic patients A) display a tremor, but only when they are not engaging in some activity. B) have difficulty performing requested motor responses, especially out of context. C) have no difficulty whatsoever performing responses with the left hand. D) both A and B E) both B and C

have difficulties performing requested motor responses, especially out of context

small neurotransmitters

have various different types; synthesized in the cytoplasm of terminal button and packaged at synaptic vesicles by golgi complex; once filled with neurotransmitter, vesicles are stored in clusters next to the presynaptic membrane; tend to be released into directed synapses

The human medial temporal lobe includes the

hippocampus. amygdala. medial temporal cortex. CA1 subfield.

S.B., the biopsychology student who suffered from depression, is the ideal case with which to end Biopsychology because A) his affective disorder was bipolar. B) he was eventually cured. C) he demonstrated the importance of independent thinking by researching and challenging his own prescription and by suggesting a better alternative. D) he was able to help other students. E) he received drug therapy for a psychological disorder.

he demonstrated the importance of independent thinking by researching and challenging his own prescription and by suggesting a better alternative.

Modern theories of addiction recognize that in addicts there is often a major difference between the positive incentive value of a drug and its ____________ value.

hedonic

The major distortion in the retinotopic layout of the primary visual cortex is the disproportionately A) high cortical representation of the fovea. B) low cortical representation of the fovea. C) low cortical representation of color. D) high cortical representation of movement. E) low cortical representation of movement.

high cortical representation of the fovea.

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context? A) lateral geniculate nucleus B) auditory cortex C) hippocampus D) amygdala E) PAG

hippocampus

Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the A) hippocampus. B) amygdala. C) substantia nigra. D) neocortex. E) cerebellum.

hippocampus

Mumby and his colleagues showed that object-recognition deficits that were caused in rats by cerebral ischemia could be prevented by the bilateral removal of the A) hippocampus. B) amygdala. C) rhinal cortex. D) cingulate. E) reinforcement.

hippocampus

There is substantial evidence that the__________ plays a major role memory for spatial location.

hippocampus

Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors? A) hypothalamus B) hippocampus C) amygdala D) caudate E) frontal cortex

hippocampus

Mumby and his colleagues showed that object-recognition deficits that were caused in rats by cerebral ischemia could be prevented by the bilateral removal of the

hippocampus.

release inhibiting factors

hormones inhibiting anterior pituitary hormone release

what does brain-behavior relationship mean

how the brain functions in producing such psychological phenomena such as seeing, remembering, feeling pain, solving conceptual problems, etc

The subjects of the vast majority of clinical trials are A) human volunteers. B) rats. C) mice. D) monkeys. E) genes.

human volunteers.

The bleaching of rhodopsin by light A) hyperpolarizes rods. B) depolarizes rods. C) depolarizes cones. D) opens sodium channels. E) opens potassium channels.

hyperpolarizes rods.

Which of the following symptoms is not commonly associated with anxiety disorders? A) tachycardia B) hypotension C) high blood pressure D) nausea E) breathing difficulties

hypotension

release hormones

hypothalamic hormones that were thought to stimulate the release of an anterior pituitary hormone

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the limbic system on the A) amygdala. B) autonomic nervous system. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) neocortex.

hypothalamus

Studies of encephalitis lethargica provided the first evidence that the posterior __________ and surrounding area plays a role in the maintenance of wakefulness.

hypothalamus

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral responses to threat via the __________, respectively. A) auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus B) PAG and septum C) medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortex D) thalamus and cortex E) hypothalamus and PAG

hypothalamus and PAG

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the A) Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct. B) James-Lange theory is basically correct. C) hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression. D) entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion. E) neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion.

hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression.

The goal of the second of the three phases of human clinical trials is A) the development of methods for the efficient synthesis of the drug. B) identifying the most effective doses and schedules of treatment. C) testing with animal models. D) screening for safety. E) demonstrating that the drug is clinically effective.

identifying the most effective doses and schedules of treatment.

In his compelling demonstrations of color constancy, Land showed that a particular area of a Mondrian stayed the same color even though there were major changes in the wavelengths that it was reflecting, provided that the Mondrian was A) illuminated. B) illuminated by at least one wavelength. C) illuminated by at least a low and a high wavelength. D) illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength. E) monochromatic.

illuminated by at least a low, a medium, and a high wavelength

Hallucinations associated with schizophrenia often take the form of A) ghostly shapes. B) religious figures. C) flashing lights. D) imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do. E) the DSM-IV.

imaginary voices making critical comments or telling the patient what to do.

hormones

influence sex by influencing development of anatomical, physiological, and behavioral gender characteristics and activating reproduction-related behavior

After his surgery, H.M.'s IQ

increased.

Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter

indolamine

In searching for the neural bases of LTP, many researchers assume that separate mechanisms account for A) maintenance and extinction. B) maintenance, reinforcement, and forgetting. C) expression and induction. D) induction, maintenance, and expression. E) learning, memory, and motivation.

induction, maintenance, and expression

In searching for the neural bases of LTP, many researchers assume that separate mechanisms account for

induction, maintenance, and expression.

Which structure is thought to store memories for visual images?

inferotemporal cortex

Which structure is thought to store memories for visual images? A) amygdala B) inferotemporal cortex C) striatum D) prefrontal cortex E) cerebellum

inferotemporal cortex

The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studied neuroscientific phenomena is that it

involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage.

The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studied neuroscientific phenomena is that it A) involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage. B) can easily be studied in human volunteers. C) involves readily accessible neocortical circuits. D) occurs in only mammals. E) can be induced by a method called Hebb's postulate.

involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be the basis of memory storage.

The Duchenne smile A) is a false smile. B) involves the orbicularis oculi. C) does not involve the orbicularis oculi. D) both A and B E) both A and C

involves the orbicularis oculi

voltage activated ion channels

io channels that open or close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential

axonal conduction of action potential

is active

Binocular disparity A) is an important depth-perception cue. B) is usually corrected by surgery. C) is usually corrected by glasses. D) results from neural convergence. E) is mediated by the lateral geniculate.

is an important depth-perception cue

cingulate gyrus

large gyro located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum

transmission of postsynaptic potentials

is rapid; transmission of EPSP and IPSP is decremental: EPSP and IPSP decrease in amplitude as they travel through the neuron

Clozapine, like other atypical neuroleptics, A) is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. B) does not produce Parkinsonian side effects. C) has a high affinity for D2 receptors. D) is more effective than typical neuroleptics against schizophrenia. E) all of the above

is used in the treatment of schizophrenia

The brain damage that is observed in schizophrenic patients A) is particularly severe in the dopaminergic structures of the brain. B) is widespread. C) does not usually become apparent for several years after the original diagnosis. D) all of the above E) both B and C

is widespread

According to Land's retinex theory, an object's color depends on A) its reflectance. B) the color of the wavelengths that it reflects. C) the dominant color of the various wavelengths that it reflects. D) the particular wavelengths that it reflects. E) the interactions between complementary receptors.

its reflectance

About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters?

just over 100

motor neurons

large and myelinated, conducting speed of 100 meters per second

what are prefrontal lobes

large areas left and right at the very front of the brain

The Purkinje effect refers to the fact that A) reds and yellows are brighter than blues and greens. B) reds and yellows are more intense than blues and greens. C) lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination. D) lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination. E) blue-greens are more intense than yellow-reds at night.

lights in the green-blue portion of the spectrum are brighter than equally intense lights in the yellow-red portion of the spectrum when viewed under dim illumination.

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the A) autonomic nervous system. B) limbic system. C) hypothalamus. D) hippocampus. E) basal ganglion

limbic system

muscarinic receptors

located in ANS; ionotropic and metabotropic

Desynchronized EEG is A) low amplitude, high frequency. B) low frequency. C) high amplitude. D) high amplitude, high frequency. E) both B and C

low amplitude, high frequency

In early studies of medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in monkeys, the cortex underlying the hippocampus and amygdala was always damaged because the lesions were A) electrolytic. B) epileptic. C) cryogenic D) made by aspiration. E) bilateral.

made by aspiration

In early studies of medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in monkeys, the cortex underlying the hippocampus and amygdala was always damaged because the lesions were

made by aspiration.

Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce

major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys.

Bilateral lesions of the medial temporal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce A) slight object-recognition deficits in rats. B) no object-recognition deficits in monkeys. C) slight object-recognition deficits in monkeys. D) major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys. E) both A and C

major object recognition deficits in both rats and monkeys.

In most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between A) immature conspecifics. B) male conspecifics. C) female conspecifics. D) pregnant females. E) threatened conspecifics.

male conspecifics

Tourette syndrome occurs more frequently in A) identical twins. B) fraternal twins. C) males. D) females. E) the elderly.

males

Many of the people who experience clinical depression also experience recurring periods of A) schizophrenia. B) Tourette syndrome. C) mania. D) panic. E) epilepsy.

mania

The __________ individual typically leaves behind a trail of unfinished projects, unpaid bills, and broken relationships. A) schizophrenic B) neuroleptic C) chronically depressed D) manic E) catatonic

manic

some properties of cerebral neurons that are not shared by motor neurons

many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input; axons of some cerebral neurons can actively conduct both graded signals and action potentials; action potentials of different classes of cerebral neurons vary greatly in duration, amplitude, and frequency; many cerebral neurons do not display action potentials; dendrites of some cerebral neurons can actively conduct action potentials

Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of H. pylori infection, however, to put this observation in perspective, it is important to understand that A) yogurt can reduce the infection. B) yogurt can increase the infection. C) probiotic yogurt can cure ulcers. D) many healthy people are similarly infected. E) both A and C

many healthy people are similarly infected

burst firing

many neurons are at a baseline and fires above threshold and then when it gets a lot of input at once it starts firing off like crazy

One serious shortcoming of conventional animal models of anxiety is that they A) may be models of benzodiazepine-sensitive anxiety rather than anxiety disorders in general. B) they work only in primates. C) model only phobic disorders. D) model only generalized anxiety. E) are not sensitive to anxiolytic effects.

may be models of benzodiazepine-sensitive anxiety rather than anxiety disorders in general.

terminal buttons

models of efficiency; once released, neurotransmitter molecules or their breakdown products are drawn back into the button and recycles

autoreceptor function

monitor a number of neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse, to reduce subsequent release when the levels are high, and to increase subsequent release when they are low

Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons?

monoamines

Lithium is classified as a A) mood stabilizer. B) SSRI. C) SNRI. D) both A and B E) both A and C

mood stabilizer

Drugs that reduce depression without increasing mania or reduce mania without increasing depression are called A) mood stabilizers. B) SSRIs. C) tricyclic antidepressants. D) MAO inhibitors. E) monoamines.

mood stabilizers

During the conventional dichotic listening test, most participants correctly report A) all digits heard through the right ear but none heard through the left. B) all digits heard through the left ear but none heard through the right. C) only those digits that are presented simultaneously to the two ears. D) more of the digits presented to the right ear. E) more of the digits presented to the left ear.

more of the digits presented to the right ear

The results of sodium amytal tests suggest that the percentage of healthy right-handers in the general population that are left-hemisphere dominant for speech is A) more than 90%. B) about 90%. C) about 80%. D) about 70%. E) less than 60%.

more than 90%

The strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium is __________.

morphine

reuptake

most common way of of deactivating a released neurotransmitter; the drawing back into the terminal button of neurotransmitter molecules after their release into synapse

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that A) depressed people have high levels of monoamine. B) depressed people have low levels of monoamine. C) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists. D) most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine antagonists. E) both A and D

most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.

GABA

most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter

define pure research

motivated by curiosity of the researcher done for acquiring knowledge -disadvantage: vulnerable vagaries of political regulations

The left-hemisphere is dominant for speech in A) all left-handers and a few right-handers. B) nearly all left-handers and a few right-handers. C) nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers. D) nearly all right-handers and only a few left-handers. E) a few right-handers and even fewer left-handers.

nearly all right handers and the majority of left handers

how to record a neuron's membrane potential

necessary to position the tip of one electrode inside the neuron and the tip of another electrode outside the neuron in the extracellular fluid; it is paramount that the tip of the intracellular electrode be fine enough to pierce the neural membrane without severely damaging it

neurons

nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system

efferent nerves

nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs

Afferent nerves

nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system

endoplasmatic reticulum

network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

All butyrophenones and those phenothiazines that have a great affinity for D2 receptors are potent A) barbiturates. B) antidepressants. C) neuroleptics. D) anxiolytics. E) both B and C

neuroleptics

free nerve endings

neuron endings that lack specialized structures on them and that detect cutaneous pain and changes in temperature.

sensory neuron

neuron specialized to be highly sensitive to a specific type of stimulation

efferent axon

neuron that carries information away from a structure

interneuron

neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure

intrinsic neuron

neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure

integration

neurons integrate incoming signals into ways: overspray send over time

cholinergetic

neurons that release acetylcholine

adrenergic

neurons that release epinephrine

noradrenergic

neurons that release epinephrine

how is epinephrine synthesized

neurons that release epinephrine have all the enzymes present in neurons that release norepinephrine, along with an extra enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine

neurosecretory

neurons that release hormones into general circulation

how is norepinephrine synthesized

neurons that release norepinephrine have an extra enzyme which converts dopamine in them to norepinephrine

interneurons

neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

local neurons

neurons without an axon

The human brain is made of a network of.....?

neurons- cells that receive and transmit electrochemical signals

1 class of large molecule neurotransmitters

neuropeptides

The up-the-nose case of N.A. had a major impact on theories of amnesia because A) he died soon after his accident, and this enabled his physician to perform a postmortem examination of his hippocampus. B) a CT scan revealed the full extent of his lesion in the hippocampus. C) the foil penetrated the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. D) by chance, his hippocampal lesion was bilaterally symmetrical. E) none of the above

none

The EEG of the encephale isolé preparation is almost continuously A) low-amplitude, high-frequency. B) low-amplitude, low-frequency. C) high-amplitude, low-frequency. D) high-amplitude, high-frequency. E) none of the above

none of above

A major difference in the physiological reaction to physical versus psychological stressors is that only physical stressors A) activate the adrenal medulla. B) activate the adrenal cortex. C) increase blood pressure. D) increase epinephrine levels. E) none of the above

none of the above

Apraxic patients display A) muscle weakness on the left side of the body. B) muscle weakness on the right side of the body. C) abnormal spinal reflexes. D) a serious disturbance of motor coordination. E) none of the above

none of the above

Brain-imaging studies have consistently revealed degeneration and shrinkage of the __________ in patients with anxiety disorders. A) amygdala B) cingulate cortex C) thalamus D) all of the above E) none of the above

none of the above

Glucocorticoids are released from the A) anterior pituitary. B) adrenal medulla. C) thymus. D) both A and B E) none of the above

none of the above

Iproniazid, the first antidepressant, A) was initially developed as an antischizophrenic drug. B) is even more affective against mania. C) usually produces dangerous drops in blood pressure. D) all of the above E) none of the above

none of the above

Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation usually takes about A) 1 minute. B) 10 minutes. C) 1 hour. D) 2 years. E) none of the above

none of the above

Stressors produce major increases in the release of A) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex. B) epinephrine from the adrenal cortex. C) glucocorticoids from the adrenal medulla. D) all of the above E) none of the above

none of the above

The case of Miss M. is interesting because A) brain damage had left her unable to sleep. B) by using stimulant drugs she was able to reduce her sleep to 1 or 2 hours per night. C) her lack of sleep had made her paranoid. D) she had been able to train herself with great effort not to sleep when she had better things to do with her time. E) none of the above

none of the above

Which common belief about dreaming has been confirmed by research? A) Some people never dream. B) Penile erections occur during dreaming only when the dreams are sexual. C) Sleep talking and sleep walking typically occur while people are dreaming. D) Most dreams last a few seconds or less. E) none of the above

none of the above

The amount of light reaching the retinas is controlled by two donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue called the A) pupils. B) scleras. C) corneas. D) foveas. E) none of the above

none of the above. it's the irises

The closer an object is, the A) less our eyes converge when we focus on it. B) less the disparity between the two retinal images of it. C) smaller are its retinal images. D) all of the above E) none of the above

none of the above. It's actually when there is greater distance between the two images (the closer the object is)

According to the text, the scientific evidence has not proven the effectiveness of A) NMDA. B) nitric oxide. C) nootropics. D) dendritic spines. E) LTP.

nootropics

According to the text, the scientific evidence has not proven the effectiveness of

nootropics.

andogenous

occuring naturally in the body

Iproniazid is rarely prescribed for the treatment of depression because A) it is ineffective. B) of the cheese effect. C) of the walnut effect. D) it produces rebound mania. E) of the peanut effect.

of the cheese effect

The first night-phenomenon is often experienced A) by brides on their wedding night. B) by grooms on their wedding night. C) on the first night of sleep deprivation. D) on the first night after sleep deprivation. E) on a volunteer's first night of sleep in a laboratory.

on a volunteer's first night of sleep in a laboratory.

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

miscellaneous peptides

one of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those that don't fit into the other four classes

opioid peptides

one of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those with a structure similar to the active ingredients of opium

metencephalon

one of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and cerebellum

mesencephalon

one of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum

diencephalon

one of the five major divisions of the brain;it is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus

Temporal lobe

one of the four major cerebral lobes;it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and amygdala

do neurotransmitters produce excitation, inhibition, or both

one or the other but not both

autoreceptors

one type of metabotropic receptors that bind to neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules and are located on the presynaptic, not postsynaptic membrane. -this is giving neuron feedback for when there are too many neurotransmitters in the synapse or when there isn't enough

According to P.H., a medical school faculty member who has Tourette syndrome, Tourette syndrome is more a disorder of the __________ than of the patient. A) amygdala B) prefrontal cortex C) onlooker D) brain E) parent

onlooker

pituitary gland

or master gland, produces tropic hormones, whose primary function is to influence the release of other hormones

hierarchical organization

organization into a series of levels that can be ranked with respect to one another.

functional segregation

organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function.

High-acuity, color vision is mediated by the small foveal area of the retina. Nevertheless, we have perceptions of the world that are expansive in both their color and their detail. This is possible because A) our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant. B) of the optic disks. C) of retinal disparity. D) of the difference between the photopic and scotopic spectral sensitivity curves. E) we have depth perception.

our visual systems integrate the foveal images from recent visual fixations to produce the subjective visual perception that we are experiencing at any instant.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are A) causally related. B) parallel processes. C) dependent processes. D) serial processes. E) adaptive processes.

parallel processes

Hippocampectomy in rats usually involves damage to a small area of overlying __________ so that the aspiration can be performed. A) parietal cortex B) frontal cortex C) amygdala D) medial temporal cortex E) temporal cortex

parietal cortex

concentration gradient

particles in random motion tend to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

In order to establish that the dichotic listening test is a valid test of language lateralization, Kimura showed that A) patients shown to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech by the sodium amytal test display a left-ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented digits. B) most people display a right ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented melodies. C) only left-handers display a left-ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented digits. D) all of the above E) both A and B

patients shown to be right-hemisphere dominant for speech by the sodium amytal test display a left-ear superiority for the recall of dichotically presented digits

contralateral

projecting from one side of the body to the other

Stimulation of the __________ elicits a response in the __________ layer of the hippocampal __________. A) perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus B) dentate gyrus; perforant-path; pyramidal cells C) dentate gyrus; granule-cell; pyramidal cells D) pyramidal cells; dentate-gyrus; granule cells E) perforant layer; pyramidal-cell; gyrus

perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus

Scotomas are located by A) triangulation. B) perimetry. C) topography. D) scotometry. E) scatology.

perimetry

The smallest units of sound that distinguish among words of a particular language are called __________.

phonemes

5 categories of neuropeptide transmitters

pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, miscellaneous peptides

Many __________ cells are located in hippocampus, whereas many grid cells are located in the entorhinal cortex.

place

Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called A) location cells. B) place cells. C) complex cells. D) simple cells. E) spot cells.

place cells

Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called

place cells.

The location in a test environment in which a subject must be for a place cell to become active is called its A) place field. B) area of activity. C) location field. D) playing field. E) area of sensitivity.

place field

The location in a test environment in which a subject must be for a place cell to become active is called its

place field.

The symptoms of schizophrenia are often divided into two categories: A) positive and negative. B) active and passive. C) genetic and epigenetic. D) genetic and experiential. E) anterograde and retrograde.

positive and negative

Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for the induction of LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement for simultaneous activity in

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

• Autoreceptors are commonly found in

presynaptic membranes

Body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in signaling A) pride. B) happiness. C) surprise. D) none of the above E) both B and C

pride

Although much evidence from various species suggests that hippocampal damage disrupts spatial memory, evidence from __________ has been inconsistent. A) mice B) primates C) birds D) rats E) place cells

primates

Addicts who have stopped taking their drug of abuse often relapse if they take their drug just once. This effect is called drug __________.

priming

all-or-none law

principle stating that the size, amplitude, and velocity of the action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it

enzymatic degradation

process by which neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes

Exocytosis

process of neurotransmitter release in which vesicles with neurotransmitters bind to wall of presynaptic cell

exocytosis

process of neurotransmitter release; when a neuron is at rear, synaptic vesicles that contain small molecule neurotransmitters tend to congregate near sections of the presynaptic membrane that are rich in voltage activated calcium channels; when stimulated by action potentials, these channels open and calcium ions enter the button; this causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and empty their contents into the synaptic cleft

The dissociative anesthetics, such as ketamine, A) act as dopamine agonists. B) act as dopamine antagonists. C) produce behavioral effects that mimic the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. D) produce behavioral effects that mimic the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. E) both B and D

produce behavioral effects that mimic the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

The first tricyclic antidepressant to be marketed A) was chlorpromazine. B) was imipramine. C) eventually proved to be even more effective against stroke. D) produces a cheese effect. E) was also an MAO inhibitor.

produces a cheese effect.

Separating rat pups from their mothers A) has the same effect as early handling. B) has the same effect as increased maternal grooming. C) produces increases in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in adulthood. D) both A and B E) both A and C

produces increases in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in adulthood.

In humans, the axons of retinal ganglion cells whose cell bodies are in the left temporal hemiretina A) project contralaterally. B) project ipsilaterally. C) terminate in the right lateral geniculate nucleus. D) terminate in the right striate cortex. E) both A and C

project ipsilaterally

According to Hobson's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dream content reflects A) repressed feelings of inferiority. B) random brain stem activity and the cortex's inherent tendency to try to make sense of these ambiguous signals. C) an interplay between the thalamus and hypothalamus. D) lucid impulses acting on repressed discharges. E) REM activity in conflict with alpha.

random brain stem activity and the cortex's inherent tendency to try to make sense of these ambiguous signals.

• After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the

random movements of ions

action potential

rapid depolarization and slight reversal of the usual polarization caused by stimulation beyond the threshold

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are A) recalled. B) transferred to the cortex. C) transferred to the hippocampus. D) transferred to LTP. E) consolidated.

recalled

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are

recalled.

curare

receptor blocker at cholinergic synapses; acts at nicotinic receptors; by binding to nicotinic receptor, curare blocks transmission at neuromuscular junctions, paralyzing its recipients and killing them by blocking their respiration ; active ingredient of curare is sometimes administered during surgery to ensure muscles do not contract during surgery

atropine

receptor blocker that exerts its antagonistic effects by binding to muscarinic receptors, blocking effects of acetylcholine; pupil dilating effects of atropine are mediated by its antagonistic actions on muscarinic receptors in ANS

Evidence indicates that the component theory provides the best explanation of color coding at the A) complex cell level. B) simple cell level. C) receptor level. D) bipolar level. E) retinal ganglion cell level.

receptor level

Connections between various areas of visual cortex are virtually always A) unidirectional. B) excitatory. C) reciprocal. D) inhibitory. E) serial.

reciprocal

Patients with bilateral amygdalar damage tend to have particular difficulty A) experiencing fear. B) expressing fear prosody. C) recognizing facial expressions of fear. D) with contextual fear conditioning. E) with auditory fear conditioning.

recognizing facial expressions of fear

According to one hypothesis, each time a memory is retrieved from long-term storage, it is temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia and then is strengthened again. This "restrengthening" process has been termed __________.

reconsolidation

spatial summation

shows how local EPSP that are produced simultaneously on different parts of the receptive membrane sum to form a greater EPSP, how simultaneous IPSP sum to form a greater IPSP, and how simultaneous EPSP and IPSP sum to cancel each other out

temporal summation

shows how postsynaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synapse sum to form a greater signal

An ideal placebo is a control drug that produces the same __________ effects as the drug that is being tested. A) therapeutic B) side C) psychological D) neurochemical E) comparative

side

Left-handers are also known as A) sinestrals. B) carminatives. C) minor hemisphere dominants. D) dextrals. E) none of the above

sinestrals

Left-handers and right-handers are A) dextrals and sinestrals, respectively. B) sinestrals and dextrals, respectively. C) more variable than androids. D) equally lateralized with respect to language functions. E) none of the above

sinestrals and dextrals, respectively

ribosomes

site at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules

non directed synapse

site of release and contact are separated by some distance

neocortex

six layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution;it constitutes 90% of human cerebral cortex

The parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei get their name from the fact that the neurons in these layers are A) multipolar. B) small. C) monopolar. D) large. E) parvo-like.

small

2 categories of neurotransmitter molecules

small and large

terminal buttons

small bulges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons

graded potentials

small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential, -they are those generated at a localized place on the cell membrane where an excitatory or inhibitory synapse has taken place (EPSP and IPSP)

sulci

small furrows in a convoluted cortex

Parvocellular is to magnocellular as A) 2 is to 4 B) small is to big. C) movement is to fine detail. D) all of the above E) none of the above

small is to big

acetylcholine

small molecule neurotransmitter; created by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule; neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions, at many of the synapses in ANS, and at synapses in several parts of CNS; broken down in synapse by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

exocytosis of Small molecules

small molecule neurotransmitters are release in a pulse each time an action potential triggers a momentary influx of calcium ions through the presynaptic membrane

monoamines

small molecule neurotransmitters; each is synthesized from a single amino acid; slightly larger than amino acid neurotransmitters; effects tend to be more diffuse; are present in small groups of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the brain stem; have highly branched axons with many varicosities

synaptic vesicles

small spherical membranes that store neurotransmitter molecules and release them into synaptic cleft

stellate cells

small star shaped cortical interneurons

1 class of unconventional neurotransmitters

soluble gas neurotransmitters (include nitric oxide and carbon monoxide); produced in neural cytoplasm and immediately diffuse through cell membrane into extracellular fluid and then into nearby cells; easily pass through cell membrane because they are soluble in lipids; once inside another cell they stimulate production of a secondary messenger and in a few seconds are deactivated by being converted into other molecules; exist only for a few seconds

The main evidence that circadian sleep-wake and body-temperature cycles are not causally related is that they A) are always internally desynchronized. B) frequently become internally desynchronized under normal living conditions. C) sometimes become internally desynchronized under free-running conditions. D) usually have different free-running periods. E) are negatively correlated.

sometimes become internally desynchronized under free-running conditions

People who claim to be nondreamers A) have much less REM sleep than other people. B) rarely have penile erections. C) sometimes recall dreams if awakened during REM sleep. D) typically have more REM sleep than other people. E) are often found to be suffering from brain damage.

sometimes recall dreams if awakened during REM sleep.

Evidence directly linking early stress to the development of clinical depression is A) abundant. B) rapidly accumulating. C) strong. D) all of the above E) sparse.

sparse

Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for A) Pavlovian conditioning. B) time. C) spatial location. D) instrumental conditioning. E) objects.

spatial location

The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for A) spatial location. B) sounds. C) names. D) faces E) odors.

spatial location

Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for

spatial location.

The hippocampus appears to play a special role in memory for

spatial location.

Sensory neurons/ receptors

specially adapted cells that help with sensors that take energy and convert it into light odor or touch

Subordination stress is most readily investigated in species that form A) attack teams. B) stable dominance hierarchies. C) social aggression groups. D) permanent mating bonds. E) social bonds.

stable dominance hierarchies

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by a low-amplitude, high-frequency sleep EEG signal that is similar to that observed during active wakefulness? A) stage 1 B) sleep spindle stage C) stage 2 D) stage 3 E) both B and D

stage 1

Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of A) SWS. B) stage 2 sleep. C) REM sleep. D) delta sleep. E) stage 3 sleep.

stage 2 sleep

After a person falls asleep at night, the fourth stage of sleep EEG that is normally observed is A) stage 4. B) stage 3. C) stage 2. D) stage 1. E) emergent stage 1.

stage 4

astrocytes

star-shaped glia that synchronize the activity of the axons

anabolic steroids

steroids, such as testosterone, that have growth-promoting effects

opium

sticky resin obtained from the seeds pods of opium poppy; morphine is its major psychoactive ingredient; an effective analgesic (painkiller)

The __________ is thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses.

striatum

membrane

structure that separates the inside of a cell from the ouside

mitochondrion

structure where the cell performs the metabolic activities that provide energy (THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL)

nucleus

structure within a cell that contains the chromosomes; also a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Golgi complex

structures in the cell bodies and terminal buttons of neurons that package neurotransmitters and other molecules in vesicles

dorsal root ganglia

structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of cell bodies of dorsal root axons

define quasiexperimental study

studies of groups of subjects who have been exposed to conditions of interest in the real world -exmaple: revealed that alcoholics tend to have more brain damage than nonalcoholics

define experiment

study of causation

define neuropathology

study of nervous system disorders

define psychopharmacology

study of the effects of drugs on the brain and behavior - improving Alzheimer's patients by administering drugs that increasing acetylcholine -pure and applied research

define comparative psychology

study of the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior largely through use of the comparative method -pure research -ethnological research, study of animal behavior in natural environment

define physiological psychology

study of the neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating the nervous systems of nonhuman animals in controlled experiments -example, removing hippocampus of rats and assessing their ability to perform various tasks -controlled experiment!!! -pure research

define cognitive neuroscience

study of the neural mechanisms of human cognition, largely through the use of functional brain imaging (FMRI) -applied -youngest division

define neuropsychology

study of the psychological effects of brain damage in human patients -showing that alcohol induced brain damage have difficulty remembering recent events -case studies and quasi experimental study

define psychophysiology

study of the relation between physiological actvitity and psychological processes in humans by noninvasive physiological recording -showing that familiar faces elicit the usual changes in autonomic nervous system activity even when patients with brain damage report that they do not recognize a face -applied -observing!!!

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals A) submission. B) hunger. C) anger. D) aggression. E) threat.

submission

The relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing A) predation. B) attack. C) subordination stress. D) social defense. E) alpha hazing.

subordination stress

A.T. is a woman with selective damage to her dorsal visual stream. She has A) little difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. B) substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control. C) substantial difficulty consciously recognizing objects. D) lost all ability to respond to moving images. E) both A and D

substantial difficulty making accurate movements under visual control.

electro static pressure

substantial pressure on sodium ions to enter the resting neurons; sodium ion channels in restaurants are closed, that's greatly reducing the flow of sodium ions into the neuron; potassium channels are open and rest in your arms, but only a few potassium ions exit because they are largely held inside by the negative resting membrane potential

Temporal summation

summing of the potentials in one place and arrives at the axon hillock over time -The post synaptic potentials that are produced often are activated again before the first potential has dissipated and the impulse builds on top of the first one -both EPSP and IPSP

The major internal circadian clock is located in the __________ nuclei.

suprachiasmatic

Bilateral lesions of the __________ selectively disrupt circadian cycles. A) suprachiasmatic nuclei B) lateral hypothalamus C) lateral preoptic area D) reticular activating system E) subfornical organ

suprachiasmatic nuclei

There is more than one circadian clock. Early evidence for this was that bilateral lesions of the A) suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish all circadian rhythms. B) suprachiasmatic nuclei do not abolish circadian rhythms. C) raphé nucleus abolish sleep. D) raphé nucleus abolish wakefulness. E) suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish sleep.

suprachiasmatic nuclei do not abolish circadian rhythms.

There is good evidence that the internal circadian clock is located in the A) suprachiasmatic nuclei. B) raphé nuclei. D). basal forebrain. E) optic nerves.C) caudal reticular formation.

suprachiasmatic nuclei.

The color and brightness of large unpatterned surfaces are not directly perceived; they are filled in or completed by a process called A) edge extrapolation. B) area extrapolation. C) surface interpolation. D) accommodation. E) binocular rivalry.

surface interpolation

what is a leuctome

surgical device used in psychosurgery to cut out a core of brain tissue

what is prefrontal lobotomy

surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

Here is a summary of the two-system view of the stress response. Which label is missing? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) limbic system D) amygdala E) medial prefrontal cortex

sympathetic nervous system

The adrenal cortex was identified by Selye as important in the stress response; today's theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the A) pituitary. B) anterior pituitary. C) parasympathetic nervous system. D) sympathetic nervous system. E) thymus

sympathetic nervous system.

nondirected synapses

synapses at which the site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

axodendritic synapse

synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites; terminate on dendritic spines

axosomatic synapse

synapses of axon terminal buttons on somas

function of gap junction

synchronizing the activities of like cells in a particular area

7 general steps common in most neurotransmitters

synthesis of neurotransmitter; storage in vesicles; breakdown in cytoplasm of any neurotransmitter that leaks from vesicles; exocytosis; inhibitory feedback via autoreceptors; deactivation

steroid hormones

synthesized from cholesterol, a type of fat molecule; they influence sexual development and activate adult sexual behavior

amino acid derivative hormone

synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule

Diethylsilbestrol

synthetic estrogen

Stress disrupts the performance of A) tasks mediated by the hippocampus. B) most memory tasks. C) almost all avoidance tasks. D) most cognitive tasks. E) tasks mediated by the amygdala.

tasks mediated by the hippocampus

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed.

television shows that played for only one year

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed. A) digits B) faces C) shocks D) television shows that played for only one year E) names

television shows that played for only one year

It has been reported that naming faces, animals, and tools each activates a slightly different area of __________ lobe cortex.

temporal

The rhinal cortex (perirhinal cortex + entorhinal cortex) is an area of medial ___________ cortex.

temporal

Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus

temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.

Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was once widely believed that the hippocampus A) stores most long-term memories. B) stores all long-term memories. C) temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site. D) stores spatial memories. E) temporarily consolidates short-term memories

temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site.

Clinical depression and anxiety are comorbid disorders, which means that they A) both increase the likelihood of suicide. B) both increase susceptibility to terminal illness. C) have the same effect on neurochemicals. D) tend to occur together in the same individuals. E) both commonly require hospitalization.

tend to occur together in the same individuals.

side effects of anabolic steroids

testicular atrophy, gynecomastia (breast growth), amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation), sterility, hirsutism (excessive body hair growth), etc.

The results of Ekman and Friesen's (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that A) there are six primary emotions. B) facial expressions are learned. C) the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures. D) Darwin's assumption of the universality of emotional expression is wrong. E) New Guinean's are happier than New Yorkers.

the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all cultures.

what was the Coolidge effect

the fact that a copluating (intercourse) male who becomes incapable of continuing to copluate with one partner can often recommence copulate with new sex partner. -females dont display Coolidge effect -males more sexually fatigue than females -the dependent var in this was the amount of time the female display lordosis

refractory period is responsible for 2 characteristics of neural activity

the fact that action potentials normally travel along axons in only one direction and the fact that the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of stimulation

Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during A) body temperature homeostasis. B) internal desynchronization. C) free-running temperature cycles. D) the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle. E) the rising phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle.

the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle

fraternal birth order effect

the finding that the probability of a man's being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has

Clozapine is A) a typical neuroleptic. B) the first atypical neuroleptic. C) a potent D2 blocker. D) widely used in the treatment of depression. E) widely used in the treatment of mania.

the first atypical neuroleptic

olfactory bulbs

the first cranial nerves, whose output goes primarily to the amygdala and pirifrom cortex.

exteroceptive sensory systems

the five sensory systems that interpret stimuli from outside the body: vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste.

cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)

the fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal and the cerebral ventricles

cerebral ventricles

the four csf- filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle

columnar organization

the functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns: the cells in each column form a mini circuit that performs a single function

nodes of Ranvier

the gaps between adjacent myelin segments; axonal sodium channels are concentrated here; there is a slight delay at each node

pituitary gland

the gland that dangles from and is controlled by the hypothalamus

schwann cells

the glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of the PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons

periaqueductal gray

the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit.

periaqueductal gray (PAG)

the gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit.

pre central gyri

the gyrus located just anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor

postcentral gyri

the gyrus located just posterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily somatosensory

Handling rat pups for a few minutes per day during the first few weeks of their lives has permanent beneficial effects on the hippocampus. This effect occurs because A) the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers. B) the hippocampus is a center for handling. C) new granule cells are created in the amygdala. D) handled rats are less stressed. E) the handled rats receive practice being stressed.

the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers.

perception

the higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complex patterns of sensations.

pacinian corpuscles

the largest and most deeply positioned cutaneous receptors, which are sensitive to sudden displacements of the skin.

corpus callosum

the largest cerebral commissure

cerebral cortex

the layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mamals

During language tests, PET and fMRI typically reveal greater activity in A) aphasics. B) dyslexics. C) the left hemisphere. D) the right hemisphere. E) males.

the left hemisphere

cochlea

the long, coiled tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid and contains the organ of Corti and its auditory receptors.

fornix

the major tract of the limbic system;it connects the hippocampus with the septum and mammillary bodies

seminal vesicles; vas deferens

the male ducts are the _____ _____, which hold the fluid in which sperm cells are ejaculated, and _____ _____, through which sperm cells travel to seminal vesicles

blood brain barrier

the mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain

solitary nucleus

the medullary relay nucleus of the gustatory system.

basilar membrane

the membrane of the organ of Corti in which the hair cell receptors are embedded.

oval window

the membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea.

arachnoid membrane

the meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb

pons

the mesencephalic structure that creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem

frontal lobe

the most anterior of the four cerebral lobes

myelencephalon(medulla)

the most posterior of the five major divisions of the brain

occipital lobe

the most posterior of the four cerebral lobes; its function is primarily visual

Telencephalon

the most superior of the brain's five major divisions

olfactory mucosa

the mucous membrane that lines the upper nasal passages an contains the olfactory receptor cells.

choroid plexuses

the networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid

massa intermedia

the neural structure located in the third ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus

multipolar neuron

the neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

sexually dimorphic nucleus

the nucleus in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus was found to be several times larger in males

Research on the lateralization of emotion in humans using functional brain imaging suggests that the degree to which it is lateralized to the right hemisphere depends on A) the degree of speech development. B) the emotionality of the person. C) the particular brain structure under investigation. D) cultural factors. E) prosody.

the particular brain structure under investigation.

The phenomenon of color constancy makes the point that A) the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects. B) color is trichromatic. C) color perception is trichromatic. D) component and opponent processing are equal. E) color and wavelength are the same thing.

the perceived color of an object is not solely determined by the wavelengths of light that it reflects

Color vision is mediated by A) the photopic system. B) rods. C) the scotopic system. D) rhodopsin. E) duplexity.

the photopic system

High-acuity vision is mediated by A) the photopic system. B) the scotopic system. C) the optic disks. D) rhodopsin. E) both C and D

the photopic system

superior temporal gyri

the plural of superior temporal gyrus

peripheral nervous system(PNS)

the portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine

central nervous system(CNS)

the portion of the nervous system with the skull and the spine

sensation

the process of detecting the presence of stimuli.

stereognosis

the process of identifying objects by touch.

semicircular canals

the receptive organs of the vestibular system.

hair cells

the receptors of the auditory system.

tectum

the roof or dorsal surface of the mesencephalon; it includes the superior and inferior colliculi

what is Morgan's Canon

the rule that's the simplest possible interpretation for a behavior observation should be given precedence

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. A) the same B) different C) tangential D) inhibitory E) excitatory

the same

define psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

According to the text, people often start using a drug to see whether it will be useful to them in some way. In this approach, drugs are viewed as... A) repressors. B) tools or instruments. C) antipsychotic treatments. D) therapeutic. E) stimulants

tools or instruments

The parvocellular component of the retina-geniculate-striate system runs through the __________ layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei. A) top 4 B) top 2 C) bottom 4 D) bottom 2 E) middle 2

top 4

Tics are the primary symptom of A) Parkinson's disease. B) Tourette syndrome. C) multiple sclerosis. D) epilepsy. E) schizophrenia.

tourette syndrome

inferior

toward the bottom of the primate head or brain

ventral

toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head

medial

toward the midline of the body

anterior

toward the nose end of a vertebrate

dorsal

toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head

posterior

toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head

superior

toward the top of the primate head

cerebral commisures

tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres

puberty

transitional period between childhood and adulthood, when fertility is achieved secondary sex characteristics develop

Transduction refers to the A) perception of lights. B) disappearance of visual stimuli. C) transmission of sensory signals to the cortex. D) transmission of visual signals to the cortex. E) translation of one form of energy to another.

translation of one form of energy to another

Research designed to translate basic scientific discoveries into clinical treatments is called A) clinical research. B) translational research. C) neuropsychology research. D) clinical psychology research. E) application research.

translational research.

saltatory conduction

transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons

propagation of the action potential

transmission of an action potential down an axon

function of Small neurotransmitters

transmission of rapid, brief excitatory or inhibitory signals to adjacent cells

function of neuropeptides

transmission of slow, diffuse, long lasting signals

Free-running periods of sleep-wake cycles are A) the pauses between free-running cycles. B) invariably lengthened by zeitgebers. C) invariably shortened by zeitgebers. D) usually longer than 24 hours. E) usually shorter than 24 hours.

usually longer than 24 hours

The results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact, A) on drugs. B) playing with mice. C) vacillating between attack and defense. D) vacillating between predatory and social aggression. E) vacillating between lateral attack and boxing.

vacillating between attack and defense

What is a dependent variable?

variable that is measured to assess the effect of independent var

The areas of the cortex that control emotion seem to A) vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person. B) be clustered in the prefrontal lobes. C) be clustered in the temporal lobes. D) be clustered in the right hemisphere. E) be clustered in the limbic system

vary substantially from emotion to emotion and person to person.

microglia

very small neurons that remove waste materials and microorganisms from the central nervous system

ionic basis of an action potential

voltage activated sodium channels in the axon membrane open wide and the sodium ions rush in, suddenly driving the membrane potential from -70 to +50 mV; influx of sodium ions triggers the opening of voltage activated potassium channels; potassium ions near the membrane are driven out of the cell through these channels; sodium channels then close; many potassium ions flow out of the neuron, and it is left hyperpolarized

Recent research suggests that in addicts dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens may be related more to the __________ of a drug than the liking of the drug.

wanting

Chlorpromazine A) is a benzodiazepine. B) exerts an immediate antischizophrenic effect. C) was originally developed as an antihistamine. D) is commonly used in the treatment of depression. E) both A and C

was originally developed as an antihistamine

A major contribution of H.M.'s case was the following: It

was the first to strongly implicate the medial temporal lobes in memory. effectively challenged the view that memorial functions are diffusely and equivalently distributed throughout the brain. provided support for the view that there are distinct modes of short-term and long-term storage provided evidence of memory without conscious awareness. These ideas together changed the way that scientists thought about the brain mechanisms of memory.

Catatonic schizophrenic patients often experience a unique symptom when somebody moves them: A) visual hallucinations. B) waxy flexibility. C) auditory hallucinations. D) total rigidity. E) tremors

waxy flexibility

Kimura argued that although signals from each ear are projected to both hemispheres, the contralateral connections take precedence A) when different sounds from the two ears are simultaneously competing for access to the same cortical auditory circuits. B) in split-brain subjects. C) in aphasics. D) in patients under the influence of sodium amytal. E) in patients with apraxia.

when different sounds from the two ears are simultaneously competing for access to the same cortical auditory circuits.

coexistence

when neurons contain 2 neurotransmitters; usually one small molecule neurotransmitter and one neuropeptide