Non vrebal Communications exam 1

Verbal communication

Verbal communication refers to the communication form which people communicate with each other by language or written language — characters.

1- kinesics

Visual bodily movements, including gestures, facial expressions, trunk, and limb movements, posture, gaze... - oculesics: the study of eye movement

We use nonverbal communication to mislead others.

We can also use nonverbal communication to deceive, and often, focus on a person's nonverbal communication when trying to detect deception. Recall a time when someone asked your opinion of a new haircut. If you did not like it, you may have stated verbally that you liked the haircut and provided nonverbal communication to further mislead the person about how you really felt. Conversely, when we try to determine if someone is misleading us, we generally focus on the nonverbal communication of the other person.

Nonvebal functions

We have learned that we use verbal communication to express ideas, emotions, experiences, thoughts, objects, and people.

masking

when we try to show a different emotion then what is experienced

inhibition

when we try to show no effect

experts who define nonverbal communication as

"transmission of information and influence by an individual's physical and behavioral cues."

Nonverbal cues and arousal expressions three.

1) As arousal intensity increases speech performance is increasingly impaired. 2)Nonverbal reactions (example: kinesics) follow an inverted U pattern with the variation of arousal : a. High arousal = Low nonverbal variation b. Moderate arousal = Hight nonverbal variation c. Low arousal= Low nonverbal variation 3) Window of tolerance effect

Two different forms of arousal may be evident

1) alertness response with cognitive activation but limited physical activation 2) A defensive response hat entails a strong physiological reactivity.

Nonverbal Classification

1- Direct: To satisfy personal needs 2- Indirect: To send a social message: image, branding, status, ...

4 differences between verbal and nonverbal communications

1-Single channel (words) when we communicate verbally vs. multiple channels when we communicate nonverbally 2- A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). 3- :: A third difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use verbal communication consciously while we generally use nonverbal communication unconsciously. 4- A fourth difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that some nonverbal communication is universal.

Affect management

A related aspect of emotional experience is the individual's regulation of the experience of strong affect, described as internal regulation. People use their nonverbal behavior to regulate their internal emotional experiences.

Arousal expression

Arousal is a primary moderator of communication behavior

3. Physical appearance

Controlled features such as clothing, hairstyle, cosmetics, fragrances, and adornments, excludes uncontrolled features such as physiognomy and height. - Olfactics: use of smell

7. Artifacts

Controlled objects and environmental features that may convey messages from their designers or users.

We use nonverbal communication to regulate verbal communication.

Generally, it is pretty easy for us to enter, maintain, and exit our interactions with others nonverbally. Rarely, if ever, would we approach a person and say, "I'm going to start a conversation with you now. Okay, let's begin." Instead, we might make eye contact, move closer to the person, or face the person directly — all nonverbal behaviors that indicate our desire to interact. Likewise, we do not generally end conversations by stating, "I'm done talking to you now" unless there is a breakdown in the communication process. We are generally proficient enacting nonverbal communication such as looking at our watch, looking in the direction we wish to go, or being silent to indicate an impending end in the conversation. When there is a breakdown in the nonverbal regulation of conversation, we may say something to the effect, "I really need to get going now." In fact, we've seen one example where someone does not seem to pick up on the nonverbal cues about ending a phone conversation. Because of this inability to pick up on the nonverbal regulation cues, others have literally had to resort to saying, "Okay, I'm hanging up the phone right now" followed by actually hanging up the phone. In these instances, there was a breakdown in the use of nonverbal communication to regulate conversation.

to complement

If a friend tells you that she recently received a promotion and a pay raise, you can show your enthusiasm in a number of verbal and nonverbal ways. If you exclaim, "Wow, that's great! I'm so happy for you!" while at the same time smiling and hugging your friend, you are using nonverbal communication to complement what you are saying. Unlike duplicating or replacing, nonverbal communication that complements cannot be used alone without the verbal message. If you simply smiled and hugged your friend without saying anything, the interpretation of that nonverbal communication would be more ambiguous than using it to complement your verbal message.

to replace

If someone asks you a question, instead of a verbal reply "yes" and a head-nod, you may choose to simply nod your head without the accompanying verbal message. When we replace verbal communication with nonverbal communication, we use nonverbal behaviors that are easily recognized by others such as a wave, head-nod, or head-shake. Consider how universal shaking the head side-to-side is as an indicator of disbelief, disapproval, and negation. This nonverbal act is used by human babies to refuse food or drink; some turn their faces sideways in aversion; and children born deaf/blind head shake to refuse objects or disapprove of touch .

We use nonverbal communication to contradict verbal communication.

Imagine that you visit your boss's office and she asks you how you're enjoying a new work assignment. You may feel obligated to respond positively because it is your boss asking the question, even though you may not truly feel this way. However, your nonverbal communication may contradict your verbal message, indicating to your boss that you really do not enjoy the new work assignment. In this example, your nonverbal communication contradicts your verbal message and sends a mixed message to your boss. Research suggests that when verbal and nonverbal messages contradict one another, receivers often place greater value on the nonverbal communication as the more accurate message. One place this occurs frequently is in greeting sequences. You might say to your friend in passing, "How are you?" She might say, "Fine" but have a sad tone to her voice. In this case, her nonverbal behaviors go against her verbal response. We are more likely to interpret the nonverbal communication in this situation than the verbal response.

As a conclusion, there are five functions of non-verbal communication which help the person sending a message and the person receiving the message by making the substance of the communication more understandable.

Reinforcement the amount of redundancy nonverbal communication adds to the verbal message Substitution using a nonverbal action or cue instead of speaking. Contradiction the use of a nonverbal message to negate the verbal message.Accentuation the use of nonverbal cues to intensify the verbal message. Regulation the turn taking cues of conversational order.

8. Silence

Silence is powerful because the person using silence may be refusing to engage in communication with you. Likewise, we can use silence to regulate the flow of our conversations.

Nonverbal cues and Affect management Five primary display rules:

Simulation Intensification Miniaturization Inhibition Masking

We use nonverbal communication to indicate relational standing.

Take a few moments today to observe the nonverbal communication of people you see in public areas. What can you determine about their relational standing from their nonverbal communication? For example, romantic partners tend to stand close to one another and touch one another frequently. On the other hand, acquaintances generally maintain greater distances and touch less than romantic partners. Those who hold higher social status often use more space when they interact with others. In the United States, it is generally acceptable for women in platonic relationships to embrace and be physically close while males are often discouraged from doing so. Contrast this to many other nations where it is custom for males to greet each other with a kiss or a hug and hold hands as a symbol of friendship. We make many inferences about relational standing based on the nonverbal communication of those with whom we interact and observe.

Miniaturization

The opposite of intensification, when we minimize the expression of an emotion

Nonverbal communication

The way people transmit messages by the other methods (except language and characters) were called nonverbal communication.

5. Proxemics

Use of interpersonal distance and spacing relationships.

6. Chronemics

Use of time as a message system, including such code elements as punctuality, waiting time, lead time, and amount of time spent with someone.

4. Haptics

Use of touch, including the frequency, intensity, and type of contact.

2. Vocalics or paralanguage =

Use of vocal cues other than the words themselves, including such features as pitch, loudness, tempo, pauses, and inflection.

We use nonverbal communication to demonstrate and maintain cultural norms.

We've already shown that some nonverbal communication is universal, but the majority of nonverbal communication is culturally specific. For example, in United States culture, people typically place high value on their personal space. In the United States people maintain far greater personal space than those in many other cultures. If you go to New York City, you might observe that any time someone accidentally touches you on the subway he/she might apologize profusely for the violation of personal space. Cultural norms of anxiety and fear surrounding issues of crime and terrorism appear to cause people to be more sensitive to others in public spaces, highlighting the importance of culture and context.

Intensification

When we express amplified version of an experienced emotion

Simulation

When we show emotions that we are not feeling

We use nonverbal communication TO DUPLICATE verbal communication.

When we use nonverbal communication to duplicate, we use nonverbal communication that is recognizable to most people within a particular cultural group. Obvious examples include a head-nod or a head-shake to duplicate the verbal messages of "yes" or "no." If someone asks if you want to go to a movie, you might verbally answer "yes" and at the same time nod your head.

We use nonverbal communication TO ACCENT verbal communication.

While nonverbal communication complements verbal communication, we also use it to accent verbal communication by emphasizing certain parts of the verbal message. For instance, you may be upset with a family member and state, "I'm very angry with you." To accent this statement nonverbally you might say it, "I'm VERY angry with you," placing your emphasis on the word "very" to demonstrate the magnitude of your anger. In this example, it is your tone of voice (paralanguage) that serves as the nonverbal communication that accents the message. Parents might tell their children to "come here." If they point to the spot in front of them dramatically, they are accenting the "here" part of the verbal message.

We use nonverbal communication to communicate emotions.

While we can certainly tell people how we feel, we more frequently use nonverbal communication to express our emotions. Conversely, we tend to interpret emotions by examining nonverbal communication. For example, a friend may be feeling sad one day and it is probably easy to tell this by her nonverbal communication. Not only may she be less talkative but her shoulders may be slumped and she may not smile. One study suggests that it is important to use and interpret nonverbal communication for emotional expression, and ultimately relational attachment and satisfaction. Research also underscores the fact that people in close relationships have an easier time reading the nonverbal communication of emotion of their relational partners than those who aren't close. Likewise, those in close relationships can more often detect concealed emotions.