Nonverbal EXAM 1

Prevarication:

-ppl are continually masking true emotions and constructing self presentations that are more favorable than reality. -its easy to deceive others through the omission of some nonverbal info or the addition of false info. EX: defendant in a child molestation case, shaved his beard, cut his fair, wore a cross so he would appear to be a moral and upstanding person on the witness stand

Chronemics:

-ppl from various cultures perceive and use time differently. -In monochronic cultures (m-time) ppl tend to focus on one task at a time and to adhere to schedules. Cultures ruled by m-time tend to see time as a road that extends from the past to the future and can divided into segments. Usually see time as a tangible commodity that can be compartmentalized, spent, or saved. EX: northern and central europe, u.s., and canada. -In polychronic cultures (p-time) tend to focus on multiple tasks simultaneously and to avoid strict scheduling. They see time as flexible and diffused, giving more focus to human interaction than to schedules. Students in p time feel free to arrive late for classes and often go back and forth between diff class projects. EX: Brazi, France, mexico, saudi arabia. Mediterranean and middle east regions. Past, Present, Future: -Future: associated with higher income and greater sense of being in charge of one's destiny -Present: associated w/ less income and less control of one's destiny. -time orientation based on co-culture.

2. Nonverbal behaviors are multifunctional.

Nonverbal cues may do several things at once. Different nonverbal channels can be used to send simultaneous messages, they are often pressed into service to handle multiple responsibilities in conjunction with, or a substitute for, verbal communication. (persuade, show excitement, flirt, signal confusion)

During political demonstrations

Nonverbal expressions speak louder than words in conveying people's emotions and attitudes.

6. Nonverbal communication has ontogenetic primacy.

Nonverbal is our first communication system. Fetus develops awareness of mother through senese of touch and hearing. Later visual cues are added. We broaden our communicative repertoire to include more complex verbal and nonverbal forms.

Many nonverbal experts insist that behaviors have to be intentional to count as communication.

"Im not interested in people scratching their head because they have an itch." - Keeley.

Rituals:

"sign behaviors that are neither totally arbitarary nor totally symbolic". Gray area. "psuedo=spontanous".

9. Nonverbal communication is trusted.

"windows to the soul". People believe them over verbal behaviors. Adults usually believe the nonverbal messages. EX: Ronald Reagan "Best communicator" (not for what he said but how he said it.

1. Nonverbal communication is omnipresent.

(Every encounter between two or more people is a potential nonverbal exchange, regardless of whether any verbal exchange takes place.) (fonts in letters, choosing not to speak, voice while someone is speaking, artifacts)

Nonverbal expressivity:

(Nonverbal sending ability) entail the capacity to encode and express oneself in ways that can be received and decoded correctly by others.

Oculesics:

(eye behavior)

Nonverbal sensitivity:

(nonverbal receiving abilities) entail the capacity to accurately decode the expressions of others.

Artifacts:

(sometimes called objectics) or the use and arrangement of the physical environment and objects to communicate.

Displacement:

Nonverbally some parakinesic and paralinguistic behavios act as verb tense and place markers. Nonverbal codes tend to be tied to here and now. -NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION HAS LIMITED DISPLACEMENT.

Many communicative situations are accompanied by a distinctive set of physical experiences.

Our bodies and our behaviors are intimately connect. Comm and biology influence each other. EX: last time u got in an argument, u probably felt u pulse and breathing rate increase.

Processes are the :

Patterns of behavior between interactants and across time.

Signs may be an attribute of a larger entity and indexx its presence or index the relationship between meaning and form.

Signs may also have an iconic relationship with the referent. EX: a sculpture is a highly iconic sign of the person represented.

Many facial expressions, gesture, and vocalizations accompanying speech are seen as serving primarily an intrapersonal rather than interpersonal function.

They are not intended to convey meaning to another but rather are simply "spill over" from the speech production process or are outward indications of inward feelings.

Overgeneralization:

They may view everyone within a given group similarly. Its important to remember there is enormous variability within a given culture based on factors such as personality, coculture, georgaphic location, and sex. Our overview paints a picture of the "average" person within each culture. doesn't mean its the same for everybody tho.

Form the opposites of an approach-avoidance continuum are haptics and proxemics.

Together these form the contact codes.

Chronemics and artifacts:

Together these form the time and place codes

PRIVACY : KINESICS AND VOCALICS:

Turf defense and Exclusion cues: -1. Threat displays such as staring or tongue showing. 2. Dominance displays such as expansive postures and loud voices. 3. Body blocks and face covering. 4. Emblems such as "go away" that express unapproachability. 5. Dyadic postures and orientations that create a closed unit. 6. Silences. 7. Gaze aversion or reduced facial regard. 8. Other forms of reduced immediacy. -"letting down their mask" and violating normal social rules for appropriate conduct. -When you are "front stage", your conduct conforms to the various roles you are performing for your audience. When you are "backstage", you are free to drop your role, blow off steam, slouch in furniture and commit socially taboo behaviors such as tugging at underwear or picking your nose. When ppl do this the person looks at it at private.

EX: President Richard Nixon

U.S - "Ok" hand gesture (this gesture is obscene in south american, where it symbolizes the female genitalia. EX: Soviet Leonid Brezhenev, Clenched his hands together over his head in a gesture that people from the U.S see as superiority and victory....to Brezhnev, he was simply using a gesture that in Russia signals gratitude for a warm welcome.

CULTURAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SELECTED REGIONS:

UNITED STATES: -highly individualistic -Moderate immediacy -moderate power distance -Low context -Gender: somewhat masculine. PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA: -Collectivistic -High immediacy -High context -Gender: feminine NORTHERN EUROPE (FINLAND, SWEDEN NORWAY): -Moderately individualistic -low immediacy -Low power distance -Low context -Gender: feminine NORTHERN AMERICA: -Moderately individualistic -high immediacy -High context MIDDLE EAST (EXCLUDING ISRAEL): -moderately individualistic -High immediacy -High context -Gender: masculine MEXICO: -High immediacy -High power distance -High context -Gender : masculine MEDITERRANEAN AREA OF SOUTHERN EUROPE: -Individualistic -High Immediacy -Moderate context

Nonverbal cues are social signals, they are used deliberately to communicate and are part of the total message.

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors are like strands in a tapestry, inextricably intertwined; they are not isolated structures but rather form a unified communication system in which nonverbal signals are closely synchronized and integrated with language to form a complex whole. -EX: Satoko's interpretation is based both on his nonverbal behavior (directs eye contact to other students) but also on his verbal behavior (he calls on other students) Its the interconnectedness of verbal and nonverbal codes as part of a total comm system that allows us to exchange msgs and understand 1 another.

Nonverbal behaviors are typically subject to more interpretations than are verbal behaviors, making misunderstanding more likely in many situations.

What constitutes a message to one person or culture may merely be taken as information by another, or the same behavior may have different interpretations from one person to the next.

Places such as Japan and the Middle East draw on ancient history and philosophies to guide their values and behaviors,

Whereas the U.S has a relatively short history.

Code:

a set of signals that is usually transmitted via one particular medium or channel.

Charles Darwin Theory of Natural selection:

an explanation for how the process of evolution works to change the characteristics of various species.

Behavior:

any actions or reactions performed by an organism. EX: blinking. Not every behavior should be regarded as communication; as with information, communication is a subset of behavior, which is itself a subset of information.

Symbols are :

arbitrarily assigned representations that stand for something else. EX: hitch hikers thumb.

Signs:

are things that stand for something else and produce at least some of the responses that the referent produces. Signs include language (linguistic signs).

Most nonverbal expressions and patters:

are well-learned habits that require little forthought or conscious awareness.

All communication is potential information,

but all information is not communication. EX: having green eyes may be informative about ones ancestry, but its not a message.

Physical characteristics such as strength, speed, and good eyesight might give someone advantages when it comes to survival and procreation,..

but evolutionary psychologists belive that cognitive and emotional characteristics like intelligence, sensitivity, and even humor could also be advantegous.

Holding one's dinner fork in a manner is unlikely to be a message...

but using it to stab food off a dinner's guests plate IS a message.

THrough commonly understood codes and...

decoded by receivers (the signals must be recognized, interpreted, and evaluated.

Messages originate as sender cognitions that are:

encoded (transformed into signals)

Nonverbal skills and emotional intelligence:

encompass both sending and receiving abilities that influence the course of a social interaction so that the interactants goals are more likely to be achieved.

Natural selection can:

explain many aspects of human emotions, cognitive patterns, preferences, and social behaviors. EX: preference for sweets. -NS has shaped human tendencies related to things like affiliation, attachment, alturism, dominance, and sexuality.

Nonverbal codes:

include a mix of ANALOGIC AND DIGITAL ELEMENTS. -Even though a signal's form may be analogic, our processing of it may be digital. -we are accustomed to segmenting a continuous, naturally arising behavior into a more manageable, digital form to make sense of it.

Recognize the differences in nonverbal comm can't be traces to a single factor such as how individualistic or immediate a particular culture is: Inherent Risk:

include emphasizing differences over similarities, overgeneralizing, viewing cultural norms as static, and viewing cultural norms through an ethnocentric lens.

Hang your tongue out:

is a "DO NOT DISTURB SIGN"

The primary reason for forming romantic relationships (from the evolutionary perspective):

is procreation.

Message orientation:

it sidesteps the trap of trying to discern communicator intent for every action and includes both habitual and mindful actions. Also avoids problem of the relative skill, self monitoring, and perceptiveness of communicators determining whether their behavior qualifies as nonverbal communication or not. Also reflects our belief that although different communicators will bring various connotations and experience-shaped interpretations to a given behavior, without some common "nonverbal vocabulary and grammar" communication between people would be impossible.

Culture:

learned and enduring pattern of beliefs, values, and behaviors that influences a large group of people. Rooted in the way a group of people interacts with the social environment. Culture is learned through interaction with one's family and friends, as well as with social and religious institutions such as schools and churches. Socially constructed phenomenon that is passed on from generation to generation.

More useful to limit signs to referents that are:

natural and intrinsic representations of what they signify.

People rely heavily on...

nonverbal cues to express themselves and to interpret others' communication.

Providing information and facilitating task and service goals:

nonverbal indicative behavior (as opposed to communication). Such behaviors sometimes become communicative, we address them under the other functional categories.

Nonverbal comm codes:

often defined by the human sense or senses they stimulate (the visual sense) and/or the carrier of the signal (the human body or artifacts).

Behavioral Ecology view:

people use facial expressions to show their intentions to others. Certain intentions (such as showing group harmony or asserting one's rights) may be more valued in some cultural groups than others, leading to differences in facial expressions.

Gestures:

provide one of the most obvious cases of cross-cultural differences in nonverbal comm. -Emblems tend to differ by culture (emblems are gestures that substitute for language). EX: waving to mean "hello" or "goodbye" -Emblematic gestures are used differently across cultures, just as different words make up different languages. -Other emblematic gestures are only understood within certain ethnic groups, clubs, families, or circles of friends. -Some countries use expressive gestures more frequently. -facial cut off gesture :involves covering part of face with hand, communicate shying. (Common in Japan and Asian) -Women use them more than men.

Kinesics:

refers to body movements that are used to convey messages (facial expressions, head movements, eye behavior, gestures, posture, and gait)

Evolution:

refers to changes observed over time in the physical characteristics of organisms. EX: changes over time the average length of the giraffe's neck.

To be communication, the behavior must be..

volitional and other-directed (targeted to a receiver or receivers.

Explanations of and Speculations about Channel Reliance:

-1. We are innately programmed to signal affective states nonverbally and are likewise programmed to recognize such signals. Many nonverbal behaviors are universal and unlearned. -2. Bc of an efficient division of labor, verbal comm handles more abstract, nonsocial tasks such as problem solving, whereas nonverbal com handles more social, inerpersonal matters. Nonverbal channels can silently monitor the sender, send, and receive feddback, express emotions, and define the interpersonal relationship all the while the verbal stream is conveying linguistic context. Nonverbal comes frame of reference against which verbal interpretations are checked. -3. BC of their ambiguity, subtlety, and deniability, the nonverbal channels may be especially well suited to expressing sensitive and risky interpersonal info. Nonverbal codes can express what the verball code cannot or shouldn't. -4. The primacy of nonverbal comm as a means of expression for the species and for infants may predispose us to rely more on nonverbal behaviors as dependable and familiar sources of info. We may return to relying on nonverbal cues bc we believe they are more spontaneous, uncontrolled expressions of "true feelings." -5. the brain is able to handle such info. THe more continuous, nonsegmented nature of many nonverbal signals makes them especially well designed for right-hemispheric processing, where more holistic, impressionistic, and affective judgements are made.

Pragmatic and Dialogic Rules:

-Actual practice by individual language users (pragmatic rules) and for discourse w/ others (dialogic rules) PRAGMATIC RULES: Display rules to explain how emotional expressions are tempered, modified, masked, or exaggerated in public according to a given culture's norms for emotional displays. Each culture can articulate what behaviors are considered appropriate or inappropriate for use in various contexts. DIALOGIC RULES: evident in face-to-face conversation, during which gestures are used in a highly collaborative fashion to help ppl make sense of what is being said.

Eye Behavior:

-Arabs generally engage in more frequent and extended eye contact than do North Americans. -Ppl in North American are taught to look at people who are speaking, whereas ppl in many Asian and African countries are taught to avoid looking a speaker directly in the eye when speaking to avoid eye contact altogetherr while listening, especially someone of high status. -Some cultures giving direct eye contact to a speaker is perceived as a sign of attentiveness or respect, whereas in other cultures it is perceived as a sign of disrespect. -Different co-cultures have also been found to interpret eye behavior differently.

Vocalics:

Features of the voice as dialect, pitch, tempo, resonance, pauses, dysfluencies, and intonation patterns.

Irrelevant variety:

There are many interesting differences that acutally don't make a difference as far as communication goes.

Vocalics:

-Communication Accommodation Theory: used to explain how ppl adjust to cultural and co-cultural differences in a variety of nonverbal behaviors, including vocalic cues. People often accommodate their own communication style to the communication style of others in an effort either to converge or diverge. -Convergence: occurs when an individual adapts her or his style so that it becomes more similar to another person's or groups style. Ppl can converge using a variety of nonverbal behaviors, including facial expression, smiling, eye behavior, dress, touch, posture, gait, speech rate, pitch, and aaccent. -Divergence: occurs when an individual adapts his or her style so that it becomes less similar to another person's or groups style. Ppl typically practice divergence when they dislike a particular person or group, when they want to distance themselves from others, or when they want to emphasize their identification with a particular ingroup. -patterns of vocalic accommodation are also related to power. patterns of convergence may be particularly strong in cultures characterized by high power distances. -People also perceive others differently depending on which speaking styles are valued more within their culture and co-culture. -Some co-cultureal groups have distinct styles that sepate them from the mainstream and help them identify with other ingroup members. These styles are rated lower in terms of prestige and status, but high in terms of group solidarity. -If someone speaks like you, u will likely view them as friendlier, more attractive, and more similar to yourself than someone who speaks differently than one.

Message Generation:

-Facial expressions and gesture help activate and recall words, thoughts, images, and ideas from memory that become part of the utterance. Also shap what is to be said. -Kinesic and vocali expressiveness are such a natural part of the encoding process that even when they serve no benefit to the listener, they help us translate our meanings into words. -Nonverbal cues may also "prime the pump" in another way, by cementing affective associations w/ objects.

Facial Expression:

-Facial expressions of emotion are innate, inherited, and therefore universal. Most researchers agree that facial expressions of happiness and to a lesser extent sadness, anger, fear, suprise, and disgust, are universally understood. -Ppl have NONVERBAL ACCENTS that help others identify their country of origin. Nonverbal accents helps explain why some studies have shown an in-group advantage when it comes to identifying emotional expressions. -People are better at recognizing and interpreting the facial expressions of people who are from the same culture or co-culture as they are. -Blind since birth people show same emotion as ppl who can see.

Neurophysiology of Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding:

-LEFT hemisphere of the brain as the "VERBAL" side and the RIGHT hemisphere as the "NONVERBAL" side. LEFT: -verbally related activities such as word and symbol recognition. Left side of brain is dominant for rational, logical, and analytic tasks. Damage to left impairs linguistic functioning. -Better for deductive, convergent, discrete, intellectual, objective, literal, and denotative tasks. VERBAL RIGHT: -Spatial, pictorial, musical, geometric, and emotional tasks, including such nonverbally related actives as voice recognition and depth perception. Damage to right damages recognition of of such nonverbal features as vocal intonations, familiar faces, spatial relationships, and emotional expressions. -Right hemispheric involvement is necessary to understand jokes, metaphors, stories w/ a moral, and emotions. Ppl who have right damage give inaccurate, disjointed, or overly literal versions of these kinds of communication. -Better for imaginative, divergent, continuous, sensuous, subjective, metaphorical, and connotative tasks. NONVERBAL. -Both hemispheres are involved in speech production. Left governs vocabulary, rhythmic patterns, and free movements that accompany speech. The Right hemisphere processes social gestural speech and automatic speech and contributes prosodic and kinesic features that organize discourse. -Most ppl process music in the right, responding to it in a gestalt, analogic fashion, however, after they become familiar w/ a particular piece of music, they process it in the left hemisphere, treating it as a digital code. -Communacative stimuli that are treated in a holistic fashion are processed initially by the right hemisphere, wheres thos that are segmented into finer, discrete caegories are processed by the left hemisphere. -paleomammalian brain controls emotional expression and experience, as well as bodily functions. -neomammalian brain controls higher-order thought processes and symbolic activity, including speech production and such nonverbal symbols as emblems.

Terminating Interaction:

-Leave-taking rituals in some ways look like gretting rituals in reverse. 1. SIGNAL SUPPORTIVENESS. Ppl prefer to leave convo on a positive note, indicating points of agreement, satisfaction w/ the encounter, positive anticipation of the next interaction. POLITENESS MAXIM, of avoiding offensive, vulgar, rude language, and projecting mutual support. 2. ENTAIL SUMMARIZATION. Summing what has been said during the convo. 3. SIGNAL IMPENDING INACCESSIBILITY. leave taking cues. Usually one can tell that ppl are preparing to bring a convo to a close before anything is ssaid bc their nonverbal cues convey that they are closing down their avaliability for convo. -leave taking cues included unqueal weight stances, breaking eye contact, hand gesturing, and near the end of convo, a general increase in nonverbal activity, w/ increase in mutual smiling, leaning forward, and leveraging by departing interactants.

Message Processing:

-MESSAGE PROCESSING: is concerned w/ how humans acquire, store, comprehend, and retrieve messages. Its the decoding side of the msg.

Reflexivity:

-NONVERBAL CODES are probably best regarded as not self-reflextive. -its difficult to envision nonverbal behavior that can reflect on itself indefinitely.

Facial Displays:

-One of the most important nonverbal functions of the face is the expression of emotion. -Darwin said, when people experience a similar state of mind, they will perform a similar behavior. -Ppl perform certain behaviors to meet certain needs, such as plugging ur nose in the presence of a foul oder to keep yourself form smelling it. -Ppl became conditioned to perform specific facial displays when they experiences specific emotions. -Some facial displays of emotion are the direct result of nervous system arousal. EX: being frightened: dilated pupils, open mouth, increased muscular tension, increased perspiration. -Some facial displays of emotion are conditioned through states of mind. Emotion displays of emotion are rooted in biological and evolutionary causes.

Syntactic and Phonological Encoding:

-Phonemic clauses: Utterances are composed of noticeable segments of speech. EX: "the dog that ate my final paper last year / just did it again." the slash indicates that ppl put a break point in the phrase, seperating into chunks or phonemic cluases. -PHONEMIC CLAUSE IS DEFINED BY ONE PRIMARY STRESS AND TERMINAL JUNCTURE. -Three vocal cues identify a phonemic clause: PITCH, RHYTHM, AND LOUDNESS. -PITCH: contour or intonation pattern accompanying our sample prhas should have a chracteristic pattern, w/ the pitch being relatively level over "The dog that ate my final paper, abruptily rising over "last" and gliding back down over "year". -RHYTHM: the change in rhythm of the utterance coincides w/ the pitch change just described. "Last year" and "-gain" should be heard as slightly longer and stretched out. -LOUDNESS: "Last" and "-gain" should be slightly louder than the rest of the segment. -the stimultaneous changes in, pitch, rhythm, and loudness produce what is called PRIMARY STRESS and mark the whole phrase into two segments. -PRIMARY STRESS: occurs at or near the end of the clause. -TERMINAL JUNCTURE: Pitch ,rhythm, and loudness fall off and assume previous levels. -Spoken language is segmented into noticeable units marked by kinesic, vocal, proxemic, and haptic properties. these nonverbal porperties form a nonverbal grammar that structures condo for both speaker and listener. -Listeners recognize phonemic cluase units and coordinate their responses to the units so that they don't "step on" the speakers lines.

The Primacy of Visual Cues:

-Recievers rely heavily on info communicated by visual cues. -ppl rely most on visual cues, less on vocal cues, and least on verbal cues whe decoding inconsistent msgs. -Visual cue primacy is greater under the following conditions: 1. When mixed msgs involve the face rather than the body. 2. When decoding emotions related to positivity. (agreeableness, conscientiousness, positive or negative attitude). 3. When the discrepancy between the visual and auditory codes is not large. 4. WHen the visual cues reside in the face. -Face is the rich source of emotional context. -Body and vocalic cues become more important when receivers are decoding dominanc, assertiveness, and anxiety. Dominance is communicated very well by intense, emphatic body movements and vocal loudness, leading to greater reliance on these two channels when judgin mixed msgs of dominance, assertiveness, and anxiety. -Women more likely display visual cue primacy. WOman use more eye contact than men in interpersonal interactions and are uncomfortable when they cannot see their conversational partner. Might be why women learn to be "polite" communicators by paying less attention to vocalic channels that are likely to "leak" info the source didnt intent to send. -Children encounter mixed msgs use decoding processes that are different from those of adults. When positive visual cues are paired w/ negative vocalic cues, younger children appear to assume the worst, placing more weight on the negative meaning in these mixed msgs, whereas adults counterbalance negative voices w/ positive visual cues. Ability to decode mixed msgs improves w/ age.

Nonverbal cues:

-Sign language: any type of gesture that replaces specific words, numbers, or punctuation marks. -Action language: all other body movements (eating, running) not used as signs. -Object language: the intentional or unintentional display of objects. (clothing, architecture, implements, footprints) that could act as statements about their user.

Semantic Encoding:

-Some nonverbal cues convey meaning independently of whatever is being said. Other nonverbal cues are an integral part of msgs and may contribute to the semantic meaning of a total utterance. EX: irony and sarcasm are expressed through changes in pitch, loudness, tempo, combined w/ blank face. -Gestures also mark the importance of verbal meaning and reinforce the spoekn word in a way that produces a different meaning than when each is produced by itself. -Nonverbal displays that accompany speech can be adapted in form and intensity to suit the auditor or situation. EX: ppl face to face use more illustrator and interactive gestures

PRINCIPLES OF CONVERSATION MAGANGEMENT:

-WE TAKE MUCH OF THE REGULATIVE PROCESS FOR GRANTED as we converse. Much interaction activity is habitual and routine. -CONVERSATIONAL MANAGEMENT IS TYPICALLY RULEBOUND. We follow a set of social rules, acquired through modeling and explicit instruction, that tell us how to organize and conduct conversations. Unstated rules in many industrialized cultures are: -Conversations are preceded by a greeting. -The conversational "channel" is opened w/ eye contact. -Only one speaker may speak at a time in a conversation; interruptions are unwelcome. -Possession of the floor must change during ocnversations. -Silences are a cue for someone to speak. -Listeners must signal that they are paying attention to the speaker. -Different cultures and co-cultures may follow different rules. -CONVERSATIONAL MANAGEMENT IS LINKED TO OTHER INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONS such as relational communication. We manage interpersonal interactions w/ others allows us to coordinate conversations and accomplish other interpersonal objectives as well. Turn taking is very important in defining power and control in personal raltionships and behaviors that gain the conversational floor may facilitate changing another's attitudes. -INTERACTION MANAGEMENT IS CAPABLE OF PROVOKING STRONG EMOTIONAL REACTIONS. When others break conversation rules, its infuriating. Poor interaction management can provoke strong reactions and lead to relational difficulties. -INTERACTION MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS ARE A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF ONE'S COMPETENCE AS A COMMUNICATOR. Exchanig conversational floor smoothly, shifty topics w/o losing everyone, and intitiating and terminating convo skillfully are interaction management skills that go along way toward defining a person as a competent communicator. We tend to be most aware of these skills in their absensce- in the person who ignores all eforts to terminate a telephone convo or ends convo w/o warning.

MANAGING CONVERSATIONS:

-We manage how we enter and leave conversations, who speaks when, how we change topics, and how we coordinate our actions with others though ought the conversation.

Natural selection:

-a certain trait that has proven advantageous gets "selected for". the processes should increase. -certain members of a species have traits that provide them advantages, relative to others in their species, with respect to survival and reproduction. Size and strength are advantages for some. For humans, strength, intelligence, and physical attractiveness might all give one person advantages over others in terms of survival and reproductive opportunity.

PRIVACY : PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND ATTIRE:

-at individual level, clothing offers physical insulation that carries psychological connotations -Psychiatric settings, more layers of clothing symbolize a closing-off of self from others a greater desire for psychological privacy. -Clothing may establish anonymity, which minimizes self-identity but contributes to individual psychological privacy. EX: military making them all look the same.Individual anonymity and hence privacy through the use of identical garb. -As status increases, approachability decreases. EX: cop uniforms.

Directness of Sensory Stimulation:

-bc nonverbal behaviors can impinge directly on the sense, they may produce more rapid, automatic, and emotional responding in receivers than verbal behaviors. -Verbal and nonverbal codes don't have identical linguistic and msg properties. They DO share enough similarities to regard nonverbal acts as integral to the functioning of language.

Why do we communicate affection in the first place?

-bio-evolutionary paradign have speculated that affection behaviors (especially nonverbal) evolved largely from maternal protective behaviors. As mothers hold, protect infants, it evolves to hugging, kissing, caressing for affection. -nonverbal affection has specific physiological benefits. it feels good bc of the hormone OXYTOCIN. (oxytocin is released by the pituitary gland and it has stress-alleviating effects on the body. it lowers blood pressure and heart rate, increases metabolism, suppresses pain, and promotes a feeling of calmness and pleasantness.best role for role it plays in childbirth. also produces when ppl engage in relationally signficant behavior. released in bloodstream of both women and men at sexual orgasm. may be stimulated by warm, affectionate behavior.) -ppl who have more supportive, satisfying relationships have higher average levels of oxytocin than those w/ less supportive bonds. -Kissing is also another nonverbal behavior often used to convey affection. seen in all types of relationships. can strengthen your immune system.

Psychophysiology:

-cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social events are all reflected in the body's physiological processes. -Ex; fear. Experiencing fear is associated w/ several hormonal reactions, nervous system activities, and muscular responses that distinguish it from other emotional experiences, such as sadness or surprise. -Focuses on the physiological processes that go along with these behaviors and emotions and are often responsible for their survival or procreation benefits. -from the perspective of evolutionary psychology, the ability to experience fear is advantageous for survival because it increases a person's surveillance of threatening situations. -Physiologically, the experience of fear activates several processes that improves one's ability to examine and respond to a threat.

Olfactics:

-our sense of smell plays an important role-a subconscious one- in physical and romantic attraction. -we develop romantic relationships for many reasons, but from an evolutionary perspective, the most important reason is to procreate. Olfactics helps who we find sexually attractive. -MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX: plays an important role in the health of our immune systems. Its most adaptive for you to be sexually attracted to a partner w/ an MHC that is dissimilar to your own. Ppl detect differences in MHC through body odor, and these help make judgements about other peoples attractiveness. -effects of smell on interpersonal attraction are often subconscious.

Eye behaviors:

-convey meaning in interpersonal setting. Engaging in eye contact w/ someone might communicate interest, attraction, or anger, whereas failing to make eye contact may denote submissiveness, respect, or shame. -eye behavior are strongly subject to social and cultural influences, but one eye behavior appears to transcend those influences is pupil dilation. -PUPIL DILATION is also affected by attraction. when you find someone you find attractive, your pupils open up wider than normal. Your nervous system becomes aroused when u look at someone attractive (thats why heart rate goes up infront of someone who looks hot). -from bio-evolutionary perspective, attractioin is often the first step toward developing a relationship w/ someone, and pupil dialation allows us to take more visual info about that person to help us decide whether he is a potential relational partner. ur body is responding to the visual stimulus of an attractive person in an automatic and adaptive way. SECOND PART TO PUPIL DIALATION: -makes you more physically attractive to others. -women sometimes used BELLADONNA to dilate their pupils for cosmetic effect.

Touch:

-first of the five senses to develop and it is the most important sense for survival. Without the ability to touch, one would constantly be susceptible to injury, temperature extremes, and other environmental threats that could easily prove fatal. touch is needed for human survival and well being. -touch in interpersonal relationships is strongly influenced by cultural and gender norms. -social groups vary wifely in how, and how much, ppl touch each other.

Relative Impact of Nonverbal and Verbal Codes:

-in cases when the cues are not consisten w/ each other- say the facial cue is negative and the other two cues are positive- it is possible to determine if the facial cue carries more weight than the verbal and vocal channels by seeing if the meaning is negatively skewed or is judged as positive. ?????

Meaning derive from a number of properties of coding systems:

-language is composed of both verbal and nonverbal element that many of the "design features" of language pertain to both verbal and nonverbal communication, whereas others are unique to verbal and nonverbal codes.

INITIATING INTERACTION:

-nonverbal cues are working before the first "hello" is even said. These cues signal awareness of the presence of others and willingness to become invovled in convo. -eye behavior during greetings is similar for adults, infants, children, blind persons, and nonhuman primates. The eyebrow flash is aprt of gretting among a wide range of cultures. Handshake, cheek kissing. -Greetings are designed to signal greater availability for interaction and determine or reestablish the intimacy level of the relationship. -1. SIGHTING, ORIENTATION, AND INITIATION OF APPROACH. After spotting person to be greeted, one or both parties engage in a distant salutiation such as smiling, waving, or nodding that raitifies that the greeting ritual has begun. -2. THE HEAD DIP. A head movement common at this stage is to lower the head, followed by a slow rise, or to "toss" it in a somewhat rapid back and forth movement. W/ it comes an averting of gaze so that greeters can escape the awkwardness of maintaining eye contact while traversing the distance between them -3. APPROACH. Increased gazing and grooming behaviors such as straightening clothing, patting hair, while greeter moves towards tem. -4. FINAL APPROACH AND CLOSE SALUTATION. When ppl are w/n 10 feet of each other, mutal gazing and smiling can resume, along w/ verbal saltuation.

Turn-taking in conversations:

-nonverbal cues help to organize and sequence interactions. -One of the most socially meaningful units is turn. -a key to gaining the conversational floor when u want it and recognizing when others want a chance to speak is the skillful use of nonverbal cues.

Universality versus Culture-and-Context meaning.

-one may need to know the culture before choosing an interpretation. Meaning are tied to context too. Verbal and nonverbal communication are similar-they are both culture and context-bound. -Close approach distances, threat stares, a warm tone of voice, facial expressions of surprise, smiling, crying, fleeting touches to gain attention, provocating clothing- these are nonverbal signals that are understood worldwide.

Physical Appearance:

-ppl show strong agreement in what they find physically attractive, and many of our judgements about beauty are highly consistent across cultures and even across time periods. -we're most attracted to physical features that signal health and fertility, signs that someone would be a good potential mate. -so we have evolved to be attracted to those physical characteristics that suggest that someone would produce healthy offspring. 2 visual features tend to be strongly associated w/ attractiveness: -1. SYMMETRY: or the extent to which two sides of the body mirror each other. Genetic abnormalities and environmental stressors encountered during development cause the two sides of the body to deviate from perfect symmetry. -Symmetrical bodies are more likely than asymmetrical ones to be free of infections and genetic defects. Symmetry in the face and body are directly associated w/ genetic, physical, and mental health, as well w/ IQ and cognitive ability. Children produced w/ symmetrical partners will be more likely to survive to sexual maturity. -2. WAIST-TO-HIP RATIO (WHR) -or the ratio of waist width to hip width. Preferred WHR for women has been about .70. (meaning ur most attractive if u have .70) -mating w/ ppl who have these characteristics gives us an advantage when it comes to producing healthy offspring. -more symmetrical bodies have more sexual partners than those with less symmetrical. -mens body symmetry was the strongest predictor of whether their female partners would achieve orgasm during intercource. -Effect of symmetry was stronger than other variables such as earning, attractiveness, height, sexual experience. -.70 corresponds to maximum reproductive success for women. -ppl are attracted to symmetry and a .70 WHR not simply for cultural or social reasons, but because these characteristics are associated with the likelihood of producing healthy offspring.

Heritable:

-they are passed from parents to their offspring genetically, instead of through socialization. -many traits that provide advantages are heritable.

Proxemics and Haptics:

-touch and space. -With each culture, other factors such as sex and relationship play important roles in regulating the appopriate use of space. -haptics and proxemics change over time. -Georgraphical features such as being in the sunny Hawaii versus snowy Colorado, also play a role in shaping haptic and proxemic behaviors. Ppl who live in warm climates are more contact-oriented than ppl living in colder climates. Ppl in warm U.S touch more and have more positive attitdudes towards touch than do those living in colder areas in U.S. -There is more diversity in touhing patterns within regions than suggested by the classifications of broad geographical areas into contact versus noncontact cultures. -Japan mothers are in close contact with there infants, more than U.S moms. -Greeting behaviors also reflect a culture's norms regarding the level of contact that is appropriate.

Iconicity:

-typically regarded as a feature of nonverbal but not verbal coding systems, with the exception of words like "buzz" or "flush" which sound like the thing or action they represent. -Nonverbal behaviors are iconic to the degree that they resemble directly what they refer to and preserve a one-to-one correspondence in size. EX: hologram or life size statue of a person would be the most iconic form of representation. -a VERBAL description would have NO ICONICTY -many emblems are iconic bc they attempt to mimic what they represent. some facial emotion expression, some illustrators, some artifacts are iconic. Metaphoric gestures are iconic in that they convey an abstraction in an imagistic way. -Iconicity confers a vividness to nonverbal expressions that may be lacking from verbal expressions for the same referent.

Vocalics:

-voice is a powerful insturment in communication. -pitch: relates to how high or low your voice sounds, which determined by the length of your vocal folds. The longer ur vocal folds, the lower your voice. EX: men usually have lower voices. Adults lower than children. -Bio-evolutionary perspective, vocal properties are most efficient at conveying state of minds. -Communicating w/ a group is done most efficiently w/ a louder voiec than a quieter one, and physiological arousal pushes the pitch of a voice up- thus, an excited voice sounds loud and high pitched. -The larger an individual animal is, the longer its vocal folds are and the lower its pitch is. -Evolutionary logic, these are the reasons why we think of aggressive, a dominant voices as being loud and low pitched- bc the organisms that can produce these sounds are the ones who are capable of being a threat. -Loud, low pitched voices are associated w/ perceptions of aggression and dominance. -high pitched voices are perceived as conveying warmth and affection when quiet and as conveying excitement when loud found that pitch was directly related to perceived affection only for women.

Bio-evolutionary explanations focuses on:

-why tendencies for certain emotions and behaviors (including nonverbal behaviors) are beneficial for survival and procreation. -also examines the physiological processes that bring those advantages about.

Simultaneity:

-within each nonverbal code, several features can be manipulated at the same time. -kinesics, gaze and facial expression together may send one msg, while posture sends another, and gestures send a third. -with touch, one can tickle another person in a playful manner w/ one hand while holding the victim in a not so playful, vise like grip w/ the other. -If one considers all the nonverbal codes as an interdependent system, the opportunity for a multiplicity of cross-modal msgs increases dramatically. -nonverbal codes may be used in combination, all sending the same msg-greatly increasing msg redundancy and the likelihood of accurate reception-or they may modify and complement each other to produce a complex and possibly incongruent msg.

Polysemy:

-words have multiple denotations. EX: pot -nonverbal cue such as gaze has no single meaning is often cited as evidence against nonverbal behavior forming a language. -for signal with multiple interpretations, one must rely on context and culture to decide which interpretation to select.

CONCLUSIONS:

1. AT A BIOLOGICAL LEVEL, THERE APPEARS TO BE AN INNATE PRESSURE TO ADAPT AND SYNCHRONIZE INTERACTION PATTERNS BUT ALSO TO MAKE COMPENSATORY ADJUSTMENTS WHEN PHYSICAL SAFETY AND COMFORT ARE AT STAKE. ppl are innately programmed to adapt and synchronize w/ others. 2. AT THE SOCIAL LEVEL, THE PRESSURE IS ALSO TOWARD RECIPROCITY AND MATCHING. Exceptions include role or statue relationships. EX: solider. and competence differences ex. parent and infant. that dictate complementary patterns. Biological and socila forces thus jointly predispose ppl to coordinate interactions through use of similar behaviors. 3. AT THE COMMUNICATION LEVEL, BOTH RECIPROCITY AND COMPENSATION MAY OCCUE. Achieve communicators goals such as putting forward a desirable image, facilitating info processing, creating a personal relationship, or persuading someone to comply w/ a request. 4. SEVERAL FACTORS MAY LIMIT INTERACTION ADAPTION: 1. Internal causes of adjustments. 2. Individual style. 3. Poor self-monitoring. 4. Poor skills. 5. Cultural differences. 5. BIOLOGICAL, PHYSCHOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND COMMUNICATIVE FORCES SET UP BOUNDARIES WITHIN WHICH MOST INTERACTION PATTERNS WILL OPERATE, PRODUCING MOSTLY MATCHING, SYNCHRONY AND RECIPROCITY. 6. PATTERNS OF ADAPTATION ARE MORE READILY PREDICTED FOR CONSTELLATIONS OF INTERRELATED BEHAVIORS RATHER THAN INDIVIDUAL ONES. Its easy to anticipate how interacts will respond to changes in overall levels of involvement, intimacy, dominance, to specific proxemic, hap tics, or vocalic cues. INTERACTION ADAPTATION THEORY: which attempts to take into account the complexities of interpersonal interaction by considering ppls needs, expectations, and desires or goals as precursors to their degree and form of adaptiation. INTERACTION POSITION: combined required, expected, and desired levels of interaction yield. Refers to the behavior they are likely to adopt. it can be positively or negatively valued, is compared to the partners actual behavior. If the partners actual behavior is different than the interaction position, its going to be either more or less positive. Predictions made from interaction adaptation and interaction position: 1. If actual behavior differs from the interaction position and is more positively valenced, ppl should converge toward the partners desirable behavior. the result is reciprocity. 2. If actual behavior is more negatively valenced than the interaction position, ppl should diverge from the partners behavior or maintain their exiting behavior. the result is compensation.

Tiersma suggests that such acts qualify as communication if they:

1. Are conducted within view of an audience (with whom eye contact is usually established) 2. Are done in a ritualistic or exaggerated way 3. Are repetitive (occur more than once) 4. Are of longer than normal duration. 5. Have no other evident function than a communicative one 6. Occur within a communicative context.

Gist of natural selection process:

1. In any generation, more of a given species (including humans) are born than can survive to reproductive maturity, which creates a struggle for existence. 2. Individual organisms vary, one from another, in several cognitive, emotional, and physical ways. 3. Some of the variation in these cognitive, emotional, and physical characteristics is passed genetically from parents to offspring. 4. Genetically inherited characteristics that provide advantages for survival and/or procreation will therefore be passed on to future generations with greater frequency than disadvantageous characteristics. "selected for" because its increasing due to survival or reproductive advantages it provides.

5 dimensions connected to nonverbal communication:

1. Individualism versus collectivism. 2. Immediacy versus non immediacy. 3. Low versus high power distance. 4. Low versus high context. 5. Femininity versus masculinity.

Generalizations about the role of general skills:

1. Individuals vary substantially in their encoding and decoding ability. (Some people have excellent ability to interpret the expressions of others accurately; others are very poor interpreters. 2. Better encoders tend to be better decoders and vice versa. (If u are a good encoder, you are somewhat more likely to be a good decoder and vice versa). 3. Encoding ability in a given channel is positively related to decoding ability in the same channel. (People who are good at decoding messages of liking and disliking tend to be more accurate in judging ambivalent messages and deception. 4. Encoding and decoding abilities are positively related to a variety of personality traits. (Those who are more extroverted, nonreticent, expressive, high in self esteem, high in self monitoring and public self consciousness, nondogmatic and physically attractive tend to be more skillful in nonverbal encoding. Those who are sociable, nonanxious, publicity self conscious, empathic, independent, intellectually efficient tend to be more better decoders. 5. Women are more skilled at nonverbal communication than are men. Women are more expressive nonverbally than men. Their expressions are read more accurately by others. Greatest for facial expressions, followed by body movements, vocal cues, and brief visual cues. Women are more "accommodating" than men. causing them to attend most closely to the intentional nonverbal msgs of others. WOmens adherence to learned gender roles. Women social roles give more practice than men observing nonbernal comm because they are more often in passive or submissive roles and learn to adopt friendly expressions that appease those in position of power. Also women innate advantage; they have different cognitive styles, greater ability to match affects with verbal labels and brain lateralization may differ for males and females. 6. Other indivudal differences show weak relationships to encoding and decoding. (Encoding skill is somwhat related to occupation in that more skilled individuals gravitate to people oriented jobs. Decoding skills show a modest positive relaitonship to mental abilities, as measured by IQ test or amount learned from a teacher. Decoding is related to age. Decoding improved with maturation, practice, and training.)(Individual social skill is attributable to abilities to encode and decode nonverbal behaviors and that certain individuals and subgroups (such as women) have a significant advantage.

3. Nonverbal behaviors may form a universal language system.

Behaviors such as smiling, pointing, crying, caressing, starring in threatening manner are all nonverbal cues that appear to be understood. Allows others to communicate on a basic level regardless of their familiarity of verbal systems. Universal language. Reliance on nonverbal cues can produce a sense of commonality and understanding in a foreign situation.

BEGINNING AND ENDING INTERACTIONS:

Nonverbal behaviors such as smiling and gaze can encourage interaction. Nonverbals can discourage or delay interaction. Nonverbal cues play a central role in getting conversations off on the right foot.

Nonverbal behaviors often operate independently in achieving commuication goals:

1. Message production and processing. (the great depth the integral role that nonverbal behaviors play in creating and interpreting a total message. Nonverbal cues prime the pump to make utterance possible and recall information.) 2. Social cognition and impression formation. (in which people form initial impressions of others. Also covers which nonverbal cues are responsible for impressions of others) 3. Expressing real and desired identities. (combines the way we signal to others who we think we are and who we would like them to think we are. How people identify their personality, gender orientation, age and socioeconomic status through nonverbal behavior) 4. Expressing emotions (Nonverbal cues transmit our emotions and modd states to others. Kinesics, voalics, and haptics play a starring role in expressing peoples various emotions. Nonverbal cues "Dark side" also can play in. Conflict, aggression, jealously) 5. Communicating relational messages. (Relational communication concerns how people define their interpersonal relationships, signaling how they regard one another, their relationship, and themselves within the context of the relationship. 6. Making connections and managing conversations. (conversations from the first hello to the last good-bye and all the ways in which nonverbal cues regulate interaction in between. Greeting rituals, turn-taking patterns, leave-taking, and patterns of matched or mismatched interaction are part of this funciton. . Ways in which the enviroment can be structured to produce different kinds of interaction. Before convo begins, nonverbal cues define the setting and serve as implicit guidelines for how to behavae. 7. Deceiving others. (culmination of emotional expression, relational comm, impression management, influence, and interaction management principles. Much comm falls short on the whole truth.

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL LEAVE-TAKING BEHAVIORS

1. NONVERBAL: Breaking eye contact. VERBAL: Reinforcement 2. NONVERBAL: Left positioning. VERBAL: Professional Inquiry 3. NONVERBAL: Forward lean. VERBAL: Buffing. 4. NONVERBAL: Nodding behavior. VERBAL: Appreciation. 5. NONVERBAL: Major Leg Movement. VERBAL: Internal Legitimizer. 6. NONVERBAL: Smiling Behavior. VERBAL: Tentativeness 7. NONVERBAL: Sweeping Hand Movements. VERBAL: External Legitimizer. 8. NONVERBAL: Explosive Foot Movement. VERBAL: Filling. 9. NONVERBAL: Leveraging. VERBAL: Superlatives 10. NONVERBAL: Major Trunk Movements. VERBAL: Reference to others. 11. NONVERBAL: Handshake. VERBAL: Personal Inquiry. 12. NONVERBAL: Explosive hand contact. VERBAL: Welfare Concern. 13. NONVERBAL: - VERBAL: Continuance. 14. NONVERBAL: - VERBAL: Terminating.

Reasons why nonverbal messages are so influential and indisputable:

1. Nonverbal communication is omnipresent. 2. Nonverbal behaviors are multifunctional. 3. Nonverbal behaviors may form a universal language system. 4. Nonverbal communication can lad to misunderstanding as well as understanding. 5. Nonverbal communication has phylogenetic primacy. 6. Nonverbal communication has ontogenetic primacy. 7. Nonverbal communication has interaction primacy. 8. Nonverbal communication can express what verbal communication can't or shouldn't. 9. Nonverbal communication is trusted.

6 Principles of Channel Reliance:

1. ON AVERAGE, ADULTS RELY MORE ON NONVERBAL CUES THAN ON VERBAL CUES TO DETERMINE SOCIAL MEANING. 93% of all meaning in social situation comes from nonverbal info. another research says 65% meaning comes from nonverbal. -Circumstances under which nonverbal cues prevail over verbal ones. 1. Judging a communicator's leadership ability and credibility. 2. Judging interpersonal styles. 3. Completing comprehension and behavioral task. 4. Answering interpretive questions. 5. Distinguishing true attitudes, feelings, and ideas from inconsistent expressions. 2. CHILDREN RELY MORE ON VERBAL CUES THAN ADULTS DO. Kids believe words more than facial expressions or intonations. Dont use sarcasm w/ children if u want the true intent of ur msg understood. 3. ADULTS RELY MORE ON NONVERBAL CUES WHEN VERBAL AND NONVERBAL CHANNELS CONFLICT THAN WHEN THESE CHANNELS ARE CONGRUENT. Indicative of internal confusion. Jokes and sarcasm rely on mixed messages. Uncertainly, indifference, and ambivalence (liking and disliking another person) produce mixed msgs. Mixed msgs are difficult to decode. Receivers are inclined to turn more to the nonverbal cues than the verbal ones to resolve the conflict. when the verbal and nonverbal channels relatively consistent, the verbal info takes on greater importance. 4. CHANNEL RELIANCE DEPENDS ON THE COMMUNICATION FUNCTION AT STAKE. Verbal is more important for factual, cogntiive, abstract, and persuasive interpretations. NONNVERBAL content is more important for judging emotional and attitudinal expressions, relational communication, and impression formation. When one is judging objective meanings, verbal content prevails; when one is inferring a speaker's liking, intonation prevails. Verbal content is also more useful in detecting factual lying, whereas nonverbal cues are more helpful when detecting emotional deception. Nonverbal involves relational, affective, and impression-leaving outcomes. 5. WHEN THE CONTEXT IN DIFFERENT CHANNELS IS CONGRUENT, THE MEANINGS OF THE CUES TEND TO BE AVERAGED TOGETHER EQUALLY; WHEN CONTEXT IS INCONGRUENT, THERE IS GREATER VARIABILITY IN HOW INFORMATION IS INTERGRATED. If two were consistent, a third inconsistent one failed to reverse or neutralize the interpretation drawn from the other two. People believe whichever cue is most extreme or most negative. The bulk of evidence suggests that visual cues are countred more strongly than vocal cues, which in turn are counted more heavily than verbal ones. 6. INDIVIDUALS HAVE BIASES IN THEIR CHANNEL DEPENDENCE. Some ppl rely on certain nonverbal channels, some rely on verbal content, some are situationally adaptable. Some rely on either facial cues or language when judging incongruent emotional expressions. Other judge speakers level of stress can be divided into 3 groups: those who are verbal reliant, those who are nonverbal reliant, and those who shift back and forth in their channel prefernce. Ppl rely on which ones they are better at encoding an decoding.

5 functions of the primary functions of nonveral behavior.

1. Redundancy (duplicating the verbal message) 2. Substitution (replacing the verbal message) 3. Complementation (amplifying or elaborating on the verbal message) 4. Emphasis (highlighting the verbal message) 5. Contradiction. (sending opposite signals of the literal meaning of the verbal message) This set of functions highlights the close linkage between verbal and nonverbal communication and the ways in which nonberbal cues clarify and amplify verbal meanings.

A funcational perspective makes several assumptions:

1. The nature of the specific communication function determines the nonverbal behaviors to be observed. (some nonverbal codes may be irrelevant or inconsequential for some functions. EX: hair style would be a "bit player" in expressing emotions) 2. Every function has situational characteristics. (Ex: interview, typically face to face and has a fairly structured turn-taking pattern) 3. Functions are dynamic and transcend single time frames. (A function rarely begins or ends in a single occasion. May be influenced by previous functions, my influence subsequent episodes. eX: traumatic childhood.) 4. A single nonverbal cue may serve multiple functions. (EX: direct gaze. may express relational involvement while learning and behavioral change.) 5. A single function may be accomplished through multiple nonverbal cues. (EX: fear might be expressed vocally, facially, posturally, proxemically, haptically, or through any combination of these.) 6. A single function typically requires the coordination of verbal and nonverbal behaviors. (comm is usually a cooperative venture among several nonverbal channels and the verbal channel.)

Problems with trying to identify intent.

1. Timing: during an encounter, we may not be fully aware of our actions, but in retrospect may admit that we purposely committed a particular behavior, such as snubbing someone. If questioned at the time of the act, we might deny intent but at a later time concede it. A person's self report of intent is of questionable value and can vary greatly. 2. Circumstances may alter whether the same behavior is seen as intentional or not. Some situations and some people cause us to be more sensitive to intent than others, and we may recognize intent when the communicator doesn't.

WHY RECEIVERS ARE STRONGLY BIASED TOWARD THE VISUAL CHANNEL:

1. When it comes to decoding emotional info, visual cues provide more info and possess more meaning than vocal cues. they provide more units of meaning per time unit. 2. Humans may attend deliberately to the visual channel bc, unlike auditory cues, its not automatically altering. This reduces the input from auditory cues, giving visual cues more impact. 3. Encoders have greater control over the face, thereby giving decoders more intentional info. 4.People may rely more on visual cues bc they can quickly scan a face and then concentrate on the most informative facial cues, whereas the voice, decoders can only process the cues sequentially and fleetingly.

MAKING CONNECTIONS:

3 nonverbal signals to determin if and how ppl interact: -1. PROPINQUITY: controls the opportunities for interaction. Enviroments can facilitate communication by placing ppl in relatively close proximity when engaged in similar activities. Promximity encourages interaction. The happenstance of propinquity often leads to communication. The likelihood of interaction was directly proportional to the physical and psychological distance between dwellings. Propinquity fosters interaction and friendship. -Propinquity connotes belonging. SPATIAL SCHEMATA: to infer w/ whom we are affiliated and to signal to others our belonging expectancies. We tend to feel we "belong" w/ those close to us and use communication to express the bond. Fences and doors can override the power of propinquity. 2. GAZE: civil inattention. occurs while at a distance and is followed by "casting the eyes down as the other passes- a kind of dimming of lights". There mere act of making eye contact, creates a temporary union between ppl and serves as an invitation to interact. 3. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS: often influences whom we choose to approach or avoid. We may be more willing to interact w/ attractive strangers bc we attribute appealing characteristics to them. The importance of physical attractiveness in approach-avoidance decisions is strongly linked to sexual attraction and the mating process.

PRIVACY: CHRONEMICS:

3 ways time can be manipulated to regulate privacy. -1. SEGREGATE USE OF A PARTICULAR SETTING BY TIME. maximizing priacy in an otherwise heavily trafficked area by using it at times when one expects other ppl to be absent. EX: going to the bathroom before other ppl wake up or after they go to bed. -2. USING INTERACTIONAL OR PUBLIC TERRITORIES DURING NON-PEAK HOURS. a person who truly want solitude may seek out a church sanctuary during the week, when it is not in use. -3. ASSIGNED DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS BY TIME. the kinds of social interactions that are permissible vary by time. When the time-space pattern for a setting affords inadepquate privacy, ppl may cope by changing scheudles or making more explicit rules about what functions are acceptable at what time. EX: what someones livingroom is during the day may be there bedroom at night time.

Other estimates put the number closer to...

66%, 2/3's coming from nonverbal.

One popularized estimate often quoted in magazines and on television is that...

93% of all meaning is nonverbal ,, 7% meaning comes from verbal.

5. Feminine versus masculine cultures:

A cultures gender orientation is also related to patterns of nonverbal communication. FEMININE CULTURES: -more androgynous, have more flexible gender roles, and value stereotypically female traits such as compassion, caregiving, and cooperation. -Both men and women have more freedom of nonverbal expression. Women can exhibit nonverbal cues reflecting power without penalty, whereas men can display nonverbal cues reflecting affection and caregiving without being seen as unmanly. -EX: Northern Europe, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark, and Finland. Countries that fall along the coastal regions of Pacific Ocean in South American, Chili, Peru. MASCULINE CULTURES: -more rigid gender roles and value stereotypically male traits such as ambition, strength, and competitiveness. -In highly masculine cultures, women are expected to display more submissive behaviors than men to avoid immediate interaction with men whom they don't well. -Men are expected to inhibit stereotypically feminine expressions, such as overt shows of affection or crying during a sad movie. -EX: U.S, Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy, Switzerland, Mexico, Ireland, England, and Germany. Muslim countries in Middle East.

Co-Culture:

A group of people within a given culture who share particular ways of thinking and behaving. These sociological grouping can be tied to religion, ethnicity, age, social class, geographic location, sexual orientation, or gender. People are influenced by both the broad culture in which they live and the co cultures to which they belong.

THEORIES OF INTERACTION ADAPTION:

AFFILIATIVE CONFLICT THEORY: which states that humans seek to bring competing drives to approach others and to avoid others into balance. The point at which two communicators are comfortable w/ the level of immediacy defines an equilibrium point NORM OF RECIPROCITY: by treating others as they treat us and returning good for good. A substantial body of evidence that verbal self disclosures beget self disclosures from the partner also raised doubts about interactions principally following a compensatory or complementary pattern. AROUSAL-LABELING MODEL: deviations from a comfortable interaction level are still posited to create discomfort and arousal. The arousal is nonspecific and needs to be identified as pleasant or unpleasant. Interactants are said to examine the situation for cues to label the arousal positive or negative. Positive produces reciprocity and negative produces compensation. SEQUENTIAL FUNCTIONAL MODEL: tries to identify numberous factors that precipitate arousal changes during interaction, assessments of those changes, and reactions to them. 5 THEORIES THAT HAVE REFINE PREDICTIONS: 1. DISCREPANCY-AROUSAL THEORY. posits that discrepancies produce arousal change, that moderate arousal change produces positive affect, and that large arousal changes produce negative affect. Positive effect is variously described as producing reciprocity or approach and negative affect is producing compensation or avoidance. 2. EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY. posits that the valence of the communicator must be factored in as well. Increased intimacy by an attractive person is htporhesized to be a positive violation that elicits reciprocated intimacy, whereas the same approach from the repulsive person is hypothesized to be a negative violation that produces a compensatory reduction in intimacy. 3. COGNITIVE-VALENCE THEORY. is less ambitious in scope, being limited only to cases in which one person increases intimacy behaviors. Changes in one persons intimacy behaviors prompt arousal changes in the other which must be valenced. identified six classes of factors determine the valence of behavior changes: 1. culture 2. individual predispositions. 3. interpersonal evaluations. 5. relational expectations. 5. situational features. and 6. transitory states. if any of these are negative, the valence is predicted to be negative. This theory predicts that large arousal changes are always aversive and produce compensation. 4. COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION THEORY. more limited in scope in that it centers on vocalic and linguistic features such as dialect, response latencies, and language style. Adaptation or accommodation, to another is consideres to be a deliberate act that is influenced by social factors such as ones status as an in-group or outgroup member. 5. INTERACTION ADAPTION THEORY -the first two share as a starting point that communicators have expectations about the communicative styles of others and that behaviors that are discrepant from, or violative of, those expectations activate behavioral change.

Analogic versus Digital Coding:

ANALOGIC CODE: -its composed of an infinite, continuous range of naturally occurring values. The color specturm and the natural number system. -Bc of the infinite range and intensity of values that are possible, analogic codes permit subtle shadings of meanings. DIGITAL CODE: -a finite set of discrete and arbitrarily defined units. An A-to-E grading system. Has only 5 categories, each of which is mutually exclusive and distinguishable form the next, and the number of grade levels is an arbitrary, human decision. -Language is a digital coding system. Its recognizable, separable (discrete), and arbitrary units. Language has a dual system of sound unites and symbol units (letters) that combine to form semantically meaningful components called morphemes (words, prefixes) -Many nonverbal signals must be regarded as digital, either bc what they represent is designated arbitrarily or bc they are discrete actions. All nonverbal codes have some discrete elements-gestures such as the A-OK sign in kinesics, vocalized pauses in vocalics, symbolic colors for clothing in physical appearance, formal seating arrangements in proxemics, specific types of touch such as a handshake in haptics, appointment times in chronemics, or status symbols in artifacts. -Single or stand alone unites include smile, the nod, eye contact, postural shifts, hairstyles, vocal characterizers such as a shriek, emblems, and a wide array of other gestures (ear tug, pointing). -Many nonverbal signals when actually enacted lack the clear segmentation that characterizes verbal expression and thus are more analogic in form.

Properties of Verbal and Nonverbal Codes:

ANALOGIC CODING: -Present in Nonverbal Codes DIGITAL CODING: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal codes GRAMMAR: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal codes PRAGMATIC AND DIALOGIC RULES: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal Codes POLYSEMY: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal Codes UNIVERSALITY: -Present in Nonverbal codes CULTURE- AND CONTEXT BOUND MEANING: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal code DISPLACEMENT: -Present in Verbal code REFLEXIVITY: -Present in Verbal code PREVARICATION: -Present in Verbal and Nonverbal codes ICONICITY: -Present in Nonverbal codes SIMULTANEITY: -Present in Nonverbal codes DIRECTNESS OF SENSORY STIMULATION: -Present in Nonverbal codes

Receiver orientation:

Anything a receiver interprets as a message is communication, regardless of source intent or awareness. Too Narrow.

CHAPTER 3:

BIO-EVOLUTIONARY INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

2. Immediacy versus non immediacy.

Based on touch and proxemic distancing, as well as other behaviors that show engagement within an interaction, such as gaze and expressiveness. *U.S was classified as non contact culture in early work, not is moderately immediate culture. IMMEDIATE CULTURES: -(nonverbal immediate) Touch more, and stand closer together. They use more eye contact, face one another more directly, and talk in louder voices than less nonverbally immediate cultures. -Immediate cultures are more comfortable with higher levels of sensory stimulation through nonverbal cues. -Ppl in high contact (highly immediate) cultures rely most on tactile and olfactory modes of communication. -Middle East, Mediterranean are of Europe (Greece, southern Italy, southern France, southern Spain, Portugal) Europe (including Russia), North American, Mexico, Central American, and South America NONIMMEDIATE CULTURES: -Ppl in noncontact (nonimmediate) cultures rely most on visual communication. -Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden, Norway), Germany, Great Britain, and most Asian countries (CHina, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan). -Japanese tended to respond with low levels of immediacy regardless of what the confederate did.

5. Nonverbal communication has phylogenetic primacy.

Before humans could speak and use language, they communicated nonverbally. History span of perhaps 150 million years. we are inherently programmed to attend first and foremost to nonverbal signals.

Biologically shared signal system and socially signal system:

Biologically: displays such as territorial defense, anger displays, and play behavior are involuntary, spontaneous, and indicative of emotional or motivational states. Usually right hemisphere of the brain is dominant for such signals. Socially: consist of symbols that- 1. Are voluntary and intentional. 2. Have an arbitrary relatioship between the reference (symbol) and the referent (the thing itself) 3. Are part of a socially shared coding system 4. Have propositional content, which means they are capable of logical analysis and can be declared true or false. 5. Are processed primarily by the left hemisphere of the brain.

Gestures are global and synthetic and never hierarchal:

By global he means that the meaning of gestures arise form the whole expression, not from constituent parts that are combined. EX: negative statement combined w/ a pleasant face and voice as a joke. By synthetic he means that one gesture may represent multiple meaning at once. Gestures are more language like when they stand alone (replacing speech); when they share some of the burden of communication with speech, they lose some of their language-like structure and become more global and synthetic in form.

Indicating Difficulty and Complexity of Encoding:

COGNITIVE EFFORT: COGNITIVE LOAD: COGNITIVE TAXATION: -when communicators are doing cognitively demanding tasks such as speaking, expressing new and unrehearsed ideas, becoming more self-conscious, experiencing social anxiety, or even deceiving, their nonverbal behaviors provide outward indications of those inward processes. -Facial expressions, eye gaze, head movements, gestures, vocal pauses, and other vocal nonfluencies are among the nonverbal cues from which we infer that someone is thinking very hard (or not). Gesturally, self-adaptors increase and illustrators descrease or cease temporarily as verbal complexity or difficulty increases. -Vocally, cognitive stress may be revealed through more rapid, louder, and high-pitched speech. Long pauses, associated w/ greater cognitive planning. Nonfluencies are indicative of someone being taxed cognitively. EX: pilots. -Awkward delivery implies that the speaker lacks expertise w/ the subject at hand.

Conversations and Turns:

Conversation: is a series of opportunities to speak and listen. it is composed of TURNS, or times during which one speaker has sole possession of the floor. Convos have variable turn order, size, and content peculiar to the occasion and particiapnts involved, but average turn length is A MERE 6 SECONDS. -w/ definitions varying in the extent to which they rely on vocalic, semantic, and/or gestural info to mark where a turn begins and ends. -TURNS are constructed out of unit types, which can include words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. -others rely on a reading of the speaker's and listener's intentions based on the occurrence of gestural and vocalic info to determine where a turn occurs. "turn requesting cues"

People in cultures that value high levels of immediacy also tend to value open emotional expression.

Cultures different everywhere.

The Case of Privacy:

DIMENSIONS OF PRIVACY: are physical, social, psychological, and informational. PHYSICAL PRIVACY: the degree to which an individual, dyad, or group is physically accessible or inaccessible to others. Brings freedom from surveillance, overcrowding, overstimulation, and intrusion on one's "body buffer zone." The more nonverbal sensroy channels (sight, sound, touch, smell) through which one is accessible to others, the less privacy he or she presumably has. SOCIAL PRIVACY: refers to the ability of individuals, dyads, and groups to control to who, when and where to communication. Ppl need to keep the number of social encounters to a reasonable number so that they can maximize gratifications and minimize conflicts and annoyances. Social privacy bcs a means for facilitating intimacy w/n the relationship while inhibiting social overtures from others. EX: couples let others know they are unwelcome. PSYCHOLOGICAL PRIVACY: refers to the ability to control affective and cognitive inputs and outputs so as to prevent intrusions on one's intellectual and emtoional to think, formulate attitudes, hold beliefs and values, develops an individual identity, engage in emotional catharsis, assimilate new experiences, and make plans w/o interferences, undue influence, or distraction from others. Determining w/ whom and under what circumstances one will share thoughts and feelings, disclose intimate or secret info about the self, offer emotional support, and seek advice. INFORMATIONAL PRIVACY: refers to the right to determine how, when and to what extent personal data are released to others. It differs from psycholofical privacy in that it is less under personal control (and also not as likely to be managed through nonverbal comm).

We need to understand nonverbal comm is an ongoing, dynamic process rather than just a static snapshot of cues or final outcomes at one moment in time.

Dyadic interaction research that examines interaction sequences, turn-taking and adaptation patterns: and relationship development research that investigates how nonverbal behavior changes during the course of relationships.

Topic Management and Exchange:

EPISODES: are periods w/n conversations when discussion focuses on a particular topic POSITIONS: are segments of interaction w/n an episode during which a person maintains a consistent disposition toward the topic and other communicators. BOUNDARY MARKERS: 1. PROXMIC SHIFTS: changes in leaning forward or backward and toward or away from other communicators- have been found to be reliable indicators of episodes and position changes. 2. EXTRAINTERACTIONAL ACTIVITIES: include behaviors that are not directly part of the stream of communication, such as lighting a cigarette, reaching for a drink, rearranging personal articles (a jacket, purse), adjusting a chair cushion, and so on. these cues are likely to occur at espoise and position boundaries, bc they appear elsewhere, they might be perceived as inappropriate and indicative of low involvement. 3. SILENCES: mark episode and position boundaries, often closing topics that participants are no longer interested in pursuing and allowing participants to relax physically and mentally before pursuing the next segment of interaction. These are the awkward silences that often develop as particiapnts let one topic die and cast about for another one to pickup. 4. PARALINGUISTIC CUES: such as signs, gasps, and clearing the throat, mark episode and position boundaries. Such cues may faciliate changes in speaking style by releasing air from the lungs and relxing the vocal cords, aloowing loudness, pitch, and tempo also to change. They then can "start fresh" vocally w/ the next topic.

Dawrin purposed that there are underlying bio-evolutionary reasons why we express emotions the way we do:

First: if displays of emotion are primarily rooted in bio-evolution, they should be fairly consistent across cultures. (joy, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust) Second: if displays of emotion are rooted in biology and evolution, then infants should use the sam displays as adults, even though they haven't yet learned them. Blind children tend to display facial expressions that are similar to those displayed by sighted children, especially in terms of the primary emotions. Third: if facial displays of emotion are grounded in bio-evolution, then certain facial expressions should be associated with specific physiological effects. Looking happy should therefore make you feel happy. FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS: suggest that merely engaging in a facial display of emotion will spark physiological changes that are consistent with that emotion. Facial displays of fear, sadness, anger, surprise, and happiness were accompanied by increases in heart rate, whereas displays of disgust produces decreased hear rate. Displays of anger, sadness, and happiness also caused increases in skin temperature, whereas displays of surprise, fear, and disgust caused skin temperatures to go down.

Why do we touch to communicate?

From the bio-evolutionary perspective, its bc touch comforts and stimulates us in ways that are essential to our health and development. -touch is critical for infants survival and healthy development. touch is important for health and well being not only in infancy but well into adulthood. -helped with anorexia, asthma, dermatitis, sleep disorders. -even hand holding can be beneficial. can reduce the physical and psychological effects of stress by creating or reinforcing a sense of emotional security. Holding hands lessened the extent to which they felt physically threatened.

Why do we cry?

From the bio-evolutionary perspective, its because crying contributes to our survival by calming us down in times of distress. We're trying to recover from being upset. Even after your in distress, you often feel a little better after having a good cry. 3 types of tears: 1. Basal tears are what keep your eyes moist every time you blink. 2. Reflex tears are the ones you produce when you smell an onion or get a speck of dust in your eye. These two are very similar chemically. 3. Emotional tears are quite different. They contain up to 25% more types of protein and 400% more potassium than basal or reflex tears, and they have as much as 30 times more manganese than you have in your blood stream. -this is significant from the evolutionary point of view because it keeps us from being immobilized by our distress, so that we can attend to our health, our safety needs, and our relationships.

Interpersonal communication, we often use forms of touch for the purpose of expressing affection to loved ones.

From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, it is adaptive for ppl to initiate and maintain significant long-term relationships, since they contribute not only to our survival but also to our reproduction success. -one of the most important communicative behaviors for the formation and maintenance of personal relationships is the expression of affection. Its an ubiquitous human behavior.

4. High versus Low Context Cultures:

HIGH CONTEXT CULTURE: -information is found in the physical environment or within ppl rather than in messages themselves. -Heavy reliance on nonverbal forms of expression. -Individuals must be familiar with the meanings that are mebedded within a given context. Meaning must be evolve over time. -EX: Japanese culture. they glean alot of important info about ppl by looking at their formal rock gardens. they show respect and liking by bowing, conversational distancing, and subtle facial expresion. Artifacts in Japanese such as teacups, tableclothes, are replete with meaning. -Collectivistic cultures are more high context -EX: Japan, and other Asian countries such as China, SOuth Korea, and Taiwan. -In the U.S, African americans, mexican american, and native americans are high context co cultures. LOW CONTEXT CULTURE: -do not rely as much on context to interpret messages. -Majority of info needed to interpret a msg is found within the msg itself. -Ppl emphasize the spoken word, and direct forms of comm, such as language and emblems, are relied on more in low than high cultures. -Nonverbal goes more unnoticed. -EX: United States. we value "getting to the point". "saying what u mean" "being specific." Artifacts are more likely to reflect personal taste and individualism rather than culture or tradition. -EX: U.S., CANADA, MANY northern European regions) Germany, Switzerland.

PRIVACY : PROXEMICS AND HAPTICS:

How ppl space themsevles w/n an enviroment and the amount of touching that is present or absent can likewise define a situation as private or public. -(0-18" INTIMATE-PRIVATE) (12' and beyond PUBLIC) -frequent touch and touches to more "intimate" body regions are more likely to occur in private contexts and therefore to define those situations as private. -We use nonimmediacy behaviors such as indirect body orientation, gaze avoidance, and extreme sideways or backward lean to signal our desire for individual priacy. -ppl may use PROXEMIX SHIFT to signal their desire to end an episode w/n an encounter. they may shift posture away as a cue that they are ready to change the subject.

8. Nonverbal communication can express what verbal communication can't or shouldn't.

Nonverbal cues can be used to satirize, criticise, or leak information without the communicator being held accountable for his/her acts. EX: eye roll. EX: "black power" gesture. We entrust the expression of our most deep-seated emotions to nonverbal channels.

1. Individualism versus collectivism.

INDIVIDUALISM cultures: -reflects the degree to which a culture is oriented toward individual versus group needs. Individual cultures value personal space, autonomy, privacy, freedom (including personal choice), and the right to express themsevles verbally and emotionally. -UNITED STATES IS RATED THE HIGHEST IN TERMS OF INDIVIDUALISM, followed by Australia, England, Canada, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and France. (Western countries) -Tend to express both positive and negative emotions more spontaneously than collectivistic cultures. -researchers find that individualism cultures have more interactions with different ppl in a typical day. COLLECTIVISM cultures: -Eastern countries and South American. Venezuela, Colombia, Pakistan, Peru, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore. CHINA AND JAPAN. All collectivism. -Value harmony among ppl and between ppl and nature. -value togetherness, loyalty, and tradition, so needs of collective group are more important that an individuals needs. -Have extended families. Expressions of negative emotions that could upset the harmony within one's family or social group are inhibited. -Collectivistic cultures have a harder time recognizing and identifying other ppls facial expressions of negative emotions.

Person taking a nap in the privacy of her own home intends to communicate something to an accidental observer.

If she chooses to do it in the middle of a political science lecture, the "publicness" and inappropriateness of the act may suggest it is a message.

3 layers of human behavior that range from complete commonality between people to great dissimilarity, depending on whether they bear "content" or relate more to "form".

Innermost core: represents nonverbal behaviors considered to be universal and innate: facial expressions of some emotional states belong to this core. Next, nonverbal behaviors that show both uniformity and diversity: members of all cultures display emotions, express intimacy, and signal status, but the particular signs for doing so are variable. Finally: there are nonverbal behaviors that are highly dissimilar across people and cultures - language-related acts, certain gestures, and personality-related actions show this diversity most clearly.

Effects of Interaction Adaptation:

Interaction coordination heightens perceptions of rapport. -reciprocity of nonverbal expressions of negative emotions can lead to severe discord and negative relational consequences. -distressed couples tend to reciprocate more negative affect than non distressed ones. -divergence dictated by social norms is judged positively unless outgroup members do it. then it may be impolite or hostile, something that both communication accommodation theory and expectancy violations theory would predict, bc actions of non rewarding communicators are judged more harshly than those of rewarding communicators. -newly formed pairs may be more attracted to one another when they compensate on floor holding behaviors. -adaptation may influence other interaction behaviors. Convergence did indeed increase the tempo of the interaction, whereas divergence led to a slowing of the tempo and more effort by the other to check for indications of understanding.

Viewing cultural norms as static:

Its important to recognize that cultures themselves, as well as people's understanding of other cultures, are constantly evolving.

Ethnocentri Lens:

Leads people to perceive "foreign" behavioral patterns as odd or inferior. In the examples, ppl were making judgements based on the norms within their own culture rather than considering that a behavior can be perfectly acceptable in one cultural setting but inappropriate in another. Learning more about some of these cultural difference may encourage you to keep an open mind and refrain from amking ethnocentric evaluations.

CHAPTER 14:

MANAGING CONVERSATIONS

ASPECTS OF THE FRAMING PROCESS:

Nonverbal code elements function to frame interactions in 3 ways: -1. SOME NONVERBAL ELEMENTS CONTROL THE OCCURRENCE OF INTERACTION. They affect w/ whom we interact, when, and how often. Can control if interaction even takes place. -2. NONVERBAL CUES SET EXPECTATIONS FOR UNFAMILIAR SITUATIONS. "telegraph" upcoming interactions by suggesting what a given situation will be like. Our ability to prepare for new interactions and situations is strongly based on nonverbal codes. -3. NONVERBAL ELEMENTS SET THE STAGE FOR CURRENT INTERACTIONS. they prompt certain kinds of behavior, identify or clarify role relationships among interactants, and imply rules for behavior. the totality of situational features, including nonverbal cues that are present, creates a FRAME OF REFERENCE or lens through which to see and understand a situation, providing structure for the interaction that occur. When ppl understand a situation, they confirm in a habitual and relatively mindless fashion to the behavioral routines associated w/ it. TELLING THE CONTXT: cuting the appropariate behavioral programs.

Message orientation (third perspective)

Nonverbal communication and nonverbal behavior. Communication is viewed as only including those behaviors that form a socially shared coding systems. Behaviors that: 1. Are typically sent with intent. 2. Are used with regularity among members of a given social community, society, or culture. 3. Are typically interpreted as intentional. 4. Have consensually recognized meaning. Operative terms are "typically, regularity, and consensually recognized". They should form the "lexicon" of nonverbal communication.

PATTERNS DEFINED:

MATCH: when two ppl display a similar behavior (or set of behaviors) such as pause lengths, gesturing rates, or linguistic elaboration. MIRRORING: when the matching takes the form of identical visual behavior, such as adopting the same posture. Usually refers to static or slow signals, whereas dynamic ones are usually described as matching. CONVERGENCE: if one persons behavior becomes increasingly like the others RECIPROCITY: if the behavioral change appears to be contingent on, directed toward, and/or in exchange for the others behavior. MOTOR MIMICRY: a person displays an empathic behavior in response to anothers actual or imagined circumstance. When a friend recounts accidentally running into a low hanging tree branch and we wince, thats motor mimicry. INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY: if behavioral similarity is based on communicators coordinating dynamic behaviors temporally and rhythmically. (another type of synchrony) SELF-SYNCHRONY: involves individuals coordinating their own kinetic behaviors to their own verbal-vocal stream. INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY may occur SIMULTANEOUSLY, as when the listeners behaviors synchronizes w/ the speakers behavior or it may ocur CONCATENOUSLY, as when the coordination is sequential from speaker to speaker (as in first person's use of baton gestures being echoed by the next speakers use of the same gesture.) COMPLEMENTARITY: the opposite. Behaviors are dissimilar or opposite to one another (such as one person gazing and the other avoiding gaze). DIVERGENCE: wherein behaviors become increasingly dissimilar. COMPENSATION: wherein one person responds to anothers behavior w/ a behavioral change in the opposite direction. DISSYNCHRONY: wherein behaviors fail to mesh and are out of sync. NONACCOMODATION: ppl faily to adapt to one another.

CHAPTER 8:

MESSAGE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING.

Ppl in collectivistic cultures value group cohesion, cooperation, and harmony more than individual needs.

Maintaining good relationship w/ ingroup members is particularly important to those in collectivistic cultures. -Ppl in individualistic cultures place a higher value on personal freedom and the fulfillment of individual goals and needs.

4. Nonverbal communication can lad to misunderstanding as well as understanding.

Many mistakenly believe that nonverbal behaviors all have obvious meanings and that everyone interprets nonverbal cues the same. Recognition of the potential for misunderstanding is a prerequisite to successful communication.

Babytalk:

Many nonverbal behaviors vary by culture, babytalk does not. Behaviors such as these may have their roots in biology and evolution more so than enculturation.

Nonverbal Behavior and Message Production:

Message production consists of 3 processes: -1. Message generation. Speaker must formulate preverbal ideas and convert plans into intentions to send a message. Nonverbal images may shape the ideas that are to be expressed. -2. Semantic encoding. Ideas must be translated into symbolic expression. Nonverbal behaviors may convey the central meaning, may augment or modify the verbally expressed meaning, or may contradict the verbal meaning. -3. Phonological encoding. Putting the right sounds with the words. When the message is to be conveyed in oral rather than written form. Nonverbal cues not only supply the phonological component of speech, but also suppy "nonverbal punctuation" for communication that is oral rather than written. they supply nonverbal syntax.

Research evidence of interpersonal adaptation:

Microscopic level: comes evidence that humans can converge toward or diverge from anothers speech w/n milliseconds and may begin at birth to synchronize their movements and communication to one another. -Not only adults entrain their communication w/ one another but also that neonates synchronize their movements to their mothers voice. -ppl not only adapt their behavior to each other quickly, they also appear to identify coordinated behavior fairly quickly in others. -the rhythmicity between 2 ppl often exceeds that between a speakers own vocal rate and heart rate, which suggests a strong predisposition for ppl to adapt to each others comm rhythms. -its common for increased proximity to provoke a compensatory decrease in gaze or in directness of body orientation. -interactants responded to a partners reduction in nonverbal immediacy w/ reciprocal decreases in some nonverbal immediacy behaviors but a compensatory increase in verbal immediacy. -interacting w/ a negative (disagreeing) partner compensated increased gaze but reciprocated increased smiling.

Physical appearance, adornments, and olfactics:

Natural features of the body as well as grooming, hair styling, clothing, adorments such as tattoos, personal artifacts such as jewelry, and use of body odors and fragrances.

Pseudo=spontaneous expressions are ones that appear to be impromptu but are actually deliberately expressed.

Nonberal behaviors originating as biological signals can become social ones when used in conventional or strategic ways.

7. Nonverbal communication has interaction primacy.

Nonverbal behavior usually precedes verbal behavior in the opening minutes of human encounters. Everything from posture to gait to hair style provides a frame of reference for interpreting words that are spoken. Environmental nonverbal cues may also set the stage. EX: president, american flag, red carpet, create an image of power.

3. Low versus High power distance cultures:

Power distance index: the degree to which a co-culture or individual member of a culture is separated from another co-culture or individual in terms of power. Some countries possess characteristics that are related to both high and low. EX: Japan and U.S? HIGH POWER CULTURE: -authoritarian, with power and resources held by only a few high-status members of society. -High power cultures: Philippines, Mexico, Venezuela, India, Yugoslavia, Sinapore, Brazil, France, Hong Kong, Colombia. -comm functions to reinforce stats differences. -More likely to use both nonverbal and verbal behaviors to try to save face when they think they are being perceived negatively. LOW POWER CULTURE: -Engage in submissive nonverbal behavior and to hide negative emotions, especially of presence of high-status ppl. -More egalitarian, with power and resources spread out among different individuals and various groups of ppl, and less distinctions between classes. -Low power cultures: Austria, Israel, Denmark, New Zealand, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, England. -Nonverbal comm sometimes functions to minimize status differences.

Making good impressions on out group members (such as strangers and acquaintances) is more important to ppl in individualistic than collectivist culutres

Ppl in collectivist cultures are likely to inhibit or mask negative emotion when w/ ingroup members such as close friends or family members. Ppl in individualist cultures would show anger to a romantic partner instead of a stranger.

Communication refers to...

Process of creating meaning between senders and receivers through the exchange of signs and symbols.

Functions are the:

Purposes, motives, or goals of communication.

Proxemics:

Refers to the use of space and distance to communicate.

Haptics:

Refers to the use of touch as a communication system

CHAPTER 2:

SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCES ON NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

PRIVACY: ENVIROMENT AND ARTIFACTS:

SOCIOFUGAL-SOCIOPETAL continuum. SOCIOFUGAL enviroments thrust ppl apart, while SOCIOPETAL ones bring them together and encourage interaction. Architectural design can foster physical privacy by creating barriers (walls, fences, partitions, gated parking lots) and insulation that protect the individual from visual, auditory, olfactory, and bodily instrusions. May make a space seem forbidden or welcoming. -The more spatial divisions in a setting and the smaller the volume of space in each, the greater the sense of physical and psychological privacy and social intimacy. -Floor plans and arrangements of other semifixed features such as furniture may create sociofugal or sociopetal enviroments. The arrangement signals whether social encounters are permissible and expected. -Having clearly defined territory affords its occupants not only physical protection but also the ability to regulate social interaction, reduce anonymity, create a sense of personal identity, and promote group identity and bonding. Territorial markers are indicative of one's sense of belonging and security in an enviroment.

Turn Taking Process:

SPEAKER CUES: falls into 2 categories. -TURN-SUPRESSING CUES: are ones that a speaker used to maintain possession of the floor. 1. Audible inhalation of breath by the speaker. 2. Continuation of a gesture. 3. Facing away, or diverting gaze from the listener. 4. Sustained intonation, which lets the listener know that more vocalization is yet to come. 5. Fillers (aka vocalized pauses) such as "hmm" and "uhhh" that fill pauses in the speaking turn so that listeners will not use silence as an opportunity to gain the floor. -other cues include increased loudness, light touch, or use of the "stop" hand gesture emblem. -TURN-YEILDING CUES: are ones that speakers use to give up the floor. Many are simply to the opposite of turn-suprresing cues. Termination of gesturing, facing the listener, making eye contact, falling intonation, or rising intonation (such as at the end of a question. -decreased loudness and slowed tempo -among 3 or more ppl, eye contact, gesturing, and head nodding in the direction of a given listener all serve to increase the probability of that person being the next speaker. LISTENER CUES: 3 categories:Turn-requesting cues, backchannel cues, and turn-denying cues. -TURN-REQUESTING CUES: are behaviors the listener uses to gain possession of the conversational floor. EX: in classroom, raise hand. Listeners use gaze directed at the speaker, head nods, forward leans, the raised index finer, and an inhalation of breath coupled w/ a straightened back to gain the floor. PRIMARILY AT THE END OF PHONEMIC CLAUSE UNITS. -BACKCHANNEL CUES: are behaviors the listener uses to communicate a variety of msgs to the speaker w/o gaining access to the conversational floor. These can communicate agreement and confirmation or disagreement and disconfirmation, involvement and interest or boredom, and distenterest. Some cues can also be used to pace the speaker, as when a listener continuously nods at a fast pace to hurry the speaker up. -SPECIFIC BACKCHANNEL CUES are smiling, frowning, head nodding, and shaking, raised eyebrows, short vocalizations (uh-huh, mm-hmm) and verbal statements (yep, right, i see, oh good). Backchannel cues are distributed fairly evenly throughout the listening turn. -Speakers expect listeners to display some level of these cues, particularly cues that fall into the involvement category. -Listeners may suppress backchannel cues as a means of signaling that they don't follow what a speaker is saying. -backchanel cues play a potent role in conversation. -TURN-DENYING CUES: provide a way for listeners to refuse a turn nonverbally. Relaxed posture, silence, and staring away from the speaker are cues that qualify as turn-denying cues. -floor exchanges are smoothest when speakers display many turn-yeilding cues. When speakers change their minds, turn-suprressing cues- even just one- are highly effective in eliminating listener turn taking attempts, regardless of how many turn yielding cues appear simultaneously.

SITUATION AND CONTEXT:

Situation: intermediate combination of physical, temporal, and psychological frames of reference tied to particular occasions. Overall gestalt that is sum of the below factors: -THE ELEMENTS OF BEHAVIOR USED. specific verbal utterances and nonverbal behaviors accompanying the situation. -THE GOALS OR MOTIVATIONS OF THE PARTICIPANTS. EX: is this a learning, a selfing, or a socializing situation? -THE RULES OF BEHAVIOR. The rules for carrying on a dinner party differ from those for a classroom lecture. -THE ROLES DIFFERENT PPL MUST PLAY. A committee chair plays a different role and follows different rules than the secretary of that committee. -THE PHYSICAL SETTING AND EQUIPMENT. A classroom w/ a chalkboard, overhead projector, and straight row seating creates a diff situation than a living room w/ overstuffed chairs and table. -COGNITIVE CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED W/ THE SITUATION. Dominance may be relevant to meetings and to ppl fulfilling a leadership role; supportiveness may be relevant to a confiential conversation w/ a troubled friend. -RELEVANT SOCIAL SKILL. Providing leadership invokes a diff set of skills, for ex, than does comforting someone over a personal loss. -nonverbal behaviors establish what the context is by signaling to those present what the definition of the situation is. Through a combination of volume of space, linear perspective, materials, artifacts, lighting, color, and sound, radically different moods and types of interaction are created.

Similarities and differences:

Smiling is a universal sign of happiness and friendliness, even though situations under which people suppress or exaggerate smiles vary by culture. EX: Standing closer? pg. 38

Message orientation form the foundation for the:

Social meaning model of nonverbal behavior. Many nonverbal cues and constellations of cues have meanings that transcend context. Doesn't count as communication if the person is working along, "lost in thought" but it would count if viewed by a recipient as an expression of irritation.

Global Interpretations of Selected U.S. Gestures:

The A-OK gesture: -"Money" or "coin" (Japan) -"Worthless" or "Zero" (France and Switzerland) -An obscene gesture in various places around the world. The Thumbs-up Gesture: -"Speak up" or "turn up the volume" in part of South AMerica -Used when counting in parts of Central Europe (where it means "one') and in parts of Asia (where it means "five") -An insult in many places (Iran, parts of South American and Europe), especially when the thumb is pumped up and down. The "V" sign: -"Victory" or "peace" in many Western countries -If made with the open palm toward one's face, it is an insult in Australia, great Britian, and south america (where it means that you are acting like an animal with horns) The "Good Luck" gesture: -Is a relgious symbol (bc it resembles a partial cross) in some parts of the world. -Is a sexual symbol or sign of lesbianism in some cultures -Represents being "close" or "best friends" in some cultures. THe "Hang Loose" gesture: -Is associated w/ alcohol in some parts of Mexico and the Caribbean. -Means "six" in some parts of Asia (for for the thumb, plus 1)

Outgroup:

The group to which an individual does not belong.

Ingroup:

The groups to which an individual belongs. People within the same ingroup communicate in ways that reflect their identification with the group.

Ppl also communicate emotions differently depending on the rules and norms of their culture.

The same emotion might therefore be encourage in one culture but discourage in another. CULTURAL NORMS SHAPE EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATION.

Chronemics:

The use of time to communicate

Grammar:

refers to the morphological, syntactic, and semantic rules governing the composition of a code. Morphology- covers the rules for combining letters into morphemes and morphemes into words. Semantics- covers rules for how symbolic forms convey relationships between signs and their referents. Syntax- covers rules for the ordering and patterning of elements. Nonverbals have rules. There are morphological rules for forming expressions, syntactic rules for their ordering, and semantic rules for the assignment of meaning. -symbolic expressions are most obvious. -nonverbal displays also have rules of combinations and ordering, like language, they have their own syntax. -other nonverbal behaviors follow semantic rules. EX: laughters may express happiness, anxiety, or contempt. -Nonverbal behaviors used in a communicative sense, are rulegoverned. The best evidence of this is our ability to recognize "ungrammatical" nonverbal expression - unorthodox combinations of signals and uninterpretable sequences that we immediately spot as strange. -we can enact nonverbal displays in a variety of ways that still qualify as conventionally appropriate. -We tolerate considerable variation in how nonverbal behaviors are performed.

Rituals include:

spontaneous emotional expressions and species-wide displays such as threat stares that are naturally occuring behaviors that individual need nor learn to produce or interpret but that are intentionally shown.

The more familiar we are with people:

the better wee can adjust our predictions about their actions to take into account their own idiosyncrasies.

Inclusive fitness theory:

the goal of procreation is to replicate one's genes, not necessarily to replicate oneself. -people can contribute to their reproductive success not only by producing offspring to their own but also by providing aid to those who carry their genes, such as sibling or cousins. (as long one's genetics relatives are producing offspring, one's own gene is still being passed along. Having one daughter is equal to having 2 nieces. -Inclusive fitness theory helped to explain why many organisms (including humans) have evolved the tendency to give more love, attention, and resources to their family members than to nonrelatives.

Just as the source orientation downplays the role of the receiver in comparison to the sender,

the receiver orientation privileges the receiver over the sender.

Bio-evolutionary:

the theories and research in this paradigm, because it takes into account the broad influences of evolution and the more specific influences of biology simultaneously.

Evolutionary approach provides "big picture" explanations for why certain cognitive, emotional, and behavioral traits or tendencies might have evolved in humans and other species:

the two elements are: 1. that the trait or tendency be at least partially genetic 2. that is helped to solve a problem related to survival and/or procreation.