NTR 410 Final

Which of the following descriptions correctly describes the term "stunting"?

- It is caused by malnutrition - The inability for a child to reach their genetic potential for height

Which of the following descriptions correctly describes the term "wasting"?

- It is caused by malnutrition - The loss of fat and muscle mass

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding vitamin D?

- ergocalciferol is made my plants - cholecalciferol is made by animals - cholecalciferol is formed in the skin by UV rays

Which changes occur during later gestation?

- increase in total plasma lipids, TG, and FFA - increase in serum cholesterol - adipose tissue becomes more insulin resistent

Which of the following statements are true?

- infants with poor growth are at a higher risk of IDA - people of low socioeconomic status are at a higher risk of IDA

Sensible weight loss for nursing mothers who are trying to lose the weight gained during pregnancy is ___ pounds per week after the 4th week postpartum.

0.5 - 1

Women should gain 2 pounds per week during the first and second trimesters.

false

Describe three ways in which people who are pregnant and with an obese BMI can be supported.

1. By reaching out and communicating with a social worker. By doing this, the social worker can determine the socioeconomic and economic factors that are attributing to the mothers excess weight. Hopefully, she could then provide her with useful resources that will provide her with support. 2. By reaching out and communicating with a registered dietician. This healthcare worker could perform assessments that would allow conclusions to be made about the mothers nutritional risk factors. Further, the dietician can identify the mothers high-priority nutritional needs and work on them first. 3. By reaching out and communicating with a physiologist or physical therapist. By doing this, the healthcare worker may be able to help this obese women develop an effective exercise regimen.

Describe: 1) five risk factors for preeclampsia, 2) five potential outcomes of preeclampsia, and 3) how diet might have an influence on the development and treatment of preeclampsia.

1. Five risk factors for preeclampsia: - Increased maternal age - Nulliparity - Multiple gestation - Preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy - Elevated BMI 2. Five potential outcomes of preeclampsia: - Premature delivery - Maternal morbidity and mortality - IUGR/LBW - Neonatal death - Increased risk of developing CVD later in life 3. How diet might have an influence on the development and treatment of preeclampsia: - Given that common risk-factors of preeclampsia include things like elevated BMI, diabetes, and hypertension, we can see the possible effects that nutritional intervention may have. Focusing on eating healthy and getting correct macro- and micronutrient splits is important for the body as a whole, but especially when any disease is present. Hypertensive disorders such as preeclampsia also cause the body to have inflammation and increases oxidative stress. Pregnant women can reduce this oxidative stress by eating colorful fruits and vegetables, fried beans, and whole-grain products. An adequate intake of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids is also encouraged. Implementing these options into one's diet would likely prove helpful when attempting to manage preeclampsia during pregnancy.

For the following list of microorganisms, list the complications they may cause for the mother and/or infant, and the foods they can be found in.

1. Listeria monocytogenes Complications: severe cases can lead to meningitis, abortion, or septicemia.... commonly shows flu-like symptoms Foods it can be found in: hotdogs, deli meats, and poultry that are cooked or reheated improperly 2. Toxoplasma gondii Complications: can cause spontaneous abortion or severe problems including microcephaly and hydrocephalus... commonly shows flu-like symptoms Foods it can be found in: raw/undercooked meats and cat feces 3. Salmonella typhi Complications: abortion, stillbirth, premature labor Foods it can be found in: raw or uncooked eggs, poultry and meat, unpasteurized milk or juice 4. Campylobacter jejuni Complications: fever, headache, muscle pain, diarrhea Foods it can be found in: untreated or contaminated water, unpasteurized milk, raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or shellfish 5. Clostridium perfringens Complications: watery diarrhea and stomach cramps Foods it can be found in: undercooked meats and food left out at room temperature for long periods of time (meat, meat products, poultry, etc) 6. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Complications: severe diarrhea, cramps, vomiting.... permanent kidney damage or death in severe cases Foods it can be found in: undercooked beef (especially hamburger), unpasteurized milk and juices, contaminated raw fruits and vegetables, and water 7. Norovirus Complications: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea most common in adults Foods it can be found in: shellfish, fecal contaminated foods or water, ready-to-eat foods that have been touched by workers preparing the food 8. Vibrio vulnificus Complications: diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and can result in blood infection Foods it can be found in: undercooked or raw seafood

Neural tube defects develop within ___ days of conception.

21, 30

In the United States, a study using the National Hospital Discharge Survey reported a _____% increase in the prevalence of GDM from 1989-1990 to 2003-2004.

122

Amari's BMI is 29. How much weight should she gain during her pregnancy?

15-25 lbs

Fill in the blank: Fetuses do not produce thyroid hormone until _____ weeks gestation.

18, 20

In the U.S., pregnant women are screened for gestational diabetes between ___ and ___ weeks gestation.

24, 28

For reliable assessment of iodine status, multiple runs are suggested. This method is also expensive and cumbersome.

24-h urine iodine excretion

Autumn's BMI is 22. How much weight should she gain during her pregnancy?

25 - 35 pounds

Madison's BMI is 19. How much weight should Madison gain during pregnancy?

25 - 35 pounds

A baby is 2 months old and weighs 5 kg. How many ounces of milk does the baby need to consume each day? (Note: assume that the milk provides 20 calories per ounce).

26 ounces per day

During gestation, approximately how much iron does a fetus accumulate?

300

If a family does not want to supplement their fully or partially breastfed child with vitamin D, research shows that a maternal intake of at least _____ IU/d of Vitamin D could achieve substantial progress toward improving both maternal and neonatal nutritional vitamin D status and is not too excessive.

4000

Select the answer that correctly describes the organization's gestational diabetes screening guidelines.

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology - Step 1: 50g, 1 hour OGTT (> 135-140 mg/dL) AND Step 2: 100g, 3 hour OGTT (2 cut-offs)

Women suffering from Anorexia nervosa ofen have adequate levels of calcium.

false

In which of the following scenarios would fluoride supplementation be needed?

A 6+ months of life if the water in the mother's diet is not fluoridated

What symptoms might indicate that a pregnant woman has preeclampsia?

Abdominal pain, Persistent and severe headaches, Hypertension

Describe the positive and negative impacts of COVID-19 on health inequities.

Although COVID-19 has caused negative impacts such as sickness and death (which research shows is higher for people with predisposed inequities), there are multiple positives that have developed with regard to health inequities including the increased use of tele-health medicine and other online options for people with regard to national systems like SNAP and WIC. There have been improvements made in the modeling approaches of these systems to optimize their effect, especially for people with inequities.

Which organization's screening method is best for testing for Gestational Diabetes?

American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Women with binge-eating disorder will have a decreased need for iron.

false

When ________ are adequate, the mTOR pathway stimulates blastocyst growth and invasion, increasing chances of conception.

Amino acids

Which of the following is/are correct regarding the definition of anemia?

Anemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells present. Anemia occurs when the red blood cells do not function properly. Anemia is diagnosed when hemoglobin values are less than a certain number, which may vary depending on age, sex, and trimester of pregnancy. There are various types of anemia.

Select all the sources for Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

Animal sources , Sunlight , Dietary supplementation

Select the following eating disorders that are associated with small for gestational age (SGA) and low birth weight (LBW) infants.

Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa

At which age should complementary foods be introduced?

Approximately 6 months

Describe one theory of the pathogenesis of preeclampsia/eclampsia.

As we learned through the lecture and reading materials, there is no specific answer regarding the pathogenesis of preeclampsia/eclampsia; however, multiple theories have been proposed. The theory that makes most sense to me revolves around the idea of abnormal placentation. In this case, the abnormal formation of the placenta is believed to cause poor transfer of nutrients to the growing embryo. As a result of this, oxidative stress is caused and an inflammatory response is mediated. This can result in endothelial dysfunction (blood vessels not working properly), and a lack of modulation of angiogenic and antiangiogenic factor production (formation of blood vessels).

A mother comes to you for nutrition counseling because she has been nauseated during her first trimester of pregnancy. What is some advice you could give her to manage her nausea?

Avoid fried, spicy, and high fat foods, Consume small, frequent meals and beverages, Get out of bed slowly, Consume high carbohyrdate foods

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

Avoids animal products, but consumes eggs and dairy= lacto-ovo Avoids animal products, but consumes dairy= lacto Avoids all animal products= vegans

Select all of the indicators of maternal undernutrition.

BMI, height, micronutritional deficiencies, anemia

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

Beef, pork, veal, steaks, roasts, and chops: 145 Turkey, chicken, and duck: 165 Egg dishes: 160

What lifestyle modifications are recommended for the management of gestational diabetes?

Blood glucose monitoring four times per day, Spread carbohydrate intake throughout the day, Insulin and/or medication if other lifestyle modifications aren't effective

Why must infant formula be mixed with boiled water?

Both the water and the formula are not sterile

Select all of the disorders that are associated with adequate intake of calcium.

Bulimia nervosa, Binge-eating disorder

Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy seems to have a positive effect on which of the following conditions?

C-sections , Gestational Diabetes , Preeclampsia , Infections

Match the interventions in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy with the most likely result.

Calcium supplementation→ Reduces gestational hypertensive disorders Intermittent iron supplementation→ Reduce risk of anemia, reduce low birth weight Daily iron or iron and folic acid supplementation → Reduction in anemia at term, reduction in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), reduction in the incidence of low birth weight Iodine supplementation→ Reduction in cretinism, increase in developmental scores in children Zinc supplementation → Reduction in preterm birth Folic acid supplementation by fortification of the food supply → Prevents neural tube defects, improves birth weight, and decreases megaloblastic anemia

Select all of the following that should be washed prior to use.

Canned goods, Fruits, Vegetables

Which of the following is a cure for Preeclampsia/Eclampsia?

Childbirth

Which of the following is correct about hypertensive disorders of pregnancy?

Chronic hypertension is present before pregnancy or diagnosed before 20 weeks of pregnancy, Gestational hypertension is diagnosed after 20 weeks of pregnancy, Preeclampsia-eclampsia is accompanied by proteinuria, headaches, blurred vision, abdominal pain, and abnormal liver enzymes levels, Eclampsia is the occurrence of seizures that cannot be attributed to other causes

Which of the following are holistic approaches to treatment for restless leg syndrome?

Compression socks, Massage , Adequate sleep

Julia is in her third trimester and she has been experiencing heartburn. What lifestyle recommendations can you make to help her manage her heartburn?

Consume small, frequent meals, Avoid chocolate and seasoned foods

Which of the following are ways in which vegetarian mothers can gain weight during pregnancy?

Consuming small, frequent meals throughout the day, Using refined foods if fiber intake is too high

What is the main source of iodine in the american diet?

Dairy

Maria is 25 weeks pregnant and has HIV. What can a dietitian do to help ensure the health of Maria and her baby?

Educate on safe food-handling practices, Conduct a nutrition assessment to identify and correct elements of poor nutritional status, Encourage adequate calorie, protein, and micronutrient intake

Cloth towels are the preferred method for cleaning cooking surfaces.

False

Match the following hormones of iron metabolism to the correct definitions in the table below.

Decreases iron absorption in the intestine: hepcidin Inhibits hepcidin and increases iron absorption: errythropherone Stimulates red blood cell production: erythropoetin

Which of the following correctly describes the function of the synctiotrophoblast?

Directs maternal metabolism and fetal growth and development, Covers the villi of the placenta, Secretes progesterone, hCG, and HPL

Which of the following describes an infant that is exclusively breastfeeding?

Elizabeth is 3 months old. She has never had any liquids or solids besides breast milk and vitamin D drops., David is 2 months old. He has never had any liquids or solids besides breast milk.

What are the recommended dietary modifications for gestational diabetes?

Emphasis on complex carbohydrates over simple carbohydrates, Distribute glucose throughout the day with small frequent meals

Match the hormone below with the corresponding function related to pregnancy.

Estrogen → Increases uterine blood flow; Helps to supply nutrition to the fetus; Prepares breast for lactation hCG → Rescues the corpus luteum from demise and maintains progesterone and relaxin production until the luteal-placental shift in progesterone production at 9 weeks gestation Progesterone → Maintains the implanted embryo; stimulates the growth of the endometrium and its secretion of nutrients Adiponectin → A hormone that facilitates insulin sensitivity hCS/HPL → Increases insulin resistance and reduces maternal glucose uptake to facilitate transfer to the baby Leptin → Metabolic indicator that may be involved in fetal intrauterine growth adaptation and long-term health

Kate is in her first trimester and is suffering from severe nausea and vomiting. What health complications is she at risk of?

Extreme weight loss, Hospitalization for dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, Renal failure

Human milk is naturally high in vitamin D.

False

Iodine supplementation is not recommended because of the risk of Wolff-Chaikoff effect.

False

Some research shows that increased alcohol consumption may decrease the time to conception.

False

Standard weight gain recommendations are not used for vegetarian mothers. There is a separate standard used for pregnant women following a vegetarian diet.

False

The outcomes of maternal metabolic syndrome on newborns are definitively known.

False

Vitamin D levels are sustained during lactation for the first 6 months and then start to deplete.

False

When lactating people drink alcohol, before nursing their baby, they need to "pump and dump" their milk to remove alcohol.

False

Women with binge-eating disorder consume food that are readily absorbed to meet their energy needs.

False

_____ cross(es) the placenta and ensures adequate supply for brain and retinal development.

Fatty acids

What is complementary feeding?

Feeding an infant foods and liquids, along with human milk, when an infant's nutrition needs can no longer be met by human milk alone

Choose the top three components of maternal weight gain during pregnancy.

Fetus, Maternal fat stores, Extracellular fluid

Discuss the components of nutrition care for a pregnant person with an eating disorder.

First and foremost, nutrition care for a pregnant person with an eating disorder begins with a diagnosis. As we learned through lecture, missed diagnoses' are associated with suboptimal care and unfortunately, only one study showed that only 18% of OB's inquired about eating disorders. Following a diagnosis, nutrition care is offered as medical nutrition therapy (MNT). This therapy involves a complete assessment including anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, clinical, and intake data. Further, it is important to recognize that nutrition care involves not only the mother, but the support system around her including family, doctors, dietitians, etc. The care needs to be present before, during, and after pregnancy.

Match the definitions with the appropriate terms.

Food preferences develop based on the context and psycho- emotional atmosphere in which it's offered → Associative learning Repeatedly offer healthy foods such as vegetables to young children → Familiarization Children may also establish food preferences by observing what their caregivers eat → Observation learning

What is the role of hepcidin during iron absorption? There may be multiple correct answers.

Hepcidin plays a role in regulation of iron absorption , Hepcidin prevents iron from entering the bloodstream when iron stores are sufficient or excess

For the following conditions: obesity, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, and hypertension, discuss how a person could eat and live a healthy lifestyle in order to reduce the risk of complications for oneself and their offspring. You do not need to have a separate answer for each condition, but you may discuss them all together. Please discuss both diet and lifestyle characteristics.

For women with obesity, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, and hypertension, prioritizing a healthy diet and being conscious about physical activity is very important in order to reduce the risk of complications for themselves and their offspring. In terms of their diet, these women need to prioritize their health and ingest foods including fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairies, seafood, poultry, and other types of lean meats. These women need to limit the number of sweets and processed foods, and focus on filling their body with fuel. Alongside this though, they need to prioritize their lifestyle characteristics. They need to make sure they are exercising or doing some type of physical activity. They need to pursue behavior modifications that will help them reach their goal of a happier, healthier life for themselves and their offspring.

Modifiable factors of gestational diabetes include all of the following EXCEPT:

Genetics

Amber was in her first trimester when there was a famine in her country. The famine did not last through her entire pregnancy. By the time she was in her late second trimester, she was able to consume adequate nutrition. Which of the following are the most likely consequences to her baby?

Her baby will most likely be of normal size at birth, Her baby may have an increased risk of heart disease later in life

Anika is a single mother with two children and is pregnant with her third. She works a stressful job and she often does not know how she will be able to purchase food for her and her children. It is rare that her and her family are able to eat a nutritious meal. How might her unborn baby be affected by the current situation?

Her unborn baby may experience growth restriction

What steps should a caregiver follow when paced bottle-feeding an infant?

Hold the baby upright, Allow the baby to draw the bottle nipple into the mouth, Hold the bottle horizontally, Allow the baby to take pauses

Match the hypertensive disorders with the correct definitions.

Hypertension usually occurring after 20 weeks gestation, impacting all organ systems → Preeclampsia/Eclampsia Diagnosed for the first time after 20 weeks of pregnancy → Gestational hypertension HTN present before pregnancy, diagnosed <20 weeks, or 12 weeks postpartum without resolution. → Chronic hypertension

Should formula fed babies be supplemented with vitamin D?

I believe that whether formula fed babies should be supplemented with vitamin D or not, is a question that must be answered on a case-by-case basis. The CDC source presented above explains that children younger than 12 months need 400 IU of vitamin D each day. Further, approximately 32 ounces of standard formula is known to obtain this 400 IU value of vitamin D. This area of research gets complicated here, as every baby will drink a different amount of formula. If your baby drinks 32 ounces a day, then it is likely they are receiving their 400 IU's of vitamin D and do not need supplementation; however, if they are drinking less than that, supplementation may be needed. Using the second source, we read that babies should drink no more than 32 ounces of formula in a 24-hour period in order to keep a healthy weight. In that case, it seems unlikely that a majority of babies would need/drink that maximum amount daily and ultimately would benefit from a mild supplement. Overall, consulting with a doctor is important in either situation.

Develop a treatment plan for a pregnant mother who has trouble sleeping. Use at least three strategies mentioned in the notes/lecture/reading.

I would encourage her to begin prioritizing 7-9 hours of sleep per night with added naps if needed. Along with ensuring she gets this adequate amount of sleep per night, I would encourage hydration throughout the day. By keeping herself hydrated with water throughout the day, it will decrease (or help decrease) her urination at night. Lastly, I would help her plan to add more fruits and vegetables into her diet while minimizing processed foods.

Which of the following statements regarding the history of weight gain recommendations during pregnancy is CORRECT?

In the past, weight gain during pregnancy was limited or restricted in order to preserve a woman's figure, In the past, women were told to gain less than or equal to 15 pounds during pregnancy, Recommended weight gains during pregnancy have approximately doubled from the 1930's until the present

How can pregnant women alleviate constipation during pregnancy?

Increase consumption of liquids above the recommendation of 6-8 glasses per day, Consume high fiber foods, Exercise regularly

Which of the following are health consequences associated with gestational diabetes?

Increased risk of the mother developing type 2 diabetes later, Increased risk of the mother getting gestational diabetes in subsequent pregnancies, Increased risk of the newborn baby having hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia

The guidelines for gestational weight gain that we discuss in this class are published by:

Institute of Medicine (IOM)

These (this) compound(s) made by the placenta are decreased by maternal under-nutrition or increased by maternal blood glucose levels.

Insulin growth factors 1 and 2

Which of the following statements is correct about insulin sensitivity during pregnancy?

Insulin sensitivity decreases because adiponectin decreases with increasing gestation.

_______ is naturally low in breast milk but the amount that is available is readily absorbed.

Iron

Discuss whether or not iron supplementation should be routinely recommended to all women of child bearing age. Including in your answer a discussion of at least two vulnerable population groups that could be benefitted or harmed by routine iron supplementation.

Iron supplementation should NOT be routinely recommended to all women of childbearing age. We learned that more research is needed is determine the outcomes of Fe supplementation among mothers and infants. Two vulnerable populations that could be benefitted from routine iron supplementation includes mothers carrying multiples and adolescent mothers. Mothers carrying multiples may benefit from iron supplementation as carrying multiples can increase the needs of both the placenta and fetus. If there are two babies, we can assume that there will be twice the need for iron provided by the mother and therefore, supplementation would be helpful. Further, adolescent mothers would benefit due to the problem associated with combining the onset of menstruation/adolescent growth and pregnancy.

What signs indicate that an infant is ready for solids?

Is no longer satisfied with breast milk or formula, Wants to eat more frequently, Sits up and holds head up, Drools when hungry

Which of the following are reasons why choline is important in the diet of a pregnant person?

It is used to make acetylcholine, It may protect against preeclampsia , It lowers cortisol concentration in cord blood

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

Lack of insulin: type 1 Insulin resistance NOT during pregnancy: type 2 Insulin resistance during pregnancy: gestational diabetes

Which of the following factors may put a nursing mother at nutritional risk?

Lactose intolerance, Alcohol, tobacco, and/or recreational drug use, Eating disorders, Pica, Being underweight before pregnancy

Which of the following is true about listeriosis?

Listeria monocytogenes can multiply in refrigerated foods Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to listeriosis To avoid listeriosis, pregnant women should avoid deli meats, soft cheeses, and unpasteurized milk, eggs, and juice Consequences of listeriosis in pregnancy may include miscarriage or stillbirth

Adequate health and nutrition status can aid in the prevention of which of the following outcomes?

Low birth weight , Small for gestational age , Fetal growth restriction , Pregnancy complications , Neonatal illness , Maternal mortality , Fetal mortality , Congenital anomalies

Match the parenting style with the corresponding characteristics.

Low/no expectations, high nurturance → Indulgent Strict expectations, low nurturance → Controlling Low/no expectations, low nurturance → Uninvolved Clear expectations, high nurturance → Responsive

Which of the following are benefits to vegetarian diets during pregnancy?

Lower gestational weight gain, Higher fiber intake=less constipation, Increased magnesium and folate intake

Match the interventions in infants and children with the most likely result.

Massage for premature infants→ Increased insulin and IGF-1, increase weight gain, reduce hospital stay, improves bone density Multiple micronutrient supplementation in children → Improved height and weight gain, increase in reasoning abilities, improved hemoglobin concentration, reduced IDA and retinol deficiency Vitamin A in children → Reduction of all-cause mortality, reduced diarrhea and measles Kangaroo Care → Increase in breastfeeding at 1-4 months of age and increased duration of breastfeeding, reduction in the risk of mortality, reduction in nosocomial infection or sepsis, reduction in prevalence of hypothermia Vitamin K → Reduction in risk of bleeding Delayed cord clamping → Increase in newborn hemoglobin and higher serum ferritin concentration at 6 months of age, reduction in need for blood transfusion, lower risk of complications after birth Vitamin A in neonates→ Reduced mortality and oxygen requirement at 1 month of age

How are placental growth factors affected by maternal nutrition and what affect would they have on the fetus?

Maternal undernutrition lowers IGF-1, leading to fetal growth restriction.

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

Maximum daily intake that is unlikely to cause adverse effects: UL Average daily intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (~98%) healthy people: RDA The estimated amount of a nutrient to meet the requirement of half of all healthy individuals in the population: EAR Used when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy: AI

Explain what medical lore is and its impacts on vitamin D supplementation.

Medical lore describes the situations by which medical students are taught information based upon old, outdated data that has been carried through to the present, but is no longer valid. When looking at vitamin D supplementation in relation to medical lore, we can see an issue regarding SAS syndrome appears. Unfortunately, some medical students are still being taught that vitamin D supplementation leads to SAS syndrome. They are going on to implement this belief into their practice and this directly impacts prenatal treatment, which is not good!

Which of the following factors drive milk production?

Milk removal from the breast, Breast stimulation

Women with Celiac Disease should adhere to a gluten free diet always, especially during reproductive years, to reduce the risk of which of the following conditions/events?

Miscarriage, Amennorhea, Fetal growth restriction, Short duration of lactation, Low-birth weight deliveries

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may increase the risk of the following outcomes?

Miscarriage, prematurity, and stillbirth , Preterm birth and low birth weight in offspring , Maternal and fetal goiter , Lower IQ in children

Match the hormones of maternal metabolism with their function.

Modulates satiety and energy homeostasis → Leptin Modifies the metabolic state of the mother. → Human placental lactogen (HPL) Rescues the corpus luteum from demise and maintain progesterone and relaxin production until the luteal-placental shift in progesterone production at 9 weeks gestation. → Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Increases insulin resistance → Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) Increases uterine blood flow; Helps to supply nutrition to the fetus → Estrogen

Design an intervention for a population that is deficient in multiple nutrients discussed in this unit. Describe your intervention in 2-3 sentences. Utilize at least two strategies discussed within the unit.

My intervention is a community-based intervention that would provide essential newborn care and breastfeeding counseling. My proposal is to implement the program at a community church and support the program through church members, volunteers, and donations. As a lifelong church member, providing services to the community is always placed first and with a background in nutrition, and many nurses and other members with valuable knowledge could donate their time. Not only would education and promotion of breastfeeding strategies be offered, but with the donation money, supplements and other staple fortified foods could be offered to mothers in need.

Which of the following are possible adverse effects of routine iron supplementation?

Nausea, Vomiting , Diarrhea , Constipation

Match the trimester to the correct changes in iron metabolism in the table below.

Net iron gain due to the cessation of menstruation: first trimester Iron requirements increase because of the increase in blood volume and red blood cell mass: second trimester Iron demands peak as the fetus grows and accrues iron: third trimester

Why is it important for women of childbearing age to consume adequate amounts of folate, either from food or a supplement?

Neural tube defects in the baby may result from a lack of folate in the maternal diet

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

Not reaching the genetic potential for height= stunting Loosing weight and possibly muscle mass=wasting The baby does not grow appropriately in utero=fetal growth restriction

What are the primary functions of the placenta?

Nutrient and gas exchange, Produce metabolic hormones and enzymes, Accumulate glycogen when glucose is in surplus, Remove waste from the fetus

Risk factors for developing gestational diabetes include (check all that apply):

Obesity, Family history of diabetes, Race

Visit this website and choose two objectives related to preconception nutrition to summarize in your own words. Then describe their importance to public health or individual health in 1-2 sentences each. Please copy and paste this into a new window so that it does not navigate the page away from your quiz.

Objective 1: "Increase the proportion of women delivering a live birth who had a healthy weight prior to pregnancy." Essentially, this objective is aimed at the over 50% of women that either overweight or underweight when trying to get pregnant. The current baseline shows 42.1% of women delivering babies in 2018 had a healthy weight before pregnancy. The goal is 47.1%. This factor of weight, although it may seem small, can contribute to the woman's overall health causing medical issues such as hypertension. Managing weight is important for public health for that very reason, and especially for pregnant women, given that obesity during pregnancy has been linked to stillbirth and preterm infants. Objective 2: "Increase the proportion of women of childbearing age who have optimal red blood cell folate concentrations." Again, this objective is directly related to preconception nutrition because we are focusing on women's health prior to pregnancy. The baseline value of women ages 15-44 with optimal folate concentrations is 82.6% and the goal is 86.2%. This is important for not only the mother's health but is protective against neural tube defects in infants.

When fish oil is given during pregnancy, it significantly increases which of the following components in the milk?

Omega-3 fatty acids , Immunoglobulin A and other immune proteins

Which of the following diagnostic tools for diabetes is used to diagnose gestational diabetes?

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and fertility?

Oxidative stress reduces sperm motility , Oxidative stress reduces the ability of the sperm to fuse with an egg , Oxidative stress harms eggs , Oxidative stress interferes with the implantation of an egg , Antioxidants include vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, ad selenium

Select all of the following that are responsible for food borne illness:

Parasites, Viruses, Bacteria, Chemical contaminants

Select all the sources for Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

Plants, Dietary supplements

A diet rich in ____ will increase its percentage in breast milk without affecting the total ____ content.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); fa

_______________ is the best indicator of gestational weight gain.

Pre-pregnancy BMI

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding adequate nutrition during the first 1,000 days of life?

Provides the essential building blocks for proper brain development, healthy growth and a strong immune system , Impacts a child's ability to grow, learn, and thrive , Impacts national development

Which condition is characterized by excessive secretion of saliva?

Ptyalism

Research from a(n) _____ study found that Vitamin D supplementation ____ childhood asthma rates.

Randomized controlled Trial, Decreases

Which of the following are thought to be the cause of obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy? Select all that apply.

Reduction in pharyngeal patency, Decrease in nasal patency

Match the following health outcomes with the intervention.

Reduction of diarrhea and measles= vitamin A Reduction in risk of anemia=iron Multiple micronutrient supplementation=improved growth

Match the following health outcomes with the intervention.

Reduction of neural tube defects=folic acid Reduction of anemia=iron Reduction of hypertension disorders=calcium

Select all of the health professionals involved in treating maternal obesity.

Registered dietitian, Medical doctor, Physical and occupational therapists, Social workers

Which of the following is true about glucocorticoid exposure in utero?

Repeat exposure to maternal glucocorticoids leads to growth restriction, The enzyme 11-βHSD is down-regulated during periods of maternal undernutrition, which leads fetal exposure to glucocorticoids

The 2009 weight gain guidelines are based on which of the following outcomes?

SGA, LGA, emergency c section, postpartum weight retention

Danielle is a professor and she loves her job of teaching. She is 5 months pregnant and finds that when she is standing up in front of a large class, she has a difficult time catching her breath while teaching. Which of the following would explain why she has a hard time catching her breath?

She is experiencing increased blood volume and cardiac output, She is experiencing an increase in end-diastolic volume, She is experiencing an increase in her heart rate, Blood flow to the uterus increased

A mother goes out for caffeinated beverages with her friends. She consumes 100 mg of caffeine. Which of the following scenarios should the mother follow to make sure her breastfed baby is not irritated by the caffeine? Choose the BEST answer.

She might need to experiment with the best thing to do, because caffeine bothers some babies but does not bother others.

Match the following acronyms to the correct definitions.

Stimulates production of T3 and T4. → TSH Active form of thyroid hormone → T3 Converted to T3 → T4

Match the following acronyms to the correct definitions in the table below.

Stimulates production of T3 and T4= TSH Active form of thyroid hormone= T3 Converted to T3= T4

Which of the following methods assess long term iodine status, but the data can be affected by smoking and environmental factors?

Tg level

Search the internet to learn what organizations recommend regarding alcohol during pregnancy (such as ACOG, WHO, etc). Summarize your findings in 1-2 sentences here.

The CDC summarizes that there is no distinct amount of alcohol safe for consumption while pregnant or while trying to get pregnant. The ACOG summarizes that alcohol during pregnancy is the leading cause of birth defects and that any amount is risky.

Anitra has been trying to get pregnant with her first baby, but it is taking a long time. She has been trying for over two years and has not yet conceived. Her BMI is 18 and she is 29 years old. Which of the following are steps that her health care provider (HCP) should take to best help Anitra and her future baby?

The HCP should work with Anitra on strategies to safely gain weight. , The HCP should consider a referral to a psychologist if Anitra is unwilling to gain weight.

Discuss the role of the Registered Dietitian (RD) and healthcare team in establishing a diagnosis and appropriate nutritional goals for a pregnant woman with an eating disorder.

The Registered Dietician is responsible for working very close with the patients to form a diagnosis. They determine what type of intervention is necessary to provide the mother with optimal nutrition and pregnancy outcomes. The ultimately goal of the RD and healthcare team is to reduce the risk of the eating disorder, as well as improve/promote health of the mother and growing fetus. The healthcare team and RD's are not only responsible for working closely with the mother during pregnancy, but also after. Research shows that relapse is common postpartum and a support system for these effected mothers is incredibly important.

Describe three reasons why pregnancy increases iodine requirements.

The first reason by which pregnancy increases iodine requirements is due to an increased demand for thyroid hormone. Fetuses do not produce TH until around the 20 week mark of gestation, meaning the fetus is completely reliant on mom until that point. Second, in the placenta, thyroid hormone is converted to the inactive form, thus lowering the amount in the body and increased the amount she needs. Lastly, there is increased renal iodine clearance, meaning more iodine is excreted through urination during pregnancy.

Which of the following are differences between the 1990 and 2009 IOM weight gain guidelines?

They use different BMI categories, The 2009 guidelines include a closed recommendation for the obese BMI category.

Explain why the iron requirement is higher for vegetarians.

The iron requirement is higher for vegetarians because they have increased non-heme iron in their diet which is more sensitive than heme iron to factors affecting absorption. This can cause iron deficiency, resulting in the requirement for iron being 1.8 times higher for vegetarians.

Match the terms with the correct definition.

The lack of conception after 1 year of unprotected intercourse. → Infertile Characterized by an unusually long time for conception; reduced level of fertility → Subfertility Interval in which hormones direct buildup of blood & nutrient stores within uterus; ovum matures & is released → Menstrual cycle Period in which humans become biologically capable of reproduction → Puberty Eggs females produce & store within the ovaries → Ova Loss of baby within 1st 20 weeks of pregnancy → Miscarriage

Bone loss may occur when a mother is nursing her baby/child, but reversal of bone density losses occur within 3-6 months of weaning.

True

Match the following words to the correct definitions in the table below.

The satiety hormone/decreases hunger= leptin Increases the drive to eat= ghrelin

Why might low fertility be experienced among the !kung and Turkana of Kenya? Summarize your answer in 2-3 sentences.

There are multiple research studies focused upon the women of the !Kung tribe of Botswana. In two different studies, the infertility among !Kung women was correlated to: (1) their activity patterns due to hunting and gathering and how this effects endocrine function and the capacity for reproduction, and (2) an increase in reproductive success during periods of feast when more food is available. This specific paper indicates that the food did not directly increase fertility, but instead reduced infant and child mortality. And acute undernutrition

What is the impact of higher than normal triglyceride levels during pregnancy?

Triglycerides are used efficiently by the mother, which spares glucose for the fetus, Triglycerides contribute to newborn development via increased milk synthesis, Triglycerides represent a floating energy depot

A pregnant woman usually has serum triglycerides that are higher during pregnancy than when she is not pregnant. What is the advantage to having higher than normal triglyceride levels during pregnancy?

Triglycerides are used efficiently by the mother, which spares glucose for the fetus, Triglycerides contribute to newborn development via increased milk synthesis., Triglycerides represent a floating energy depot

All eating disorders are associated with suboptimal intake of most nutrients.

True

Conversion from 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D heavily increases by 12 weeks gestation.

True

Conversion from vitamin D to 25(OH)D is unchanged during pregnancy.

True

Excessive intake of one-carbon nutrients may increase the risk of developing colitis and allergic diseases in the offspring.

True

Folate found naturally in foods are polyglutamated and require hydrolysis to monoglutamates for absorption.

True

Gestational diabetes can have both long-term and short-term consequences for a pregnant woman and her baby.

True

Gestational diabetes is impaired glucose metabolism associated with pregnancy and usually goes away in the postpartum period.

True

In order to avoid adverse neonatal outcomes in women with gestational diabetes, blood glucose levels must be monitored throughout pregnancy.

True

Iodine is essential for neurodevelopment among infants.

True

It is difficult to get enough zinc in our diets, regardless of whether a person is a vegetarian or not.

True

More research is required in order to truly understand the clinical outcomes of iron deficiency in mothers and infants.

True

Pregnant people are more inclined to practice safe food handling principles compared to non-pregnant people.

True

Some research shows that increased caffeine consumption may increase the time to conception.

True

Sperm production can cease when a man looses greater than 25% of his body weight (if he is at a normal BMI to begin with).

True

Synthetic folate in the form of folic acid is more bioavailable than the folate found naturally in foods.

True

The literature suggests that short sleep duration can lead to weight gain and obesity.

True

True or false. It is normal/common to gain more than the recommended amount of weight during pregnancy.

True

True or false? Meats should be stored below vegetables and fruits in the refrigerator.

True

Vegetarian diets have been proven to be safe during pregnancy.

True

Women should be able to produce milk of sufficient quantity and quality to support growth and promote the health of infants, even when the mother's supply of nutrients is limited.

True

Women who enter pregnancy with their disorders in remission are more likely to have positive birth outcomes.

True

Women with PKU should adhere to a phenylalanine restricted diet always, especially during reproductive years, to reduce the risk of delivering infants with congenital anomalies.

True

Match the uncooked foods to their appropriate internal cooking temperature.

Turkey, chicken, duck → 165°F Ground beef, pork, veal, lamb → 160°F Fish→ 145°F

Match the type of diabetes with the correct definition.

Type 2 diabetes → Due to body's inability to use insulin normally, or produce enough insulin Type 1 diabetes → Results from destruction of insulin- producing cells of pancreas Gestational diabetes → Carbohydrate intolerance with first onset during pregnancy

Which of the following is an efficient way to measure recent iodine intake?

UIC

Which of the following nutrients must be supplemented for vegetarians?

VItamin B12

Which of the following nutrients are dependent on maternal nutrient intake and nutrient stores?

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B12

When a person is deficient in ________, the following side effects are often seen: skin lesions, convulsions, and growth retardation.

Vitamin B6

Which of the following are ways in which Vitamin D influences iron metabolism?

Vitamin D improves hemoglobin concentrations , Vitamin D supplementation decreases serum hepcidin concentrations , Vitamin D increases cellular sensitivity to erythropoietin, Vitamin D increases cellular erythropoietin receptors

Describe why infant need to receive a shot of vitamin K at birth.

We learned through lecture and coordinated readings that infants need to receive a shot of vitamin K at birth due to the poor status of vitamin K present at birth. We also know that breast milk is not naturally high in vitamin K, and these low concentrations are indicative of the need for a 1 mg IM injection. Other causes include the higher risk of bleeding in the newborn period, and we know that vitamin K has blood coagulation capabilities. I also simply want to mention the presence of decreased gastrointestinal synthesis in infants, which further indicates and enhances the need for vitamin K injection.

Which of the following are symptoms of anemia?

Weakness, Shortness of breath, Dizziness , Fast heartbeat , Pounding in ears , Headache , Cold hands or feet , Chest pain, Pale skin

Describe why weight gain during pregnancy is normal and important. Include in your answer a description of four components of weight gain.

Weight gain during pregnancy is normal and important as it allows both the mother and growing fetus to get an adequate amount of nutrients for metabolism and growth. The current recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy are specifically meant to minimize negative health outcomes for both the mom and baby. In looking at components that make up weight gain during pregnancy, we see the fetus, placenta, uterus, and breasts all playing a key role. Each of these components are vital for a healthy pregnancy whether that be by creating a home/providing nutrients for the growing fetus, or by providing food for them once they've been born (breasts).

How does prematurity impact iron stores in babies? Select all that apply.

When born too early, babies do not have enough time for iron stores to accumulate in utero , Preterm babies are at risk for low birth weight, which is associated with low iron stores

Describe the process of safely preparing infant formula. Include in your answer why it is important to use boiling water.

When safely preparing a bottle of infant formula, the individual needs to first ensure that their hands, workspace, and bottle are adequately cleaned. Next, the water intended to be used should be boiled for the purpose of not only killing any contaminants in the water, but also because it is necessary killing bacteria in the formula. We learned through lecture that powdered infant formulas are NOT sterile. It is important to not use a microwave in this step because it can cause the presence of "hot spots." The water should then be cooled to a temperature no cooler than 70 degrees celsius, and placed into the sterile bottle or cup. We learned through lecture that FOLLOWING THE DIRECTIONS on the container is incredibly important. The formula should be mixed, brought to an adequate temperature, and given to the infant.

Compare and contrast equity and equality.

While equality refers to the process of providing every individual or member of a group with the same opportunities and/or resources, equity takes into consideration any underlying barriers that may conflict with each persons ability to be "equal." Although in principle, both words are attempting to create a type of unity between varying individuals, equality can sometimes overlook certain socio-economic injustices. Where equality would give everyone the same size stool in order to see over a fence, equity would take their heights into consideration, and provide varying levels of stools in order to provide true fairness.

Alexandria had a baby named Noah. Noah is 4 days old and Alexandria is worried that he is not getting enough of her breast milk. Noah has several yellow, seedy stools each day, he is having about five wet diapers each day, and he is gaining about 0.75 ounces per day. Is Noah receiving the nourishment he needs?

Yes

Which of the following interventions directly resulted in an improvement in height in children (according to the reading)?

Zinc supplementation, Multiple micronutrient supplementation , Promotion of dietary diversity and complementary feeding

Which hormone increases insulin sensitivity?

adinopectin

As gestation progresses, secretion of ____ decreases, which leads to decreased insulin sensitivity.

adiponectin

_____ leaves breast milk at the same rate it leave the blood.

alcohol

are essential for proper implantation into the uterine walle.

amino acids

The first half of pregnancy is , and the second half is .

anabolic, catabolic

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by:

binging and purging

A ____ is a mass of cells that forms the embryo and an outer layer of cells known as a _____, which nourishes the embryo and later forms the placenta.

blastocyst; trophoblast

During pregnancy, the mother experiences increases in which of the following?

blood volume, blood flow to uterus, red blood cell mass, cardiac output

Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy seems to have a positive effect on which of the following conditions?

c-sections, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and infection

Select all of the WHO Antenatal Care Recommendations for Nutrition

calcium, folic acid, multiple micronutrient supplementation, dietary counseling, balanced energy and protein supplementation

Place the following food safety principles in order from first step to last step.

clean, separate, cook, chill

Up until about 9 or 10 weeks gestation, how is the growing baby being nourished?

corpus luteum, endometrial glands

What is the term used to measure the lipid content of a mother's milk?

creamotocrit

Which of the following can be caused by oxidative stress?

decreased sperm motility, decreased odds egg fusing with sperm, damage to eggs, reduction of implantation

The first step in treating an eating disorder is _______ of the eating disorder

diagnosing

Select all of the following that are good indications of adequate infant nutrition:

diaper counts, demeanor, appropriate weight gain

Binge eating disorder is characterized by:

eating without hunger

Which of the following factors impact gestational weight gain?

ethnicity, age, cultural beliefs, socioeconomic status, mothers pre pregnancy weight, physical activity, support from society

Breastfeeding within the first 2-3 hours of life is highly recommended.

false

Eating disorders tend to appear before puberty and then resolve after puberty.

false

Everybody suffering from hypertension will benefit from a salt-restricting diet.

false

High carbohydrate diets will often result in better outcomes for an infant compared to low-carb diets.

false

Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is normal during pregnancy and falls into the classification of "morning sickness."

false

Micronutrients in breast milk are not impacted by maternal diet

false

Night blindness is associated with decreased risk of maternal mortality

false

Proteinuria must be present in order to be diagnosed with preeclampsia.

false

The AAP recommends giving infants whole cows milk at 11 months of age.

false

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative has not proven that it can help with inequities in the hospital setting.

false

The bioactive proteins in donor milk are nonexistent.

false

Those of lower socioeconomic status have been shown to have an increase in growth over the last 100 years.

false

True or False, Pregnancy suppresses a woman's immune system.

false

True or false? People who enter in pregnancy as obese should strive to achieve a BMI within the normal range during pregnancy.

false

True or false? Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy leads to SAS?

false

Vitamin D is naturally high in breast milk.

false

Vitamin K is found in adequate levels in human milk.

false

Which of the following are components of the DASH diet?

fruits, veggies, whole grain, low fat dairy, fish, poultry, beans, nuts, vegetable oils, potassium, calcium, magnesium, fiber, protein

What changes to the mother's cardiovascular system occur during pregnancy?

increase in ventricular wall muscle mass, increase in end-diastolic volume

Select all of the factors that can increase a child's risk for developing obesity later in life.

having parents who are obese, whether they are exclusively breastfed for first 6 months of life, the types of foods they are given in childhood

Which of the following are characteristics of metabolic syndrome?

high bp, waist circumfrance higher than 35 in women and 40 in men, elevated blood triglycerides, elevated fasting blood glucose

Which of the following foods could cause listeriosis?

hot dogs, deli meats, and medium-well cooked steak

An infant born to a mother with gestational diabetes is at increased risk for _____________ in the days immediately following birth.

hyperbilirubinemia

Select the gastrointestinal discomfort that could be present during pregnancy.

hyperemesis gravidarum, constipation, nausea/vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea

An infant born to a mother with gestational diabetes is at increased risk for _____________ in the days immediately following birth.

hypoglycemia

Which of the following are potential effects of excessive weight gain during pregnancy for the mother?

increased risk of postpartum weight retention, increased risk of delay in milk production, increased risk of c section, increased risk of GDM, increased risk of preeclampsia

The likelihood of developing iron deficiency _____ as gestation _____.

increases, increases

Maternal iodine supplementation improves which of the following?

infant head circumfrance, development quotient scores, occurance of cretinism

The most important nutrient to focus on when introducing complementary foods to infants is ________.

iron

Which of the following nutrient has a lower RDA for nursing mothers compared to non-pregnant women?

iron

Which of the following statements are true about PCOS?

leading cause of infertility, healthy balanced diet to help improve PCOS, treatment may include insulin sensitizing medications

Select the extremely low birth weight (ELBW) weight classification:

less than 1000 grams

Select the very low birth weight (VLBW) weight classification:

less than 1500 grams

Select the low birth weight (LBW) weight classification:

less than 2500 grams

Gestational weight gain __________ the recommendations showed lower incidences of large for gestational age among infants.

lower than

Select all of the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother:

lowers risk of ovarian cancer, reduces risk of breast cancer, reduces risk of type 1, reduces risk of type 2

Which of the following are short term complications of GDM?

macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, c section, neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia

In order for a premature infant to be discharged from the NICU, the baby must be able to:

maintain body temperature, eat on own, breathe on own

Match the DRI term with the correct definition.

maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects → Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%-98%) healthy people → Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) established when there is not enough evidence to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy → Adequate Intake (AI) is the amount of a nutrient estimated to meet the requirement of half of all healthy individuals in the population → Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Microorganisms can cross the placenta and harm the growing fetus, potentially leading to which of the following?

miscarriage, premature birth, hearing loss, intellectual disabilites, severe illness

Which of the following are maternal complications that could arise due to obesity during pregnancy?

mortality, GDM, c section, stillbirth, macrosomia, preeclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension

Which of the following are good sources of vitamin D for vegetarians?

mushrooms, soy milk, and fortified cereal

In 1998, in an effort to prevent ____, the FDA mandated that refined grain products be fortified with ____.

neural tube defects; folic acid

Mary, who entered pregancy with adequate iron stores, was told by her provider that she should take 25 mg of iron everyday through pregnancy. Is this good advice that is supported by evidence?

no

recommendations for preeclampsia require more research.

nutrition

Select all of the following risk factors associated with chronic hypertension.

over 35, obese, african american, history of HTN

Select all of the developmental milestones an infant must have before introducing complementary foods:

pincer grasp, good head control, tongue extrusion reflex gone, sitting up on their own

Trophoblast cells of the ____ attempt to compensate for protein restriction by enhancing villous development.

placenta

Select all of the forms of hypertension that could have proteinuria as a distinguishing symptom.

preeclampsia, preeclampsia with at least one severe symptom

Is 1,25(OH)2D higher during pregnancy or lactation?

pregnancy

Human milk:

protects infant from infection, lowers rates of NIC, improves neurodevelopmental outcomes

Check all of the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant:

reduces risk of ear and respiratory infections, SIDS, lowers risk of asthma, reduces risk of gastrointestinal infections, lowers risk of obesity

Our _____ should build upon current findings regarding inequities during pregnancy and lactation.

research

Which of the following foods are safe for someone with Celiac Disease to eat?

rice, corn, quinoa, amaranth

_______ has iodine added to it to aid in the declination of global iodine deficiency.

salt

Which of the following vegetarian foods are good sources of iodine?

seaweed, whole wheat bread

Select possible causes of maternal death:

sepsis, preeclampsia/eclampsia, hypertension, obstructed labor, PPH

Select ALL of the organs that are not fully developed in a premature infant. There are more, but these are a few examples.

skin, liver, GI tract, kidneys, lungs, brain

The fat content of breast milk is higher towards the end of the feeding compared to the beginning.

true

Which of the following are approaches that can aid in the relief of RLS?

stretching, massage, caffeine avoidance, adequate iron stores, moderate exercise, adequate sleep, compression stockings

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by:

substantial low body weight and persistent weight loss

The milk from a mother of a preterm infant is higher in nutrients compared to the milk of a term infant.

true

The prevalence of premature births in the United States is higher than that of most developed countries

true

Age when a woman gets married is linked to their age during their first pregnancy.

true

Colostrum eventually transitions into mature milk, which is more water-like in consistency.

true

Deli meats and hot dogs should be heated until steaming in order to be consumed safely.

true

Every country in the world is affected by malnutrition.

true

Ideally, a woman should be in good nutritional status prior to conception.

true

In the United States, women of color and Native Americans are more likely to be overweight compared to white women.

true

Maternal obesity should be addressed before, during, and after pregnancy.

true

Mothers should be feeding their infants on-demand, as hunger cues are presented.

true

Poor intake of zinc is associated with Anorexia and Bulimia nervosa.

true

Pregnancy can serve as an incentive to treat and gain control over an eating disorder.

true

Premature infants have limited nutrient reserves and very high nutrient needs.

true

Short stature is associated with morbidity during childbirth due to the disproportionate ratio of height to newborn head circumference.

true

Soy can inhibit calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine.

true

The World Health Organization recommends continued breastfeeding, along with complementary foods for 2 or more years.

true

The cause of preeclampsia is mostly unknown but there are a few theories.

true

The culture of the NICU can impact a mother's feeding practices after discharge.

true

True or False: The US spends more money on treating diseases vs. preventing diseases. radio_button_checked True

true

True or False? A well-planned vegetarian diet during pregnancy can lead to the same pregnancy health outcomes as a non-vegetarian diet during pregnancy.

true

True or False? If a mother is undernourished, her unborn baby could be at increased risk of exposure to maternal glucocorticoids. radio_button_checked True

true

True or false? In Asian countries, gestational diabetes may occur at BMIs lower than what is seen in Western populations.

true

True or false? It is normal for a woman to accumulate fat during the first part of her pregnancy, and there is a physiological reason for it. radio_button_checked True

true

WHO recommends calcium supplementation for pregnant women in areas where intake is naturally low.

true

Women of color are more likely to give birth to preterm infants, potentially because of the psychosocial stress related to racial discrimination during pregnancy.

true

Women who enter pregnancy with their eating disorder in remission are more likely to have positive birth outcomes.

true

Which of the following are risk factors for anemia?

twin or triplet pregnancies, adolescent pregnancies, infectious diseases during pregnancy

Which of the following are factors that can disrupt fertility?

underweight, obesity, STD, endocrine abnormalities, extreme exercise, acute undernutrition

The placenta attaches the fetus to the . The placenta allows the fetus to transfer to the mother's blood.

uterine wall, waste products

Select all of the following fat-soluble vitamins.

vitamin A K E D

Match the organization with the recommended screening process for GDM.

•Step 1: 50g, 1 hour OGTT (> 135-140 mg/dL) AND •Step 2: 100g, 3 hour OGTT (2 cut-offs) → American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology 75 g, 2 hour OGTT (1 or more indicate GDM) •Fasting Values > 92 - 125 mg/dL OR •1-hour Values > 180 mg/dL OR •2-hour Values > 153 - 199 mg/dL → World Health Organization 75 g, 2 hour OGTT •Fasting Values > 92 mg/dL OR •1-hour Values > 180 mg/dL OR •2-hour Values > 153 mg/dL → American Diabetes Association