NFSC 320 Chapter 8

24. If a research study determines that a HiVOL/LoE liquid food compared to LoVOL/LoE liquid food affects pleasantness ratings of the foods being consumed, what area of study is implicated? (a) SSS (b) SSA (c) SFA (d) SCFA (e) NAS

(a) SSS

14. True or False: From the research of Bell et al ("Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food"), the volume of food consumed, rather than its energy content, significantly affects (decreases) appetite, and significantly increases SSS.

(a) True

2. True or False: According to some studies, protein and carbohydrate have a greater effect on sensory-specific satiety in human subjects than fat.

(a) True

3. True or False: In the article by Weijzen et al, "Sensory specific satiety and intake: The difference between nibble- and bar-size snacks", probably the major finding was that consumption of nibble-size snacks instead of bar-size snacks might facilitate the limitation of snack intake.

(a) True

8. True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a mechanism by which ghrelin regulates food intake.

(a) True

25. The main difference between WPC and WPI is (a) the protein content (b) the kcal content (c) the fat content (d) the carbohydrate content (e) the energy content

(a) the protein content

13. True or False: From the research of Bell et al ("Sensory-specific satiety is affected more by volume than by energy content of a liquid food "), when the ratings of the uneaten foods were examined separately, most palatability change scores were affected by increasing the volume of liquid food that was consumed.

(b) False

17. True or False: As with the glucostatic theory, the lipostatic theory was based on a model where a decrease in an energy nutrient - in this case, fat - signaled the need for increased energy intake, and this hunger signal initiated eating.

(b) False

20. True or false: Casein protein is considered a "fast" protein, because it causes a speedy increase in blood amino acids upon ingestion.

(b) False

22. True or false: Food energy density can have an effect on satiation (meal termination), and in addition, the time interval between desires to eat (satiety) can be lengthened by decreasing the energy density of food.

(b) False

9. True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a series of enzymatic reactions in the hypothalamus rather than a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling pathway.

(b) False

4. It has been suggested that SSS might be a factor contributing to obesity, since (a) if a food has a low SSS, it will be better able to make one feel full compared to a high-SSS food (b) through habitual food choices, an obese person might be consuming foods with low SSS values more than those with high (c) over time, consuming high SSS could lead to overeating and excessive weight gain (d) both (a) and (b) (e) both (b) and (c)

(b) through habitual food choices, an obese person might be consuming foods with low SSS values more than those with high

15. Although cheese is generally rich in saturated fat, reports suggest that cheese may be antiatherogenic; the most likely MECAHNISM for this is: (a) a negative effect of cheese intake on cholesterol or metabolic syndrome has not been observed (b) a slight hypocholesterolemic effect following cheese intake has been observed (c) a positive effect of cheese bioactive peptides on the cardiovascular system (d) both (a) and (b) (e) none of these

(c) a positive effect of cheese bioactive peptides on the cardiovascular system

7. True or False: When considering the direct signal pathway, what is TRUE? (a) mucosal EEC's release PYY rather than NPY or CCK (b) the end result in an anorexigenic effect (c) both (a) and (b) (d) there is release of CCK from POMC neurons (e) none of these

(c) both (a) and (b)

23. Which pairing is incorrect? (a) satiation/meal termination (b) higher SES/lower rates of obesity (c) lower SES/lower ED food consumption (d) sweets and fried foods/high ED (e) fruits and vegetables/high nutrient density

(c) lower SES/lower ED food consumption

1. True or False: In suggesting that consumers eat fewer desert and fried foods and more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, the concept that is being addressed here is: (a) food energy density (b) food anti-nutrient density (c) SoFAs (d) sugar substitutes (e) fat substitutes

a) food energy density

6. When considering the indirect signal pathway, what is FALSE? (a) dietary protein and amino acids present in the SI act on chemoreceptors on the mucosal enteroendocrine cells causing the release of CCK hormone (b) activation of the afferent vagus nerve by CCK is relayed to the NTS, mediating orexigenic efects (c) administration of a CCK antagonist causes an increase in food consumption (energy intake) (d) indirect signaling does NOT typically include binding of PPY to Y2 receptors (e) indirect signaling does NOT typically include release of α-MSH from POMC neurons

b) activation of the afferent vagus nerve by CCK is relayed to the NTS, mediating orexigenic efects

10. There are several key receptors involved in hypothalamic food control: these are (a) only orexigenic receptors (b) only anorexigenic receptors (c) both orexigenic and anorexigenic receptors (d) NPY-Y1 and NPY-Y5 (anorexigenic) (e) MC3-R and MC4-R (orexigenic)

c) both orexigenic and anorexigenic receptors

18. When considering the brain's hypothalamus and its proper functioning, in response to appetite/hunger stimulation, when satiety signals ________ as hunger signals ______, and hunger signals ______ as satiety signals ______ . (a) increase/increase; decrease/decrease (b) decrease/decrease; increase/increase (c) decrease/increase; decrease/increase (d) remain fixed/increase; remain fixed /increase (e) remain fixed/decrease; remain fixed /decrease

c) decrease/increase; decrease/increase

12. If research is conducted that discovers that the decline in liking of a strong peach beverage did not differ from the decline in liking when participants consumed a weak peach beverage, what should the conclusion be? (a) peach beverages should not be used in these kinds of studies (b) peach flavor intensity increases food intake (c) flavor intensity did not affect SSS (d) flavor intensity did affect SSS (e) none of these

c) flavor intensity did not affect SSS

21. Which one does not belong? (a) casein peptides (b) aminostatic (c) glucose (d) plasma amino acids (e) whey peptides

c) glucose

16. Which represents the correct sequence in the shift of thinking regarding the influence of the energy nutrients on specific mechanisms responsible for food consumption behaviors? (a) endocrine → metabolic → neural (b) intestinal → circulatory → brain (c) aminostatic → lipostatic → glucostatic (d) metabolic → endocrine → neural (e) absorption → transport → response

d) metabolic → endocrine → neura

11. In order to conduct research in the area of SSS, it is important to have methodologies in place that can obtain the following types of data: (a) measurement of appetite/hunger/satiety (b) measurement of food intake (c) measurement of food palatability and oral stimulation (d) measurement of food sensory properties (e) all of these

e) all of these

19. Which one does not belong? (a) alpha-lactalbumin (b) immunoglobulin G (c) alpha-lactalbumin (d) lactoferrin (e) kappa-casein

e) kappa-casein

5. Mellinkoff's aminostatic hypothesis basically says (a) Proteins and amino acids behave in a "static" in the circulation manner when consumed (b) protein consumption causes appetite to increase as the blood amino acid concentration increases, and vice versa. (c) that amino acids play a very limited role in hunger, appetite, and satiety (d) protein consumption causes appetite to decrease as the blood amino acid concentration decreases, but not vice versa. (e) protein consumption causes appetite to diminish as the blood amino acid concentration rises, and vice versa.

e) protein consumption causes appetite to diminish as the blood amino acid concentration rises, and vice versa.