NFS 1110 - Shellie Dore LSU - Chapter 8

Choline Requirement

AI = 550 mg/day men, AI = 425 mg/day women (this means it is a required nutrient) UL for adults of 3.5 g/day ... results in hypotension (low blood pressure)

WSV: Pantothenic Acid B5

Abundant: meat, eggs, whole grains, legumes No DRI RDA. AI = 5 mg/day men/women

Coenzymes

All B vitamins = function as coenzymes Coenzymes = needed for enzyme activity Act as carriers of electrons/atoms/chemical groups - participate in reactions

Storage and Excretion: Fat-soluble vitamins

Stored in liver and adipose tissue Not excreted in urine to any great extent Removed from body by being excreted in bile Takes longer for deficiency to develop Greater risk of toxicity

what is an optimal amount for each of the nutrients?

Supplements cannot replace foods Even a pill that means all vitamins needs dose not provide the EBERRGY, WATER, PRO, MINERALS, FIBER, or PHYTOCHEMS. That would have been supplies by FOOD sources of these vitamins

Ariboflavinosis

Symptoms: inflammation of eyes, lips, mouth, tongue, scaly, greasy skin eruptions, cracking of tissue at corners of mouth, confusion. Riboflavin deficiency "alone" is rare. Usually multiple B vitamin deficiencies occur together because food sources of B vitamins are similar.

Beans & Tortillas provide Niacin

The treatment of corn w/ lime water during the preparation of tortillas improves niacin bioavailability. Serving tortillas alongside beans (good source of niacin) has helped prevent pellagra in countries w/ a corn-based diet (i.e. Mexico)

Absorption of Vitamins

Thiamin and Vitamin C have energy-requiring transport systems Niacin and riboflavin also require carrier proteins B12 must be bound to a protein in the stomach for absorption in the small intestine 40- 90% of vitamins = absorbed in the small intestine

Niacin Toxicity

Unlike previous D vitamins covered, there is DRI UL for niacin (35 mg)

Thiamin assists in

energy production, carbohydrate metabolism, production of ribose, health of nervous system

Reactions requiring Vitamin C

essential for formation of bonds that hold adjacent collagen strands together & give PRO strength

Storage and Excretion: Water-soluble vitamins

except for vitamin B12 Not stored Easily excreted Stores can be rapidly depleted = Greater risk of deficiency Must be consumed regularly

Fat-soluble vitamins require....

fat in the diet to be absorbed.

Vitamin K

fat-soluble coenzyme needed for proper blood clotting

Why does milk no longer get packaged in glass containers?

riboflavin is easily destroyed by light and heat. Exposure to light can cause an "off" flavor in the milk and looses vitamin A & D

B6 Toxicity

supplements can cause irreversible nerve damage DRI RDA for B6 is 1.3 mg/day for both men and women 19-50 years of age DRI UL is 100 mg/day from food + supplements. Toxicity from excessive B6 from supplements: - Peripheral nerve damage. - Despite the dangers of taking excessive doses of B6 the vitamin is highly marketed to consumers.

B6 : Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

(all 3 forms of Vitamin B6) can be converted into coenzyme form, pyridoxal phosphate, - required for more than 100 enzyme reactions in the body. Involved with protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. is needed to synthesize hemoglobin, form white blood cells, convert tryptophan to Niacin, metabolize glycogen, synthesize certain neurotransmitters and lipids for the myelin sheath (insulation) of many nerves. Vitamin B6 is distinguished from other B vitamins by its role in amino acid metabolism (transamination and deamination: helps move NH2 group). Without this vitamin, non-essential amino acids cannot be synthesized.

WSV: Thiamin B1

1st B vitamin identified widely available in foods, meats (pork), enriched grains, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds. in foods: sensitive to heat (may be destroyed by cooking), oxygen and low-acid conditions - Raw seafood = anti-thiamine enzyme factors - Other foods = binding factors (block absorption) No toxicity reported with excessive intakes, no DRI UL. Thiamin supplements above requirements do not increase "energy levels" nor improve mental function nor prevent heart disease.

Is it a FOOD or is it a SUPPLEMENT?

Almost all breakfast cereals are fortified with iron and calcium and complements of vitamins, many of which are not deficient in the US diet

Riboflavin Deficiency

Ariboflavinosis

B12 Deficiency

Atrophic gastritis may lead to B12 deficiencies. Pernicious anemia - a B12 deficiency - A form of anemia that does not respond to iron supplementation

Thiamin Deficiency

Beriberi

Biotin functions

Biotin functions as coenzyme in energy metabolism. - coenzyme for group of enzymes that add COOH to molecules. - helps form oxalacetate (OAA) from pyruvate and metabolize glucogenic amino acids.

Biotin requirements

Biotin has AI 30 µg for adult men/ women No toxicity reported, No DRI UL exists Biotin deficiency is uncommon... - TF, TPN patients without biotin - Malabsorption, protein-energy malnutrition - frequently consuming raw egg whites

Thiamin: Functions

CHO Metabolism Energy Production Ribose production Healthy nervous system active thiamine coenzyme: converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. [C02 lost] Acetyl-CoA used: - produce ATP - synthesize neurotransmitter = acetylcholine Without thiamin, body cannot synthesize acetylcholine or properly use glucose (primary fuel for brain & nerve cells).

Provitamin (Precursor)

Chemical compound closely related to a vitamin in structure The body is capable of converting the inactive pro-vitamin into the chemical structure that is the vitamin.

Vitamin C Requirement

Cigarette smoking increases the requirement The EAR is based on amounts in white blood cells - used to fight infections - antiviral effect UL is 2000 mg/day from food and supplements - abdominal problems Can be destroyed by oxygen, light, heat, as well as contact with copper or iron cookware

B Vitamin Function:Energy Metabolism

Coenzymes are essential for energy metabolism

Folate (Folic Acid) B9 Requirements

DRI RDA for folate is 400 µg of dietary folate equivalents (DFE's) per day for adult men and women. During pregnancy the RDA for folate is 600 µg/day. Although there is no known folate toxicity, a high intake may mask the early symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. DRI UL is set at 1000 µg/day from supplements and/or fortified foods.

Enrichment

Describes adding nutrients [B vitamins - thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron] back to foods that have lost nutrients due to processing Ex: addition of B vitamins to white rice

Causes of Lack of Vitamin B12

Dietary - B12 is strictly an animal product so it might be a problem for a strict vegetarian. Lack of Intrinsic Factor - People over age 50 are more susceptible to atrophic gastritis, an autoimmune disorder that results in lower or no levels of intrinsic factor being secreted Absorption problems in the ileum interfering with absorption of the B12 -IF complex - Crohn's disease

Raw Egg Shakes

Drinking raw eggs is common among bodybuilders. Cooked eggs provide just as much PRO and do NOT reduce biotin absorption or pose a risk for Salmonella infection.

Super-Fortified Foods: Are They a Healthy Addition to Your Diet?

Enough or too much? whether they are helpful or harmful, depends on what is in the products and how much you consume

B12 Toxicity

Excessive intake of folic acid can mask B12 deficiencies

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

FAD functions in citric acid cycle FAD important in fatty acid breakdown FAD carries electrons (electron transport chain)

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)

FMN also = electron carrier

WSV: Folate (Folic Acid) B9

FOLIC ACID is the form of folate that has only one molecule of glutamate. It is EASILY ABSORBED & this is the form found in fortified foods & supplements. This is the form found naturally in food; it includes many glutamate molecules [Glu] attached to form a chain. All but one glutamate must be removed before the folate can be absorbed.

Folate (Folic Acid) B9 Functions

Folate coenzymes needed for forming red blood cells, DNA synthesis, metabolism of some amino acids

Neural tube defects

Folate deficiency early in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of neural tube defects Neural tube defects include spina bifida, anencephaly, and other birth defects that affect the brain and spinal cord. It appears that low folate coupled with a genetic predisposition is the problem. So, it is not strictly a folate deficiency.

Macrocytic anemia

Folate is needed for cells to divide. In folate deficiency, cells that develop into mature red blood cells cannot duplicate their DNA and divide. These immature cells, called megaloblasts, are converted into large red blood cells called macrocytes. Fewer RBCs are produced and oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

VC Functions : How Antioxidants Work

Free radical - one type of highly reactive molecule that causes oxidative damage Oxidative damage - damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules that steal electrons from other compounds, causing changes in structure and function

WSV: Biotin B7

Good Dietary Sources - liver , egg yolks, yogurts, nuts. Poor Dietary Sources - fruit & meat Avidin (PRO) in raw eggs binds biotin

B12 functions:

Healthy red blood cells Healthy nerve tissue

Folate (Folic Acid) B9 Deficiencies

Heart disease - Folate deficiency impacts the metabolism of the amino acid homocysteine. Cancer - Low folate status is associated with increased risk for cancers: ovarian, breast, pancreas, colon.

Vitamin B12 and Folate

If sufficient quantities of folic acid are provided in fortified foods or supplements, the anemia due to folic acid deficiency can be prevented, but the neurological symptoms that are directly due to vitamin B12 deficiency cannot. Vitamin B12 deficiency causes folate deficiency because it prevents folate from being converted into the active form that is needed for DNA synthesis. This secondary folate deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia.

ws Substance: Choline (essential nutrient)

Needed for synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid and major component of cell membranes, and acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter Choline can be synthesized to some extent Good sources: egg yolks, organ meats, spinach, nuts, wheat germ

Niacin Function

Niacin plays an important role in the production of energy and in general metabolism. Two forms of niacin: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Two active coenzymes that contain niacin are: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD is a carrier of electrons and hydrogens taken from energy macronutrients and alcohol in catabolism. NADP has the same role, but acts in synthesis reactions such as fatty acid synthesis from glucose.

Riboflavin Toxicity

No toxic effects observed (foods nor supplements) = no DRI UL. Extra riboflavin = harmless side effect = bright yellow urine In the absence of a deficiency, riboflavin supplements do not increase energy or cure eye diseases and skin disorders.

Niacin Deficiency

Pellegra

Vitamin C Functions

Required for the production of collagen Works as an antioxidant Promotes the absorption of iron Participates in amino acid metabolism Required for the synthesis of steroid hormones, such as thyroid hormone, bile acids, and carnitine needed for fatty acid oxidation. Vitamin C like other water soluble vitamins can be lost in cooking water. Because vitamin C can serve as a reducing agent it can donate electrons - Reversible reaction = Vitamin C can be restored

The Vitamins

Scientists have identifies 13 vitamins they are based on their solubility book doesn't put Choline as B vitamin

WSV: B12

Vitamin B12 necessary for proper absorption of iron Vitamin B12 most readily absorbed from animal products. - Vegan diets need to be supplemented with readily-absorbable forms of B12.

WSV: B6

Vitamin B6 also called pyridoxine comprises group of compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine.

Does Vitamin C cure the common cold?

Vitamin C supplementation can reduce the duration and severity of colds, but apparently not the number of colds; supplementation must begin before contraction of cold Little evidence to support reduction of CVD Vitamin C and cancer prevention may be due to consumption of fruits and vegetables with a variety of nutrients and other healthful substances

Vitamins promote and regulate body functions

Vitamins do not provide energy, but are required to obtain energy from energy macronutrients and alcohol (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin) Function as co-enzymes (B vitamins) Play an important role in amino acid and protein metabolism (vitamin B6) Ensure normal cell division (folate, vitamin B12) Coenzyme for synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones and a protein vital for collagen formation and bone health (vitamin C)

Biotin

Was discovered when rats were fed protein derived from raw egg white and developed hair loss, dermatitis, neuromuscular dysfunction. Cooking eggs denatures the protein avidin found in egg whites; when raw egg whites are consumed, avidin acts as an "anti-vitamin" by binding to biotin and preventing its absorption

Niacin B3

Water-Soluble Vitamin

Niacin and Tryptophan

We consume both niacin and the essential amino acid tryptophan in our diet. Tryptophan can be used to synthesize niacin, but only after the need for tryptophan in protein synthesis has been met.

Vitamin A

also binds to a protein in the eye so light can be sensed by the brain for vision

Anti-vitamin

antagonist to a vitamin which can replace the vitamin in chemical reactions.

Vitamin B6, Folate, & Vitamin B12

are required in the metabolism of homocysteine. Without adequate amounts of these B vitamins, homocysteine accumulates & increases risk of cardiovascular disease.

WSV: Vitamin C

ascorbic acid or ascorbate scurvy = deficiency disease James Lind demonstrated that sailors provided oranges and lemons were cured of scurvy.

Vitamin D and vitamin A

bind to receptors that influence gene transcription (transcription factors)

Dietary Supplements

can be another source of vitamins in the modern diet contain some combination of vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, enzymes or extracts supplements cannot replace benefits of a diet containing a wide variety of foods. most common vitamin deficiencies of the past have been eliminated vitamin A deficiency remains a problem in developing countries certain segments of US population = at risk for deficiencies - Children , pregnant women , alcoholics , elderly

Beriberi

deficiency disease [present >1,000 years in East Asia] occurred when people consumed white rice as staple of diets Scientists thought it was infectious disease until Eijkman noticed chickens fed white polished rice developed the disease ...then got better when fed brown rice. lethargy, fatigue, other neurological symptoms, rapid heartbeat, enlargement of heart, congestive heart failure. Alcoholics have increased risk thiamin deficiency ETOH decreases thiamin absorption in GI liver damage with chronic ETOH reduces conversion to active coenzyme form low p.o. thiamin intake when high ETOH deficiency of thiamine in alcoholics is called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (neurological condition = psychosis, mental confusion, memory disturbances, coma) Thiamin deficiency = readily reversible

pernicious anemia

deficiency disease associated with B12 deficiency : Pernicious anemia is a form of anemia that does not respond to iron supplementation; usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein needed for the absorption of the vitamin. The disease was always fatal before B12 supplements were available. Pernicious refers to the brain damage because nerves do not have myelin sheaths; this is associated with the megaloblastic or macrocytic anemia because with low vitamin B12 folate is trapped in the inactive form (secondary deficiency of folate).

WSV: Riboflavin B2

discovered along with other B vitamins, while searching for cure for beriberi Milk = best source of riboflavin in North America. (2C milk ~ ½ RDA) or 2-3 meat servings, 4-5 enriched grain servings + high riboflavin vegs Plant sources: mushrooms, broccoli, asparagus, whole grains, green/leafy vegetables (spinach) Animal sources: milk, red meat, poultry, fish

Riboflavin Functions

forms 2 active enzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) & flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Crucial in providing energy from CHO, PRO, FAT Directly/indirectly, riboflavin assists in conversion of other vitamins (folate, niacin, B6, vitamin K) into active forms.

Pantothenic Acid B5 Functions

found "everywhere" ... needed "everywhere" Helps with energy metabolism - Pantothenic acid = part of coenzyme A (CoA) - coenzyme A molecule = part of acetyl-CoA. Synthesizes fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, 2 neurotransmitters - Pantothenic acid = needed to produce acyl carrier protein needed for synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids.

Pellegra

initial symptoms: fatigue, decreased appetite, indigestion As deficiency progresses, 3 D's develop: Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia and if left untreated → 4th D = Death Pellagra was first observed in Europe in 1700s and became widespread in Southeastern US in early 20th century where corn was dietary staple. Dr. Joseph Goldberger demonstrated pellagra was not infectious disease, but problem not corrected until refined grains were enriched in the 1940s Niacin is still added to enriched flours in North America. Niacin can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan if the diet is adequate in tryptophan but cannot be made if the diet is low in tryptophan.

B6 Deficiency

may result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and neurotransmitter issues Neurological symptoms of B6 deficiency include: depression, headache, confusion, numbness and tingling in the extremities, seizures. Vitamin B6 deficiency may also result in anemia due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis. Other deficiency symptoms include: poor growth, skin lesions, decreased antibody formation. Affected by a number of drugs including: alcohol and oral contraceptives. Alcoholics have increased need for B6.

Niacin Toxicity

no evidence niacin toxicity from food intake Toxicity = from overuse of niacin supplements - Symptoms: flushing of skin, tingling sensations hands/feet, red skin rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, high blood sugar levels, abnormalities in liver function, blurred vision - Results: elevated blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, nausea, vomiting, elevated blood sugar levels, impaired liver function Doses of 50 mg/day of nicotinic acid are given to patients with cardiovascular disease to lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and raise HDL cholesterol. UL for niacin (35 mg).

Spina bifida

occurs if a lower portion of the neural tube does not close normally. If the head end of the neural tube does not close properly, the brain doesn't form completely = anencephaly. Neural tube closure occurs by 28 days after conception so folate status needs to be adequate before pregnancy Women capable of becoming pregnant are recommended to consume more folate than the RDA of 400 μg DFE/day Folate typically supplemented during pregnancy (RDA 600 μg DFE/day)

What are VItamins?

organic compounds essential in diet promote growth and health maintenance

Fortification

process of adding nutrients to foods... added nutrients are generally not found in the food in its natural form or are added in much larger amounts Ex: Calcium added to orange juice Vitamin D added to Milk Iodine to salt Cereals are highly fortified they almost the same as vitamin - mineral supplement

Pantothenic Acid B5 Deficiency

rare part of multiple B-vitamin deficiency, malnutrition, chronic alcoholism