NTR 301 Exam Questions
• You can purchase arachidonic acid--a 20-carbon long, n-6 fatty acid--as a dietary supplement. If you changed nothing else about your diet and started taking this product which of the following is a potential effect?
Increased blood pressure
• Soluble fiber may lower serum cholesterol levels by binding to cholesterol and preventing absorption. Some theorized that the same could happen with lowering dietary fat absorption. This is not correct because we consume fat in much larger quantities (grams) than cholesterol (milligrams).
True
• Characterized by lack of insulin
Type 1
• Characterized by hyperglycemia
Type 1 and 2
• 80% of patients are obese
Type 2
• Characterized by cells' resistance to insulin
Type 2
• Which of the following statements concerning digestive enzymes is/are CORRECT?
o Proteases are made in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine and function in the stomach and small intestine o Proteases, amylases and lipases all function in the small intestine
• Which of the following is NOT a reason why food manufacturers add sugars during processing?
o Provide bulk or mouthfeel o Soften other flavors o Improve texture o Provide sweetness --> ARE reasons why
• Hillary takes a wild guess regarding the amount of popcorn she ate while watching a movie on Friday night
o Random error in recording
• The "placebo" effect:
o Refers to the ability of one's expectation to alter the outcome of an intervention o Can be quite high. For example, subjective symptoms may be reduced by as much as 30% in some individuals taking a placebo o Maybe mediated by actual changes in neurochemicals in the body in response to the expectation of an outcome
• Which of the following artificial sweeteners is/are CORRECTLY matched with the description?
o Saccharine: FDA tried to ban it when it was thought to cause cancer but the public prevented the FDA from acting. o Nutrasweet/Aspartame: Cannot be heated to high temperatures o Splenda/Sucralose: A molecule of sugar with chloride atoms attached
• Through hydrogenation, trans fatty acids are created, which causes the double bond to lose most of its "kink," making it act more like:
o Saturated fat
• Primary site of digestion and absorption
o Small intestine
• While carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth, it is completed here
o Small intestine
• Virginia takes her multivitamin in the morning with her breakfast of nonfat yogurt and blueberries while Lisa takes the same multivitamin with her breakfast of fried eggs and bacon. Virginia says to Lisa, "I guess you're hoping that the multivitamin will somehow counteract all the damage that your breakfast is going to do, but sadly all that fat will actually prevent the supplement's nutrients from being absorbed." Lisa snaps back, "You are sooo wrong! My breakfast might not seem so "healthy" to you but I'm actually absorbing MORE of the supplement's nutrients than you are!" Who is right?
Lisa
• Study A:Researchers collect national nutrition survey data and look at regional differences in rates of osteoporosis, looking for potential differences in consumption of calcium-containing foods. Study B:Researchers observe the dietary habits of a group of women over an extended period of time and note the relationship between their calcium intake and rates of bone fractures associated with osteoporosis. Study C:Researchers randomly assign a group of women with osteoporosis to take either a placebo or a calcium supplement and then measure differences in bone fractures between the two groups.
- Observational study? o Study A and B - Consider placebo effect? o Study C
• If we were store the same amount of excess calories that we currently store as fat as carbohydrate instead, we would weigh:
A whole lot more
Able to control a wider variety of variables than other methods
Animal study
• Cannot communicate with the investigator
Animal study
• "You won't find me in the blood of someone who has been fasting because I carry dietary triglycerides."
Chylomicron
• Can reduce the impact of lifestyle effects through randomization
Clinical trial
• May not get to compliance on the part of the participants
Clinical trial
• May not be looking at the right time
Clinical, epidemiological and animal studies
• Crazy Richard's peanut butter is made of 100% peanuts. Jif peanut butter, on the other hand, contains the following ingredients: Roasted Peanuts And Sugar, Contains 2% Or Less Of: Molasses, Fully Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (Rapeseed And Soybean), Mono And Diglycerides, Salt. If you opened each jar of peanut butter, which would likely contain a layer of oil on top, due to lack of emulsifier?
Crazy Richard's peanut butter
Can only show an association
Epidemiological study
• May not get an accurate recording of what people eat
Epidemiological study
• Absorption involves breaking down complex food molecules into smaller molecules that can be digested while digestion is the process of bringing those food components into the body.
False
• Among the many characteristics of digestion and absorption that have been key to our survival over the millennia is the control of macronutrient absorption—the more we consume, the less efficient we become at absorbing them, protecting us from excessive intake.
False
• Rules regarding what can/cannot be said in the advertising for dietary supplements are the same as those for what can/cannot be said in books and articles in magazines or on the internet.
False
• "I'm made in the liver and my primary role is to clean up after LDL and take cholesterol back to the liver for removal."
HDL
• "Although people tend to say only nasty things about me, I do have an important role to play in the body by delivering cholesterol to cells."
LDL
• Blanche takes her multivitamin in the morning with her breakfast of nonfat yogurt and blueberries while Rose takes the same multivitamin with her breakfast of fried eggs and bacon. Blanche says to Rose, "I guess you're hoping that the multivitamin will somehow counteract all the damage that your diet is doing to do, but sadly all that fat will actually prevent its nutrients from being absorbed." Rose snaps back, "You are so wrong! My breakfast might not seem so "healthy" to you but I'm actually absorbing MORE of the supplement's nutrients than you are!" Who is right?
Rose
• "I'm made in the liver and am carrying, in the form of triglycerides, all of those extra calories you've been drinking in your 64-ounce Cokes."
VLDL
• Rebecca has almost tripled her soluble fiber intake which has her daughter just a little worried. "It's ok," Rebecca says. "Any excess that I don't need I'll just get rid of through my kidneys. Rebecca is:
Wrong
• Marlee is scanning the morning news online and sees an article title, "Pizza is Reportedly A Healthier Breakfast Than Cereal, So Time For Your Morning Slice." She knows that you will be able to help her evaluate the article. Which of the following is INCORRECT information shared in the article?
o "Breakfast cereals typically contain a lot of added sugar. A healthier alternative is to buy cereal without added sugar and then add honey, a more nutritious source of sugar with higher micronutrient content."
• Last week, your roommate Emily ate an orange for lunch every day; however, this week, she ran out of oranges and hasn't eaten any. She knows your taking NTR 301, so she confesses that she is worried that she might develop scurvy and asks you what you think. What should you tell Emily?
o "Emily you should not worry about developing scurvy, since it is a deficiency disease that tend to occur from little to no intake of vitamin C over weeks to years. You likely have other sources of vitamin C in your diet, putting you at little risk for developing this deficiency disease."
• Ever since Matt started taking Ultra Mega for Men dietary supplements, his blood pressure has gone down significantly. Matt's brother Taylor looks at the label and sees very high doses of some of the vitamins and minerals. Which of the following would be an appropriate response for Taylor to make to his brother regarding his use of the product?
o "I would be careful. If you're taking more than would naturally present in food, then it really is acting as a drug and not an essential nutrient."
• Harry and Hermione are comparing what they ate yesterday to what is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines. Harry says, "I met the DRI for vegetables, and not only that, I even had some green beans, just like the Guidelines recommend. And I also met the whole grain recommendation with my wheat bread at lunch" Which of the following comments would be appropriate (correct) for Hermione to make?
o "Technically there is no DRI vegetables." o "Unfortunately, your wheat bread is not a whole grain product." o "Unfortunately, your green beans are not the kind of 'bean' the Dietary Guidelines recommend"
• Public health recommendations to limit trans-fat are designed to avoid this level of intake `
o Overconsumption
• You are still in the library studying and decide to treat yourself to a Wolfpack Mocha. You select the 16-ounce size, which you see contains 30g of carbohydrate, 20g of fat, and 10g of protein. Using the information provided, how many calories are in the Wolfpack Mocha?
o 340 calories (30*4 + 20*9 + 10*4)
• Ted's DRI for vitamin C is 120 mg, one of the nutrients for which his intake was marginal. Which of the following could NOT have been his actual level of intake?
o 60mg, 50mg, 40mg, 20mg are ALL classified as marginal
• Which of the following statements concerning chronic and deficiency diseases is/are correct?
o A deficiency disease has only one underlying cause; a chronic disease has many underlying causes.
• Despite his high total food consumption, when Gavin used an app on his smart phone to analyze his diet his levels of intake of several vitamins and fiber were marginal. Gavin's poor intake of these nutrients, despite a high quantity of total food, could have been due to:
o A lack of adequate servings of certain food groups o A lack of variety within the food groups o A reliance on highly processed foods
• The DRI for total carbohydrate represents:
o An amount designed to encourage consumption of nutrient dense plant foods in addition to the glucose necessary for basic life processes
• While studying for your NTR 301 exam, you decide to take a study break and flip through some ancient medical texts in DH Hill Library. The physician who wrote one of the ancient texts describes his observations of patients as exhibiting mental confusion, paralysis, tingling and loss of feeling in the feet and hands, and vomiting. He reports that several patients ultimately die of this mysterious condition. He observes that when he supplements the patients' diets with liver, whole grains and beef, the patients' symptoms are reversed. Based on this description, you can assume that these foods contain:
o An essential nutrient
• Confounding factors:
o Are often a part of a lifestyle - several behaviors that tend to occur together in the same person o Can make the relationship between a dietary component and a disease seem more related than they really are
• Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?
o Because nutrient losses during can vary depending on the food, it is hard to generalize about the degree to which canning for example, affects vitamin C levels o Chemical transformation, or destruction, of a nutrient primarily affects the levels of vitamins in foods.
• Kati is making her own creamy salad dressing using oil, vinegar and egg yolks. Which of the following explains why the salad dressing does not separate?
o Because she has created an emulsion. o Because the egg yolk contains a phospholipid o Because the egg yolk keeps the oil and the vinegar from separating.
• Frederick knows that his dietitian is going to review his food diary, so he writes down yogurt when he really had ice cream cake
o Biased error in recording
• Rachel knows that she is going to have to write down what she eats for breakfast, so she chooses an egg white omelet with fresh fruit, when she would normally select a fried chicken biscuit.
o Biased error in recording
• Is made in the pancreas and functions in the small intestine
o Bicarbonate
• Is made in the liver and functions in the small intestine
o Bile
• Stored in the gallbladder
o Bile
• While walking back to your study desk in the library, you pass by a shelf of new diet books. You see one about the "Macro" Diet. Seeing the word "macro" in the title, you hypothesize that this diet plan probably encourages the individual to consume only macronutrients, why you know to be problematic because:
o Both macronutrients and micronutrients are essential for life and growth o Micronutrients, while present in food in relatively small amounts, still have daily requirements
• After you finish the Wolfpack Mocha you remember that you have some chocolate in your backpack. You open your backpack and find two types of chocolate: Reese's Peanut Butter Cups = 210 calories Awake Chocolate Bar (caffeinated) = 230 calories Which of the following is true about the two types of chocolate?
o Both products will provide you with the energy in the form of calories but only the Awake Chocolate Bar will leave you with an energetic/alert feeling, due to caffeine not calories.
• Isobel's grandmother has been suffering from chronic constipation for quite a while. Isobel suggests that she look into taking Metamucil every day, a laxative product made from soluble fiber. Isobel's brother, Hector, suggests that she just go buy a whole wheat cereal like Bran Flakes, rather than taking a drug. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding this advice?
o Both will work because they each contain a chemical that directly stimulates the muscles of the colon causing them to contract
• Sarah wants to monitor changes in her lean tissue (muscle) levels. Which of the following recommendations should you make to her?
o Buy an electrical impedance-based scale. It's accurate enough for personal use but be sure to make sure that you are not over- or under-hydrated, or it will not be very meaningful.
• By definition, lipids:
o Can vary in structure - some contain glycerol backbones while others have multi-ring components
• Jared decided to get serious about losing weight. He knows that fruits and vegetables have relatively few calories, so he bought a juicer that liquefies the food (leaves the fiber behind), creating a beverage that he can quickly down for lunch every day. A few months later he is surprised to discover that he has actually gained weight. His friend Devon suggests that he might have been eating MORE not fewer calories because:
o Carbohydrates, the primary macronutrient in fruits and vegetables, leave the stomach more quickly than fats and protein, decreasing satiety. o Liquids empty from the stomach more quickly than solid food, decreasing satiety. o Rapid drinking allowed him to consume even more calories than he would have had he consumed it more slowly, since it takes a while for the brain to realize that the stomach is full.
• Manufacturers might also use which of the following in place of the mono and diglycerides
o Phospholipid o Lecithin
• Jason, Colton, and Blake have each just eaten snacks containing the same number of calories: - Jason had a fruit and yogurt parfait (fruit, full-fat yogurt, and granola) - Colton had a Pepsi. - Blake had gummy bears. *Who is most likely to be hungry again in the shortest and longest amount of time, respectively?
o Colton (shortest) / Jason (longest)
• Isobel's grandmother is concerned about Hector's comment regarding the use of a drug to treat her problem. "OK," Isobel says, "you can also get soluble fiber from food." So, she recommends a bowl of oatmeal in the morning instead of the Bran Flakes. Isobel's choice of a dietary soluble fiber alternative is:
o Correct
• While keeping a food diary, Gary's calcium intake averaged 180% of the DRI. He sought out a few friends whom he thinks know something about nutrition to get their view on how he should interpret that result. Which of the following friends' advice would be CORRECT?
o Delilah says that his intake is just fine, especially since it comes only from natural food sources, so he shouldn't worry about trying to change it
• Sheldon buys a time machine and convinces Leonard and Wolowitz to test it out with him. He sets the time machine to the 1940s because he wants to know how nutrition guidance has changed over time. Much to Leonard's dismay, the time machine works! What do scientists discover?
o Doctors are not providing recommendations on how much carbohydrate or fat patients should be consuming, all they talk about is protein. o Dieticians working in a nursing home give their elderly patients a multivitamin with lower levels of certain vitamins because they assume that their needs of those vitamins are lower now that they have aged.
• This direct relationship can lead to reversible side effects or irreversible toxic effects
o Excess
• Direct tests of diet-disease relationships, as in a clinical trial, should be the "last word" in determining the existence of that relationship. In other words, if such a study finds no relationship then the question should be considered "answered" and no further research is necessary.
o False
• Much like choosing whole grains over refined grains may help to improve your overall vitamin and mineral intake, switching to turbinado sugar, or other less refined forms of white sugar, would improve your overall vitamin and mineral intake.
o False
• Research has clearly shown that hyperactivity in children is directly related to high sugar consumption.
o False
• The field of nutrition science has progressed dramatically in recent years, such that we now can determine with a large degree of certainty the precise relationships between nutrient intake and chronic disease risk, similar to our earlier ability to determine the relationships between nutrient intake and deficiency disease.
o False
• The food groups teach us that most nutrients can be found in more than one group; therefore, we really don't need to worry if we regularly consume only one or two of the food groups.
o False
• Proponents of the raw food diet say that because cooking destroys the digestive enzymes that exist naturally in food, eating lots of cooked food decreases our own digestive capability, thereby leading to weight gain. This is:
o False- we produce more than enough of our own digestive enzymes and are not dependent on outside sources of enzyme
• It is recommended that added sugars be limited in the diet because:
o Foods high in added sugars tend to be nutrient poor
• Can be converted to glucose by the liver
o Fructose o Galactose
• Is the least abundant carbohydrate in the diet
o Galactose
• Is the primary way by white the body uses carbohydrates
o Glucose
• Is what we mean by "blood sugar"
o Glucose
• Harold's grandparents both have diabetes. His grandmother has Type 1 and his grandfather has Type 2. Which of the following is INCORRECT about their conditions?
o Grandpa is at risk of many more health complications than Grandma
• Which of the following statements concerning high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is CORRECT?
o HFCS begins as cornstarch
• Tasting food:
o Helps avoid potentially poisonous or spoiled food o Helps seek out food sources of the essential nutrients, carbohydrate, sodium and protein o Prepares the stomach for incoming food by stimulating the secretion of HCl
• Ryan is looking at the results of his food diary analysis and sees that he has averaged 39% of the DRI for potassium, 233% of the DRI for folate and is getting 53% of his total calories from carbohydrate. Which of the following accurately describes his level of intake?
o His potassium intake would be classified as marginal, but his carbohydrate intake is within range.
• Your roommate is a math education major who laments that people simply do not understand how to interpret percentages. She claims that it would be so much easier if all dietary advice was provided in the form of absolute amounts (grams, milligrams, micrograms). What should you tell her?
o If the DRIs for the macronutrients were just listed as absolute amounts, then many people would gain weight while trying to meet the DRIs.
• What is the difference between short-term energy storage of glucose vs. long-term energy storage of glucose?
o In the short term, glucose is converted to glycogen which can be used by the muscle for quick energy which is different than long term storage for which glucose is converted to fat
• Cindy has been reading a lot of beauty magazines with fat-bashing articles claiming that the real way to drop pounds is to completely avoid dietary fat. When she reads her food diary printouts she seeks that there a few tenths of a gram listed for broccoli. She's frustrated because she thought that she'd found a completely fat-free snack. Had Cindy managed to successfully rid herself of all dietary fat, which of the following is a possible result?
o Inability to make eicosanoids, a group of hormone-like compounds o Essential fatty acid deficit
• Oliver is trying to determine if he should buy agave syrup as a preferable alternative to HFCS. He asked you what you think. What should you tell him?
o It can have more fructose in it than HFCS, so if you are concerned about the health effects of fructose you might want to limit your consumption
• Which of the following statements concerning agave syrup is/are CORRECT?
o It has a lower glycemic index than sugar o It can have more fructose in it than high fructose corn syrup
• While talking on the phone with your brother, he laments that he is not looking forward to Halloween. He claims that his son is so hyper at Halloween. What should you tell him about the relationship between sugar and hyperactivity in children?
o It is a classic example of the role of confounders in making two variables appear to be more connected than they usually are
• The starch that is found in plants is used as an energy source during germination. Which of the following correctly describes the "starch" that is found in humans?
o It is primarily found in the liver and muscles o It is used as an energy source during the fight or flight response
• Which of the following statements concerning glucose is INCORRECT?
o It is what is meant by "sugar" on a food label
• Which of the following statements concerning the glycemic index is INCORRECT?
o It makes clear the health benefits of whole wheat products as compared to those made with refine white flour
• Which of the following statements concerning type 1 and type 2 diabetes is CORRECT?
o It used to be rare to see type 2 diabetes in children but it has become much more common with a rise in childhood obesity rates. o Weight loss of 10-15% of starting body weight can improve blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics. o Both types of diabetes are characterized by hyperglycemia. o Both types of diabetes are associated with increased risks for blindness, amputations, kidney failure, and heart disease.
• Beatrice is the editor for a magazine, who is tasked with selecting the articles that will be most likely to be read by the general population, thereby increasing magazine revenue. She has a stack of article proposals on her desk, and she's running up against a quick deadline. She doesn't have time to read all the proposals, so she starts with the headlines. Which of the following article proposals should she reject, based on their headline?
o It's National Nutrition Month: Time to Spring Clean Your Diet
• Josh puts white sugar in his tea and Kelley puts honey in hers. Which of the following is/are CORRECT about their respective choice of sweeteners?
o Kelley's honey contains monosaccharides of fructose and glucose o Josh's sugar will become monosaccharides of fructose and glucose in his GI tract
• Which of the following NOT is a message that the Dietary Guidelines committee hoped to convey via the MyPlate graphic?
o Limit dairy intake to just milk
• If you look inside the large intestine of a typical constipated American, you would find
o Little undigested material at all
• Several studies have found a relationship between soft drink consumption and obesity. Which of the following could be a potential confounder associated with this relationship?
o Low consumption of fruits and vegetables o Low socioeconomic status o Limited access to healthcare
• Limited access to fruits and vegetables can be one factor in the development of chronic diseases due to this level of intake
o Marginal
• The glycemic index:
o Measures the rates at which blood glucose levels rise after eating a carbohydrate containing food o Can vary within a food based on whether it's eaten hot or cold
• Jennifer is considering a Paleo diet, and she asks you what you think about the diet. What should you tell Jennifer?
o Modern plants are not the same as their "wild ancestors," so claiming to consume what hunters/gathers consumed is problematic. o The Paleo diet is really just a form of a carb-restricted diet because it limits grains, legumes, and dairy, and carb-restricted diets tend to work in the short-term but are hard to maintain in the long-term. o There are no long-term clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness of Paleo, but there are epidemiological studies indicating that individuals in Mediterranean and Asian regions consume carbohydrate-rich diets and live long, healthy lives.
• Dietary lipids are absorbed in the form of
o Mono and diglycerides o Glycerol o Fatty acids
• Sterols are
o Multi-ring structures o Found in both plant and animal sources
• Which of the following will significantly improve the nutrient content of your cookies if used in place of sugar?
o NOT honey, brown sugar, or organic cane juice crystals
• Ed heard that strawberries are a good source of vitamin C. Because strawberries are not in season, he discovers that fresh strawberries are more expensive than frozen strawberries. Should Ed spend more money on the fresh strawberries to make sure that he gets enough vitamin C?
o No because frozen strawberries were flash frozen at the peak of nutrient content, they can have the same or higher level of micronutrients than the fresh. Therefore, he can choose the cheaper option
• Is made in the liver but functions in the stomach
o Not HCl, Bile, or Bicarbonate
• When Ryan looks at his analysis in greater detail, he notices that many of his levels of intake vary widely from day-to-day. For example, on some days he consumed almost no vitamin E, while on others he has well above the DRI. He should:
o Not worry since the DRI is designed to be met over a period of time not each and every day
• Which of the following are ways that fatty acids can differ?
o Number of double bonds o Number of carbons
• Vera is reading a food label and sees that the ingredients list "mono and diglycerides." That means that in this food there must also be:
o Oil and water components that need to be kept from separating
• A combination of recommendations provided in specific amounts and in percentage of total calories help to ensure this level of intake
o Optimal
• Brittany is feeling irritable, anxious, fatigued and has a headache. She goes to the Student Health Center to determine how to solve this problem, and they tell her she is experiencing symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which of the following would be meals that her physician might suggest to treat the hypoglycemia?
o Smaller meals and snacks like black bean hummus and avocado on toast or peanut butter on apples
• Heidi has an ulcer, so her physician prescribes a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a type of medicine that reduces the amount of hydrochloric acid that the body produces. Given that the PPI reduces the production of hydrochloric acid, a digestive chemical, where does the PPI work?
o Stomach
• Protein digestion begins here
o Stomach
• Gibson is a graduate student in a "basic science" lab. He is interested in exploring the potential mechanism of fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. Through this study, he hopes to be able to control a greater number of variables and conditions. What type of study should he select?
o Test tube of in vitro study
• Which of the following is/are CORRECT regarding the Daily Values?
o The Daily Values are derived from the DRIs and are used for food labeling only
• Which of the following describes what happens when manufacturers hydrogenate fatty acids?
o The addition of hydrogen atoms to some of the molecules turns double bonds into single bonds. o It creates triglycerides that will be more solid at room temperature. o It creates trans fatty acids, which we need to limit in our diet due to their ill health impacts.
• Which of the following statements concerning honey and sugar is INCORRECT?
o The bees split sugar into fructose and galactose when making honey
• A web site for a supplement product describes it as a "patented combination of natural micronutrients." This means that:
o The federal government has determined that this ingredient combination and/or formulation is novel (has never been produced before)
• Karen has developed fatty diarrhea, and she is trying to determine the cause. A disease affecting which of the following organs could be a potential cause of her condition?
o The gall bladder
• Kyle found several products in the supplement store that are marketed for their effects on intestinal health, including prebiotic and probiotic supplements. Which of the following is/are CORRECT regarding these products?
o The term "prebiotics" is just another name for the food that bacteria live on in our colons o The term "prebiotics" is just another name for the bacteria that live in our colons
• At Thanksgiving dinner, Uncle Fred pulls out a bottle of a product called "cellulase," insisting that it is the newest weight loss secret. He tells you that he read that we waste our money on fresh fruits and vegetables if we do not have cellulase to digest them. You should tell Uncle Fred that by using this product he is eliminating what benefit of fruits and vegetables?
o Their lower calorie levels o Their ability to reduce the likelihood of constipation
• A website lists various seafood (fish, scallops, etc.) and meats (beef, chicken, etc.) as having low glycemic indexes. You wouldn't have to run the test to know this because:
o They are all high in protein delays stomach emptying
• Which of the following statements concerning starches is/are CORRECT?
o They are found in tuberous vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds o They can have different thickening and gel forming characteristics based off the length and amount of branching of their polysaccharide chains
• Marilyn has decided to add more fiber to her diet so she brings home some "high fiber" breakfast bars. Which of the following is/are CORRECT regarding high fiber foods like this?
o They are made with a variety of purified fibers such as inulin and sugarcane fiber
• Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT regarding polyunsaturated fatty acids?
o They can exist in two different forms: omega-3 and omega-6
• Kathleen is doing a community needs assessment survey to determine why many of the individuals in her community have marginal levels of intake of fiber, vitamins and minerals. After interviewing the community participants, what does she likely hear?
o They have not taken a nutrition education course, so they are unaware of what food contains vitamins, minerals and fiber. o They want to eat more fruits and vegetables, but they do not know how to prepare those foods o While they enjoy eating fruits and vegetables and whole grains, the selection at the neighborhood grocery o They think that processed foods taste better and are more accessible, even though they tend to be lower in fiber
• Lipoproteins are used to transport lipids through the body because lipids are:
o Too water-insoluble to travel on their own
• You decide to take another study break and check Instagram to see what your friends have been doing while you have been studying. While scrolling Instagram you see an advertisement for a new supplement called "Phyto-plus" that claims, "This product contains phytonutrients, compounds typically found in fruits and vegetables, that may protect against certain diseases." Is this claim true or false?
o True
• I'm going to be cooking some spinach for dinner. I want to maximize retention of its nutrient content. Which of the following should I keep in mind in order to meet that goal?
o Use as little water as possible o Use as little salt as possible
• Which of the following nutrients are NOT chemically broken down by digestive enzymes before they are absorbed?
o Vitamins
• A recent article from CNN titled, "FDA targets illegally marketed dietary supplements," explains that the FDA is sending warning letters to companies who claim, without proof, that their products can prevent or treat Alzheimer's, diabetes, and cancer. They explain that this is one of the "most significant modernizations of dietary supplement regulation and oversight in more than 25 years." Why do they need to send these letters these supplement companies?
o While supplements can be sold with no prior testing for safety, purity, or potency, they cannot claim their product prevents or treats a disease
• Your aunt Rita has recently been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She is afraid of the complications associated diabetes and wants to know how she should change her lifestyle. Which of the following are advice you could give Aunt Rita?
o Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat milk can be healthy carbohydrate food choices. o Be consistent in the timing and amount of carbohydrates you consume at meals and snacks. o Starting to exercise can help with weight loss and losing 10-15% of starting body weight can help to normalize blood glucose levels. o Carbohydrate counting, and exchange lists can help monitor total carbohydrate intake.