NURS 10 Med Admin 1, Med Admin 2 & Med Admin 3, Safe Dosage Post test & Knowledge and Clinical Judgment Beginning Post tests

A nurse is reviewing a client's prescriptions. The nurse should contact the provider to clarify which of the following prescriptions? a. Phenytoin 100 mg PO every 8 hr b. Morphine 2.5 mg IV bolus PRN for incisional pain c. Regular insulin 7 units subcutaneous 30 min before breakfast and dinner d. Lisinopril 20 mg PO every 12 hr. Hold for systolic BP less than 110 mm Hg

b. Morphine 2.5 mg IV bolus PRN for incisional pain This prescription requires clarification because it is missing the frequency of medication administration.

A nurse is caring for a client who has been prescribed an indwelling urinary catheter. When preparing to insert the catheter, the nurse should first open the sterile package in which of the following directions a. To the left b. To the right c. Away from the body d. Toward the body

c. away from the body Opening the sterile package away from the body first allows a nurse to open the remaining flaps without reaching over the sterile field, which could result in contamination. This is the appropriate direction to open the sterile package.

A drug's generic name is the a. chemical name for the medication. b. same as its nonproprietary name. c. name under which the drug is marketed. d. formal name of the particular drug.

b. same as its nonproprietary name. * A drug's generic name is its nonproprietary or noncommercial name. Each drug has only one generic name. For example, acetaminophen is the generic name for the drug marketed as Tylenol, while ibuprofen is the generic name for the drugs Advil, Motrin, and others.

A nurse discovers a medication error in which the client received twice the prescribed amount of medication. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a. Notify the provider. b. complete an incident report. c. Assess the client. d. Report the error to the nurse manager.

c. Assess the client.

A nurse on a medical unit is assisting with the orientation of a newly licensed nurse. The nurse should remind the newly licensed nurse to have a second nurse review the dosage of which of the following medications prior to administration? a. Heparin b. Acetaminophen c. Acetylcysteine d. Hydroxychloroquine

a. Heparin The nurse should have a second nurse check the dosage of high-alert medications, such as heparin, because serious client harm can occur if the dosage is excessive. High-alert medication classes include central nervous system drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and anticoagulants.

A nurse is transcribing medication prescriptions for a group of clients. Which of the following is the appropriate way for the nurse to record medications that require the use of a decimal point? a. .4 mL b. 0.6 mL c. 8.0 mL d. 125.0 mL

b. 0.6 mL

which of the following patients is exhibiting drug tolerance? a. A patient continues to take a medication despite harmful effects. b. A patient requires an increased dose of a medication to achieve continued therapeutic benefit. c. A patient exhibits signs of withdrawal when a medication is discontinued. d. A patient develops an intense craving for a drug.

b. A patient requires an increased dose of a medication to achieve continued therapeutic benefit.

A nurse is caring for a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and is prescribed Prednisone. Which of the following indicates the client is experiencing an adverse effect? a. Hypomagnesemia b. Hyperglycemia c. Hyponatremia d. Hyperkalemia

b. Hyperglycemia Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, is a powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant and is indicated for the treatment of multiple disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis. Adverse effects of dexamethasone increase with the dosage and duration of treatment and can include adrenal insufficiency, osteoporosis, infection, myopathy, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, cataracts, peptic ulcer disease, and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome among others. Hyperglycemia, an elevated blood glucose level, is an adverse effect of dexamethasone. Both hyperglycemia and glycosuria can be manifested in clients who are taking dexamethasone because of its effect on the production and use of glucose.

a client's medical record and discovers that the client received a double dose of a prescribed medication. Which of the following actions should the nurse manager take first? a. Commplete an incident report. b. Notify the provider about the medication error. c. Assess the client for adverse effects. d. Report the error to the risk manager.

c. Assess the client for adverse effects. When using the nursing process, the first step the nurse should take is to assess the client. By checking the client for adverse effects, the nurse can provide prompt treatment to minimize harm to the client.

You are giving a patient several PO medications to take. The patient tells you that she can only take one pill at a time. It is appropriate to a. place all of the medications in a cup and let the patient decide the order in which to take them. b. crush the pills and mix them in applesauce. c. remain at the bedside until you are sure the patient has taken all of the medications. d. leave the pills at the bedside for the patient to take.

c. remain at the bedside until you are sure the patient has taken all of the medications. * It is your responsibility to remain with the patient and observe that she has swallowed each medication. It is unacceptable to leave medications unattended for any period of time.

A patient drinks 8 oz of water. Which of the following is a correct conversion of the patient's intake? a. 1 pint b. 4 tablespoons c. 2 cups d. 240 ml

- 240 mL* One fluid oz equals 30 mL; therefore, 8 fluid oz equals 240 mL.

Which of the following represents the correct administration of the prescribed medication? a. Acetaminophen 650 mg PO prescribed b. Levothyroxine 100 mcg PO prescribed; three 0.025 mg tablets given c. Amoxicillin 1 g PO prescribed; two 500-mg tablets given d. Diphenhydramine 40 mg IM prescribed; 1.25 mL of 50 mg/1 mL for injection given

- Amoxicillin 1 g PO prescribed; two 500-mg tablets given* To determine the correct dosage, start with the amount prescribed: 1 g (gram). To determine how many tablets to give, divide the dose ordered by the dose on hand and multiply the result by the amount on hand. So, 1 g (dose ordered, and also equivalent to 1,000 mg) divided by 500 mg (dose on hand) = 2, then 2 X 1 (amount on hand) = 2 tablets. So this is the correct amount to give.

A nurse is caring for a client who is to receive topiramate XR 100 mg PO daily. The client tells the nurse that the capsule is too hard to swallow. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. Crush the contents of the capsule to administer in a small amount of pudding. b. Request extended-release sprinkles from the pharmacy. c. Ask the charge nurse to clarify the prescription with the provider. d. Withhold the medication until the time for the next dose.

The nurse can administer topiramate XR in sprinkle form, if available. This is not changing the route of the medication. The sprinkle capsules can be opened and mixed with food for ease of swallowing while still remaining extended release.

A nurse is preparing to administer a medication to a newly admitted client. The nurse should identify which of the following actions as a part of the assessment phase of the nursing process? a. Asking the client about a history of medication allergies b. Instructing the client about the medication's adverse effects c. Determining whether the medication should be administered with or without meals d. Monitoring the client's response to the medication

a. Asking the client about a history of medication allergies The nurse should identify that data collection is part of the assessment phase of the nursing process. The nurse should collect data regarding the client's prior adverse reactions to medications, laboratory data, use of other medications, and pertinent vital signs as part of the assessment phase to ensure safe medication administration.

A nurse is administrating medications to four clients. The nurse should identify which of the following nursing actions as a part of the evaluation phase of the nursing process? a. Collecting information about a client's pain level following administration of a narcotic b. Taking the blood pressure of a client before administering an antihypertensive medication c. Lowering the level of a client's bed before administering a benzodiazepine medication d. Instructing a client to rinse their mouth following administration of an inhalation corticosteroid

a. Collecting information about a client's pain level following administration of a narcotic The nurse should identify that collecting information from a client regarding a medication's therapeutic response is part of the evaluation phase of the nursing process. The nurse should include in the evaluation phase the client's therapeutic response, adverse effects, and client adherence to the medication therapy.

A nurse working in a medical - surgical unit is preparing to administer medications to a client. The nurse plans to use two forms of identification to verify that she has the right client. Which of the following actions can the nurse take to identify the client? Select all that apply. a. Compare the name on the client's wristband with the name in the medication administration record (MAR). b. Ask the client to state his date of birth. c. Check the room number in the medication administration record (MAR) with the room number of the client. d. Ask the client to state his name. e. Use the bar code scan to identify the client.

a. Compare the name on the client's wristband with the name in the medication administration record (MAR). b. Ask the client to state his date of birth. d. Ask the client to state his name. e. Use the bar code scan to identify the client.

A nurse is caring for a client who received lisinopril 30 minutes ago and is now reporting dizziness and headache. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? a. Obtain the client's vital signs. b. Notify the provider. c. Document the client's response in the medical record. d. Tell the client to change positions slowly.

a. Obtain the client's vital signs. The first action the nurse should take when using the nursing process is to assess the client; therefore, the first action the nurse should take is to obtain the client's vital signs.

A nurse is preparing to administer an oral medication. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? Select all that apply. a. Provide client education about the medication. b. Check the expiration date of the medication. c. Verify the dosage of the medication. d. Call the client by name to confirm their identity. e. Ask the client if they have any allergies.

a. Provide client education about the medication b. Check the expiration date of the medication c. Verify the dosage of the medication e. Ask the client if they have any allergies

A nurse is preparing to administer an insulin injection to a patient. What is appropriate? a. Rotate injection sites to avoid tissue injury. b. Administer no more than 2 mL per injection. c. Use the nondominant hand to displace the skin and subcutaneous tissue at the site about 1 to 1 1/2 inches. d. Inject the medication after aspirating the syringe.

a. Rotate injection sites to avoid tissue injury. Rotating injection sites prevents tissue damage from repeated injections at the same site.

A nurse is assessing a client following administration of an antibiotic. The nurse should identify that which of the following findings is a manifestation of an anaphylactic reaction to the medication? a. Swollen lips b. Hypertension c. Low heart rate d. Constipation

a. Swollen lips The nurse should identify that swollen lips is a manifestation of an anaphylactic reaction. Other manifestations include stridor, dyspnea, wheezing, urticaria, and pruritis. The nurse should notify the rapid response team, elevate the client's head off the bed, apply high-flow oxygen, and prepare to administer epinephrine.

A nurse preceptor is working with a newly licensed nurse to transfer a client from the bed to a chair. Which of the following actions by the new nurse indicates a need for further teaching to prevent lift injuries? a. Twisting at the waist and shoulders b. Standing with feet in a wide stance c. Positioning self close to the client d. Using arms and legs to lift

a. Twisting at the waist and shoulders To prevent a lift injury when transferring the client from the bed to a chair, alignment of the back, neck, pelvis, and feet should be maintained to reduce the risk of injury to the lumbar vertebrae.

A nurse is collecting data on a client who had received a preoperative dose of morphine. Which of the following indicated the client is experiencing an adverse effect of the medication? a. Urinary retention b. Rapid respirations c. Dilated pupils d. Diarrhea

a. Urinary retention Urinary retention is an adverse effect of morphine. By increasing bladder sphincter and detrusor muscle tone and reducing awareness of bladder stimuli, morphine can cause urinary hesitancy, urinary retention, and urinary urgency.

A nurse is preparing to administer digoxin 225 mcg for a pediatric client who has a heart rate above 90/min. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to ensure administration of the right dose? Select all that apply a. Validate that the dosage is within the safe range. b. Confirm the medication amount is appropriate for the child. c. Verify that the medication is not expired. d. Check the client's heart rate prior to administration. e. Document the administration in the medication administration record.

a. Validate that the dosage is within the safe range. b. Confirm the medication amount is appropriate for the child.

A nurse is providing patient education about a new prescription of nitroglycerin to a client who is diagnosed with angina. Which of the following statements indicates a needs for further teaching? a. "I'll make sure that the medication container is kept tightly sealed." b. "I'm lucky I have a prescription plan that allows me to buy pills in bulk quantities." c. "I'll keep my pills in the medicine cabinet when I'm home." d. "I'll go to the emergency room if my chest pain doesn't go away."

b. "I'm lucky I have a prescription plan that allows me to buy pills in bulk quantities." Buying nitroglycerin in bulk quantities is not a safe practice. The chemical instability of the medication allows it to lose effectiveness over time. While some nitroglycerin tablets have a shelf life of 24 months, NitroQuick retains its effectiveness for only 8 to 10 months

A nurse is preparing to administer a time - crucial medication to a client at 0800. Which of the following times are appropriate for the nurse to administer the medication? Select all that apply. a. 0700 b. 0745 c. 0830 d. 0845 e. 0900

b. 0745 c. 0830 0745 is correct. The nurse should follow facility policy when selecting the time to administer medication to the client. Typically, facility policy permits the nurse to administer a time-critical medication 30 min before or after the scheduled time for administration. 0745 is within 30 min of the 0800 administration time.0830 is correct. 0830 is within 30 min of the 0800 administration time. Administering time-critical medications, such as antibiotics, in a timely manner helps to maintain therapeutic levels of the medication in the client's blood.

When collecting data on a client who is immobile, a nurse locates a reddened area of skin on the left scapula. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. Reposition the client every 4 hr. b. Cover the area with a transparent wound barrier. c. Massage areas surrounding the redness. d. Wash the area with hot water every 8 hr.

b. Cover the area with a transparent wound barrier. The risk for pressure ulcers can be complicated by factors such as immobility, inadequate nutrition, bowel and bladder incontinence, decreased mental status, reduced sensation, increasing age, and excessive body heat. Appropriate care of pressure ulcers is based on the characteristics and stage of the wound. A wound that manifests as a reddened area is a stage 1 pressure ulcer. A transparent wound barrier applied to reddened skin or a stage 1 pressure ulcer to prevent contamination and reduce friction to the area is an appropriate action by the nurse.

A nurse preceptor is orienting a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following actions indicates a breach of confidentiality and requires intervention by nurse preceptor? a. Faxing laboratory results to a client's provider b. Discussing changes in a client's plan of care with his friend who is a nurse on another unit c. Describing a client's level of independence to the case manager arranging home health services d. Remaining in the room with the client while he reviews his own medical records

b. Discussing changes in a client's plan of care with his friend who is a nurse on another unit

A nurse is preparing to administer insulin subcutaneously to a client. The nurse should document the administration of the medication immediately after which of the following actions? a. Taking the insulin from the automated dispensing machine b. Injecting the insulin c. Checking the client's blood glucose level d. Checking the correct dosage of the insulin

b. Injecting the insulin The nurse should document interventions, such as medication administration, immediately after they occur. The nurse should not delay documentation because this could lead to errors, such as omission of the documentation or administration of a second dose of medication to the client by another nurse. The nurse should never document an action prior to implementation.

A nurse is preparing to administer a high - alert pain medication to a client. Which of the following actions should the nurse perform during the planning stage of medication administration? a. Assess the effectiveness of the pain medication. b. Verify the dosage calculation with another nurse. c. Teach the client about the action of the medication. d. Ask the client to state their name and birthdate.

b. Verify the dosage calculation with another nurse. To ensure client safety and prevent harm, the nurse should always have another nurse verify dosage calculation prior to administering a high-alert medication. This occurs during the planning stage of medication administration.

A nurse is preparing to administer medication to a client who has a prescription for decussate sodium 50 mg capsule PO twice daily. The client refuses to take the medication because of nausea. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. Administer a docusate sodium capsule rectally. b. Withhold the medication. c. Administer 100 mg docusate sodium with the next scheduled administration. d. Encourage the client to take the medication as the provider prescribed.

b. Withhold the medication. The nurse should withhold the medication due to the client's nausea and notify the provider. If nausea persists, the nurse should contact the provider to prescribe an antiemetic.

A nurse is precepting a newly licensed nurse while he is charting. Use of which of the following abbreviations indicates a need for further teaching? a. mcg b. q.d c. mL d. PO

b. q.d q.d. = every day

A charge nurse is reviewing the types of prescriptions with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following prescriptions should the nurse include as an example of a standing prescription? a. Oxycodone 5 mg by mouth every 4 hr as needed for pain b. Furosemide 20 mg IV stat c. Acetaminophen 650 mg by mouth every 6 hr for temperature greater than 38.4° C (101.2° F) d. Diazepam 10 mg IV 30 min prior to procedure

c. Acetaminophen 650 mg by mouth every 6 hr for temperature greater than 38.4° C (101.2° F) A standing prescription is protocol-based and contains directions for administration based upon specific situations, such as the development of a fever.

A nurse is caring for a client who reports severe back pain at 1400. The client's prescriptions include oxycodone extended - release 20 mg PO every 12 hr (last dose received at 600) and oxycodone immediate - release 5 mg PO every 4 hr PRN (last dose received at 2300 the day before). Which of the following actions should the nurse take? a. Contact the provider to request an order for a different pain medication. b. Administer oxycodone immediate-release 5 mg PO at 1600. c. Administer oxycodone immediate-release 5 mg PO now. d. Contact the provider to request an increase in the oxycodone extended-release dose.

c. Administer oxycodone immediate-release 5 mg PO now. It has been 15 hr since the previous dose of oxycodone immediate-release, and the medication is prescribed every 4 hr as needed, so the nurse should prepare to administer a dose now to treat the client's pain.

A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed IV fluids. While inserting the IV catheter, blood is spilled on the floor. Which of the following solutions should the nurse use to clean a blood spill that occurred while inserting a catheter? a. Isopropyl alcohol b. Chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens) c. Chlorine (bleach) d. Iodophor

c. Chlorine (bleach) Chlorine is a disinfectant that is effective against bacteria, tuberculosis, spores, fungi, and viruses, and is specifically recommended for cleaning blood spills. Antiseptics prevent or stop the growth of certain pathogens, and disinfectants destroy certain pathogens. Antiseptics are most often used on the skin, while disinfectants are more concentrated solutions that can be toxic to the skin and are typically used on inanimate objects. Chlorine should be used to clean the spill.

A nurse is conducting a breast examination on a client who has a family history of breast cancer. Which of the following should the nurse report to the provider? a. Silver-colored striae b. Unilateral nipple inversion present since menarche c. Dimpling of the tissue in the upper outer quadrant d. Visible symmetrical venous patterns

c. Dimpling of the tissue in the upper outer quadran a - Silver-colored striae should be considered an expected finding and does not need to be reported to the provider. This variation of the breast tissue is the result of stretch marks caused by rapid growth of the breast tissue and is not considered a variation from the expected. b - Unilateral nipple inversion present since menarche should be considered an expected finding for the client and does not need to be reported to the provider. New onset nipple inversion should be reported as it can indicate underlying disease; however, nipple inversion in one or both nipples that has been present since puberty should not be considered a variation from the expected. c - Dimpling of the tissue in the upper outer quadrant should be considered an unexpected finding and reported to the provider. In fact, dimpling that is noted anywhere within the breast tissue should be reported. Dimpling makes the tissue appear retracted in a particular area and can result from underlying scar tissue or an invasive tumor causing ligaments to pull the skin inward toward the tumor. This variation of the breast tissue is consistent with breast cancer.

A nurse is collecting date on a recently admitted patient. Which of the following techniques should the nurse use to measure tissue perfusion? a. Determining the client's respiratory rate b. Measuring the client's chest diameter c. Obtaining the client's level of oxygen saturation d. Checking the client's depth of respirations

c. Obtaining the client's level of oxygen saturation Perfusion is the delivery or pumping of arterial blood through tissues or an organ. Obtaining the client's level of oxygen saturation level is an appropriate technique of measuring perfusion. Oxygen saturation measures the percent of hemoglobin bound with oxygen that is being perfused through the arteries and into the tissues.

A nurse is caring for a patient who scheduled for cardiac surgery and tells the nurse, " I don't think I'm going to have the surgery. Everybody has to die sometime." Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate? a. "Clients having this surgery are always scared." b. "Why have you changed your mind about the surgery?" c. "You shouldn't worry, everything will be fine." d. "Tell me more about your concerns."

d. "Tell me more about your concerns." Giving a general lead encourages the client to openly share feelings and concerns in a non-threatening environment, which will assist in establishing a meaningful nurse-client relationship. This response by the nurse is appropriate and fosters the nurse-client relationship.DI

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving intermittent enteral tube feedings and have diarrhea after each feeding. Which of the following actions should the nurse take in an attempt to prevent diarrhea after subsequent feedings? a. Chill formula prior to administration. b. Verify feeding tube placement. c. Reduce the rate of the feedings. d. Place the client supine during feedings.

c. Reduce the rate of the feedings. Enteral tube feedings are used for clients who are able to absorb and digest nutrients but are unable to ingest food. Complications of enteral tube feedings include feeding tube regurgitation and aspiration of feedings, delayed gastric emptying, and malabsorption among others. Reducing the rate of feedings is an appropriate action by the nurse to prevent diarrhea after subsequent feedings. A client receiving intermittent enteral tube feedings can experience diarrhea because of the administration of hyperosmolar enteral feedings. To prevent this, administration should be slowed or switched to continuous enteral feedings.

A nurse is providing teaching regarding medication administration to a group of newly licensed nurses. Which of the following is a legal responsibility of a nurse? a. Prescribing the correct dosage b. Modifying the medication regimen c. Reporting medication errors d. Delegating administration to assistive personnel

c. Reporting medication errors a - Prescribing the correct dosage is outside of a nurse's scope of practice; however, a nurse should make sure that a prescribed dose is within safe guidelines. c - A nurse is legally responsible for reporting medication errors according to facility policy.

A charge nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about medication reconciliation. Which of the following information should the charge nurse include in the teaching? a. Perform medication reconciliation daily during a client's hospitalization. b. Only newly prescribed medications need to be reviewed during a medication reconciliation. c. Vitamins, supplements, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications should be included in a medication reconciliation. d. The goal of medication reconciliation is to minimize the financial impact of prescription medications to the client.

c. Vitamins, supplements, and over-the-counter (OTC) medications should be included in a medication reconciliation. The nurse needs to include a list of all medications that the client takes, both prescribed and OTC. Medication reconciliation can identify potential interactions between medications and help avoid possible adverse effects.

A nurse is caring for a client who states that his provider told him he is at risk for anaphylaxis following administration of amoxicillin and that he does not understand what this means. Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse? a. "Anaphylaxis is a predictable and often unavoidable secondary effect that can occur at a usual therapeutic dose." b. "Anaphylaxis will cause you to experience withdrawal symptoms when you discontinue taking the medication." c. "Anaphylaxis is an unusual response that can occur due to an inherited predisposition." d. "Anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction that is life-threatening."

d. "Anaphylaxis is a severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction that is life-threatening."

A nurse is reviewing a client's prescriptions. The nurse should contact the provider to clarify which of the following prescriptions? a. Ampicillin 100 mg/kg/day by mouth in 4 equally divided doses b. Phenytoin 300 mg by mouth every 12 hours c. Metronidazole 500 mg IV bolus every 6 hr d. Acetaminophen 325 mg every 6 hr PRN for headache

d. Acetaminophen 325 mg every 6 hr PRN for headache This prescription contains name of medication, dosage, frequency, and circumstance for administration, but not the route.

A nurse is transcribing a provider's prescription for a client. The prescription reads morphine 2 mg IV bolus at 1400. The nurse should recognize this as which of the following types of medication orders? a. Routine order b. Stat order c. PRN order d. Single order

d. Single order A single (one-time) order stipulates to administer the medication one time either at a specific time the provider indicates or as soon as possible.

A nurse is teaching a newly licensed nurse about crushing medications. The nurse should explain that which of the following medications can be crushed? a. Extended-release oxycodone b. Sublingual nitroglycerine c. Enteric-coated aspirin d. Sucralfate tablets

d. Sucralfate tablets The nurse should explain that certain medications, such as those that are scored, can be safely crushed and mixed with food or water for a client who has difficulty swallowing. The nurse should check with the pharmacist before crushing a medication to make certain it can safely be crushed.

Which of the following is the most appropriate documentation of a patient's response to a pain medication? a. The patient states, "I feel better" 10 minutes after medication administration. b. The patient is sleeping 1 hour after administration. c. The patient is up and walking in the hall 2 hours after administration. d. The patient reports pain decreased to 3/10, 30 minutes after medication administration.

d. The patient reports pain decreased to 3/10, 30 minutes after medication administration.

A nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with anemia. Which of the following skin variations is caused by reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin? a. Cyanosis b. Jaundice c. Erythema ​d. Pallor

d. pallor Pallor is caused by a reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin. Pallor is a decrease in the coloring of the peripheral tissues that is caused by an overall reduction in the blood flow or by a decrease in the number of RBCs that contain oxyhemoglobin, which reduces the visibility of oxyhemoglobin.

A nurse is caring for a male client who has been prescribed an indwelling urinary catheter. In which of the following positions should the client be placed for insertion of the catheter? a. Dorsal recumbent b. Orthopneic c. Side-lying d. ​Supine

d. ​Supine This position allows for optimal visualization, which reduces trauma and increases success of insertion.