NUIP Ch. 8 overview

The active vitamin D hormone improves absorption of which mineral?

calcium

Which of these micronutrients are important for blood clotting?

calcium vitamin K

True or false: Trace minerals are not essential nutrients.

false

True or false: Vitamins are considered non-essential nutrients because we need them in small amounts.

false

The body is able to store which group of vitamins?

fat-soluable

fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

Which of the following is an organic acid found in spinach, rhubarb, and other leafy green vegetables that can depress the absorption of certain minerals (e.g., calcium) present in food?

Oxalic acid

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

The more refined a plant food is, such as with white flour, the _____ its mineral content.

lower

Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is most often associated with toxicity?

a

The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by

acting as coenzymes.

Coenzymes play an important role in metabolism because they

aid in the function of activating enzymes.

Minerals from _____ products absorb best.

animal

Which micronutrients function as coenzymes in the chemical reactions that yield energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

b vitamins

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

Vitamin D can be synthesized

by the skin

The vitamin content of fresh fruits and vegetables

can be lost through improper storage.

What is a substance (e.g. mineral) called when it binds to a specific region on a protein and is necessary for the protein's function?

cofactor

minerals function as __________, by aiding a protein such as an enzyme, to do its job.

cofactors or cofactor

Some minerals, such as copper and selenium, work as _______________, enabeling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function

cofactors, coenzymes, or cofactor

Our bodies are able to synthesize vitamin ______ from exposure to sunlight.

d

A very high fiber diet may have what impact on mineral absorption?

decrease mineral absorption

Protective health benefits of phytochemicals include _____.

decreasing the formation of blood clots preventing DNA damage and aiding in DNA repair mimicking or inhibiting hormones and enzymes

Bioavailability refers to the degree to which a nutrient can be

digested and absorbed.

What is the best way to get phytochemicals in the diet?

eat a variety of whole plant foods

Vitamins are considered to be ______ nutrients.

essential

Vitamins can be destroyed by

exposure to oxygen. exposure to light. heating.

A diet high in _____, particularly above daily recommendations, can decrease the absorption of iron, zinc, and possibly other minerals.

fiber

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as

fiber

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption.

fiber

Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are

filtered and excreted by the kidneys.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain

fluid balance in the body.

Which method of preservation best protects the vitamin content of a food?

freezing

Vitamin A and vitamin C work together to maintain

immune function

Vitamin C improves absorption of which mineral?

iron

During the enrichment of refined grain products ________is the only mineral added, whereas the selenium, zinc, copper, and other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced.

iron , Fe, nonheme iron, or non-heme iron

One mineral that influences the health of red blood cells is

iron, copper

Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?

iron, sodium, calcium

Which of the following is considered a major mineral (needed in quantities of greater than 100mg)?

magnesium

Sodium and chloride are

major minerals

Which of the following is a trace mineral?

manganese

It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are

not stored in the body to any great extent. readily excreted from the body via urine.

Spinach contains plenty of calcium, but only about 5% of it can be absorbed because of the vegetable's high concentration of what calcium binder?

oxalic acid

Stimulating the immune system, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative damage to cells, and activating insulin receptors are some of the functions of _____.

phytochemicals

which of the following are major minerals

sodium, potassium, calcium

Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur.

toxicity

True or false: Frozen vegetables and fruits are often as nutrient rich as freshly harvested produce.

true

True or false: Taking high-dose supplements of trace minerals, such as iron, can lead to toxicity and dangerous, potentially life-threatening consequences.

true

an inorganic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes into the body

vitamin

Which of the following vitamins are implicated in bone health?

vitamin K vitamin D

A toxicity of ______ can result from intakes of as little as 2 times human needs.

vitamin a

Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?

vitamin c

Along with protein and essential fatty acids, which of the following micronutrients are implicated in optimal immune function?

vitamin, a, vitamin c, and zinc

One function of the urinary system is to remove excess ________-soluble vitamins.

water