NNU A&P Exam 5 (semester 1)
Arrange the following in order descending from the diencephalon inferiorly. 1) Spinal cord 2) midbrain 3) medulla 4) pons
2 4 3 1
When someone picks up a hot horseshoe and drops it almost immediately, what sequence of cells and/or parts are activated (conduct an action potential) in a normal reflex response? 1) motor neuron 2) cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion 3) muscle fibers 4) sensory neuron
4 2 1 3
Arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence. 1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell 3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on post synaptic cell increases 5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter
5 3 2 4 1
Which of the following is true about the formation of the nervous system? starts in the last (3rd) trimester, neural folds fuse to form neural tube, starts as a neural tube that flattens, all of these, none of these
neural folds fuse to form neural tube
Which of the following statements regarding neuroglia (glial cells) is true? neuroglia only occur in the CNS, neuroglia conduct phagocytes in CNS neuroglia conduct action potentials all of these are true none of these are true
neuroglia conduct phagocytes in CNS
Depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of choroid ions proteins potassium ions all of these none of these
none of these
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the ___________ and then possibly onto the cerebrum. cerebellum corpus callosum hypothalamus pituitary gland
none of these
The morphology or shape of the motor neurons responsible for making a fist is... tripolar bipolar midbrain pseudo-unipolar none of these
none of these
When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the : neuron dies electric potential disapears neuron regenerates all of these none of these
none of these
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord? thalamus pons midbrain corpus callosum none of these
none of these
Which of the following is true about memory? sensory input lasts several minutes (until it can be processed in the cerebellum), procedural memory is primarily what you are using for this exam, the midbrain is inviolved with storing spacial memory, none of these are true
none of these are true
Which of the following is true regarding spina bifida? spina bifida occulta is obvious becuase of an outpocketing of meninges and sponal cord, spina bifida cystica may go undiagnosed becuase there are usually few external symptoms, spinda bifida can develop after a child is born, all of these are true, none of these are true
none of these are true
Which of the following is true? Negatively charged Cl- ions are attracted by negative charges in the cell, the resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for Ca^+ to diffuse out of the cell, The resting plasma membrane is equally permeable to Na+ and K+, all of these are true, none of these are true
none of these are true
Regulation fo salivation and lacrimation is regulated by the
parasympathetic division of the ANS
The innermost layer of the meningies is the
pia mater
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration via autonomic reflexes? pons, medulla oblongata cerebrum, hypothalamus pons, thalamus pons, hypothalamus pons, corpus callosum
pons, medulla oblongata
Which of the following best describes the collection of nuclei that are involved with communicating with the cerebrum to maintain alertness and consciousness? cerebellum reticular activating system pre-frontal cortex medulla oblongata limbic system
reticular activating system
Because of its role as part of the Limbic system, which sense is particularly capable of emotionally charged memories?
smell
The lateral fissure separates the ___________ from other lobes of the cerebrum
temporal lobe
If the carge difference across the plasma membrane increases
the change is called hyperpolarization
Which of the following statements about eye movement is true? since both eyes move in a coordinated fashion identical sets of cranial nerves are firing simultaneously, the trochlear nerve innervates the oblique muscles, all 6 muscles are innervated by the ocularmotor nerve, all of these are true none of these are true
the trochlear nerve innervated the oblique muscles
The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to potassium ions becuase
there are more leak ion channels (non-gated channels) for K+ than Na+
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Dentists anesthetize branches of which of the following to stop pain impulses from a drilling on teeth of both the upper and lower jaw? facial trochlear abducens accessory trigeminal nerve
trigeminal nerve
Which of the following cranial nerves is primarily sensory? accessory (XI) trochlear (IV) vestibulo-cochlear (VIII) all of these none of these
vestibulo-cochlear (VIII)
Which of the following reflexes primarily involves the relaxation of antagonistic muscle(s) when stepping on a painful stimulus (goathead, tack, etc.)? withdrawl stretch crosses extensor reciprocol innervation
withdrawl
Which of the following activities would stimulate reticular formation? a lond lecture in a darkened room a sudden, loud noise continuous "white noise" all of these none of these
a sudden, loud noise
If a local potential (change) occurs, and the threshold voltage is crossed this results in a/an...
action potential
Maintaining voltage-gated sodium channels with closed activation gates during resting potential is sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of which of the following? potassium ions calcium ions proteins sodium ions chloride ions
calcuim ions
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS
What is the large C-shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
corpus callosum
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by
decussation of the pyramids/axons in the medulla
Receptor molecules
determine whether a neurotransmitter will be excitatory or inhibitory
Synapses that exist between a single neuron and both efferent and afferent neurons is an example of a(n) _______ pathway.
divergent
Local hypopolarization in a synapse is called a(n)
excitatory postsynaptic potential
A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is calles a(n)
local potential
Which of the following brain regions is associated with the motor ability of speaking (producing sounds/words)? insular lobe pons Broca's area Wernicke's area amygdala
Broca's
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called...
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways (which of these is true)? schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons, oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS, Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not, all of these are true none of these are true
Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
Each voltage-gated Na+ ion channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during repolarization? activation gates are closed; inactivation gates are open, both activation and inactivation gates are open both activation and inactivation gates are closed, activation gates are open; inactivation gates are closed, none of these events occurs during repolarization
activation gates are open; inactivation gates are closed
A blockage of the cerebral aqueduct would likely result in which of the following: excess fluid in teh 3rd ventricle excess fluid in the R/L ventricle hydrocephaly all of these none of these
all of these
An action potential : occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level, occurs when teh local potential depolarizes to the point sodium activation gates open, occurs when charges across the cell membrane actually flip-flop (reverse polarity) all of these none of these
all of these
Gap junctions are functional electrical synapses found in which of the following? smooth muscle cardiac muscle muscular layer of hollow organs all of these none of these
all of these
The oculomotor nerves: are involved in eye movement regulate shape of lens control size up pupil all of these none of these
all of these
Which of the following is/are a function(s) of the cerebellum? control skeletal muscles to maintain balance, help in the maintenance of muscle tone, control of posture locomotion and fine motor coordination, all of these none of these
all of these
Which of the following statements about the midbrain is true? contains substantia nigra neuromelanin occurs here loss of neurons here is related to Parkinson's disease all of these none of these
all of these
Which of the following structres may be damaged if a person is unable to form new memories? cerebrum temporal lobe hippocampus all of these none of these
all of these
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? anterior horn- motor neruon cell bodies (sending efferent signals), posterior horn- association neuron cell bodies (receiving afferent signals), dorsal root ganglia- swollen area on dorsal root (contains afferent cell bodies), all of these are correctly matched, none of these are correctly matched
all of these are correctly matched
Which of the following statements is true regarding ventricles of the brain? they form prior to the fontanels (soft spots) of the skull fusing, they have choroid plexuses within their lumens, they are filled with fluid that aids in waste removal (glymphatics), all of these are true, none of these are true
all of these are true
Which of the following statements is true? the limbic system includes portions of the brainstem and cerebrum, and cause base emotions/drives, a function of the cerebellum is to provide a comparator function for muscle movements, each cerebral hemisphere has specific abilities (categorical vs intuitive etc.), all of these are true none of these are true
all of these are true
Which of the following is true of the nervous system? monitors internal & external stimuli, interprets or or assesses information, transmits information via action potentials, maintains homeostasis, all of these choices are correct
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following events will lead to hypopolarization? an increase in Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid, a decrease in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid, an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid, an increase in the rate of diffusion of K+ ions from cells, none of these would cause hypopolarization
an increase in K+ ions in the extracellular fluid
White matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons
Protein synthesis is neurons occurs in
cell bodies or soma
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system? cerebellum occipital lobe cranial nerve I thalamus hypothalamus
hypothalamus
The primary somatic motor cortex...
is in the precentral gyrus
During the absolute refractory period, the cell
is incapable of responding to further stimulation
The cerebral cortex
is the gray matter on the cerebrum's surface
Which of the following statements regarding the establishment of resting membrane potential is true? Na+/K+ exchange pumps contribute by moving both Na+ and K+ out of the cell, the extracellular positive charge is largely due to interstitial proteins, it depends on all the Na+ and K+ channels being gated, all of these, none of these
it depends on all the Na+ and K+ channels being gated
The spinal cord
links the PNS to the brain
The central sulcus separates the
motor cortex and sensory cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the...
subarachnoid space
Which of the following is true regarding cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption? it is absorbed into lymph it is absorbed in the vertebral canal the fluid returns to blood plasma all of these are true none of these are true
the fluid returns to blood plasma
Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?
the number of EPSPs in relation to the number is IPSPs
In some cells, an after-potential (hyper-polarization) occurs because...
the potassium ions continue to leave the cell after depolarization is finished