NFS284 Part 3

What is the relative risk for developing heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure when someone has a healthy bodyweight?

1

What are the variables involved in calculation EERs?

1. Age 2. Gender 3. weight 4. Height 5. PA (activity level)

Iron and pregnancy/motherhood 1. Breast milk is (abundant/poor) source of iron 2. Infant is born with a __ month supply of iron in liver 3. Exlcusive breastfed infants (should/should not) be supplemented with iron until what age?

1. Breastmilk is poor in iron 2. Infants are born with 6 month supply of iron in liver 3. Exclusive breastfed infants should be supplemented with iron until age 6 months.

Oxalate found in spinach and other vegetables binds to? (2)

1. Ca 2. Fe

Tannins found in tea and coffee bind to? (2)

1. Ca 2. Fe

Phytate (found in grains) binds to (4)

1. Ca 2. Zn 3. Fe 4. Mg

3 important minerals for bone health?

1. Calcium 2. Magnesium 3. Phosphorus

Which 3 nutrients are involved in DNA methylation

1. Folate 2. Vitamin B6 3. Vitamin B12

What are two mechanims of adaptive thermogenesis?

1. Futile cycling where oppositing metabolic pathways occur simultaneously 2. Uncoupling the electron transport chain from ATP sysnthesis and rather, just produce heat.

Which hormone stimulates hunger, which hormones suppress hunger? (3)

1. Ghrelin stimulated hunger Cholecystokinin, Peptide PYY and GLP-1 all supresses hnger

Aerobic metabolism works on what 3 substances?

1. Glucose 2. Fatty acids 3. Amio acids

Iodine is found abundantly (naturally) in?

1. In seafood 2. In plants that grow near the sea

What are the effecs of being exposed to high levels of insulin in utero?

1. Increased adolescent BMI 2. Increased risk of obesity 3. Impaired glucose tolerance 4. Poorer intellectual and psychomotor development

These are possible risk factors for what? 1. Increased birth weight 2. Reduced breast feeding 3. Increased weight gain during first weeks of life 4. Reduced sleep duration

1. Increased birth weight 2. Reduced breastfeeding 3. Increased weight gain during first weeks of life 4. Reduced sleep duration Are all possible risk factors for adulthood obesity

What are 6 adaptation of regulat aerobic exercise?

1. Increased stroke volume 2. More blood vessels in muscle 3. Inccreased total blood volume 4. Increased redblood cells 5. Increased ability to store gycogen in muscles 6. Increase number and size of mitochondria

1. What is osteomalacia 2. What is it caused by? 3. Is it in (children/adults/both)

1. It is loss of mineral component of bone (like rickets) 2. It is caused by vitamin D deffieincy 3. It is in adults

1. Folate has been confirmed by (interventional/observational) studies to decrease CVD 2. Folate has been confirmed by (interventional/observational) study to decrease homocystene 3. Decreasing homocysteine has been confirmed by (interventional/observational) studies to decrease CVD

1. Observational studies 2. Interventional studies 3. Observational studies

What are 4 examples of maternal factors that can increase risks of pregancy?

1. Prepregnant BMI < 19.8 or gaining too little weight during pregnancy 2. Prepregancy BMI > 26 or gaining too much weight during pregancy 3. Diabetes 4. Adolescent preganncy

What are 3 recommendations from the canadian medical association on how to treat obesity?

1. Reduce weight by 10% over 6 months --> will improve serum levels, blood pressure and blood glucose 2. Rate of loss should be gradual to avoid muscle loss -> eg. 0.5-1kg per week 3. Avoid weight cycling

What are the 4 types of vitamin A

1. Retinol (preformed vitamin A) from animal sources 2. Retinol and retinal are interconvertable 3. Retinoic acid cannot be converted to anything else once formed 4. Beta carotene can be converted to retinal

1. What is rickets, 2. What causes it? 3. Is it in (children/adults/both)

1. Rickets is the loss of the mineral component of bones 2. Cause by vitamin D defficiency 3. Only in children

Vitamin B6 is involved in what 3 amino-acid related pathways?

1. Synthesis of nonessential amino acids (transamination) 2. Deamination of amino acids for the production of ATP and glucose 3. Decarboxylation of amino acids for the synthesis of neurotransmitters

What are the criteria to meet "good manufacturing practices"?

1. The product says what is is 2. The product is not contaminated with microbes 3. THe product is not comtaminated with toxic chemicals like heavy metals (lead, mercury, etc)

Which nutrients play role as ligands for trancription factors? (4)

1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin D 3. Iodine 4. PUFAs

What are the 3 nutrients that work together to decrease homocystene?

1. Vitamin B6, 2. B12 3. folate

Which two vitamins are involved in bone matrix formation?

1. Vitamin C --> needed to form collagen 2. Vitamin D regulation

What are 3 general source of iron in our diet?

1. heme iron from myoglobin in animal meat 2. Non-heme iron from leafy green plants 3. Iron cookware (cooking with iron cookware release iron into foods, especially when the food is acidic)

How many protein subunits are in: 1. hemoglobin 2. myoglobin

1. hemoglobin has 4 subuntis 2. Myoglobin has 1 subunit

What are the 3 effects of vitamin D?

1. increased absorption of calcium in the small intestine 2. Increased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys 3. Increased resorption of calcium from bones

Zinc defficiency results in: (2)

1. stunted growth 2. Stunded sexual development

What is Normal BMI range?

18.5-24.9

In anaerobic metabolism 1 glucose results in ___ ATP

2 ATP

How much time does it take before aerobic energy metabolism takes effect

2-3 minutes

The proportion of overweight and obese children has increased between 1978 and 2004 in all youth age groups except ______

2-5

What is overweight BMI range?

25.0-29.9

What is the additional amount of calories needed by pregnant women in their 3rd trimester?

350-450 calories

In aerobic metabolism, 1 glucose results in ____ to ____ molecules of ATP produced

36-38 ATP

What is the cuttoff for healthy waist circumference (in inches) for men according to health canada?

40 inches

WHat was the effect of fortifying grain products with folic acid?

50% reduction in neural tube defects and reduction in childhood cancers

What percentage of Canadians are either overweight or obese?

60%

What is considered the range of percentage of maximal heart rate for aerobic activity?

60-85%

What proportion of Canadian men and canadian women eat more than the UL for sodium?

65.7 percent of women eat more than the UL for sodium 90.2 percent of men eat above the UL for sodium

Percentage of people who attempt to lose weight that fail:

90%

What is underweight BMI?

<18.5

What is obese BMI?

>30

What are the ABCs of behavior?

A = antecendents (cues ) that lead to certain behaviors B = the behavior itself C = the consequences of behavior

A POPULATION is considered to have an adequate intake of a particular nutrient if >__% of the population reaches the AI.

A population is considered to have an adequate intake of a particular nutrient if >50% of the population reaches the AI.

What are the fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

What is accretion (will for sure be on exam)

Accretion is uptake and accumulation of calcium from the diet

What is adaptive thermogenesis? -Up to how many calories can this change energy expenditure?

Adaptive thermogenesis is when the body changes temperature to maintain a set point (37.5*C) as the environment changes This can account for up to 250 kcal

Adults have ~__% calcium absoption effieincy

Adults have 30% calcium absorption efficiency

Adults ith vitamin D deficiency have absortion as low as low as __%

Adults ith vitamin D deficiency have absortion as low as 10%

What is the CFG recommendation in terms of vitamin D supplementation?

Adults over age 50 should take a daily vitamin D supplement

What stimulates aldosterone release? What is the effect of aldosterone

Aldosterone release is stimulated by angiotensin Aldosterone increases sodium resorption in the kidneys

Which of the following qualify as natural health products? 1. Vitamins and minerals 2. Amino acids 3. Essential fatty acids 4. Herbal remedies 5. Traditional medicines 6. Homeopathic medicines

All of these

What is fat free mass mad up of?

All tissue except fat, e.g. bone, muscle, etc.

Alpha-tocopherol is the the main vitamin E type in _____ and it is the form used in ______

Alpha tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E in the blood and it is the main form used in supplements

Iron defiency anemia results in weight gain via what mechanism?

Anemia --> fatigue --> physical inactivity --> weight gain

When you have eccessive folic acid but vitamin B12 defficiency, what symptoms are experience

Anemia does not develop but neurological damage can still take place

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) neutralizes free radicals by doing what? And becoming what?

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) donates an electron to the free radical. It does this by deprotonating itself to become dehydroascorbic acid

What is atrophic gastritis and how does it affect vitamin B12?

Atrophic gastritis is when there is inflammation of the stomach linning from bacterial overgrowth and this resuls in reduced stomach acid secretion. This reduced stomach acidity prevents the release of proteins bound to VB12, meaning that it becomes less absorbable. Also if atrophic gastritis is severe, it can prevent production of intrinsic factor which is needed to absorb instrinsic factor

What is the formula for BMI

BMI = weight / height^2

Overweight is defined as which percentile range? What about obese?

BMI percentile for overweight: 85-97% BMI percentile for obese: >97%

Which has the most potassium: a) a banana b) 250ml orange juice c) 1 baked potato

Baked potato

What is the role that bacteria play with vitamins?

Bcteria in the gut produce a small amount of vtamins

Why do we underestmate our folate intake?

Because most companies OVER fortify their foods with folate to prevent fines which result from under fortification

Why is it that we advise women who "might" get pregant to take a multivitamin?

Because neural tube formation will typically occur before there are any signs of pregnancy, and thus if she only starts taking folate later on, it might be too late to prevent neural tube defects

Why does the immune system require antioxidants?

Because phagocytes produce free radicals to kill pathogens, so wee need these antioxidants to protect our own cells

Why is vitamin C requirement for smokers higher?

Because smoking generates free radicals in lung tissues

Why is it that a single capsule of vitamin A can last a person for a few months?

Because vitamin A is fat soluble and thus is able to be retained in fat

What is Beriberi? What nutrient defficiency is it associated with?

Beriberi is a deficiency disease of thiamine characterized by weakness, poor coordination, paralysis and death

What is the best source of ribflavin in Canada?

Best source of riboflavin in Canadian diet is milk

1. Beta carotene from fruits/vegetables gets converted into which form of vitamin A? 2. Is this conversion efficient?

Beta-carotene gets converted into retinol This is not efficient; not all beta carotene is absorbed, not alll beta carotene is converted into retinol

What is bioelectric impedence analysis?

Bio electrical impedende is a method to estimate body fat percentage. It is when you touch two electrodes and it the device measure the resistance (difference between current applied at one electrode versus receicived) to estimate body fat. Body fat is an insulator so it should cause resistance. Note: this method can be inaccurate depending on current body water

What is the relationship between bones and estrogen?

Bones "love estrogen" Estrogen stimulates osteoblast activity

What is the difference between bound and free estrogen? which one is more conducive to cancer?

Bound estrogen: it is bound in the blood to sex hormone binding globuling (SHBG) Free estrogen is not bound to SHBG Free estrogen is more conducive to cancer because it is more bioavailible --> causes more stimulation of cell growth

Which chemical can aggrevate ephedras side effects?

Caffeine

When is calcitonin and parathyroid hormone released? What do they do?

Calcitonin is released when there is high blood calcium --> prevents bone resorption Parathyroid hormone: released when there is low blood calcium --> causes bone resorption, increased calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and increased vitamin D action

Tannins, fiber, phytates and oxalates decrease the bioavailibility of ____?

Calcium

With regards to absorption, what is the relationship between calcium and iron?

Calcium and iron compete for absorption

What is the Canadian prenatal nutrition program and which groups is it geared towards?

Canadian prenatal nutrition program project: It gives guidance and education for mothers regarding nutrition and health during pregnancy. It is geared towards teen mothers and low income mothers

What is osteoprotic spine cause?

Causes the front edge of trabecular bone of the vertebra to collapse and cause the spine tobedn forward. Decrease in ehight

WHat is the role of chromium?

Chromium binds to a peptide that functions in insulin signaling. Chromoium is therefore involved in insuling signaling

Which two types of cancers are linked to obesity?

Colon and breast

What was the conclusion of a prospective cohort study examining the association between obesity and colon cancer?

Colon cancer risk was increased significantly in high BMI/obese people compared to normal BMI people for both men and women.

What is the method we use to determine the number of calories in food?

Combustion in bomb calorimeter and correct for nutrients that are unavailible like fiber

What is a consequence of zinc defficiency?

Compromised immune system; increase infections

WHat is the relationship between niacin and corn? Why is this not an issue in south america?

Corn contains niacin but it is bound to protein and is thus not bioavailible. In countried where corn is the main source of carbohydrate, this means that they are not having good access to niacin. In south america, they tend to serve corn with lime which releases the protein from niacin and thus the bioavailibility of niacin is higher

Wha countries tend to have iodine defficiency?

Countries that are montinous/have high altitude/are far way

Cretinism is the result of... in pregnancy

Cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency in pregnancy

What is the DASH dietary plan (what does DASH stand for) What are the main components of this diet?

DASH dietary approaches to stop hypertension. DASH is high in potassium, calcium, magnesium

What is DHA and what is it involved in?

DHA is a long chain Omega 3 fatty acid and it is involved in fetal brain development

Neural tube closure relies on what DNA modifying process, which is vtamin b12 and folate dependent?

DNA methylation

What is the process by which amino acids are converted into energy?

Deamination --> to produce high energy electrons

What is direct calorimetry and human direct calorimetry

Direct calorimetry is how we determine the amount of energy produced whena food is combusted in a bomb calorimeter. Human direct calorimetry is when we put a person in an insulated chamber and measure the heat produced by their body as a result of metabolic reactions.

Out of direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry and doublly labeled water, which is the most practical?

Doublly labeled water

During pregancy, does calcium absorption change? Does the RDA increase, decrease of stay the same to reflect this?

During pregnancy, calcium absorption increases. The RDA does not change.

During the winter, at latitudes greater than ___ degrees north or south, people have no synthesis of vitamin D

During the winter months, at latitudes greater than 40 degrees north or south, people have no synthesis of vitamin D

B enzymes function as co enzymes in what process?

Energy metabolism

Thiamine, riboflavin, nicain, patothenic acid and biotin are all involved in what process?

Energy metabolism

What is ephedra?

Ephedra is a weight loss supplement

What are some of the side effects of ephedra?

Ephedra is associated with increased risk of psychiatric, nervous system and gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiovascular abnormalities and seizures

What is EER?

Estimated energy requirement is the amoount of energy recommended by the DRIs to maintain body weight in a healthy person based on age, gender, size and activity level

What is hemochromatosis

Excess iron deposits in the tissues resuting from too much iron intake (or hereditary

Vitamin B12 deficiency may be masked by....?

Excessive folate intake

Two problems with vitamin A intake

Excessive vitamin A can be toxic Vitamin A should not be taken by pregnant women due its being a teratogen

Lack of vitamin A will result in which eye disease?

Exeropthalmia (dry eyes)

True or false: exercise during pregancy is not safe?

Fale: moderate exercise during pregancy is safe

True or false: megaloblastic anemia responds to iron supplementation

False

True or false: glucose and amino acids conprise a large contribution to energy storage as fat?

False:

True or false: in most countries, consumer salt as well as salt used in processed foods must be iodized?

False: house hold consumer salt must be iodied, but processed food does not need to contain iodine

True or false: fat soluble vitamins are depleted more quickly than fast soluble vitamins?

False: in general, water soluble vitamins are depletead more rapidly than fat soluble ones. This is because they cannot be stored and they are easily excreted in the urine

True or false: milk consumption tends to increase with age

False: milk consumption tends to DECREASE with age

True or false: phosphorus deficiency is very common in Canadians?

False: phosphorus defficiency is very rare

True or false: there are no negative effects of large intakes of selenium?

False: thre is toxicity associated with excessive selenium intake

What is satiety?

Feeling of fullness and satisfaction caused by food consumpution that eliminates the desire to et

What are the 3 nutrients involved in DNA synthesis?

Folate Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12

Megaloblastic anemia is caused by?

Folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency

What is the role of folate metabolically? -It is involved with synthesis of ___ -It is involved in DNA __________

Folate is performs single carbon metabolism: This is used in the syntehsis of components of DNA -Also involved in DNA methylation

Folate is derived from whic amno acid?

Folic acid

What is the difference between folate and folic acid? Which one is used more in fortified food? Which one is more stable

Folic acid has a single glutamate attached Folate has many glutamates attached (folate-polyglutamate) Folic acid is more widely used in fortified foods Folic acid is more stable than folate

GLP1 levels tend to be (higher/lower) in obese people. What is the consequence of this?

GLP1 levels tend to be lower in obese people than lean people. This may cause an increase in the length of a meal

What was the conclusion of the Laval University twin study?

Genetics is a factor in weight gain as a result of overeating

When do levels of ghrelin rise versus fall

Ghrelin levels rise before a meal and delcine after a meal

Glucose and amino acids are broken down into ________ which then can be converted into fatty acids for energy storage

Glucose and amino acids can be made into acetyl-CoA which is then converted into Fatty acids

In order to sell a natural health product, a manufacter must demonstrate what?

Good manufacturing practices in making the product. When GMP is demonstrated, health Canada issues a license for the site of manufacture

Gout _______ deposition in joints and its risk is increased with...?

Gout is uric acid deposition in joints -Increased risk with insulin resistance and obesity

What is HPN? What is important about his?

HPN = health product number. All natural health products in Canada must have one in order to be sold

When iodine intake is high, urinary excretion of iondine will be?

High

In terms of abosrption, what is the relationship between zinc and copper

High zinc intake causes increased synthesis of metallothionein. This in turn binds copper and prevents it from diffusing into the blood. THus copper absorption is reduced

Rank these in order of most to least body fat in proportion of total body weight: -Adult men, -Adult women -Babies

Highest = Adult women Mid = babies ~12% Lowest = Adult men ~8-19%

What is homocysteine and what is the relationship with Vitamin B6?

Homocysteine is a toxic metabolite in the blood that increases risk of CVD. Vitamin B6 is involved in reducing homocystene levels . Therefore vitamin B6 is thought to decrease cardiovascular disease

What is the name of the mneral component of bone?

Hydroxyapetite Ca5(PO4)3OH

What is hypercarotenemia?

Hypercarotenemia is when a person has high levels of beta carotene and they actually turn orange

What part of the brain does insulin act on?

Hypothalamus

Hypothyroidsm 1. is this the cause of goitre? 2. What is the energy level of people? 3. People tend to (lose/gain) weight?

Hypothyrodism: 1. Causes goitre 2. Leads to low level of energy in people 3. results in weight gain

Weight loss is only considered successful if what?

If the person keeps weight off after 2 years

What is the process of bringing a product to market if its included on the natural health products ingretdent database listing of monographs versus not listed?

If the product is already lsited, then the manufacterer can get rapid approval If the product is going be marketed for a purpose not listed on the monogrpah, or its a new product, it must demonstrate scientific evidence before it can be approved for sale

In what scenario would a product have to be labeled as "not a health product"?

If there is no scientific evidence to support its use

Natural health products are considered to be in between food and ____

In between food and drugs

What did the DASH study reveal about sodium?

In the DASH study, all three treatment groups had the same amount of sodiium intake, however, they changed in other things like the amounts of fuits, vegentables, potassium, fats, etc. Blood pressurewas resuldec on the dash diet with fruits and vegetables compared to the control "typical american" diet, meaning that sodium itself was not responsible for the decline (cause remember sodium is the same across the different diets)

Vitamin E, being fat soluble, functions as an antioxidant in which cell structure?

In the cell membrane

How is zinc absorbed?

In the presence of high zinc, zinc itself stimulates the synthesis of protein callled metallothionein protein that binds metals. This this helps bring zinc into the cell (enterocyte)

In animal studies: Increased folate in the (presence/absense) of preexisting cancer resulting in decreased cancer risk Increased folate in the (presence/absense) of pre-existing cancer increased cancer risk

Increased folate in the absence of pre‐existing cancer ->decreased cancer risk Increased folate in the presence of pre‐existing cancer ->increased cancer risk

There was a human observational study that found an association between folate and...?

Increased folate intake associated with decreased colon colon cancer risk

What are the risks associated with visceral fat (apple shape) -What are some reasons for this? (3)

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease -free fatty acids are more readily released -prone to becomjng insulin resistance -Causes release of proteins that promote inflammation

In the 1944 Dutch Famine, in utero famine exposure lead to what? (5)

Increased risk of: 1. Obesity 2. Atherogenic lipid profile 3. Hypertension 4. Coronary heart disease 5. Impaired glucose tolerance Later in life

What is indirect calorimetry?

Indirect calorimetry is when a human puts on a mask that measures the composition of their inhaled and exhaled air and extrapolates energy usage from carbon dioxide usage

Information about risks associated with natural health products is presented as ____-dependent

Information about risks is presented in dose dependent format

What is pernicious anemia

Iniability to absorb vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor (cells that produce intrinsic factor are destroyed by autoimmune disease) Pernitious anemia is symptomatically the same as megaloblastic anemia

After 10‐15 sec breathing and heart rate are (sufficient/insufficient) to deliver enough oxygen for aerobic metabolism During this time, energy comes from?

Insufficient During this time, energy comes from fermentation of glucose to lactic acid

Which two hormones play a role in cancer development?

Insulin and estrogen

THere is an inverse association between calcium intake and what cancer?

Inverse association between calcium intake and colon cancer

Catalase uses which mineral?

Iron

Iron and calcium have relatively (low/high) absoprtion (bioavailibility) Sodium has relatively (low/high), absoprtion (bioavailibility)

Iron and calcium have relatively low absorption (bioavailibility) Sodium has relatively high (100%) bioavailibility

What does iodine defficiency lead to in pregnancy? -Cret_____

Iron defficiency in pregnancy leads to cretinism in offsping

Iron deficiency anemia can result from high intake of _____

Iron deficiency can result from high intake of calcium which interferes with iron absroption

Iron is very (efficiently/poorly) absorbed?

Iron is very poorly absorbed (~5-15%)

What do we mean by thrifty gene?

Is there a gene that causes obesity? There is no single gene that causes altered metabolism, but many genes together alter metabolism

What is skinfold thicknes measurement? -What kind of fat can it measure?

It a method that uses calipers to meaure skin fold thickenss at certain parts of the body and then inputing these values into mathematical equation can give us an estimate of SUBCUTANEOUS body fat

What is the role of T3?

It acts as a transcription factor hormone that regulates energy metabolism

What does VitB6 do to homocystein?

It converts it into cysteine

What is the role of vitamin B12 in the central nervous system?

It forms myelin sheath

What are two roles of vitamin E?

It is a an antioxidant It is a blood thinner

What is the role of manganese?

It is a component of superoxide dismutase

What is the role of iodine

It is a component of thyroid hormones

What is pellegra?

It is a dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death that is caused by a niacin defficiency

What is spina bifida?

It is a developmental defect in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges may protrude outside of the vertebrae and possibly even outside of the body, usually at the lower third off the spine in the lumbar area. This is caused by folate deficiency

What is keshan disease?

It is a disease due to selenium defficinency: causes muscular discomfort, weakness

What is the natural health products ingredient database listing of monographs?

It is a list of natural health products with well documented traditional use or scientific evidence of their use.

What is underwater weighing?

It is a method to determine body fat. Somone is weighed on land and then in water. THese measurements are inputted into an equation which calculates their body fat.

What is doubly labeled water

It is a method to determine the energy expenditure. It is when you ingest or inject with water that has labled isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. We can then meaure the rates of disapearance of these two isotopes and calculate the amount of CO2 produced from the body. (the isotope of oxygen becomes part of CO2)

What is the female athletic triad?

It is a term refering to female athletes who have disordered eating, amenorrhea (absense of mesntration) and osteoporosis. Most serious in women who participate in sports in which low bodyweight or skinny appearance are important

What is the mechanism of action of vitamin D?

It is a transcription factor for calcium influx transporters and basolateral calcium efflux pumps

What is the role of vitamin C?

It is an antioxidant

What is the use of beta carotene when not converted and just circulating in the blood

It is an antioxidant

What is an issue with riboflavin?

It is destroyed by light

Apart from oxygen binding, what is another role of iron?

It is needed in catalase, which converts hydrogen peroxide to water

What is hemosiderin?

It is the iron-binding pigment in the liver

What is a pharmacological use of Niacin? (What are potential side effects of this)?

It is used as a treatment for CVD --> 50mg niacin has been shown to lower LDL cholesterol, raise HDL cholestrol and lower serum trigycerides -The UL of niacin is 35mg --> so a 50mg dose exceeds this and can cause flushing, burning, tingling sensation in the skin, especially the face and chest

How does exercise reduce the risk of breast cancer?

It lowers estrogen levels

How does estrogen play a role in the development of cancer in post-menopausal women?

It stimulates the growth of breast tissue

For NEAT measured as kcal burned per kg body weight, which group has larger numbersL Lean or obese people?

Lean

Leptin levels are directly proportional to what?

Leptin levels are directly proportional to the amount of adipose tissue

What is leptin resistance?

Leptin resistance is when there is insensitivity to the "stop eating" signal.

What is the role of leptin and where does it signal?

Leptin signals to reduce food intake. It signals in the hypothalamus

Is there any effect of obesity on the levels on ghrelin?

Levels of ghrelin do not decline as much post meal in obese individuals

Apart from functioning in visual cycle, vitamin A also acts as a...?

Ligand for a Transcription factor

Increased inflammation as a result of increased adipose cell size results in insulin resistance in which tissues?

Liver Muscle Adipose tissue

What is sarcopenia?

Loss of muscle mass with age

Renin is secreted in the presence of (Low/high) blood pressure?

Low

Deficiency in lutein and zeaxanthin will result in?

Macular degeneration

Magnesium is needed for ______ function

Magnesium is needed or vitamin D function

Which province has the highest poroportion of inactive people an which has the lowest?

Manitoba, New foundland and New Brunswick have the highest proportion of inactive people (58.2-62.5%). BC has the lowest

Fat soluble vitamins must be constructuted into _____ before they can be absorbed

Micelles

What is NEAT and what are 3 actions that contribute to it?

NEAT = non-exercise activity thermogenesis 3 things that contribute to it are: 1. Walking 2. Standing 3. Sitting.

Why women need to gain weight in pregnancy?

Need to gain weight in pregnancy in weigh in order to fuel lactation

Vitamin A deficiency results in...?

Night blindness

Non-heme iron is in ferrous or ferric state?

Non heme iron is in ferric state

What is the role of acidity in iron absroption? Why do iron supplements include ascorbic acid?

Non-heme iron is in the ferric state. By adding acid, it gets converted to the ferrous state (Fe2+). Ferrous state allows for better absorpion Iron supplements contain ascorbic acid which increases the absorption by increasing production of ascorbic acid

If a nutrient has been added to a food (i.e. through fortifiying) it must be listed in the _______

Nutrition facts table

What is the relationship between adipose, insulin, estrogen and cancer?

Obesity --> insulin resistance --> increased insulin: -This causes the liver to produce LESS sex hormones binding globulin --> so free estrogen increases --> more breast cell prolieration, less apoptosis -Insulin resistance also increases the prolieration of colon cells

How does obesity cause gall bladder disease?

Obesity causes excessive bile production in the liver -Deposition of solid cholesterol in gall bladder

How does obesity contribute to insulin resistance?

Obesity contributes to insulin resistance by increasing free fatty acids which in turn increase inflammation

What is the relationship between obesity and estrogen?

Obesity increases adipose tissue mass which in turn increases synthesis of estrogen in adipose tissue.

Prospective cohort studies -What is it? -What is the limitation?

Observational study that follows a large group of individuals, some of which are exposed to a risk factor and some of which that are exposed to determine if there is an association between exposure to the risk factor and the outcome Limitation: association not causation

Omega 6 fatty acids are (pro/anti) inflammatory Omega 3 fatty acids are (pro/anti) inflammatory

Omega 6 fatty acids are pro inflammatory Omega 3 fatty acids are antiinflammatory

What does orlistat do?

Orlistat binds to lipase and prevents the detachment of free fatty acids from glyceride backbone, thus preventing this fat from being absorbed

What is the joint disorder that obesity causes?

Osteoarthritis which is breakdown of cartilage that cushions the joints Obesity increases the pressure on joints

osteoblast (deposit/resorb) bone Osteoclasts (deposit/resorb) bones

Osteoblasts deposit bone Osteoclasts resorb bone

What is osteopenia?

Osteopenia is an intermediate between normal bone density and osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the loss of the (mineral component/protein matrix component/both) of bone?

Osteoporosis is the loss of both the mineral (hydroxyapetite) and protein (organic matrix) components of bone

What is the relationship between a parent's BMI and their child's BMI?

Parents with higher BMIs tend to have children with higher BMIs

Weight and height of babies is compared as ______

Pecentiles, where 50th percentile is average

Perninious anemia is symtomatically the same as ______ anemia

Pernicious anemia has the same symtoms as megaloblastic anemia

What is positive/negative energy balance?

Positive is when energy intake is greater than output and weight gain is occuring Negative is when energy intake is less than output and weight loss is occuring

In women, there is accelerated bone loss when in life?

Post menopause

Which common cancer is nutrition related but not directly linked to obesity?

Prostate

Out of fat, carbs and protein, which produces the largest TEF and which produces the least?

Protein produces the larges TEF and carbs produce the lowest TEF

RDAs for caclium (do/do not) take into account reduced calcium absorption in adults

RDAs for calcium do take into account low absorption of calcium in adults

What is the role of fluoride? (2)

Reduces tooth decay and strengthens bone

What is Diabulimia

Refers to an eating disorder, not a recognized medical condition, in which people with Type 1 diabetes do not adhere to their insulin administration, for the sole purpose of weight loss.

Regular aerobic exercise does what to: 1. Resting heart rate 2. Heart stroke volume 3. Aerobic capacity (VO2 max)

Regular aerobic exercise 1. Decreases resting heart rate 2. Increases stroke volume 3. Increases aerobic capacity (VO2 max)

Rhodopsin is the combination of...?

Retinal and protein called opsin

What is the difference betweem satiety and satiation?

Satiety is the feeling of fullness and satisfactor after a meal. Determines when the next meal will occur. Satiation is the feeling of fullness that develops during a meal and determines when a meal will end.

What is the relationship between selenium and vitamin E

Selenium helps neutralize hydrogen peroxides. This in turn creates "less work" vitamin E later on since less free radicals are produced

Selenium regenerates (2)

Selenium regenerates vitamin E and vitamin C

Serum ferritin decreases with _____? What about hemotocrit?

Serum ferritin decreases with decreased iron content in body. Hemotocrite decreases

What is set point theory

Set point theory is a theoray that we have genetically pre-determined body weight that tends to be resistant to change -Ater losing weight, people tend to return to their pre-weight loss weight. -However it also works in the opposite direction --> if people are unhealthily low weight and they gain weight, they tend to go back

Out of Ghrelin, CCK, Leptin, Insulin, GLP1, which are considered long term versus short term regulators?

Short term 1. Ghrelin 2. CCK 3. GLP-1 Long Term 1. Leptin 2. Insulin

Vitamin B6, folate and B12 play a role in what?

Single carbon metabolism (they transfer methyl groups)

What is sleep apnea and how does obesity lead to it?

Sleep apnea is interruptions of breating during sleep -It is due to fatty tissue in the neck which compresses the airway and blocks airflow

In utero famine exposure has the same effect as ____ during pregnancy?

Smoking during pregnancy

Salt sensitive indivduals have (faster/slower) sodium excretion in the kidneys

Sodium sensitive people have slow sodium excretion in the kidneys

What are the 3 electrolytes we talk about?

Sodium, potassium, chloride

How is it that soluble fiber acts as a weight loss supplement?

Soluble fiber swells up in stomach, making us feel full

What is considered to be "instant" energy in muscles. What timeframe of exercise is the energy source?

Stored ATP and creatine phosphate This is te energy csource for the first 10-15 seconds of exercise

What is the hypothesized role of insulin signaling on the hypothalamus?

Supresses hunger

Out of T3 and T4, which is the active form?

T3 is the active form

What is VO2 max a measure of?

THe maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed by tissue during exercise

What is the general role of minerals?

THey are cofactors to enzymes

What is the role of phytate, oxalate ans tannins in the absorption of minerals?

THey decrease absorption of minerals by binding to them

Neural tube formation and closure occurs during waht day of pregnancy?

Takes place during day 20-28

In Canada, apart from demonstrating good manufacturing practics, the producer must also demonstrate what?

That the product is effective for the specified purpose

Magnesium is part of what compoent of the body?

The inorganic matrix of bone

How many calories worth of glycogen does the liver usually contain and how long would this last for a typical person?

The liver has ~1400 calories worth of glycogen and this should last around 24 hours

Ghrelin is a horomone released by?

The stomach

After light has excited rhodopsin, what hapens?

There is neural signal to indicate the light, then retinal releases from rhodopsin. Some of the retinal is recycled, some is lost. Retinal from blood must replace the retinal that is missing dor the next cycle

What is TEF and what percentage of the total energy expenditure does it tend to take up?

Thermal effect of food: it is the energy expended int he digestion, absorption and storage of nutrients: comprises ~10% of total energy ependiture

Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, patothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate and Vitamin B12 are all examples of what type of water soluble vitamin?

They are all examples of B vitamins

Vitamin C and E have have general role?

They are antioxidants

Why are these vegetables good sources of calcium (apart from the fact that they contain calcium) Kale, collard greens, turnip, mustard greens, chines cabbage

They are good sources of caclium because they are low in oxalate, which would otherwise decrease the caclium bioavailibility

What is TEE?

Total energy expenditure: it is basal metabolism + any extra expenditure as a result physical activity + the thermal effect of food (TEF)

Natural health products try to strike a balance between (2)

Tradition/culture and scientific evidence.

What is the purpose of transferrin receptors?

Transferrin receptors are on cell membranes, they bind transferrin and bring it into cells

True or false: Adolescents have a higher RDA for iron compared to adults True or false: vegetarians have a higher RDA for iron compared to adults and adolescents?

True

True or false: Canadians have insufficent potassium intake

True

True or false: Most canadians do not meet the EAR for calcium?

True

True or false: birthweight is influenced the amount of weight gain the mother experiences?

True

True or false: both men and women start to lose bone mass after age 35?

True

True or false: in populations with iodized salts, iodine tends to be overconsumed?

True

True or false: increased breast cancer is significantly associated with obesity

True

True or false: insulin levels are higher in obese indivuduals compared to lean individuals

True

True or false: it is better to lose weight prior to pregancy rather than during pregnancy?

True

True or false: leptin is higher in obese individuals compared to lean individuals

True

True or false: men appear to have a greater risk of colon cancer associated with obesity compared to women?

True

True or false: most of the weight gain experienced in pregnancy is lost during birth?

True

True or false: natural health products can be marketed on the basis of traditional use

True

True or false: osteoporosis and stroke could be reduced by up to 25% by exercising?

True

True or false: regular exercise increases our metabolic energy expenditure when not exercise?

True

True or false: regular exercise lowers blood pressure?

True

True or false: the ability to absorp calcium decreases with age

True

True or false: the vast majority of canadians get enough phosphorous?

True

True or false: there is evidence that high levels of beta carotene actually associate higher with cancer?

True

True or false: vitamin D synthesis in skin declines with age?

True

True or false:between 30-60% of canadians do not get enough magnesium?

True

True or false: the absence of leptin is a stronger signal to promoter hunger that the signal of hunger caused by the presence of leptin?

True, The absence of leptin is a stronger signal to promote hunger than the presence of leptin is to suppress hunger.

True or false: women in general have a higher requirement of iron? When is this not true

True, in general, women have a higher requirement of iron, unless the women is >50 years old (menopause) in which case, their requirement is on par with the adult men

In Canada, natural health producs are regulated to some degree. True or false?

True, they are regulated by the natural and non-prescription health product directorate which must approve a product

True or false: gall bladder disease is a consequence of rapid weight loss

True: rapid weight loss of body fat increases cholesterol synthesis

Niacin is synthesized from_____?

Tryptophan

Out of leavened breads and unleavened breads, which are high in phytates and which are low in phytates?

Unleavened breads are HIGH in phytates Leavened breads are LOW in phytates since the yeast used to leaven the bread destroys the phytates

Unprocessed foods contain higher amounts of (sodium/potassim) Processed foods contain higher amounts of (sodium/potassium)

Unprocessed foods contain higher amounts of potassium comapred to sodium Processed foods contain more sodium than potassium. In other words, processing od foods results in addition of sodium and tends to lose potassium

What is the neurological symptoms associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency and what causes this?

Vitamin B12 defficency causes tingling and loss of balance. This is becuase Vtamin B12 us required for formation of the myeln sheath

Apart from animal products, what is a source for vitamin B12 for humans?

Vitamin B12 is biosyntehsized by microorgansnims

Vitamin B12 is involved in single ____ metabolism

Vitamin B12 is involved in single carbon metabolism

What does VitaminB12 do to homocysteine? What role does folate play in this process?

Vitamin B12 lowers homocysteine levels by converting it to methionine. It does this by transfering a methyl group from methyl-folate to itself, forming methyl-B12. MethylB12 then transfers its methyl group to homocysteine --> making methionine

hat is one exception to how water-soluble vitamins act in the body?

Vitamin B12, which stays in the body for several years

In order for folate to be converted back into methyl-folate, it relies on _____-dependent rxn.

Vitamin B6

What is the role of vitamin B6 in the central nervous system?

Vitamin B6 forms neurotransmitters from amino acids

Apart from being an antioxidant, what is another role of vitamin C?

Vitamin C acts as a cofactor in the proper synthesis of collagen. It allows for collagen to become cross linked. Without vitamin C, the collagen fibers are weakly associated, and this is what causes scurvey

What is the role of vitamin D in calcium import in enterocytes?

Vitamin D causes transcription of caclium import proteins (which then reside on the apical membrane of enterocytes) and these bring caclium into the cell

Vitamin D has been linked to (reduced/increased) cancer

Vitamin D has been linked to reduced cancer risk

Tocopherols and tocotienols are examples of vitamin __

Vitamin E

Vitamin E has direct anti-____ activity

Vitamin E has direct anti-oxidant activity

What is the role of vitamin K

Vitamin K is required for blood coagulation (clotting)

What is the general role of vitamins?

Vitamins act as coenzymes,meaning they are needed to help form functional enzymes

Weight loss supplements tend to be either...? (2)

Weight loss supplements usually tend to be effective but dangerous or modestly effective but safe

What is weight stigmatization?

Weight stigmatization refers to negative attitudes, mistreatment and discrimination based on weight status, particularly negative attitudes toward the obese.

What is the difference between in the levels of ghrelinin Lean and obese people immediately after a meal?

When a meal occurs, in lean people, the ghrelin levels immediately decline to a minimum and then rise a gain In Obese people, there is a slight increase ghrelin post meal and then a decline and then they remain flat

What is the role of ferritin and transferrin?

When iron enters the cell as ferrous iron, it is ither taken up by ferritin or transported into the blood by Copper containing protein transporter. If it is taken up by ferritin, it is sequestered and remains in the cell until it dies, in which case it is remvoed in the feces. If it gets transported into the blood by a Cu-containing protein transporter, it gets bound to transferrin --> which brings it to liver, peripheral tissues and bone marrow.

When light energy hits rhodopsin, the retinal goes from the (cis/trans) position to the (cis/trans)

When light energy hits the rhodopsin, the retinal goes from the cis to a trans coniguration

Vitamin A is required for ______ cell differentiation

White blood cell/immune cell differentiation

What color vegetables tend to be high in potassium?

White vegetables

Most groups of Canadians are consume above the EAR for iron except for two groups, which are?

Women 19-30 and women 31-50

Vitamin A is required to properly form ___ membranes. And in absense of it, xeropthalmia develops, which is...?

Xeropthalmia is dry eyes

What is an advantage of losing weight as an adolescent?

You can take advatage of growth spurt, which helps get rid of fat

_____ defficiency occurs in populatons that have diets high in phytates and low in animal products

Zinc deficiency occurs in populations high in phytates and low in animal products

What is the role of zinc in gene expression?

Zinc forms "zinc" fingers which are components of transcription factors. Zinc plays role in activating transcription of immune system proteins/

Apart from gene transcription, what is another role of zinc?

Zinc is a component of many enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, which prevents oxidative stress

What are zinc losenges used for? What is a caveat of them?

Zinc losenges are used to improve cold symptoms Caveate of them is that their zinc dose exceeds UL intake, so they should be limited to 7 days

Zinc and copper are compoents of which enzyme?

Zn/Cu Superoxide dismutate

Natural health product labels must contain (yes or no?) a) Maximum dose b) nutrition fact table c) list of medical and non-medial ingredients

a) maximal dose --> yes b) nutrition facts table --> no c) list of medical and non-medical ingredients --> yes

What is the process by which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl CoA?

beta oxidation

What triggers the release of checystikinin?

chyme entering the small intestine

Vitamin K is found in ______

green leafy vegentables

Apart from the megaloblastic anemia, what is the other type we talked about?

iron-defficient anemia (microcytic/hypochromic)

What is the role of selenium?

it is an antioxidant

What is Wernike-Koraskoff syndrome?

it is thiamine defficiency that is associated with alcohol intake

Folate deficiency results in ______ anemia

megaloblastic (macrocytic) anemia

Lack of vitamin B12 and folate results in ______

megaloblastic anemia

The basal metabolism usually comprises what percentage range of the total energy expenditure?

~60-75%