NTRI 2000: CH 2
Health claims
- Standards - Qualified Claims
"Good source"
10-19% DV
Consume less than ____________ mg per day of sodium. -- Moderation Standard
2,300
What is the AMDR for fat?
20-35% of total calories
What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
Less than _______ of RDA probably not adequate.
60%
Greater than __________ of RDA probably still adequate.
70%
What vitamins are usually listed on a nutrition facts panel?
A and C
Oils are a source of vitamin ____.
E
Policy makers use the _____________ to determine how to shape policy.
EAR ex) Folate
One main reason that the "meats" group changed was?
Learned that you can get protein from things other than just meats and it is more inclusive for vegetarians
What does being sodium sensitive mean?
The more sodium you intake, the higher your blood pressure becomes. - This can change over a lifetime
Why are fruits/veggies more important than grains?
They have a lot of bioactive chemicals that can act as antioxidants.
What vegetables should I limit?
Those that contain solid fats or added sugars such as: baked beans, candied sweet potatoes, coleslaw, french fries
Structure/Function Claims
a component within the product has been associated with a particular change in the body Requires no prior approval. Notification of FDA is sufficient. Required label disclaimer.
"Excellent source"
a serving contains 20% or more of DV for a nutrient
If you eat a diet low in saturated fats then you are eating a diet low in _______________.
cholesterol
Starchy Vegetables
corn, green peas, potatoes, lima beans
The goal of the key recommendations is to ________________ the incidence of nutritionally related chronic diseases.
decrease
50% for DV means that you are getting:
either 50% for the adequacy standard or 50% for the standard of moderation
The EER is not ______________.
generous
DRI apply to ________________ people only.
healthy
DRI standards are for _____________ people.
healthy not people who may suffer from different diseases
DV for total fat, cholesterol, and sodium are for ________________.
moderation
The MyPlate does not take into account _____________.
moderation just because you refill the plate with the right things when you get seconds does not mean that you are under caloric control
What are the good oils?
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
number of calories needed for a healthy individual to maintain his or her weight
Food labels may include:
nutrient claims, health claims, structure-function claims
Meats tends to be high in _______________ fat.
saturated
One goal is to reduce the amount of:
saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, and sodium
_____________ nutrients are chronically undersupplied by diets of people ages 2 years and older.
shortfall
Nutrient claims
statements that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food ex) good source of Vitamin A
How is the UL (the standard for moderation) set?
still want it to cover most of the population
What values are set by the DRI?
- vitamin and minerals - carbs, lipids, and proteins - fiber, water, and energy
Key Recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans
-A variety of vegetables from all of the subgroups. -Fruits; especially whole fruits. -Grains; at least half of which are whole grains. -Fat-free or low-fat dairy, including milk, yogurt, cheese, and/or fortified soy beverages. -A variety of protein foods; including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), and nuts, seeds, and soy products. -Oils.
Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)
-Sedentary - light activity (BMR x 1.53) -Moderate activity (BMR x 1.76) -Highly activity (BMR x 2.25)
What were the original 4 food groups?
1) Meats 2) Dairy 3) Fruits & Veggies 4) Grains
Food Label Requirements:
1. Common or usual name 2. Manufacturer, packer, or distributor name and address 3. Net contents 4. Nutrient Contents (Nutrition Facts panel) 5. Ingredients 6. Essential warnings
What are the five overarching guidelines for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
1. Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan. 2. Focus on variety, nutrient-density, and amount. 3. Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduced sodium intake. 4. Shift to healthier food and beverage choices. 5. Support healthy eating patterns for all
Nutrition Facts Panel include:
1. Serving Size - common measures allow for comparison 2. Servings per container 3. Calories/calories from fat 4. Nutrient amounts and percentages of DV - total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, protein 5. Vitamins & Minerals
Consume less than _____ of calories per day from saturated fats. -- Moderation Standard
10%
Consume less than ______of calories per day from added sugars. -- Moderation Standard
10%
What is the AMDR for protein?
10-35% of total calories
Should strive for ________ of RDA for optimal intake.
100%
If alcohol is consumed; it should be in moderation (up to ___ drink/day for women, ___ drinks/day for men).
1;2
When determining a RDA, the standard is set _________ deviations about the mean.
2 standard a value that covers 97-98% of the total population
"Low" in fat
3 grams or less of fat per serving
Tips on weights and measures:
3 ounces of meat = palm of hand; deck of cards 1 ounce of lunch meet = 1 slice 1 cup = 8 oz meausring cup tablespoons and teaspoons refer to measuring spoons Golf Ball = tablespoon Tennis Ball = 2/3 of a cup Baseball = 1 cup Thumb = ounce and a half
Between _________________ of RDA maybe adequate.
70% - 60%
My Plate
A guideline, showing proportions, to help people choose what and how much to eat from each food group.
What is an example of essential warning?
Aspartame in Diet Coke PKU is one of the ingredients.
Harris Benedict Equation for estimating energy requirement:
BMR = (10 x weight in kg) + (6.25 x height in cm) - (5 x age in years) Males then + 5, Females - 161 Conversions - 1 kg/2.2 lb, 2.54 cm/ 1 inch
How are RDAs determined?
Balance studies in individuals within a population.
The _______ is a standard for the entire population.
DV Since each population has different RDA values and there can't be different cereals for old men and children based on RDA, they created Daily Values.
Diet Planning =
Eating Patterns
Food Group Plan
Food group plan: -Foods sorted into groups by nutrient content -Specifies minimum servings from each group Choose a variety of foods -Among the food groups and within each group -Adequate nutrients and phytochemicals
Dining out trends?
Greater proportion of food budget spent on dining out.
"Part of a heart healthy diet. Oatmeal can help reduce cholesterol."
Health claim - fiber decreases cholesterol
"Part of a heart healthy diet."
Health claim - there has been research proving that a component can help promote heart healthy diet
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)
Helpful ranges for energy yielding nutrients; these are not independent of each other
What is the difference between RDA and AI?
If we have enough research then we set an RDA. If we don't have some information, then we set an AI.
How are the USDA food patterns flexible?
Includes mixed dishes, national and cultural foods, and vegetarians.
What are the differences in to the FDA's new proposed nutrition label?
No longer vitamin A and vitamin C on there instead adding vitamin D. Instead of just having iron and calcium on there they would add potassium.
"Light and Fat Free"
Nutrient claim
We have more confidence in an ______ than an AI.
RDA
________________ do not have portion control standards.
Restaurants
_____________ Fats become solid at room temp.
Saturated
What is the benefit of MyPlate?
Shifted focus from the grains group to the fruits and vegetables. It also simplified things!
"Supports immunity and digestive health"
Structure - Function claim - followed by "this statement has not been evaluated by the FDA."
What does the daily value assume?
That you are eating 2000 calories.
Not every nutrient has a ________.
UL but some like specific forms of Vitamin A, become toxic at a certain point.
Oils include:
Vegetable oil (linseed, soy), Petroleum-based oil - things that you cook with as well - not just plain oil
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada. These values are used for planning and assessing diets and include: Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL).
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
a set of recommendations about smart eating and physical activity for all Americans
The percentage daily value applies to:
a single serving of food
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
a standard for adequacy - meets the needs of almost all healthy people - solid experimental evidence
Balance Study
a study that compares the total amount of a nutrient that enters the body with the total amount that leaves the body
DV for total carbohydrate and protein are for __________________.
adequacy
If 20% of total calories came from fat it would be considered _____________.
adequate - lower end of adequacy standards
Where do you find cholesterol?
animal products
Adequate Intakes (AI)
are established for nutrients for which there is not enough information to set RDAs - some evidence but also educated guesswork ex) Biotin
"Rich in"
at least 20% of the DV for that particular DV
Trans and Saturated fats increase the risk of developing __________________.
atherosclerosis
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
average requirements for given life stage and gender groups; can use this to calculate the RDA
Dark Green Vegetables
broccoli spinach greens leafy vegetables
"Other" Vegetables
cabbage, celery, cucumbers, mushrooms, onions
Red & Orange Vegetables
carrots, pumpkin, red bell peppers, sweet potatoes, and tomatoes
Daily Value (DV)
designed specifically for food labels - reflect highest nutrient need among all population groups - allows comparisons among foods NOT nutrient intake goals for individuals
USDA Food Patterns
determines amounts needed from each food group and healthful diet for given number of calories
The base of the food pyramid is made up of _________ & _______________.
fruits and vegetables
Eating Pattern
habitual intake of foods and beverages over time; a person's usual diet
The EER apply to ____________ of particular age, gender, height, weight, and activity level.
individuals
If there is no UL, it just means that there is ______________ data to establish one.
insufficient
"Fat free"
less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving
Seafood is a good source of?
omega 3 fatty acids
DRIs are _______________ not minimums.
optimums
Legume Vegetables
plants of the bean and pea family, with seeds that are rich in protein compared with other plant-derived foods
DRI's are designed for _______________ not for individuals.
populations
What is a major problem with caloric control?
portion control
What are the over-consumed nutrients?
saturated fats and sodium
All cereals would have the same ______________ size.
serving this allows you to compare cereals to each other
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
standard for moderation and safety
The Naive vs. The Accurate View of RDA:
the lines are not concrete, there are marginal zones it is an optimum not a minimum or a maximum
Nutrient Density
the most nutrients for the least number of calories - added sugars and fats are not nutrient dense
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
Adequacy can be thought of over ____________.
time meaning you do not need to get every single nutrient every single day
Why won't you find a DV next to protein?
variability in protein and depends on quality
For vegetable subgroups, you do not have to eat every type of vegetable a day, but think over the _____________.
week
Ingredients are put in order by ______________.
weight but you still do not have a relative amount