NURS 1020 Exam 3 culture

what are the strategies for effective nursing hand-offs?

-Focus patient-centered priority problems -Ask questions to clarify -Use a consistent process/form/tool -Use walking rounds and enter the room to encourage including patient and family in discussion

what are the components in every cultural in regards to context of health/illness and care?

-Health, illness, and caring have meanings that are unique. -Groups interpret and define experiences relevant to birth, illness, and death through a certain context.

what are the myths and stereotypes of older adults?

-Ill, disabled, and unattractive -Forgetful, confused, rigid, boring, and unfriendly -Unable to learn and understand new information -Not interested in sex or sexual activities

A patient newly diagnosed with diabetes needs to learn how to use a glucometer. Use of a glucometer constitutes A. Affective learning. B. Cognitive learning. C. Motivational learning. D. Psychomotor learning.

D. Psychomotor learning.

what is affective learning?

Deals with expression of feelings and acceptance of attitudes, opinions, or values

how do older adults deal with stress?

Life experiences can make problems seem insignificant because they have acquired stress management techniques

what is the theory of aging?

Most scientists consider aging to be a combination of the 4 Theories of Aging and inherited traits and responses to environmental stressors

when does acute stress?

Time-limited events that threaten a person for a relatively brief period provoke acute stress

what are potential cultural conflicts?

To provide culturally congruent care, it is important to identify potential conflicts between patients' health care needs and their health care practices and cultural values

what is an example of american indians cultural healer and modalities?

shaman

what does spirituality encompass?

spirituality may or may not include religious practice

what is the teaching process nursing diagnosis?

statement specified the information or skills that the patient requires

what are different coping strategies?

strategies vary from one situation to another

what is genomics?

study of all genes in the human inclusion the interaction with each other, the environment and psychological and cultural factors

what its the function of the exhaustion stage?

the body is no longer able to resist the effects of the stressor, and the struggle to maintain adaptation drains all available energy

what is the function of the resistance stage?

the body stabilizes and responds in a manner opposite to that of the alarm stage. Hormone levels, heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output return to normal, and the body begins to repair damage. If the stress response is chronically activated causes excessive wear and tear on the person, and leads to chronic illness

how do we use therapeutic self as a nurse?

-nurse-patient relationship -basis of trust

what is an example of wellness?

-physical awareness -stress management -self-responsibility

what are examples of affective learning?

-role play, -discussion (one-on-one or group)

what components are needed in adult learning?

-self-directed -patient -cenered

how do we communicate with an older adult?

-sit or stand at eye level, in front of the patient in full view -face the older adult while speaking; do not cover your mouth. speak clearly -provide diffuse, bright, non glaring lighting -encourage the older adult to use his or her familiar assistive devices such as glasses or magnifiers

what are the factors influencing stress and coping?

-situation factors -maturational/ developmental factors -sociocultural factors -physical factors

what two words do people use interchangeably?

-spirituality -religion

what are the components of culture?

-the member of a cultural group share values and ways of thinking and acting -these values and ways of thinking and acting are different from those of people who are outside the group

what are the 4 predominant theories of aging?

-wear-and-tear -genetic -cellular malfunction -autoimmune reaction

what is an ideal learning environment?

-well lit -good ventilation -supportive chair or elevated head of bed -comfortable temperature -quiet -private

what can cause stress in the older adult?

day to day living can be a source of stress

during what part of the nursing process is discharge plans made?

during the planning stage -During planning arrangements for post-facility care must be made - allows time for coordination of services outside of the facility

when was the national patient safety goal established?

established in 2002 ti help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in regards to patient safety

is race and ethnicity the same?

ethnicity is different from race

who should not be used for interpretation services?

family and friends should not be used to provide interpretation services

what can provide comfort to the patient?

family presence

what does secondhand smoke from cigarettes and cigars cause?

heart disease and lung cancer in adults *number of health problems in infants and children, including:* -asthma -respiratory infections -ear infections -sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) *Smokeless tobacco causes a number of serious oral health problems, including cancer of the mouth and gums, periodontal disease, and tooth loss*

what does culture affect?

how people value, evaluate, and categorize life experiences

what is the teaching process plan?

identify goals and specific learning objectives

what is an example of illness prevention?

immunization program

is it possible to separate teaching from learning?

impossible to separate

how can cultural conflicts affect?

inhibit out learning and therefore inhibit out ability to provide culturally congruent care

what is culturally competent care?

is the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes to provide culturally congruent care

what is race?

limited to the common biological attributes shared by a group such as skin color

what is cellular malfunction theory?

malfunction in the cell causes changes in DNA leading to alteration of cell replication and impair a cell to function normally

when is teaching most effective?

most effective when it response to the learners needs -people learn and retain information if the information is immediately useful

what is another name for biculturalism?

multiculturalism

what is the function of the reticular formation?

neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord, continuously monitors the physiological status of the body through sensory and motor tracts

is spirituality and religion synonymous?

not synonymous

what is biculturalism?

occurs when an individual identifies equally with two or more cultures

what does best practice describe?

organizational use of evidence to improve practice.

what is the teaching process evaluate?

patient learning based on the goal and learning objectives

what is coping?

patients effort to manage stress

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which produces cortisol resulting in the release of Glucocorticoids to raise blood sugar levels and inhibit inflammation

what is the function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

rapidly elect heart rate and blood pressure

what do all state Nurse Practice Acts recognize?

recognize that patient teaching is within the scope of nursing practice

what is ethnicity?

refers to the common identity of a group of people based on their heritage -people may declare their ethnic identity to be irish, vietnamese, or brazilian -a shared ID related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space, and racial characteristics

what is religion?

refers to the system of organized beliefs and worship that a person practices to outwardly express spirituality

what does religion encompass?

religious practices encompass spirituality

what is the wear-and-tear theory?

repeated insults and the accumulation of metabolic wastes cause cells to wear out and cease functioning

what are all health care organizations required to do in regards to language services?

required to offer free language assistance, including bilingual staff or interpreter services to each patient with limited English proficiency. These services must be offered in a timely manner at all hours of operation at all points of contact. -Patients must be informed, in their preferred language, of their right to receive language assistance services both verbally and in written form.

what is stress a part of?

right-or-flight response

what is an example of health promotion?

routine exercise

what is family?

who ever the patient identifies as THEIR family/ significant other/ life mate or any other term the patient wishes

what are the discharge key points?

•Provide step-by-step descriptions of how to perform a procedure (e.g., home medication administration). •Reinforce explanations with printed instructions. •Review signs and symptoms of complications the patient needs to report to the health care provider •List names and phone numbers of health care providers and community resources to contact.

what is a classic example of the differences between western cultures and non-western cultures?

•The biomedical orientation of Western cultures emphasizes scientific investigation. •Non-Western cultures emphasize a holistic conceptualization of health and illness.

what is an example of components of ACTIVITY and EXERCISE do we put into the discharge plan?

-1 person assist with transfer, gait unsteady -Needs to begin teach/learn on use of a walker -Remind to use call light -Home has 3 steps in to entry -Home has 2 steps up to main floor -Bathroom on main floor -Bedroom on main floor

what are the components of teach-back?

-A way to make sure you—the health care provider—explained information clearly. -It is not a test or quiz of patients. -Ask a patient (or family member) to explain in their own words what they know or can do by demonstration -In a caring way. -A way to check for understanding and, if needed, re-explain and check again. -A research-based health literacy intervention that improves patient-provider communication and patient health outcomes

what are examples of situational factors?

-Arise from job changes, -caregiver stress

what must we ask older adults in regards to culture?

-Ask older adults how they like to be addressed. If in doubt, address them formally (e.g., Mr. Lin). -Determine the patient's preferences for touch. -Investigate the patient's preferences for silence. -Be aware of the patient's beliefs about eye contact during conversation.

what are the components of the nursing process assessment?

-Assess the patient's learning needs. -Assess the readiness and ability of patient/family. -Assess ability to read (literacy) and preferred language.

what is the healthy people 2020 major goals?

-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death -Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups -Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all -Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

how do cultural beliefs and rituals surrounding death apply to the nursing practice?

-Be aware of religious and cultural preferences when helping patients and families prepare for death. -Be sensitive to cultural perceptions regarding organ donation, viewing the body, and preparing for burial. -To provide culturally congruent care for patients who are preparing for death and for family members who are preparing for the death of a loved one: -Ask families about the rituals and ceremonies they use to help them cope with the death of a loved one.

how do we teach he older adult?

-Begin and end each teaching session with the most important information . -Provide written material printed in large type and in a color that contrasts highly with the background (e.g., black 14-point print on off white, light yellow or tan colored paper). Avoid blues and greens because they are more difficult to see. -Speak in a low tone of voice (lower tones are easier to hear than higher tones). -Provide specific information in small amounts.

what negative health outcomes and public health problem does substance abuse, involving drugs, alcohol or both, contributes to?

-Cardiovascular conditions -Pregnancy complications -Teenage pregnancy -Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) -Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -Domestic violence -Child abuse -Motor vehicle crashes -Homicide -Suicide

how is teaching a form of communication?

-Closely parallels the communication process -Depends partly on effective interpersonal communication -The learning objective describes what the learner will be able to accomplish after instruction is given. -Establishing trust is important for all patients, especially culturally diverse patients, before starting teaching sessions.

how does culture affect coping with stress?

-Culture defines what is stressful to an individual and ways of coping: What is a major stressor in one culture may be a minor problem in another culture -Some cultures believe emotions should be controlled where other cultures encourage expressing emotions.

how do we teach when cultural diversity is present?

-Cultures with a predominant orientation to the present include the Mexican American, Navajo Native American, Appalachian, Eskimo, and Filipino American cultures. -Schedules have to be very flexible in present-oriented societies. -Time constraints are not significant for cultures that are oriented to the present. -Advertising about specific classes may not be effective. -The nurse must be quite flexible, treat the culture's beliefs with respect, and not expect that cultural practices will change to reflect the nurse's needs.

what is an example of components of NUTRITION and FLUIDS do we put into the discharge plan?

-Diet 1,200 calories with no added salt -Adhering to diet with encouragement -Family needs consult with dietician to discuss diet and guide them about foods they can bring patient while in rehab from home

what are the components of clinical microsystems?

-Essential building blocks of larger organizations and of the health system. -The place where patients and providers meet. -The quality and value of care produced by a large health system can be no better than the services generated by the small systems of which it is composed. -The Microsystems's ability to provide superior, cost-effective care and at the same time create a positive and attractive working environment. -View the entire health care continuum as an elaborate network of microsystems that work together to reduce the burden of illness for the patient.

how do nurses utilize the evidence-based practice approach to provide patient care of the highest quality?

-Evidence-based practice is a guide for nurses in making clinical decisions -Implementing interventions based on scientific rationale.

where physiological components can stress be seen?

-Eye contact -Energy Level -Concentration -Sleep -Food intake -Emotions Observed -Verbal statements

what are the 3 major areas of patient education?

-Maintenance and promotion of health and illness prevention -Restoration of health -Coping with impaired functioning

where do the neurological responses originate from?

-Medulla oblongata -Reticular formation -Pituitary gland

when does hand-off communication occur?

-Occurs from off-going to on-coming nurse -A critical time, when nurses collaborate and share important information that ensures the continuity of care for a patient and prevents error or delays in providing nursing interventions.

what are the components of individualized aging?

-Perception of well-being defines quality of life. -Older patients' concept of health revolves around how they perceive their ability to function.

what are the variabilities among older adults?

-Physiological, cognitive, and psychosocial health -Levels of functional ability -Dependence vs. independence -Strengths and abilities

what are cultural care concepts?

-Providing culturally competent care requires seeking support from the patient's family. -It also requires seeking organizational support from inside the health care agency and from outside health care agencies.

what are some examples of coping implementation?

-REGULAR exercise -Guided Imagery and visualization -Healthy nutrition -Journal writing -Support system

what must components of documentation?

-Required to meet standards of The Joint Commission -Third party reimbursement may be determined by documentation.

what are cultural implications for nursing practice?

-Set culture care as a priority. -Approach patients and families in a culturally sensitive manner. -Engage in partnerships with patients and families. -Encourage the families and social networks of patients to serve as support for the patient.

what are examples of cultural question topics?

-Social organization -Socioeconomic status -Language and communication -Caring beliefs and practices

what is joint commissions SPEAK UP tip?

-Speak up if you have questions or concerns. -Pay attention to the care you get. -Educate yourself about your illness. -Ask a trusted family member or friend to be your advocate. -Know which medicines you take and why. -Participate in all decisions about your treatment.

what is the purpose of patient education?

-The goal of educating others about their health is to help individuals, families, or communities achieve optimal levels of health. -Patient education helps patients make informed decisions about their care and become healthier and more independent. -Nurses provide patients with information needed for self-care.

what are the different health impactions of nutrition, physical activity, and obesity prevention?

-The health impact of eating a healthful diet and being physically active cannot be understated. Together, a healthful diet and regular physical activity can help people: -Achieve and maintain a healthy weight -Reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke -Reduce the risk of certain forms of cancer -Strengthen muscles, bones, and joints -Improve mood and energy level

what is the nurse in charge of in regards to patient coping?

-The nurse is in charge of the environment of healing and should take responsibility for limiting noise, dimming lights at night, using minimal numbers of nurses to care for one patient, and keeping the area clean and comfortable. -Explain procedures briefly, using short, clear sentences providing only enough information to comfort the patient . -A patient who is ill cannot be expected to make the majority of decisions about the plan of care, but should be respected regarding autonomy and making choices as they are able.

what health impact, does data show, is related to substance abuse?

-The use of cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), amphetamines, and steroids have been linked to abnormal cardiovascular functioning, ranging from abnormal heart rate to heart attacks. -Approximately one-fourth of AIDS cases in the United States have resulted from injection drug use. -More than half of all people arrested in the United States, including for homicide, assault, and theft, test positive for illicit drugs. -Driving under the influence of illicit resulted in fatally injured drivers. -Prenatal drug exposure can result in premature birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, and a variety of behavioral and cognitive problems.

what is the health impact of tobacco use?

-Tobacco use in any form—even occasional smoking—causes serious diseases and health problems, including: -Several forms of cancer, including cancers of the lung, bladder, kidney, pancreas, mouth, and throat -Heart disease and stroke -Lung diseases, including emphysema, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -Pregnancy complications, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects -Gum disease -Vision problems

what is an example of components of SAFETY do we put into the discharge plan?

-Transfer to rehabilitation for continued 1 person assist with transfer, gait unsteady. -Side rails up and call light in reach - remind to use call light and not get up alone -Need to put rubber sole shoes on before getting out of bed

what are the basic learning principles?

-motivation to learn -desire or willingness to learn -ability to learn -physical and cognitive abilities, health, illness -learning environment -person able to engage in learning

what are the different culture variations?

-US Americans often greet each other with a firm handshake. -Native Americans see this as a sign of aggression -Touch outside of marriage is sometimes forbidden in older adults from the Middle East. -Eastern cultures value silence, whereas Western cultures are uncomfortable with silence. -European American cultures, direct eye contact is a sign of honesty and truthfulness. -Eye contact with older Native Americans is not allowed. -Older Asian adults sometimes avoid eye contact with authority figures because it is considered disrespectful -Direct eye contact between genders in Middle Eastern cultures is sometimes forbidden except between spouses.

what is spirituality?

-a complex concept that is unique to each individual; is dependent upon a person's culture, development, life experiences, beliefs, and ideas about life -self discovery, coping with life, relationships with others, hope, faith and many others

what are the 3 steps in the stress reaction?

-alarm reaction -resistance stage -exhaustion stage

what does restoration of health cover?

-anatomy and physiology of body system, -medications, -nutrition, -diagnostic examinations, -surgery

what is an example of racial classifications?

-asian -caucasian

what are the 5 steps of the eating process?

-assessment -nursing diagnosis -plan -implement -evaluate

what does ethnocentrism cause?

-bias -prejudice

what are common religious denominations?

-catholic -protestant -orthodox -jewish -hinduism

what are the 2 types of stress?

-chronic -acute

what are the 4 focuses that make up the 1 clinical decision in regards to evidence-based decision making?

-clinical expertise -information about patient preferences and values -evidence from research, evidence-based theories, clinical experts, and opinion leaders -evidence from assessment of patients history and physical and available health care resources

what are the 3 domains of learning?

-cogniive -affective -psychomotor

what are the different cultural concepts?

-culture -subcultures -ethnicity -emic worldview -etic worldview -enculturation -acculturation -assimilation -biculturalism

what are examples of psychomotor learning?

-demonstration, -practice, -return demonstration, -independent projects, -games

what are the components of personalized healthcare?

-describes medical treatments that are targeted to patients based on their specific genetic code on order to provide a tailored approach -these practices use preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that are based on genetic tests and family history -the goal of personalized healthcare is to improve health outcomes and the healthcare delivery system, as well as the individual's quality of life

what are hospital expected to do in regards to clinical alarm safety in phase 1 beginning 1-1-16?

-develop and implement policies and procedures regarding clinical alarms -educate staff in the organization about NEW alarm system management policies and procedures

what are examples of cognitive learning?

-discussion (one-on-one or group), -lecture, -question-and-answer session, -role play, -discovery, -independent project, -field experience

what are examples of sociocultural factors ?

-environmental -social -cultural stressors

what are hospital required to do in regards to clinical alarm safety in phase 1 beginning 1-1-14?

-establish alarm safety as organizational priority -identify the most important alarms to manage based on their own internal situations

what are cultural conflicts?

-ethnocentrism -cultural imposition

what impedes physical abilities?

-fatigue -discomfort

what does maintenance and promotion of health and illness prevention cover?

-first aid, -smoking/alcohol/substance abuse, -stress management, -nutrition, -exercise, -health screenings

what are examples of physical factors?

-health status -lifestyle -nutrition -exercise

what does the medulla oblongata control?

-heart rate -blood pressure -respiration

what is an example of chinese and southeast asians cultural healer and modalities?

-herbalist -acupuncturist -fortune teller -shaman

what is an example of asian indians cultural healer and modalities?

-herbalist -acupuncturist -fortune teller -shaman

what is obesity a major risk for?

-high blood pressure -high cholesterol -diabetes -heart disease -stroke -osteoarthritis Obesity also has been linked to many forms of cancer.

what does coping with impaired function cover?

-home care, -self-care, -physical therapy, -occupational therapy, -speech therapy, -prevention of complications, -environmental alterations

what does best practice include?

-including controlling or even reducing resource consumption -evidence is translated into day-to-day practice in a specific unit, office, floor

what are the different aids to communication?

-language access services

what are the components of ethnicity?

-members of an ethnic group feel a common sense of identity -ethnic identity is based on the language, geographic area, racial characteristics, and values of the group's heritage

what does hand-off communication provide?

A hand-off report provides an opportunity to share essential information to ensure patient safety and continuity of care.

what is a general adaption syndrome (GAS)?

An immediate physiological response of the whole body to stress; involves several body systems, especially the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems, and includes immunological changes -When the body experiences a physical demand, the pituitary gland initiates the GAS by communicating with the hypothalamus to secrete endorphins. Endorphin hormones act like morphine and opiates, which produce a sense of well-being

what is etic worldview?

An outsider's perspective

When using interpreter services, which factor should the nurse consider in order to effectively facilitate communication with clients who do not speak English? A. Use short questions that can be asked all at one time for the sake of efficiency. B. Also make note of the nonverbal communication of the clients. C. Encourage family members to interpret to promote client confidentiality. D. Address questions and maintain eye contact with the interpreter at all times.

B. Also make note of the nonverbal communication of the clients.

when does chronic stress?

Chronic stress occurs in stable conditions and results from stressful roles

what is the autoimmune reaction theory?

Immune system perceives some cells as foreign triggering an immune response to destroy the body's own cells

what is cognitive learning?

Includes all intellectual behaviors and requires thinking -knowledge

what is psychomotor learning?

Involves acquiring skills that require integration of mental and muscular activity

what is the legal responsibility of the nurse practice act?

Nurses are responsible for providing accurate, timely patient information that promotes continuity of care

what must be posted related to patient related information?

Patient-related information and signage must be posted in the service area of the health care organization in the languages of the groups that are commonly served

what is a subculture?

Represent various ethnic, religious, and other groups with distinct characteristics from the dominant culture

what is assimilation?

Results in varying degrees of affiliation with the dominant culture

what should a nurse do if a patient if experiencing SEVERE ANXIETY?

Safety of the patient is the priority concern, so the nurse should stay with the patient experiencing severe anxiety

what is enculturation?

Socialization into one's primary culture as a child

who sets the standards for patient and family education?

The Joint Commission

what is an example of the healthcare macrosystem?

The health care system is comprised of patients, providers, insurers, group purchasers such as employers and public programs like Medicare, medical suppliers, healthcare provider education and research institutions, all of them together comprise the Macrosystem of health care.

what is emic worldview?

The insider, or native, perspective

what is acculturation?

The process of adapting to and adopting a new culture

what does a cultural assessment require?

a comprehensive and thorough investigation of a patient's cultural values, beliefs, and practices

what is sexual orientation?

a continuum ranging from those who have a strong preference for a partner of he same sex to those who strongly prefer a partner of the opposite sec

who is the Patient safety advisory group comprised of?

a panel of widely recognized patient safety experts, including nurses, physicians, pharmacists, risk managers, clinical engineers, and other professionals with hands-on experience in addressing patient safety issues in a wide variety of healthcare settings

what do psychomotor skills require?

a patient to possess a level of strength, coordination, and sensory acuity

what is the chief benefit of a healthful diet and physical activity?

a reduction in the risk of obesity

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released from?

adrenal medulla

what is teaching?

an interactive process that promotes learning

what is the teaching process assessment?

analyze the patients needs, motivation, and ability to learn

where is the pituitary gland found?

attached to the hypothalamus

what is the U.S. population becoming more of?

becoming more and more culturally and ethically diverse

when does discharge begin?

begins at the time of admission assessment

what is the function of the alarm reaction?

brings an increase in blood volume, blood glucose levels, epinephrine and norepinephrine, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, oxygen intake, and mental alertness

what is stress?

can lead to personal growth or if overwhelming can lead to illness

what is culturally congruent care?

care that fits the person's valued life patterns and set of meanings

what type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

catecholamine hormones

what does cultural imposition cause?

causes people to use their own values and lifestyle as the absolute guide in dealing with patients and interpreting their behavior

what is the genetic theory?

cells have a preprogrammed number of cell divisions, that define the life of that cell and ultimately the time of naturally occurring death

how do we begin to understand cultural context?

consider the differences in how health, illness, and caring are viewed in Western cultures and non-Western cultures

what is culture?

the context for interpreting human experiences such as health and illness and provides direction for decision and actions -thoughts -communications -actions -customs -beliefs *INSTITUATION OF:* -racial groups -ethnic groups -religious groups -social groups

what is motivation?

the general willingness or desire of someone to do something (WITHIN A PERSON) -an idea, emotion or physical need to cause the person to desire to learn

who does the patient safety advisory group advise?

the joint commission on the development and updating of NPSGs and how to address emerging patient safety issues

what is learning?

the purposeful acquisition of knowledge, skills, behaviors, and attitudes

what are clinical macrosystems?

the set of all those organizations and individuals that strongly interact to accomplish a specified society public purpose

what are clinical microsystems?

the small, functional, front-line units that provide most health care to most people

what is the pathophysiology of stress?

the sympathetic nervous system prepares a person for action by: -increasing heart rate -diverting blood from the intestine and skin -increases blood to the brain and striated muscles -increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood sugar levels

what is the teaching process implement?

the teaching plan

how does health and illness reflect cultural patterns?

there are similarities and differences and dominant and variant cultural patterns amount these populations

what must we make sure we do when planning a discharge?

use clear, concise descriptions using words that the patient understands

how do we verify patient understanding?

use teach back and obtain feedback regarding discharge instructions

when is guided imagery used?

used as a means to create a relaxed state through the person's imagination, often using sensory words. Imagination allows the person to create a soothing and peaceful environment

what are examples of maturational/ developmental factors?

vary with life stages

when does stress occur?

when a patient is exposed to a tension-producing experience

when does ethnocentrism occur?

when people believe that their own way of life is superior to that of others

when does cultural imposition occur?

when people do not have cultural knowledge or they have cultural blindness about others