NURS 345 Exam 1 (Units 1-3)

look at the 6 dimensions of health for proteins on page 86 in your book

(didnt feel like typing it)

look at box 11.7 for tube feeding effects

***

read section on standards of international organizations such as WHO on page 12

******

go back and review pages 58, 59, 60

*******

the protein RDA for adults is ____ g/kg. for an average adult man, the RDA is ____ g to ____ g; for an average adult woman, the RDA is _____ g to ____ g. the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) suggests that protein consumption accounts for between _____% and ____% of energy intake.

0.8 56-63 46-50 10-35

as a general guideline, drugs should be given at least __-__ hours before or __ hours after meals unless the med causes ____ distress when taken on an empty stomach.

1-2 2 GI distress

what are the 4 goals of healthy people 2020?

1. Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. 2. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. 3. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. 4. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages.

the RDA for thiamin is ___ mg for men and ___ mg for women. lean ____, _____ or _____ ____ and _____, _____, _____, and _____ are good sources of thiamin (PWEGFLSN)

1.2 1.1 pork whole or enriched grains and flours legumes seeds nuts

the RDA for riboflavin is ____ mg for men and ____ mg for women. the body's need is r/t total ___ intake, ____ needs, body ____, _____ rate, and ____ rate. ____ is a major source of riboflavin. it is ____-sensitive and can also be lost in _____ water but is heat stable.

1.3 1.1 kcal energy size metabolic growth milk light cooking

the RDA for vitamin B6 is ___ mg for men and women and is based on ___ intake. good sources include ___ ___, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____ (WCLCFPE)

1.3 whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, and eggs

the UL of B6 is _____ mg/day. Megadose supplementation may cause ____ and _____ _____

100 ataxia and sensory neuropathy.

the AI of calcium for adults to age 50 is _____ mg and ____ mg for 50+. the RDA during pregnancy and lactation is _____ mg. what 3 groups are most at risk for calcium deficiency? (YPL)

1000 1200 1000 youth ages 11-24, pregnant, lactating

the recommended UL of vitamin E is ____ mg α-TE Megadoses can exacerbate _____ effect of drugs to reduce blood clotting. Supplementation is _______ with anticoagulant drugs.

1000 anticoagulant CI

the AI for vitamin K is ___ µg for men and ____ µg for women. this amount provides sufficient ____ storage. vitamin K is available through ___ sources and can be synthesized by _____ in GI tract; however, it still essential nutrient despite this. primary dietary sources include _____ _____ _____ ____; lesser amount are found in in ____ products, _____, _____, and ____ (DCMF)

120 90 liver food bacteria dark green leafy vegetables dairy products, cereals, meats, fruits

how many vitamins are needed by the body? each vitamin has a specific _____. do vitamins provide energy or assist in release of carbs, protein, or lipids? ***

13 function assist in release of carbs, protein, or lipids

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for carbohydrates is ___ g/day for adults between 19 and 30 years of age.

130

the RDA for vitamin D is ____ µg. for newborns through 1 year, an AI of ___ µg is recommended. the RDA for people ages 70+ jumps to ___ µg. vitamin D is available through body ____ or from _____ sources. the exposure of skin to ultraviolent light begins the conversion process of the vitamin D precursor ___-_______ which is found in our skin to ____ which is the active form of vitamin D. the amount of vitamin D produced depends on the length of _____, ____ conditions, skin _____, ____, ___, and _____

15 10 20 synthesis dietary 7-dehydrocholesterol Cholecalciferol length of exposure to ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric conditions, skin pigmentation, sunscreen, clothing, and age

the RDA for vitamin E (measured as alpha-tocopherol equivalents [α-TE]) is ____ mg α-TE for adults. the best sources are ____ oils (corn, soy, safflower, canola, cottonseed) and _____. ____ ___, ____, ___, ____ ___, and ___ ___ ___ provide adequate amounts of vitamin E. (VMWSNWG)

15 vegetable oils and margarine whole grains, seeds, nuts, wheat germ, green leafy vegetables

the AI for sodium is ____ mg/day for adults which is about ___ tsp of salt. the AI lowers to ____ mg for adults aged 51-70. sources of sodium include ____, ____ foods, and may even occur ____ in some foods

1500 3/4 1300 salt processed naturally

how many essential minerals are there? what 2 categories are they divided in?

16 major trace

on the basis of amount of each mineral in the composition of our bodies, the ____ essential minerals are divided into two categories: ____ minerals that must be consumed in the diet in amounts of 100 mg or higher AND ___ minerals that are required in daily amounts less than or equal to 20 mg.

16 major trace

how long does it take for nutrients to move from our plate to our cells in total from ingestion to elimination?

16-27 hours

Desired BMI range for healthy adults is ___ to ___ kg/m2. BMIs of ___ to ___ kg/m2 are approximately 20% above desirable levels.

18.5-24.9 25-29.9

what are the 4 levels of the dysphagia diet

1: pureed 2: mechanically altered 3: advanced 4: regular

contamination of water is another problem with water quality. pollution can stem from industrial sites or bacterial. to reduce the chances that lead will leak into drinking water, run the water for __ mins after it has been standing in pipes and use only ___ water for drinking, cooking, and preparing baby formula

2 cold

gastric motility, or movement of the food mass through the stomach, requires __ to ___ hours. the churning and mixing of the food mass with gastric juices create a semiliquid mixture called _____. when this enters the pyloric portion of the stomach, it causes distention and the release of the hormone ____ which sends a message that ______ _____ is needed to continue the breakdown of the substance.

2-6 chyme gastrin hydrochloric acid

how many amino acids are required to create all necessary protein to maintain life?

20

there are __ AA from which all the proteins that are required by plants and animals are made. there are __ essential AA that cannot be made by the body and must be eaten in food, digested, absorbed and then brought to cells by circulating blood. there are ___ nonessential AA that can be created by the _____ as long as structural components, including nitrogen, from other AA are available. the _____ ___ ___ is a collection of AA that is constantly resupplied with EAA from dietary intake and NEAAs from the liver.

20 9 11 liver amino acid pool

___-___ g of fiber is recommended for a healthy gut and to decrease risk of CVD

20-30

the UL for sodium is ____ mg. excessive sodium levels consumed from diets based on highly processed foods and high-sodium foods may be enough to initiate ____ in sodium-sensitive individuals. excessive sodium may also cause _____.

2300 HTN edema

dietary intake assessment in which the patient is asked by a trained interviewer to report all food and drinks consumed during the past 24 hours

24 hour recall

what are the 3 methods of a dietary intake assessment? (2FK)

24-hour recall food records kcal counts

dietary cholesterol accounts for about ___% of the cholesterol in the body. the rest is made by the _____ and is produced in relation to how much is needed. the only food sources of cholesterol are _____ sources such as beef, pork, chicken, lunch meat, eggs, fish, dairy

25 liver animal

what is the recommended adequate intake for fiber (AI)? what is the average intake?

25-38 g/day 15 g/day this is a problem

when lipid emulsions are added to dextrose and AA mixtures, the resulting solution is called a ___-__-___ mixture or a _____ ____ ____

3 in one total nutrient admixtures (TNA)

the UL for niacin is ___ mg NE per day. when niacin is overconsumed, _____ and _____ occur. niacin has been used therapeutically because megadoses may lower total ____ level, decrease ___ levels, and increase ___ levels. Monitoring is necessary to prevent ___ damage, _____, and ____

35 vasodilation flushing cholesterol LDL HDL liver gout arthritis

what is the kilocalorie value per gram of the following: carbs proteins lipids/fats alcohol

4 4 9 7

Zinc has a UL of ___ mg. excess supplementation produces ____ distress, leading to _____, ____, ____, and ____ (flu-like). continual excessive use decreases ____ and ___ levels and reduces ____ levels.

40 GI vomiting diarrhea fever exhaustion iron copper HDL

for safe food handling, storage, and holding, food temps should be maintained at less than ____ deg F or more than ____ deg F. what are the top 5 causes of food poisoning? (NSCCS)

40-140 · Norovirus · Salmonella species · Clostridium perfringens · Campylobacter species · Staphylococcus aureus

TOTAL fat intake for an average daily kcal intake of 2000 to 2500 kcals should range from about ____ to ____ g or less (400 to 875 kcal or less) per day. SATURATED fat should be ___ to ___ g or less (180 to 225 kcal or less) per day. for children younger than 5, at least ___% of kcals as fat

40-97 20-25 20

the RDA for folate is ____ µg. Physiologic state affects folate needs: RDA of ____ µg during pregnancy; RDA of ____ µg for lactation needs. folic acid is fortified in ____ ____ products. risks outweight benefits in fortification masking _____ deficiency in OA.

400 600 500 cereal grain cobalamin/B12

the RDA for Mg is ___ mg for men 31+ and _____ mg for women 31+. good sources of Mg include ____ foods, whole ____, ____, ____ ____ ____, and ____ (UGLGB). ____ water can be a signficant source of Mg.

420 320 unprocessed grains legumes green leafy veggies broccoli hard

calculate the calories of the following: 45 g protein 14 g carbs 14 g fat what is the total?

45 x 4 = 180 14 x 4 = 56 14 x 9 = 126 total = 362

what is the AMDR for the following: carbs fat protein

45%-65% 20%-35% 10%-35%

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is __% to __% of kcal intake per day as primarily complex carbohydrates.

45-65

the AI for potassium is ____ mg/day. sources of potassium include ____ foods, ____, ____, ___, ___, other ____, ___, ___ products, and ____ (UPTBOFVDL)

4700 unprocessed foods, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, other fruits, vegetables, dairy products, legumes

the dietary guidelines for americans are updated every ___ years and are for intended for healthy americans older than ___ years of age. These guidelines serve as the foundation of federal _____ policy and ______.

5 2 nutrition education

tube feedings are used to combat malnutrition risk in which a patient will have __ days or longer of inadequate or reduced oral intake. it is also used with severe ____, major ____. short ____, intestinal _____, and other situations that preclude oral intake.

5 dysphagia burns gut fistulas

how long does it take chyme to pass through the small intestine

5 hours

how many kcal/g does salatrim have? what about olestra?

5 kcal/g 0 kcal/g

water constitutes ___% to __% of adult weight. in infants, water constitues ___% to ___% of their weight. _____, or physiologic equilibrium, is maintained by the ____ mechanism and the reaction to ___ and __ levels. thirst stimulates the desire to _____ and this mechanism is controlled by the _____. as the water level in the body gets low, sodium and solute levels in the blood increase/decrease which causes water to be drawn from salivary glands to provide more fluid for blood. the mouth then feels dry because less ___ is produced. if the thirst mechanism is faulty, ______ mechanisms conserve water by reducing urine output which is possible during ______, ______ ____, or ______.

50-60 75-80 homeostasis thirst Na+ K+ drink hypothalamus increase saliva hormonal illness, physical exertion, or aging

there is moderate nutrition risk for adults ages ____-___ years old and for children older than ____. there is high nutrition risk for adults ____ years or older and children younger than ____.

65-75 5 75 5

a primary aspect of carb metabolism is the maintenance of BG homeostasis between ____ and ___ mg/dL. sources of BG, the most common sugar in the blood, may be ____ and _____. dietary _____ and ____ carbs provide BG after digestion and absorption; glycogen stored in the liver and muscle tissues is converted back to glucose in a process called _______. intermediate carb metabolotes are also a source of BG such as _____ acid and ____ acid which occur when muscle glycogen is used for energy. _____ is the process of producing glucose from fat. ____ ____ is a source of energy to all cells. the conversion of glucose to fat is ______.

70-100 carb noncarb starches simple glycogenolysis lactic pyruvic gluconeogenesis blood glucose irreversible

the RDA for PO4 is ____ mg/day for men and women 19+. good sources of phosphorus are ____-rich foods such as _____, _____, _____, ____, _____, _____ ____ (DEMFPC)

700 protein dairy, eggs, meat, fish, poultry, and cereal grains.

how many essential (must be consumed in foods) amino acids are there? where are they found? what are some examples? (MFPMC GLSNV)

9 plant and animal sources animal: meat, fish, poultry, milk, cheese plant: grains, legumes, seeds, nuts, veggies

how much water should we consume per day from foods and beverages?

9-13 cups

how long does passage through the large intestine take

9-16 hours

the RDA of vitamin C is ___ mg for men, ____ mg for women, and ___ mg for smokers. the minimum daily requirement to prevent scurvy is __ mg. ____ and ____ provide 95% of the vitamin C we consume

90 75 125 10 fruits and veggies

approximately ___% of lipids in foods and in our bodies are in the triglyceride form of fat

95

what is the daily recommendation of dietary cholesterol per day? what about if LDL level is increased?

> 300 mg > 200 mg

folate is required for the synthesis of ____ ___, ____, and ____. folate forms the ____ portion of hemoglobin. it has a role in proper formation of _____ ____ ___ which affects brain and spinal cord development and helps prevent _____ ____ and _______ in fetuses

AA DNA RNA heme fetal neural tubes spina bifida anencephaly

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

ADEK

some fats contain or transport the fat-soluble nutrients of vitamins __, __, __, and __ and some ___ ___ ___

ADEK essential fatty acids (EFA)

who created the nutrition care process? what are the 5 parts?

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics ADIME

acute inflammation of severe degree (FEVER, BURNS, OA, DM)

Acute disease- or injury-related malnutrition

_____ ____ are absolutely necessary to make the thousands of proteins that form every aspect of the human body.

Amino acids

a deficiency of pyridoxine is rare and is usually accompanied by low intake of other ___ vitamins. what are 6 symptoms? (DAWPCM)

B dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia

What are the 3 water soluble vitamins?

B complex choline C

what are 2 examples of synthetic antioxidants

BHA BHT

ratio of weight to height and has been associated with overall mortality and nutrition risk; a gauge of total body fat NOT body composition

BMI

disease caused by thiamine deficiency

Beriberi

elevations of blood lipids, whether formed by the body or consumed in dietary sources, make up a risk factor for developing what disease?

CAD

what are 7 diseases that can result from excess lipid consumption? (CCHAHMS) ***

CAD cancer HTN atherosclerosis HLD MI stoke/CVA

dietary recommendations from the AHA focus on lifestyle and dietary factors that affect risk factors for _____. dietary recommendations from the ACS center on issues r/t cancer ______. All recommendations tend to suggest reducing intake of ______ fat, ____ fat, _____ fat, _______, _____, _____, and excessive _____. it recommends to increase intake of healthier ____, ______, _____ carbs, ____, and _____

CAD development saturated trans total cholesterol sodium sugar kcal fats fiber complex carbs fruits veggies

fats digestion in the small intestine: fats entering the duodenum initiate the release of ______ that causes the GB to release bile into small intestine for fat breakdown. mechanical digestion through ____ action allows increased exposure to ____ ____ which is the primary digestive enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into FA, monosaccharides, and glycerol molecules. some fats may pass through ______ and are then excreted

CCK muscular pancreatic lipase undigested

trans fat consumption appears to increase risk for ____. risk is increased because the trans fat raises the blood cholesterol component _____ that delievers cholesterol throughout the body and while doing so may contribute to ___ formation in the arteries. trans fat also decreases the blood cholesterol component _____ that removes excess and used cholesterol from the body.

CVD LDL plaque HDL

high fat diets are directly r/t ____ disease and certain types of ____. they are indirectly r/t _____ and _____. the DRI daily recommendations are to eat a total fat intake of ____% or less of kcal, am intake of saturated FA less than ___% of kcal, and less than ___ mg of cholesterol.

CVD cancer DMII HTN 30 10 300

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

chronic inflammation of mild to moderate degree (CANCER)

Chronic disease-related malnutrition

vitamin B12

Cobalamin

the vegan dietary pattern can provide all the essential nutrients except vitamins ____ and ____, _____, and ____-__ ____. other deficiencies could include _____ and ___ which are minerals consumed in meat, fish, and poultry.

D B12 calcium omega-3 FA iron zinc

vitamins, except for vitamin __, are/are not synthesized by the body and are ____ nutrients that must be provided through dietary intake.

D are not essential

limiting foods that produce a high glycemic index and overall high glycemic load may reduce risk of chronic diseases such as ______, _____ disease, and diet-related cancers of the ____ and ____.

DMII CV colon breast

sometimes ordered post-op Patient preferences and current situation are taken into consideration Nurse, patient and RD should collaborate

Diet as tolerated or Advance as tolerated

requires the FDA to prove that a dietary supplement is unsafe or adulterated or has false or misleading labeling

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

the protein RDA provides for sufficient intake of ______ and enough total protein to provide the amino groups needed to build new _____. other factors that affect the protein RDA include _____, _____, _____ state, and ____ of protein.

EAAs NEAAs age (children = more) gender (men = more) physiologic (prego/lact) source (animals)

tube is surgically inserted into neck and extends to stomach.

Esophagostomy

organ of the digestive system that forms an open tube that runs from mouth to the anus; also called the alimentary canal

GI tract

how does a patient w/ a tube feeding need to be positioned? why?

HOB @ 30-45 degrees to prevent aspiration

Examples of health claims: · Potassium and reduced risk of _____ · Whole grains are related to reduced risk of ____ disease and certain ___. · A diet with enough calcium is related to a lower risk of _____ · A diet rich in fiber can reduce ____ disease and reduce risk of some ____ · Folic acid decreases risk of _____ ____ ____ · Fluoridated water reduces the risk of ____ _____ (more on page 33)

HTN heart, cancers osteoporosis. heart, cancers neural tube defects dental caries

_____ system controls glucose metabolism and blood glucose level regulation

Hormonal

deficiencies of biotin are unknow if typical north american diet is consumed, but it is possible with ____ feedings and long-term ____ use. deficiency is possile with large intake of ____ from raw egg whites; it is denatured by _____. symptoms include _____, ____ loss, ____ loss, ____, and ______ (RHADG)

IV antibiotic avidin heat rash hair appetite depression glossitis

foods are moist, softened, and easily chewed meats are grounded and served with gravy/sauce or soft salads like tuna

Level 2 Dysphagia Mechanically Altered

hard, dry, sticky, crunchy foods omitted

Level 3 Dysphagia Advanced

what is an example of balance?

MyPlate

series of studies designed to assess the health and nutrition status of adults and children in the US

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

vitamin B3

Niacin

iron is responsible for distributing ____ throughout the body. it depends on the iron in the _____ (an oxygen transporting protein) of RBCs to bring O2 to all cells. ____ (an O2 transporting protein) holds O2 in the muscle cells for quick use when needed. because of its ability to change ionic charges, iron also assists ___ in the use of O2 by all cells of the body.

O2 hemoglobin myoglobin enzymes

What is niacin deficiency?

Pellagra

vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

vitamin B2

Riboflavin

federal government program that provides nutrition counseling and supplemental foods, as well as referrals to other health care and social services, to women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and to infants and children up to the age of 5 who are at nutritional risk

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

chronic starvation without inflammation (ANOREXIA)

Starvation-related malnutrition

federal government program that provides individuals and families whose income is below certain levels with nutrition assistance

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

_____ requires all admits be screened for nutritional concerns within ___ house of admission. This screening ID whether patients have ____ or ____ ___. what 4 hospital personnel can screen patients? (NRDD) A referral to a RD is necessary when a patient shows signs of ____ ____, especially unintended ____ ___ or poor _____.

TJC 48 malnutrition nutrition risk nurse, RD, DT, doctor nutritional risk weight loss appetite

vitamin B1

Thiamine

what is niacins precursor?

Tryptophan

______ leave the liver cells full of fats and lipid compoents to transfer newly made (endogenous) trigylcerides to the cells. ____ form from these because density is reduced as fats and lipids are released on their journey through the body and carrues cholesterol through the body to tissue cells for various functions. in contrast, ____ is formed within cells to remove cholesterol from the cell, bringing it to the liver for disposal

VLDL LDL HDL

a servere deficiency of thiamine may cause a cerebral form of beriberi called ______-_____ ______.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

a dietary intake component of NHANES that works in partnership with the USDA and the DHSS

What We Eat in America (WWEIA)

Process by which substances pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph

absorption

what are 2 roles of the nurse in CAM medicine?

accept without judgement refer to CAM nutritionists

daily percentage energy intake values for the macronutrients fat, carbs, and protein

acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

ketosis can create an ____-____ ____ or ___ in diabetics

acid-base imbalance DKA

occurs when fluid pressures work against the passage of nutrients and requires energy

active transport

limitations to BMI: 1. has not been validated in ____ ill patients 2. may underestimate body fat in ____ ______ and others who have lost _____ ____ 3. may overestimate body fat in those who have a _____ build 4. ______ _____ is a potential modifier because the risk of all-cause mortality is lowest in the overweight category

acutely OA muscle mass muscular cardiorespiratory fitness

the approximate level of an average nutrient intake determined by observation of or experimentation with a particular group or population that appears to maintain good health; used when there is insufficient data to set an RDA

adequate intake (AI)

what is the storage form of fat that provides important fuel during illness or times of food restriction and is a major energy source for muscle work

adipose tissue

myplate is an internet-based interactive tool providing recommendations based on a person's _____, _____, and ____ level.

age sex activity

what are 5 areas to consider for nutrition risk? (AWLSF)

age weight lab tests systems feeding modalities

what are 4 risk factors for drug-nutrient interactions (APPI)

age (OA c polypharm and dec physiologic status) physiologic status (GI, liver, kidney disorders) polypharmacy (multiple drug intake) typical diet intake

the ______ represents the willingness to attempt to change a health-related behavior. the advantage of contracting is that the goal or behavior change is clearly _____ and ____. example: drink 8 glasses of water a day for a week to relieve constipation

agreement defined observable

vitamin C is destroyed by ____, ____, and _____.

air light heat

the risk of pellegra is increased by excessive _____ consumption and _____ syndromes. it can occur s/t to _____ ____

alcohol malabsorption anorexia nervosa

what are 4 populations at risk for vitamin C deficiency? (ADSO)

alcoholics drug users smokers OA

what is a drawback of GMOs?

allergic reactions

what 7 patients are at risk for beriberi? (ADPHPAG)

alocholics dialysis parenteral nutrition HIV/AIDS persistent vomiting anorexia nervosa gastrectomy

therapies used instead of conventional medicine ex: herbs over medications

alternative

nonnutritive substances produced to be sweet tasting; however, they provide no nutrients and few, if any kcal

alternative sweeteners

compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

amino acids

proteins in PN are in the form of _____ _____ as a mixture of essential and nonessential _____. there are many different concentrations

amino acids crystalline

what is excess protein broken down into? they are then used for ____ or broken down further in metabolic processes and are either stored as body ____ or _____. ****

amino acids energy fat excreted

what 8 types of drugs are appetite suppressants? (AAAAAAMS) (prob dont have to know)

amphetamines antidysrhythmics antibiotics antuidepressants antihistamines antiHTN muscle relaxants stimulant/ADHD

substance secreted by the salivary glands that digests carbs/starches

amylase

the process of synthesis from which substances are formed such as bone or muscle tissue

anabolism

most protein functions are the result of catabolism/anabolism in cells. what two hormones affect anabolism? what hormone affects catabolism? liver cells begin the process of catabolism through ______ which results in the breaking off of an AA group from an AA molecule, resulting in one molecule each of ammonia and a keto acid. the liver converts ammonia to ___ which is ____ in urine

anabolism GH + testosterone ACTH deamination urea excreted

_____ is the synthesis of lipids and is also called ______, resulrs in the formation of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and prostaglandins for use throughout the body. triglycerides and phosphates form from FA and glycerol or from excess glucose or AA.

anabolism lipogenesis

only foods from _____ sources contain cholesterol

animal

dietary sources of vitamin D include ___-related foods such as ____, ___ ___, ____ ___, ___, and fortified ____. (BEFLM) ___ may need to supplement.

animal butter, egg yolks, fatty fish, liver, fortified milk vegans

what is a source of all dietary cholesterol? what is a source of blood cholesterol?

animal products (NOT PLANTS) made by body

Simple, noninvasive techniques to measure height, weight, head circumference, and skinfold thickness

anthropometric measurements

_____ are proteins produced in response to foreign viruses and bacteria that invade the body. our _____ to disease depends on proteins formed within our bodies

antibodies resistance

what 6 drugs does folate interact with? (AOACNA)

anticonvulsants OC ASA chemo NSAIDs antacids

what 5 types of drugs are appetite stimulants? (AABST) (prob dont have to know)

antidepressants antihistamines bronchodilators steroids tranquilizers

vitamin E acts as an ______, protecting polyunsaturated FA and vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized itself and particularly protectings the ___ and ___ blood cell membranes d/t being exposed to so much oxygen. other functions are performed as part of a system in conjunction with _____ and _____ ____ (vit C).

antioxidant lungs red selenium ascorbic acid

another way ti preserve PUFAs without hydrogenation is to use ______ additives which slow the oxidation process (the breakdown of double bonds by oxygen)

antioxidants

____ is the name for a group of symptoms associated with riboflavin deficiency. the lips become ____, cracks develop in the corners of the mouth which is called ______, the tongue becomes inflammed, swollen, and purple-red called ______, and _____ ___ results which is a skin condition characterized by greasy scales.

ariboflavinosis swollen cheilosis glossitis seborrheic dermatitis

increased iron absorption occurs when dietary sources are consumed with foods containing ____ ____. consuming iron from one/several source (s) improve absorption of the total iron amount of heme and nonheme iron. absorption of nonheme iron increases/decreases in the prescence of heme iron.

ascorbic acid/ vit C several increases

where does beriberi still occur? why? what has virutually eliminated it in the US?

asia; rice is low in thiamine enriched flour

addresses the value of eating a variety of foods from every food group

assortment

an adequate eating pattern takes into account what 3 things? (ABN)

assortment balance nutrient density

what are 5 symptoms of beriberi? (APAMT)

ataxia pain anorexia mental deterioration tachy

long periods of PN without enteral feedings result in ____ of the GI tract. Minimal _____ intake is encouraged to help maintain normal GI tract physiology and gut mucosal immunity. Enteral intake should be _____ during weaning.

atrophy enteral documented

provides foods from all the food groups in quantities so essential nutrients are consumed in proportion to one another and ensures that energy plus nutrient needs will equal the intake of energy and nutrients to satisfy adequacy

balance

secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder released to emulsify fats and aids in the digestion of lipids

bile

what is required for fat-soluble vitamins to be absorbed in the small intestine

bile

____ ___ assist movement of lipids to villi. once micelles diffuse through the membrane wall, fatty acids and glycerol re-form into _______. these are encorporated into ______, which are the 1st lipoprotein formed after absorption from food and are transported through the lymphatic system to the circulatory system. at the cell membranes, the triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by the enzyme ______ ____. cells can either use the absorbed FA immediately as ____ or reform them into triglycerides to be _______.

bile salts triglycerides chylomicrons lipoprotein lipase fuel stored

factors that inhibit iron absorption include consumption of foods that contain ______, ____ in plants, continual use of ______ and excessive intakes of other ______, and ____ or the consumption of nonnutritive substances

binders tannis antacids pica

what are 2 factors that affect the absorption of nutrients (BR)

bioavailability relationship b/t food and drug absorption

_____ tests provide a cursory assessment of nutrition risk. an albumin level of ____-___ g/dL indicates moderate risk and a level of ____ g/dL indicates a high risk

biochemical 3-3.5 <3

match the factor that affects malnutrition to its appropriate example: (biologic, environmental, social, economic) 1. maternal malnutrition 2. ignoring nutrient needs of kids 3. poverty and socioeconomic status 4. infections affecting absorption 5. polluted water 6. child abuse and neglect 7. unemployment 8. eating disorders, esp anorexia nervosa 9. famine 10. chronic diarrhea 11. little education 12. toxins 13. drug abuse 14. lack of food, particularly protein 15. improper farming 16. social isolation 17. alcoholism 18. wars

biologic social economic biologic environmental social economic social environmental biologic economic biologic social biologic environmental social social social

what are 4 factors that cause malnutrition (BSEE)

biologic social economic environmental

the _____ ____ measures how much nitrogen from a protein food is retained by the body after digestion, absorption, and excretion and reveals how abailable the protein of that food is to the body. an ____ has the highest reference protein score of 100. the _____ ____ ____ is a simple measure of the AA composition of a food in comparision with a reference protein and is based on the _____ _____ ____ of the food. a third method of assessing protein quality is the _____ ____ ___ (PER) in which weight gain is compared (divided) with (by) protein intake

biologic value egg amino acid score protein efficiency ratio

therapies that encompass materials found in nature such as nutrients, foods, and herbs and incorporate dietary supplements, alterantive dietary patterns, aromatherapy, and other natural treatments

biologically based therapies

vitamin that plays an important role in CHO, fat, and protein metabolism

biotin

some fluid in the body is used to form what 3 things? (BLC)

blood lymph cell structure

vitamin K is a cofactor in the synthesis of ____-____ factors. protein formation in _____, _____, and ____ also depends on the actions of vitamin K.

blood-clotting bone, kidneys, and plasma

center portion of the stomach

body

method of feeding that involves infusing volumes of formula (250-500 mL) by gravity or syringe over short periods; greater potential for aspiration, regurgitation, and GI side effects; should not be used for intestinal feedings

bolus infusion

calcium deficiency primarily affects ___ health, reduces ____, and stunts ____. for adults, long-term deficiency may be one of the risk factors for _____, a multifactorial systemic skeletal disorder in which bone density is reduced and the remaining bone is brittle and breaks easily. the most recognizable characteristic of osteoporosis is the _____ ____ which comes from vertebrae in the spine collapsing and the spine being unable to support the weight of the head.

bone density growth osteoporosis dowager's hump

most of the magnesium in the body is found in our ____, providing structure and storage functions. Mg+ assists hundreds of _____ and also regulates ___ and __ functions, including the actions of the _____. it also has a role in the ____ ___ process and in the ___ system.

bones enzymes nerve muscle heart blood clotting immune

99% of calcium is found in our _____ serving structural and storage functions. the other 1% is released into body _____ when blood passes through bones. other functions include _____ function, muscle _____ and ____, formation of _____, and _____ regulation

bones fluids CNS contraction relaxation clots BP

most of the phosphorus in our body (85%) is in our _____ and ____ as a component of _____, a natural mineral structure. the other 15% has functions in ____ transfer, as part of ____ and ____, as a ___-____ ____, and as a component of ______ used for transport and structure.

bones teeth hydroxyapatite energy DNA, RNA acid-base buffer phospholipids

the outer layer of a kernel that is an excellent source of cellulose dietary fiber and contains magnesium, riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B6, and some protein

bran

blood proteins can ____ the effects of fluids to maintain a safe acidic level in body fluids. the ability of protein to maintain the balance between the acidic and base characteristics of fluid is called the _____ ___ of protein. proteins maintain a delicate ___ level to ensure proper functioning of all body systems

buffer buffering effect pH

what occurs if calcium is at toxic levels? what about deficiency?

calcium rigor calcium tetany

what are the 7 major minerals (CCMPPSS)

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

high fat foods are almost always high ____ foods because fats are the most concentrated source of food energy, supplying ___ kcal/g. the DRIs based on AMDRs recommend that we eat ___% to ___% of kcals from fats, with ___% or more of kcals from saturated fats

calorie 9 20-30 10

saturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are associated with an increased risk for _____

cancer

chromium has a role in ___ metabolism as a constituent of glucose tolerance factor that facilitates insulin reaction. the AI is ____ µg for men and ____ µg for women. sources include ____-derived foods (eggs) and ____ ___. chromium is lost in _____ ____, especially when wheat is refined to white flour

carb 35 25 animal whole grains food processing

what are the 6 categories of nutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins, minerals, water

organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the form of simple carbohydrates or sugars

carbs

which nutrient is a major source of energy and dietary fiber

carbs

what are the 4 exchange lists for meal planning? each list or exchange contains sizes of _____ for foods of that category and each size provides similar amount of _____, _____, ___, and ___

carbs meat meat substitues fats servings carbs fat protein kcal

what 3 nutrients provide the body with energy

carbs, fats, proteins

at the bottom of the esophagus, the _____ ____ controls the movement of the bolus from the esophagus into the stomach and prevents acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward back through the esophagus

cardiac sphincter

a natural fat replacer that is a carb extracted from seaweed and is used to thicken foods

carrageenan

the breakdown of food components into smaller molecular particles which causes the release of energy as heat and chemical energy

catabolism

_____ is the breakdown of lipids for energy and involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides into 2-carbon units that become part of _____ ___ which is an important intermediate byproduct in metabolism formed from the breakdown of glucose, FA, and certain amino acids. this then enters the series of reactions called the ____ cycle, eventually leading to the oxidation of the carbon and hydrogen atoms derived from FA to CO2 and water with the release of energy as _____. if fat catabolizes quickly bc of a lack of carb (glucose) for energy, the liver cells form intermediate products from the partial oxidation of FA called _____ ____. these may excessively accumulate in the blood, causing a condition called _____.

catabolism acetyl CoA TCA ATP ketone bodies ketosis

3 parts of the large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum

what are 2 functions of phospholipids? (CE)

cell membrane structure emulsifiers

residue may include undigested substances such as _____ and other dietary _____. undigested ____ may combine with dietary minerals such as calcium and magnesium to form residue. other residue may include ____, ____, _____, and ____.

cellulose fibers fats water bacteria pigments mucus

PN given through a large-bore vein such as the SVC or subclavian vein

central PN (CPN)/TPN

_____ is called the linking of 2 behaviors. if 2 actions consistently occur together, they often become linked or tied to each other, becoming one behavior or habit. ex: animal protein portions being linked to the deck of cards

chaining

type of digestion that occurs through the action of saliva that not only moistens the foods we chew but also contains amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestive process of starches

chemical digestion

natural fat replacers do not change _____ and thus require less rigorous testing before the FDA allows them to be used in foods. what are 2 examples of natural fat replacers?

chemically simplesse carrageenan

iron deficiencies are common among ____ age females, ____ girls, and _____. ____-_____ ____ is characterized by microcytes or small, pale RBCs and indicates that the H&H is so low that the O2 amount carried in the blood is decreased and the person is pale, tired, and anemic. with this, ____ ____ may be difficult d/t the lack of O2 for muscles to use. _____ functioning is reduced and ______ delays can occur in children. the ___ system is compromised and one may experience ____ sensitivity.

childbearing teenage children iron-deficiency anemia physical activity cognitive developmental immune cold

a vital part of cell membranes and nerve tissues and serves as a building block for hormones

cholesterol

what are the 9 trace minerals? (CCFIIMMSZ)

chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

a continual experience of undernutrition/not enough food to eat

chronic hunger

____ transport absorbed fats from the intestinal wall to the liver cells. fats are then used for the synthesis of _____

chylomicrons lipoproteins

what are 2 nutrient transport systems (CL)

circulatory lymphatic

hydrogenation changes the structure of some of the FA from ____ FA (natural) to ___ FA (unnatural)

cis trans

excellent sources of vitamin C include ___ fruits, red and green _____, ____, _____, _____, ____, and other ____ ____ ____. (CPSTPBG)

citrus peppers strawberries tomatoes potatoes broccoli green leafy veggies

diet that includes foods that are clear and liquid at room or body temperature and prevents dehydration and keeps colon residue at a minimum

clear liquid

deficiency of vitamin K inhibits blood _______. deficiencies may be caused by _____ disorders, ____-___ interactions, and long-term _____ therapy. US hospitals routinely give ______ an IM injection of vitamin K to prevent hemorrhagic disease. research is investigating whether vitamin K has a role in _____

coagulation malabsorption drug-nutrient antibiotic newborns osteoporosis

Excess folate or folic acid intake not recommended or warranted. it may mask _____ deficiency which is called _____ _____. folates UL for men and women is _____ µg of folic acid.

cobalamin pernicious anemia 1000

vitamin C functions as a _____ and ____ in which it prevents damage to vascular walls by free radicals, thereby limiting atherosclerosis. it plays a role in ____ formation and _____ ____. it enhances the absorption of _____ _____ found in plant foods. it aids in _____ and ____ hormone synthesis. it is also known to cause a possible reduction in ____ development. some conversion processes depend on vitamin C such as tryptophan to ______, cholesterol to ____, and folate to its ____ form. evidence does not support reduced incidence of common cold, but may decrease duration and severity of symptoms

coenzyme antioxidant collagen wound healing nonheme iron thyroid adrenal cancer serotonin bile active form

the main function of thiamin is to serve as a ______ (activates an enzyme) in energy metabolism and has a role in ____ functioning r/t muscle actions

coenzyme nerve

copper acts as a ____ involving antioxidant reactions and energy metabolism, is a component of _____ ____, a constituent of ____ fiber production, and a required element for ___ use. the RDA for copper is ____ µg/day for adults. good sources include ____ meats (liver), ____, _____ ____ ____, ____, ____ ____, ____ ____, and ____ in copper pipes (OSGLWDW)

coenzyme wound healing nerve iron 900 organ meats (liver), seafood, leafy green vegetables, legumes, whole grains, dried fruits, water (if pipes are copper)

availability of environmental or regulatory measures to support new health promotion behaviors within a social context

community support

non-Western healing approaches used at the same time as conventional medicine (allopathy) ex: taking HTN meds but attends yoga classes

complementary

the advantages of _______ proteins are that plant foods cost less and tend to contain less fat; consuming less dietary fat is a prevention strategy for several chronic diet-related diseases

complementary

____ protein contains all 9 EAAs in sufficient quantities that best support growth and maintainence of our bodies and are in ______-derived foods and _____ which is the only plant source. foods that contribute to the best balance of EAAs and the best assortment of NEAAs for protein synthesis and are easily digestible are ___-___ protein foods. the 2 highest quality protein foods are ____ and human _____. _____ protein lacks one or more of the 9 EAAs and do not provide a sufficient supply of AA and won't support life. Some of the better sources of incomplete proteins are _____ and ____. the EAAs that those incomplete proteins lack are called _____ AA which reduce the value of the protein contained in the food

complete animal soybeans high-quality eggs milk incomplete grains legumes limiting

a type of carb that includes starches and most fiber and is found in cereals, grains, pastas, fruits, and veggies

complex carbs

polysaccharides composed of many units of monosaccharides held together by different kinds of chemical bonds

complex carbs

the amount and rate of drug absorption can be affected by the _____ and _____ of food intake. conversely, food intake, absorption, and metabolism can be altered by _____. Interactions may reduce drug _____, interfere with _____ control, and foster nutritional ______.

composition timing medications efficacy disease deficiencies

Conducted to determine appropriate nutrition therapy based on identified needs of patient

comprehensive nutritional assessment

what is the 1st step of the NCP? who is it carried out by? what are the 4 parts?

comprehensive nutritional assessment RD anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, and dietary assessment (ABCD)

the main function of riboflavin is as a ______ in energy release

conenzyme

what are the 4 criteria for future dietary guidelines and recommendations? (CAEE)

consider the source (federal/organization) assess comprehensiveness (address more than 1 health problem) evaluate basis (look at study) estimate application ease (easy to apply)

what buying style does this describe? buying food for a single young adult is different from buying for a family. lifestyles of household members affect the numbers and types of meals served and the kinds and amounts of foods served

consumer diversity

my plate takes into account current ___ patterns of americans plus recommendations of the _____ ____ and the _____ ____ ____

consumption dietary guidelines dietary reference intake

method of feeding that provides contolled delivery of a prescribed volume of formula at a constant rate over a continuous period using an infusion pump bedbound patients or those comfortable with infusion pump

continuous infusion

a specific agreement with yourself or between you and a friend, spouse, or other relative

contract

some general characteristics signal the level of fat content in foods: 1. some _____ methods, such as deep frying, add fat. 2. the way a prepared meal is ____ may also increase fat intake, such as spreading butter on bread 3. the amount of food regularly selected from high fat ____ sources such as meat and cheese compared with the amount of food consumed from low-fat grains, veggies, and fruit affects total dietary fat consumption

cooking eaten animal

what are 4 factors that affect food consumption trends? (CAKT)

cost availability knowledge time

Chronic vitamin C supplement megadose intake of 1 to 15 g may result in ____, _____, ____, _____ ____, and ____ (CDNKG) and may interfere with action of ______ medication.

cramps, diarrhea, nausea, kidney stones, and gout anticlotting

what is the common pharmaceutical name for cobalamin?

cyanocobalamin

method of feeding seen in a nursing home that is a variation of continuous where its given most often at night eating little during the day and helps meet their needs

cyclic

match the following to the correct part of the health literacy context model: a. social factors b. supportive c. individual factors d. cultural factors e. health literacy actualization 1. encompasses ethnic, religious, and racial health traditions 2. create settings to receive support for health-promoting behaviors 3. ability to utilize acquired health knowledge and skills 4. health systems 5. choices persons make to acquire and then apply health knowledge

d, a, e, b, c

what are the desirable, boderline-high, and high numbers for LDL cholesterol?

d: < 130 b: 130-159 h: > 160

what are the desirable, boderline-high, and high numbers for total cholesterol?

d: < 200 b: 200-239 h: > 240

a system created for food labeling that reflects the amount of a nutrient needed as general nutrition guidance based on a 2000-kcal diet

daily values

sources of calcium include ___ products (except for ____, ____ ___, and ____ ___ d/t their large fat content), ____ ____ ____, small ____ with bones, _____, fortified foods such as _____ _____, and ____ processed with calcium. if you have _____ ___, you most likely will need a calcium supplement. (DGFLOT)

dairy butter, cream cheese, cottage cheese green leafy veggies fish legumes orange juice tofu lactose intolerance

Liver conversion of ammonia to urea; excreted in urine

deamination

an excessive intake of protein results in increased ____ by the liver. this increase may result in high levels of keto acids, possibly putting the body into a state of ____. An excessive protein intake can cause an increased risk of ____, some _____, and _____.

deamination ketosis CAD cancers osteoporosis

fluoride increases resistance to tooth ___ and is part of tooth _____. skeletal health also depends on it for bone _____. the AI is ___ mg/day for men and ___ mg/day for women. sources include _____ ____, ____, ____, and _____. (FTSS) an inadvertent source is ______. low levels of fluoride rasie the risk of getting _____ _____. too much fluoride causes _____ which consists of mottling or brown spotting of the tooth enamel or pitting. a UL of ___ mg/day reduces the risk of toxicity

decay formation mineralization 4 3 fluoridated water tea seafood seaweed toothpaste dental caries fluorosis 10

use the concept of a ___ of ____ being the size of animal protein portion needed on the plate as well as the ____ meal to visually display appropriate animal-protein portion sizes for clients

deck of cards restructured

Expulsion of feces or body waste products

defecation

in fluid volume _____, a person experiences vascular, cellular, or intracellular dehydration. this can be caused by _____, ____, high ____, _____, _____, or _____ (DVFDSP). ____ ___ and ___ are most at risk for this condition.

deficit diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, diuretics, sweating, polyuria OA + infants

sodium deficiency is caused by _____ or excessive ____. symptoms include _____, muscle ____, _____, reduced ability to _____, ____ loss, and ____ loss. _____ is low blood sodium and may be acute such as with athetes or chronic such as w neuro or kidney disorders affecting fluid regulation.

dehydration diarrhea HA cramps weakness concentrate appetite memory hyponatremia

potassium deficiency may be caused by ____ from ____ or ____, taking ____, or misuse of _____. symptoms include muscle _____, ____, ____ loss, and in severe cases cardiac _____.

dehydration vomiting diarrhea diuretics laxatives weakness confusion appetite dysrhythmias

copper deficiency causes bone _____ and _____ and is extremely rare in the US. copper toxicity occurs from _______ with a response of ____ and ____. _____ ____ is an inherited disorder that results in the excessive accumulation of copper in brain, liver, and corneas, which leads to cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, liver failure, and neurologic disorders. the UL is ______ µg.

demineralization anemia supplementation vomiting diarrhea wilson's disease 10,0000

_______ proteins are proteins whose structures' shapes are changed by heat, light, acids, alcohol, or mechanical actions

denatured

our dietary intake of calcium influences the _____ of calcium in our bones. blood calcium levels, however, do not depend on dietary calcium intake. instead, the ____ supply provide sufficient amounts to be distributed. if blood calcium levels get too low, 3 actions can occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis: ____ release calcium, _____ absorb calcium, _____ retain calcium.

deposition skeletal bones intestines kidneys

What are the 3 D's of pellagra? what are the other 7 symptoms? (SGVCAIP)

dermatitis (scaly rash on skin exposed to sun) diarrhea (glossitis, vomiting) dementia (confusion, anxiety, insomnia, paranoia)

carbs in PN are in the form of ____ yielding ____ kcal/g because of its hydrated form. concentrations can range from ___% to ____%. concentrations greater than 10% are considered to be ____ in tonicity and must be delivered through a _____ vein

dextrose 3.4 5-70% hypertonic central

in what type of patient would you see a chromium deficiency?

diabetic

vitamin A deficiency is either primary, caused by a lack of ____ intake, or secondary, the result of chronic ___ malabsorption. ocularly, xerophthalmia incorperates a range of problems, from _____ ____ (the inability of the eyes to readjust from bright to dim light) progressing to a hard, dry cornea called _____, resulting in complete blindness. it also causes _____ system impairment, _____ infections, _____, and other ____ disturbances. ____ is inhibited because of lack of vitamin A-dependent proteins for ____ growth.

dietary fat night blindness keratomalacia immune respiratory diarrhea GI growth bone

Designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status and are updates every 5 years

dietary guidelines

in 1980 in response to the dietary recommendations, the USDA and USDHHS developed the _____ _____ ___ ______.

dietary guidelines for americans

we all have ____ ___ based on ethnicity, habits, chronic illness, or ethical views such as vegetarianism

dietary preferences

a guide to adequate nutrient intake levels against which to compare nutrient values of foods consumed; provide a bridge between knowledge of essential nutrients and food consumption

dietary standards

Products that supplement dietary intake and are consumed orally as tablets, liquids, capsules, extracts, powders, concentrates, gel caps, liquids, and powders

dietary supplements

Products that supplement dietary intake and contain one or more of the following: · Vitamin, mineral, herb, other botanical · An amino acid · A dietary substance used to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake · A concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or a combination of the preceding ingredients

dietary supplements

the process through which food is broken down into smaller and smaller units to prepare nutrients for absorption

digestion

formula selection is based of the patient's ____ and ____ capacity, _____ restruction, and _____ requirements

digestive absorptive fluid metabolic

consists of a series of organs that prepare ingested nutrients for digestion and absorption and protect against consumed microorganisms and toxins

digestive system

starch is broken down by the ______ ____ to provide ____

digestive tract glucose

the recognition of a danger to health that could be reduced or alleviated through specific actions or changes in lifestyle behaviors.

disease prevention

folate deficiency risk is increased with conditions that increase cell _____, limited ____ intake and variety, and chronic excessive ____ ingestion

division food alcohol

____ write admission diet orders. ____ help identify patients in need of nutrition services and perform a basic nutrition screening. on admission, ket issues include decreased _____, unintentional ____ ____, ____ and ___ history, ____ status, and ____ severity.

doctors nurses appetite weight loss age medical hydration illness

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

before administering CPN/TPN, consider the nature of the patient's GI ______, severity of ______, degree of ______, medical _____, and patient _____.

dysfunction malnutrition hypercatabolism prognosis wishes

diet altered in consistency to prevent aspiration into the lungs; used in ALS, stroke, head and neck cancer, impaired swallowing

dysphagia diet

what are 3 factors that can affect weight? (EAD)

edema ascites dehydration

how does health literacy develop?

education

what is one of the main omega-3 fatty acids in fish?

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

_____ can be provided by the general AA PN solution or as a combined concentrate or added separately as individual salts. _____, _____, and _____ must be monitored to prevent refeeding syndrome in malnourished patients

electrolytes Mg, PO4, K

_____ are minerals circulating in blood and other body fluids that carry electrical charge. Maintaining a balance is important because of their effect on body processes such as ____ amount in body, blood ____, and _____ action. They travel in blood as _____, ____, and ____. The major electrolytes include _____, _____, and ____. _____-___ _____ of body fluids depends on regulated distribution of these minerals, proteins, and other electrolytes. Electrolytes have a role in normal functioning of _____ and ____

electrolytes water pH muscle acids, bases, and salts sodium, potassium, and chloride Acid-base balance nerves and muscles.

predigested or hydrolyzed formulas that are composed of partially or fully hydrolyzed nutrients that can be used for the patient with partially functioning GI tract, impaired capacity to digest foods or absorb nutrients, pancreatic insufficiency, or bile salt deficiency; 1-1.3 kcal/mL

elemental

the ____ health effects of lifestyle behaviors (emotional state and stress level) may be r/t an increased risk for constipation, diarrhea, and heartburn

emotional

Consideration of carbohydrates through health dimensions provides perspective on their role in wellness. match the dimension of health to its correct definition (physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, environmental) 1. depend on the ability to distinguish hypoglycemic symptoms 2. depends on our ability to provide our bodies with enough carb kcal for energy and enough complex carbs and fiber consumption for optimum body functioning 3. social groups can support change or make changes more difficult to achieve 4. our ability to process research findings and make decisions about our food choices 5. may affect our available sources of carbs 6. several religions view bread as the "staff of life"

emotional physical social intellectual environmental spiritual

The capacity to easily express or suppress emotions appropriately

emotional health

lecithin, a phospholipid, has an extensive role as an ______ which is a substance that works by being soluble in water and fat at the same time

emulsifier

that largest component of a kernel that contains starch, the prime energy source for the sprouting plant

endosperm

IV lipid emulsions are used as concentrated ____ sources and to prevent development of an _____ deficiency. commercial lipid emulsions are formulations of ______ oil, _____ oil, or a ____ of the two. a 10% fat emulsion yields ____ kcal/mL and a 20% yields ____ kcal/mL. baseline _____ levels should be checked before administration and monitored throughout the therapy.

energy EFA safflower soybean combo 1.1 2 triglyceride

what are 5 functions of carbs? (EFSBP)

energy fiber natural sweeteners (sucrose and fructose) brain and nerve tissues require carbs as fuel protein-sparing effect

full liquid diets can supply adequate _____ and ___, but there is a potential problem with patients that have _____ ____ due to a lot of milk products being included. there is also concern with high ____ fat and _____ being included. a safety concern with this diet is the use of _____ ____ due it is danger.

energy nutrients lactose intolerance saturated cholesterol raw eggs

what are the 4 physiologic functions of triglycerides ? (EPRI)

energy protect organs regulate temp insulation

what are the 3 functions of nutrients in the body

energy regulation growth and tissue repair

carbs are a source of what 3 things (ESD)

energy sweetness dietary fiber

clear liquid diets are inadequate in ____ and almost all nutrients except _____. place caution in regard to _____ consumption. this should not be used for more that __-__ hours and contributes to hospital _____.

energy water caffiene 8-24 malnutrition

what are the 5 food functions of triglycerides? (EPSPN)

energy (densest form of stored energy) palatability (taste and smell) satiety (prevent hunger) and satiation (inc desire) food processing (prevent rancid) nutrient source

the replacement of nutrients to the level that was present before processing

enrichment

Any time nourishment is provided directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the feeding is technically a form of _____ nutrition. When a patient is not able to eat orally for more than a few days, a ____ method must be used.

enteral nonoral

what phrase usually refers to tube feedings

enteral nutrition

the ____ health dimension considers how we organize our lifestyles to allow adequate time for prep and consumption of meals

environmental

match the dimension of health to its description of fats: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, environmental 1. requires seeking or making available foods that contain healthier fats 2. how we approach nutritional lifestyle changes for our clients and ourselves affects success 3. encompasses the skills necessary to assess the type of dietary fat modification most appropriate for our clients' and our own health needs 4. tested as change is initiated 5. taking care of one's body and adopting a healthier fat intake 6. maintained by consuming dietary fats that are necessary for essential fatty acids (EFA), for energy, and for fat-soluble vitamins

environmental emotional intellectual social spiritual physical

the external factors that affect our health and well-being, including the physical context within which one lives and works as affected by determinants of ethnicity, education, income, and occupation, and extending to the larger environment of safeguarding natural resources to reduce exposure to preventable hazards

environmental health

Hormones begin to send messages that regulate the release of digestive juices once chyme enters the small intestine. These secretions include _____ from the small intestine, ____ produced by the liver, and ____ ____ produced by the pancreas. one hormone secreted by the small intestine is ____ which sends bicarb to neutralize the acidity of chyme. another hormone secreted by the small intestine is ______, which initiates pancreatic exocrine secretions, acts against gastrin by inhibiting gastric HCL secretion, and activates the gallbladder to contract, causing bile to be released in the duodenum

enzymes bile digestive juices secretin CCK

______ enhances the fast conversion of liver glycogen to glucose. ____ hormones function against insulin and promote glucose formation from protein. produced by the pituitary gland, _____ ____ and _____ function as insulin inhibitors. the thyroid hormone _____ affects BG by enhancing intestinal absorption of glucose and releasing epinephrine

epinephrine steroid growth hormone ACTH thyroxine

A muscular tube through which bolus travels from mouth to stomach

esophagus

when the body requires a nutrient for growth or maintenance but lacks the ability to manufacture amounts sufficient to meet the body's needs, the nutrient is _____ and must be supplied by our _____.

essential diet

components of fat triglycerides are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that cannot be made in the body and must be consumed in the diet

essential fatty acids

what 2 things are found in food lipids?

essential fatty acids fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)

amount of a nutrient needed to meet the basic requirements of half the individuals in a specific group that represents the needs of a population; considers issues of deficiency and physiologic functions; determine basis for RDAs

estimated average requirement (EAR)

what are the 5 DRIs?

estimated average requirement (EAR) recommended dietary allowance (RDA) adequate intake (AI) tolerable upper intake level (UL) acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

DRI for dietary energy intake; aims to maintain good health by providing energy intake levels to maintain individuals' body weights within specific age, gender, height, weight, and PA categories

estimated energy requirement (EER)

fluid volume ____ is a condition in which a person experiences increased fluid retention and edema associated with compromised regulatory mechanism, excess fluid intake, or excess Na intake. ___ is excess accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces caused by seepage from the circulatory system which results in retention. a more serious form of edema occurs in victims of _____ when protein levels in the body are so low that cellular fluid levels are imbalanced and fluid accumulates in the stomach, face, and extremities. _____ ____ refers to the consumption of large amounts of water within a short time casuing a dilution of electrolytes in body fluids. this causes muscle _____, decreased ____, and _____. (CBW)

excess edema kwashiorkor water intoxication cramps BP weakness

a resource for serving sizes published by the ADA and AND

exchange lists for meal planning

the mechanisms of the kidneys regulate the amount of water ______. this mechanism relies on the combined actions of the ____, ____, ____ gland, and ____ gland. 1. when fluid in the body becomes low, the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release _____ which is secreted in response to high Na levels, too low BP, or too low BV. this causes the kidneys to conserve water by increasing/decreasing excretion of water. 2. when the Na concentration in the kidneys gets high, the kidneys release _____ which is an enzyme trhat activates the blood protein angiotensin which is a _______. angiotensin prompts the adrenal gland to release the hormone _____ which targets the kidneys to increase/decrease Na excretion and causes fluid _____.

excreted brain kidneys adrenal pituitary ADH decreasing renin vasoconstrictor aldosterone decrease retention

feeling as if you are not able to control what happens and outside forces have control over your experiences; being swayed when buying by promos, coupons, and/or packaging

external locus of control

fluids that consists of interstitial fluids and encompass all fluids outside the cells, including plasma and the watery components of organs and substances; 35%

extracellular

takes place despite positive pressure flow when molecules may be unable to pass through membrane pores unless aided; membrane proteins support movement by bringing larger nutrient molecules through the capillary membrane

facilitated diffusion

T/F fiber is broken down by human digestive enzymes

false cannot

T/F vitamins are present in almost all foods and there is one food group that is a good source of all vitamins

false they are present, but there is not one food group that contains all

T/F if a patient experiences diarrhea, it is okay to immediately stop the tube feeding because we know that is the cause.

false; have to rule out other causes such as C. diff

T/F Vitamins are organic and therefore provide energy

false; only proteins, lipids, and carbs provide energy

T/F Minerals are metabolized by the human body and do not act as cofactors of metabolic processes

false; they are inorganic and do not provide energy. they do act as cofactors of metabolic processes

what are 3 ways to reduce fat and still have quick meals? (FPM)

family involvement in prep programs and classes mix low fat and high fat foods

vegetarian dietary patterns result in health benefits that are similar to those of a low-___, high-____ diet and consists of reduced risks for ______, _____, _____, _____, _____ disorders, and certain ____ (lung, colorectal). the spiritual rationale for some people who are vegetarians is based on the belief of ______ _____. the economic approach addresses the belief that animal-related products cost more/less than plant protein foods, not only financially but in terms of costs to our natural environment as well.

fat fiber CVD obesity DMII HTN GI cancers nonharming animals more

what are 2 risk factors for vitamin A deficiency? (FL)

fat malabsorption limited food

sugar alcohols and artificial sweeteners allow industries to label foods as "sugar free," however, this does not mean "calorie free." sometimes when sugar is removed, ____ are added to improve the taste and texture of the product

fats

what makes certain foods taste so appealing?

fats

consists of substances in plant foods that for the most part cannot be digested by humans; its texture provides bulk that thickens chyme and eases the work of the GI mucles that regulate movement if the food mass

fiber

all carbs except ______ are broken down into units of ____, which is one of the simple carbs

fiber glucose

although most of the chyme is absorbed in the small intestine, the rest which usually consists of _____, ____, and _____, pass through the _____ ____ and enter the ____ colon of the large intestine

fiber water minerals ileocecal valve ascending

how does fiber help control diabetes

fiber (esp soluble) causes glucose to absorb more slowly and helps keep BG within normal levels

contemportary vegetarianism: semi-vegetarian patterns evolved to decrease the risk of chronic diet-related diseases 1. ______ primarily consume vegetarian foods with occational meat, chicken, or fish consumption 2. ______ adds fish to vegetarian selections

flexitarian pescetarian

chloride is an extracellular anion that maintains ____ inside and outside cells. it is also a component of _____ ____ in gastric juice. the recommended AI is ____ mg for adults. sources include ____ and foods that contain ____. deficiency is _____. toxicity may occur d/t ______. Chloride's UL is ____ mg.

fluids hydrochloric acid 2300 salt sodium rare dehydration 3600

Coenzyme in one-carbon transfer during metabolism

folate

vitamin B12 plays a role in ____ metabolism by modifying folate coenzymes to active forms to support metabolic functions, including ___ and ___ synthesis. the metabolism of ___ ___ and ___ ___ also requires B12. this vitamin develops and maintains the ____ ___ that surround and protect nerve fibers.

folate DNA RNA FA AA myelin shealths

what is the synthetic form of folate

folic acid

drug absorption rate may increase or decrease in the presence of ____ in the GI tract. drugs, including _____, may alter food intake, nutrient absorption, metabolism, and excretion. drugs may alter ____ levels, causing depletion or overload (ex: K depleting diuretics + laxitives). medications can alter food intake by acting as an appetite ____ or ____.

food alcohol mineral suppressants stimulants

vitamins are best consumed from ____ sources such as _____ and _____. _______ are nonnutritive substances in plant-based foods that appear to have disease-fighting properties.

food fruits veggies phytochemicals

a _____ _____ should take into account the funds needed to keep a moderate amount of food in the home and the money spent on meals away from home

food budget

concerns the specific foods that are convenient to choose when we are actually ready to eat; rarely are all our preferred foods available at the same time to satisfy our preferences; affected by convenience and cost

food choice

reflect the food decisions Americans have made in the past; done by the USDA

food consumption trends

the major culprit that raises blood cholesterol is not dietary food cholesterol, but too much _____ ____, particularly ____ fats. too much food cholesterol becomes a problem when it is eaten in conjunction with very high-___ diets. ____ fats generally raise blood cholesterol by providing the liver with the best building blocks for making cholesterol.

food fat saturated fat saturated

what have been developed to translate nutrient recommendations into actual foods we need to eat?

food guides

____ ___ should be addressed before vitamin supplements are advised. nurses guide clients to the appropriate nutritional ______ and _____.

food intake counseling education

what is the best way for consumers to see how individual foods fit their nutritional needs

food labels

considers which foods we really like to eat

food liking

foods that we choose to eat when all foods are available at the same time in the same quantity

food preference

what 3 things affect our food selection?

food preference food choice food liking

what is the only source of amino acids

food proteins

dietary intake assessment that provides a more realistic picture of a patient's usual intake in which the patient records all foods eaten over 1-7 days

food record

estimated by assessing government data gathered through national surveys and programs

food selection patterns

the glycemic index is affected by the following factors: 1. the physical _____ such as a baked potato compared with a mashed potato 2. the ____ and ___ content in addition to carb, which decreases digestion 3. the ______ which increases glucose content 4. the ____ content, which decreases digestion 5. the botanic _____ of a food, such as the different glycemic indexes of rice species

form fat protein ripeness fiber variety

education that is purposely planned for implementation in an educational setting ***

formal education (schools)

sweetest of sugars; also called fruit sugar; rearranged in the liver to become glucose

fructose

most foods contain water, but some are better sources than others such as ____ and _____. the AI recommendations for water are about _____ cups for men and ____ cups for women. This amount is/is not in addition to fluids from foods consumed throughout the day, such as fruits and veggies. although the minimum amount needed by healthy adults may be about ____ cups, higher amounts are optimal

fruits veggies 13 9 is 4

the prime sources of minerals are both plant and animal foods. valuable sources of plant foods include most _____, ____, ____, and ___ ___ (FVLW). animal sources consists of ___, ____, ___, ____, and ____ products (BCEFM). in contrast to vitamins, minerals are _____ when foods containing them are cooked and they are considered organic/inorganic. some minerals in plants have a limited _____ which is the level of absorption of a consumed nutrient and is of nutritional concern. _____ are substances in plant foods that combine with minerals to form indigestible compounds, making them unavailable for our use. the amount of plant minerals available for absorption may depend on minerals in ____ in which plants are grown. food processing may result in mineral gain/loss. because we have difficulty obtaining high enough levels of some minerals naturally, ____ of manudactured foods has become common to serve the needs of consumers.

fruits, veggies, legumes, whole grains beef, chicken, eggs, fish, milk stable inorganic bioavailability binders soil loss fortification

diet that includes foods that are liquid at room temperature and is often prescribed if patients have difficulty chewing or swallowing solid foods

full liquid

Physiologically active substances added to foods that contain physiologically active food components and may be modified to increase nutrient density, as in fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods Some marketed as dietary supplements, such as herb-enriched beverages

functional foods

enteral nutrition is appropriate when the gut is ______, _____, and ____ to use and when the patient is unable or unwilling to consume adequate nutrition. the physiological benefit is that it maintains gut _____ and ____.

functioning accessible safe function integrity

upper portion of stomach that connects with esophagus

fundus

3 parts of the stomach

fundus, body, pylorus

rarely found in nature; part of lactose, the sugar found in milk; converted to glucose by the liver

galactose

stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

what are 4 herbs that affect blood clotting?

garlic, ginseng, ginko, ginger

at the base of the gastric pits there are gastric glands whose chief cells create _____ ____ (a mucous fluid containing digestive enzymes) and parietal cells which secrete stomach acid called ____ _____.

gastric juice hydrochloric acid

tube is surgically inserted into the stomach intermediate/bolus feeding possible, patient comfort, med admin, gastric decompression aspiration risk, stoma care, potential for dislodgement

gastrostomy/PEG

a food that has had its DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering

genetically modified organism (GMO)

what are 2 things that directly affect food preference? what is an indirect?

genetics (sweet and salty) environment (learned preferences d/t culture and socioeconomics) media

found in the base of a kernal and contains a wealth of nutrients to support the sprouting of a plant such as thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin E, zinc, protein, and wheat oil

germ

marginal vitamin C deficiency may manifest as _____ with soreness and ulcers in the mouth, poor _____ ___, inadequate ____ and ___ growth/maintenance, and increased risk of ______

gingivitis wound healing tooth bone infection

hormone released by the pancreas in response to low BG levels that stimulates the conversion of liver glycogen to glucose, assisting the regulation of glucose levels during the night

glucagon

blood sugar; form of carb most easily used by the body for energy

glucose

provides the most efficient form of energy for the body, particularly for the muscles and brain

glucose

chromium deficiency is unusual, but can be seen in impaired ___ tolerance, _____, ____, and unresponsiveness to _____. toxicity has been noted from _____ contaminants in industrial settings rather than from excessive dietary intake

glucose hyperglycemia hypoglycemia insulin environmental

what are the 2 components of sucrose

glucose + fructose

what are the 2 components of lactose

glucose + galactose

what are the 2 components of maltose

glucose + glucose

what are the 3 monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

level to which food raises blood glucose levels in comparison with reference food; highest ranking is 100 (raises glucose levels the highest) focuses only on ONE food

glycemic index

focuses on a whole meal considers the total glycemic index effect of mixed meal or dietary plan

glycemic load

carb energy stored in the liver and in muscles

glycogen

process of converting glucose to glycogen

glycogenesis

The most effective way to achieve permanent behavior change is through _____ _____. An action plan for gradual reduction (small changes in behavior or food intake) provides _____ for achieving goals. Teach patients to choose ____ oil over vegetable oil

gradual reduction structure olive

best source of starch?

grains

what type of juice affects the bioavailability of several drugs such as CCB, immunosuppressants, statins, antianxiety, antiinsomnia, antidepressants, protease inhibitors, and sexual dysfunction drugs

grapefruit look at box 11.6

______, _____, and _____ needs depend on the nutrients available. the ____ system, responsible for processing foods, relies on nutrient intake for its maintenance. what 3 processes work together to provide the body cells with energy and nutrients?

growth maintenance energy digestive digestion absorptiob metabolism

more than 200 enzymes throughout the body depend on zinc. it affects our ___ process, ___ and ___ ability, ____ process, ____ system, and ____ metabolism by assisting insulin function. the RDA is ___ mg for men and ___ mg for women. suggested levels increase during prgnancy and lactation to ___ mg-___mg.

growth taste and smell healing immune carb 11 8 11-12

what are the 6 functions of proteins in the body? (GCIFAT)

growth and maintenance creation of communicators and catalysts immune system response F&E regulation acid-base balance transportation

what are the 2 most important factors in preventing foodborne illnesses

hand washing personal hygiene

Most problems with tube feedings can be prevented simply through the use of good ____ techniques by nursing staff administering the feeding. what are the 3 types of problems that can be caused? (GMM)

handwashing GI mechanical metabolic

____ water refers to water that contains high amounts of minerals such as calcium and magnesium. drinking this water can/cannot provide sufficient amounts of nutrients. non-health related problems can be caused by this type of water such as ____ ____ that damage appliances. to diminish this problem, a filtration process can be installed to ____ the water by replacing some minerals with _____.

hard can mineral deposits soften salt

taught to food service employees Biological, chemical, and physical hazards from the production, procurement, and handling of raw material to manufacturing, distribution, and consumption of the finished product must be controlled.

hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)

a quality of life involving social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and biologic fitness on the part of the individual, which results from adaptations to the environment the merging and balancing of 6 physical and psychologic dimensions

health

relate a nutrient or food component to risk of a disease or health-related condition.

health claims

takes into account the influence of cultural, social, and individual factors on the acquisition of health literacy

health context

the ability to acquire, comprehend, communicate, and apply basic health info and services and apply them to one's own health decisions.

health literacy

consists of strategies used to increase the level of health of individuals, families, groups, and communities.

health promotion

what are the 5 key messages of dietary guidelines? (HFLCS)

healthy eating pattern focus on variety, density, and amount limit added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium choose healthier options support healthy eating for all

omega-3 FA appear to lower the risk of ____ disease by reducing the blood ____ process

heart clotting

what are 6 examples of chronic illnesses that stem from excessive nutrient intake? (HHCDOO)

heart disease HTN CA DM osteoporosis obesity

which 4/10 most common leading causes of death in the US are diet-related? (HCSD)

heart disease cancer stroke DM

important in evaluating growth and nutrition status in children and weight and body size assessment in adults

height

the calculations used to determine protein and energy requirements are based on ____ and ____

height weight

iron is found in both plant and animal sources. ____ iron is found in animal sources and is easier to absorb. ____ iron is found in plant sources.

heme nonheme

what are 4 CI of tube feedings? (HBHS)

hemodynamic instability, bowel obstruction, high output fistulas, severe ileus

PLP is necessary for ____ synthesis. it is required for the conversion of _____ to _____. it serves as a coenzyme for _____ and ____ metabolism.

hemoglobin tryptophan niacin FA carb

_____ is the storing of too much iron in the body. this condition may be caused either by _____, a genetic iron overload disorder that allows more dietary iron to be absorbed than usual, OR by consumption of very high levels of iron-containing foods, perhaps through iron fortification. symptoms of toxicity include ____ or ___ damage, _____, _____, and skin _____. (HLDAD) those at risk include ___, people with chronic _______, and individuals _____ at risk. iron toxicity can be lethal in _____. (MAGC)

hemosiderosis hemochromatosis heart liver DM arthritis discoloration men alcoholism genetically children

features associated with nutritional deficiency may be ID through _____ and _____ categories.

historical clinical

dietetic techs assist the RD by taking diet ____, collecting info for nutrition _____ and _____, work directly w/ patients having ___ with meals. they can provide basic nutrition ____ but should not be asked to counsel patients about ___ disease modifications.

histories screening assessment problems education complex

_____ _____ ____ is done by the insertion of a specialized catheter to reduce infection risk. monitoring of ____, _____, ____, _____, and ____ must be done (LTWGF). ______ may be done at night to allow the patient freedom.

home parenteral nutrition (HPN) labs, temp, weight, glucose, fluids cyclic TPN

what are 3 populations who are at risk for malnutrition in north america?

homless OA hospitalized patients

______ act as communicators to alert different parts of the body to changes or to regulate functions of organs. _____ are catalysts that enable chemical reactions or biologic changes to occur within the body. _____ is a protein that is necessary for blood clotting

hormones enzymes fibrinogen

being organic means that protein, lipids, and carbs are composed of a structure that consists of what 3 elements? what structure identifies these nutrients as being organic?

hydrogen oxygen carbon carbon structure

the process of artificially saturating FA by adding hydrogen at the double bonds to reduce vulnerability to oxidation which makes the fat solid and more stable

hydrogenation

high intakes of vitamin D can result in ______ and _____ which affect kidneys and may cause CV damage. toxicity symptoms occur when dietary intake of vitamin D is just above the UL of ____ µg.

hypercalcemia hypercalciuria 100

formulas designed to meet kcal and protein demands in reduced volume; 1.5-2 kcal/mL

hypercaloric

what are 4 non-standard tube feed formulas (HEMS)

hypercaloric elemental modular specialty

PPN solutions composed of more than 10% dextrose and/or more than 5% AA are _____ in tonicity and must be only administered into ____ veins. PPN solutions administered via peripheral veins must be ____ in tonicity to prevent vein damage and usually contain ___%-___% dextrose and ___%-___% AA. PPN is most often used when ____-term nutrition support is needed

hypertonic central isotonic 5-10 3-5 short

hospitalized patients can suffer from _______ ____ which is protein-calorie malnutrition

iatrogenic malnutrition

symptoms of zinc deficiency include impaired ____ and ____ ____, reduced ____, ____, and ____, and _____ disorders (GWATSI). severe zinc deficiency may result in _____ or _____. what 2 groups are at risk for zinc deficiency? (OP)

impaired growth and wound healing; reduced appetite, taste (hypogeusia), and smell (hyposmia); immunologic disorders dwarfism hypogonadism OA picky eaters

what are 3 purposes for GMO? (ISI)

increase food supply shelf-stable foods improve quality

a high LDL level increases/decreases risk for CVD. a high HDL increases/decreases risk for CVD

increases decreases

the nutritional status of communities is a reflection of ______ nutritional health. the most significant factor that effects nutritional status of communities is ____. having sufficient funds to purchase adequate food supplies is a ______

individual economics necessity

education that encompasses a variety of educational experiences that occur through daily activities ***

informal education (chatting with patient)

minerals are organic/inorganic substances that can be incorporated into our body structures such as in ____, ___, and ___. during digestion, minerals are/are not separated from foods. _____ affects the level of minerals we actually absorb. mineral deficiencies in America include ____, ____, and ____.

inorganic bones organs fluids are bioavailability calcium zinc iron

because water is _____, it is/is not digested. most water is absorbed in the ____ ____. the remainder of water is regulated by the _____

inorganic is not small intestine colon

potassium maintains the fluid levels inside/outside the cellls. It is crucial for normal functioning of _____ and ___, especially in the ____.

inside muscles nerves heart

type of fiber that does not dissolve in fluids and provide structure and protection for plants such as cellulose and hemicellulose

insoluble fiber

glucose needs _____ to be taken into the cells so energy can be released

insulin

pancreatic hormone that regulates blood glucose uptake that is released when BG increases to use glucose for energy and storage lowers BG levels by enhancing conversion of excess glucose to glycogen through glycogenesis or to fat stored in adipose tissue

insulin

lipid metabolism is regulated mainly by _____, _____ ____, and the adrenal cortex hormones; ______, which stimulates secretion of more hormones, and ______ which affects food metabolism

insulin GH ACTH glucocorticoids

merges conventional medical therapies with CAM for which safety and efficacy have been demonstrated and often includes dietary or food changes and used with patients seeking remedies for pain, cancer, or headaches

integrative medicine

the decision to follow through to change lifestyle behaviors to positively improve health in relation to digestive disorders is an aspect of _____ health

intellectual

the use of intellectual abilities to learn and to adapt to changes in one's environment

intellectual health

method of feeding that involves delivering the total quantity of formulas needed for a 24 hour period in 3-6 equal feedings and delivered by gravity over 30-60 mins; represents a normal feeding pattern, but intolerance can occur if rate is too fast does not want to be hooked up all day

intermittent infusion

causes of iron deficiency include ____ loss of blood such as with ulcers, hemorrhoids, and menses OR lack of _____ such as with chronic dieting and poor dietary choices. _____ is another cause which is characterized by a hunger and appetite for nonfood substances such as ice, cornstarch, clay, and even dirt

internal intake pica

Feeling as if you can influence the forces with which you come into contact; buying as planned

internal locus of control

fluids between cells that contain concentrations of Na+ and Cl-

interstitial

fluids within a cell that are composed of water plus concentrations of K+ and PO4-; 65%

intracellular

water is balanced among 3 compartments in the body: _____, _____, and _____. as proteins circulate through the body, they maintain body F&E balance by keeping water appropriately divided among the 3 compartments

intravascular intracellular interstitial

absorption of B12 requires ____ ___ which is produced by the stomach mucosa. B12 levels take into account that some of the vitamin is stored in the ____. the RDA for young adults is ____ µg daily. foods of ____-origin are they only reliable sources of B12. ____ must supplement or use fortified products

intrinsic factor liver 2.4 animal vegans

fat in milk, cheese, and yogurt are examples of what type of fat?

invisible

tube is surgically inserted into small intestine. early post-op feeding possible, decreased aspiration risk clog easily, stoma care, leakage possible

jejunostomy

questions to ask about supplement intake: 1. use any supplements? if so, dose? 2. purpose? 3. side effects? 4. herbs? if so, what other meds? 5. used herb before? 6. allergies? 7. prego/BF? 8. PCP aware?

just look at

multivitamin formulations for IV use are commercially available. in vitamin deficiency, multiples of daily doses can be given in accordance w/ clinical status. Bioactive additives can be added to PN formula such as prebiotics, probiotics, antioxidants, and glutamine, but must be individualized to the patient

just read

most common dietary intake assessment in acute or long-term care settings in which nutrient intake is assessed in measurable amounts or in %

kcal count

byproduct of the breakdown of stored fat

ketones

build up of ketones

ketosis

the energy released from food is measured in _______

kilocalories

learning new information about the benefits of health-related behaviors

knowledge

Development of positive health promotion behaviors may depend on what 3 things? (KTC)

knowledge techniques community support

match the description to either being marasmus or kwashiorkor: 1. swollen belly and full cheeks caused by water retention 2. fatty liver 3. extremely thin; skin looks like it hangs on bones 4. apathetic, muscle weakness, poor growth 5. damages major organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys 6. children will not grow and permanent brain damage can occur

kwashiorkor kwashiorkor marasmus kwashiorkor marasmus marasmus

also called milk sugar because it is the primary carb in milk

lactose

A result of the body being deficient in the production of the enzyme lactase; Without lactase, the body cannot break down large amounts of foods that contain lactose like dairy products

lactose intolerance

another age related condition is _____ ____ in which the body ceases to produce lactase, the enzyme that breaks down the milk carb of lactose. Conditions of the middle years include _____ disease and _____ _____. Older years are marked by problems of _____ and ______ which may be associated with age-related reductions in peristalsis and physical activity and worsened by low-fiber intake.

lactose intolerance gallbladder peptic ulcers constipation diverticulosis

what 3 things increase the absorption of calcium? (LVA) what 6 things decrease the absorption of calcium? (BDHESD)

lactose: inc vitamin D: inc; allows Ca in blood acidity of digestive mass: inc w/ meals binders: dec dietary fat: dec high-fiber and laxatives: dec excessive PO4- + Mg+ intake: dec sedentary: dec drugs: dec

place where final absorption of water and some minerals takes place

large intestine

what 2 nutrients does the lymphatic system receive (LF)

large lipids fat-soluble vitamins

what are 4 sources of folate? (LLFF) what 4 things is folate affected by? (HOUP)

leafy green vegetables, legumes, some fruits, fortified cereal grains affected by heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light, processing

the main phospholipid that is a constituent of phospholipids (carriers/transporters of lipids) and acts as an emulsifier

lecithin

what is the most common phospholipid? what about sterols

lecithin cholesterol

what is the best known phospholipid? what about the best known sterol?

lectin cholesterol

no course textures allowed foods totally blended without lumps pudding-consistently liquids

level 1 dysphagia pureed

return to regular diet

level 4 dysphagia

what is the main member of the omega-3 family? what about omega-6?

linoleNic acid linoleic acid

Provide the densest form of energy available in foods and as stored energy in our bodies; they also are components of all cell structure, aid in hormone production, and cushion the body

lipids/fats

3 levels of liquid thickening

liquid, nectar, pudding

breaks down and builds up many molecules stores vitamins and iron destroys old blood cells destroys toxins produces bile to aid digestion

liver

the ___ synthesizes cholesterol to make bile, the emulsifying substance necessary to absorb dietary lipids

liver

when RBCs breakdown, the iron in the hemoglobin is recycled to the ___ and is used to form new RBCs. whenever blood is lost from the body (menstration), iron is lost as well and cannot be recycled. The RDA for men is ___ mg and ___ mg for women. during pregnancy, the requirement is ___ mg.

liver 8 18 27

soon after entering the blood, nutrients pass through the _____ which is a powerhouse organ that has "first choice" of the available nutrients. from there, the nutrients travel through the blood to the _____. this journey then continues through the _____ ____ to all cells. some nutrients end up in nutrient storage sites which include the ____, ____, and ____. other nutrients are filtered out of the blood by the _____ to be reabsorbed or excreted in urine

liver heart circulatory system bone liver kidneys kidneys

is the perception of what controls life events and experiences.

locus of control

weight gain/loss is a potential nutrition risk factor, depending on its cause. moderate risk includes _____ for loss and high risk is ___% weight loss in 1 month, ___% lost in 6 months, height being in the ____ percentile, or weight/height being in the ____ percentile.

loss evaluating 5 10 <5 <5

Foods that are low/high on the glycemic index scale are good food choices for patients trying to maintain optimal blood sugar levels or low insulin resistance

low

match the following food descriptors with their definition: (free, low, lean, extra lean, reduced/less/fewer, light/lite, more, good source of...) 1. can be eaten fairly often without exceeding dietary guidelines (fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, calories) 2. contains less than 5g of fat, 2g saturated fat, and 95mg of cholesterol per serving 3. contains 1/3 fewer calories or 1/2 fat of the original 4. contains only a tiny or insignificant amount of fat, cholesterol, sodium, sugar, and/or calories 5. contains at least 10% more of the daily value of a vitamin, mineral, or fiber than the usual single serving 6. contains less than 10 g of fat, 4 g saturated fat, and 95 mg of cholesterol 7. contains 25% less of a nutrient or calories 8. contains 10%-19% of the daily value for a particular vitamin, mineral, or fiber in a single serving

low, extra lean, light/lite, free, more, lean, reduced/less/fewer, good source of...

metabolic changes are most noticable later in life as the amount of food energy required decreases in relation to lower/higher metabolic rates. nutrient needs, however, remain _____. our challenge is to meet ____ needs while maintaining or reducing our ____ needs to equal actual metabolic use. some common GI tract problems are caused by _____ behaviors that can be changed such as with _____, ______ ____, and ______.

lower constant nutrient kcal lifestyle heartburn intestinal gas constipation

biotin is synthesized in the ____ ___ tract by bacterial microorganisms; however, the amount produced and its bioavailability is _____. although biotin is produced in the body, it is still considered an ____ nutritent. the AI is ____ µg for adults. the richest sources are ____, ____, ____ ___, ____ ___, and ____ (LKPEY)

lower GI unknown essential 30 liver, kidney, peanut butter, egg yolks, and yeast.

waste products of metabolism are excreted through the _____, ____, or _____ ____. the _____ release excess water and CO2 the _____ filter and excrete metabolic waste and excess vitamins and minerals but reabsorb nutrients that the body needs to retain the _____ ____ discard waste in feces

lungs, kidneys, large intestine

what are 4 functions of sodium? (BBTF)

maintain BP maintain BV transmit nerve impulses fluid balance

what are 3 ways that the %DV is useful? (CCM)

make comparisons between products assess nutrient content claims choose a mix of foods that balance nutrient intake

a condition resulting from an imbalanced nutrient or energy intake; both overnutrition and undernutrition

malnutrition

imbalanced nutrient intake, energy intake, or both

malnutrition

available when cereal grains are about to germinate and the plant starch is broken down; majority is created from starch breakdown in small intestine; when it is fermented, alcohol is created

maltose

what 3 foods are fortified with vitamin A? (MCR)

margarine, cereals, reduced-fat milk

in what way should height and weight be documented: stated or measured?

measured

what are 3 examples of heme iron? (MFP) what about 5 examples of nonheme iron? (VLDWE)

meat, fish, poultry vegetables, legumes, dried fruits, whole and enriched grains

what are 6 sources of zinc? (MFPWLE)

meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, legumes, eggs

digestion of proteins in the mouth is done by ______ digestion

mechanical

fat diegstion in the mouth: Primary fat digestive process is ______, as teeth masticate fatty food. · Glands of the tongue produce fat-splitting enzyme called ____ ___ that is released with saliva.

mechanical lingual lipase

match the type of tube feed problem to its associated symptoms: (GI, mechanical, metabolic) 1. tube displacement or obstruction, pulmonary aspiration, and mucosal damage. 2. hyperosmolar dehydration or overhydration; abnormal blood levels of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium (too high or too low); hyperglycemia; respiratory insufficiency; and rapid weight gain. 3. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, cramping, distention, and constipation.

mechanical metabolic GI

type of digestion that occurs in the mouth that is carried out by the teeth tearing and pulverizing food

mechanical digestion

clinical nutrition assessment includes data from what 3 sources? (MSP) how do we obtain this info? (MI)

medical hx social hx physical exam medical record interview

a legal term that applies to treatment during prerenal failure and in diabetic patients who receive nutrition treatments under Medicare from a registered dietitian.

medical nutrition therapy

folate deficiency results in 7 things? (MGDIADA)

megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness, depression, anxiety

although water is not metabolized or broken down by GI tract processes, water is an integral component of _____ processes.

metabolic

_____ PN complications are common because requirements differ from patient to patient. ____ is common and can be treated with insulin admin or by adding it to the solution, reducing dextrose load, or ensuring that the total calorie load is not excessive. what are 5 other complications? (HHHHH)

metabolic hyperglycemia hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic dehydration hypoglycemia hyperK hypoPO4 hypoCa

Set of processes through which absorbed nutrients are used by body for energy and to form and maintain body structures and functions

metabolism

what are 10 sources of riboflavin (B2)? (MECWVDMFPE)

milk, enriched grains and cereals, whole grains, vegetables, dairy, meats, fish, poultry, and eggs

Serve structural purposes in body and found in body fluids; found in fruits, vegetables, dairy, meats, and legumes

minerals

a 1-2% weight change in 1 week indicates ____ weight loss

moderate

a 5% weight change in 1 month indicates ____ weight loss

moderate

_____ nutrition risk may be seen in patients with heart, antepartum, pain, ortho, oncology, short hospital stay, and chemo. ____ nutrition risk may be seen in patients with renal, pancreas, GI, liver, DM with prego, eating disorders, oncology, transplants, protein-calorie malnutrition in kids

moderate high

sometimes dietary_____ may be required to allow the body to heal, adjust to physical disability, or prep for diagnostic tests or surgeries. therapy may require ____ changes to liquified or pureed foods. nutrients may be modified, as when a low-____ diet is used to lower BP or when _____ are restricted for DM management. if someone cannot eat for a week or longer, ____ feeding or ____ nourishment may be needed. generally, ____ must order diets, including modifications. the CMS announced a rule change in 2014 that would allow "priviledged" ____ to independently order patient diets without requiring supervision or approval of a MD and to order lab tests to monitor effectiveness of the dietary plan and orders.

modifications texture sodium carbs enteral parenteral doctors RD

incomplete formula d/t it being single macronutrients such as glucose polymers, protein, or lipids and are added to foods or other enteral products to change the composition when nutritional needs cannot be met; 3.8-4 kcal/mL; used for a specific needs such as juven for wound healing

modular

what are the 2 simple carbs? what about complex carbs?

mono + di poly

type of fatty acid that has a carbon chain with only one unsaturated double bond

monounsaturated fatty acid

the digestive process of carbs begins in the ______. the GI tract has the role of digesting carbs into ______ for easy absorption. ____ digestion breaks food into smaller pieces and mixes the carb containing food with saliva which contains an ______ called ptyalin. _____ breakdown carbs disaccharides and polysaccharides into monosaccharides. after an active absorption process, absorptive cells in the small intestine take of the monosacchrides. once glucose, fructose, and galactose enter the villi, the portal circulatory system transports them to the _____. it then removes _______ and _____ and converts them to ______ to be used immediately for _____ or for ____ formation, which is a storage form of carb providing an always ready source of energy

mouth monosaccharides mechanical amylase enzymes liver fructose galactose glucose energy glycogen

AA are needed to make the proteins required to support ______, _____, ____ formation, and the _____ themselves. _____ forms CT such as ligaments and tendons and acts as a glue to keep the walls of the arteries intact, synthesis of scar tissue, and is in the hair, skin, and nails

muscle tissue bone cells collagen

a food guide that is designed to guide us through our food selections to meet the goals of the dietary guidelines

myplate

what are 4 types of food guides? (MHAF)

myplate healthy eating plate alternative and ethnic food pyramids fruits and veggies-more matters

tube is passed from nose to duodenum (small intestine) less aspiration risk than w/ nasogastric endoscopic placement, gastric motility cannot be monitored

nasoduodenal

tube is passed through nose to stomach easy to place/remove, nonsurgical, med admin aspiration risk, monitor gastric emptying

nasogastric

tube is passed through nose to jejunum (small intestine). less aspiration risk than w/ nasogastric endoscopic placement, gastric motility cannot be monitored

nasojejunal

noninvasive, natural healing methods to recover from disease and achieve wellness ex: acupuncture, exercise

naturopathic

feeling as if one is powerless, with little control over circumstances

negative self-efficacy

coenzyme for many enzymes, especially energy metabolism; critical for glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

niacin

niacin requirements are measured in _____ ____ reflecting the body's ability to convert tryptophan to niacin. the RDA for men is ____ mg NE and ___ mg NE for women.

niacin equivalent 16 14

what are the 2 forms of naturally occuring niacin?

nicotinic acid niacinamide

what organic compound do amino acids contain that clearly distinguishes protein from other nutrients

nitrogen

_____-____ ____ are used to determine the protein requirements of the body throughout the life cycle and to assign value to the protein quality of foods to determine their biologic value. the body's use of protein can be determined by the comparison of these studies to the amount of nitrogen entering the body in ___ ____ with the nitrogen lost from the body in ____ and ____. an individual is in _____ ____ or ___ ___ ___ of the amount of nitrogen consumed in foods equals the amount excreted. _____ nitrogen balance occurs when more nitrogen is retained in the body than is excreted which occurs in children, pregnant women, and recovering patients. ____ nitrogen balance happens when more nitrogen is excreted from the body than is retained from dietary protein sources which can be caused by aging, physical illness, extreme stress, starvation, surgery, or eating disorders

nitrogen-balance studies food protein feces urine nitrogen equilibrium zero nitrogen balance positive negative

what are 3 limitations of biochemical assessments in assessing nutrition status? (NIS)

no single test is available for nutrition testing inappropriate for some patients (albumin w/ liver failure) serially conducted lab tests will give more accurate info than a single test

nutrients that the body can make

nonessential nutrients

education that takes place through organized teaching and learning events in hospitals, clinics, and community centers ***

nonformal education (community)

it is important for _____ to understand how meals are prepared and delievered in HC facilities. food service in a HC setting is the responsibility of the ______ of the foos and nutrition services department. ____ work with the director to assess patients' nutritional status, plan appropriate meals and nutrition intervention, and provide nutrition education. _____ work closely with the RD in direct patient care services. other personnel include cooks, clerks, dishwashers, and aides.

nurses director RD DT

assigns value to a food on the basis of comparison of its nutrient content with the kcal the food contains

nutrient density

occurs when whole foods, which are minimally processed, are not eaten and are replaced by foods containing added sugars

nutrient displacement

4 health concerns regarding sugar consumption (NDOD)

nutrient displacement dental caries obesity diabetes

the study of essential nutrients and the processes by which nutrients are used by the body.

nutrition

the RD is specially qualified to conduct the ____ ____ ____ and serve as a valuable partner with the nursing team. this includes a detailed nutrition ____, nutrition _____, ____ (provision of specific nutritional therapies), ______ and _____ of outcomes.

nutrition care process assessment diagnosis intervention monitoring evaluation

if a patient is being considered to be sent home with EN, what 6 requirements must be considered before doing so? (NPRADS)

nutrition needs unmet PO placement is checked and functioning regimen tolerated pt/CG able to admin correctly disease is stable supplies available and affordable

the term used to discuss the provision of food and nutritents, nutrition education, nutrition counseling, and coordination of care

nutrition therapy

what are 5 modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis? (NASCS)

nutrition/Ca intake alcohol smoking caffeine sedentary

what are 4 types of standard (polymetric) formulas? (BMHNM)

o Blenderized food o Milk based o High kilocalories, lactose free o Normocaloric, lactose-free (isotonic, hypertonic, high-nitrogen, and fiber containing) o Modified nutrients (carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals)

what 5 conditions is a diet low in fiber associated with? (OCDCH)

obesity constipation diverticular disease colon cancer heart disease

a synthetic fat replacer made in the lab that binds FA to sugar in nontraditional ways so that enzymes in the digestive tract are not able to break away the FA; resembles standard fats and oils and withstands frying and baking at high temps; passes through the gut quickly

olestra

what are 4 examples of monounsaturated fatty acids (OPAC)

olive oil peanuts (butter and oil) avocado canola oil

what are 2 types of PUFA that are considered EFA

omega-6 omega-3

what 5 drugs may require vitamin B6 supplementation to reduce neurologic side effects and prevent deficiency during treatment? (OIPCH)

oral contraceptives, isoniazid, penicillamine, cycloserine, and hydralazine

means that the food is certified as fulfilling the USDA standards for farming and/or rearing of animals, not how the ingredients have been processed during manufacturing procedures

organic

diffusion of water

osmosis

consumption of too many nutrients and too much energy compared with DRI values

overnutrition

calcium toxicity stems from ______. this may cause _____, _____ ____ formation, and reduced absorption of ____, ____, and other minerals. (CUIZ) Calcium's UL is ____ mg.

oversupplementation constipation urinary stones iron, zinc 2500

what 3 hormones affect blood calcium levels and how?

parathormone: inc calcitriol: inc calcitonin: dec Ca+ and PO4-

there is high nutritional risk in patients that are receiving ____ nutrition, on ____ feeds, are _____, or on ____ liquids for more than 3 days

parenteral tube NPO clear

nutrition given when patients can't or won't eat and EN is CI; involves the provision of energy and nutrients IV

parenteral nutrition

occurs when pressure is greater on one side of the membrane and the substance moves from the area of high pressure to low pressure, allowing molecules to travel through capillaries

passive diffusion

______ is an inactive form of the gastric protease _____ and is secreted by the stomach mucosa. pepsin becomes activated when it mixes with ______ _____ which is also produced by stomach secretions. the result of protein hydrolysis is smaller ______ which pass through to the ____ ____ for further hydrolysis. _____ is an important gastric protease produced only during infancy that functions with calcium to thicken or coagulate the milk protein casein which allows for additional digestion time.

pepsinogen pepsin hydrochloric acid polypeptides small intestine rennin

AA are linked together by ___ bonds

peptide

PN given through a small peripheral vein such as in the forearm

peripheral PN (PPN)

the process begins at the top of the esophagus when _____, the involuntary movements of circular and longitudinal muscles, begins and draws the bolus further into the GI tract. the _____ action within a segment of the GI tract allows secretions to mix with the food. _____ muscles surround the GI tube and cause waves that move food downward and the ____ muscles run parallel along the GI tube. the combined effect of the circular and longitudinal muscles causes _______, the forward and backward movement that assists in controlling food mass movement through the GI tract

peristalsis chruning circular longitudial segmentation

fat digestion in the stomach: Mechanical digestion continues through ______. Fat-splitting enzymes such as ____ ____ hydrolyze fatty acids from triglycerides (chemical)

peristalsis gastric lipase

____ health begins with the GI tract as the 1st step to maintain body functioning; unless nutrients in foods are digested and absorbed, life cannot continue

physical

match the dimension of health to its example: 1. food guides 2. flexibility with adopting suggested guideline changes 3. caring for one's body 4. interact with friends and family when attempting to follow guidelines 5. access to safe and conductive settings to support prep and consumption of nutritious meals 6. consumer decisions + food safety recommendations

physical emotional spiritual social environmental intellectual

what are the 6 physical and psychologic dimensions of health?

physical intellectual emotional social spiritual environmental

what are the 5 determinants of health outcomes according to healthy people 2020? (PHBIS)

physical environment health services biology & genetics individual behavior social environment

the efficiency of the body to function appropriately, to maintain immunity to disease, and to meet daily energy requirements

physical health

zinc's bioavailability is reduced in foods high in ____ ___

phytic acid

if fats are given PN, what 2 ways can they be given?

piggyback 3-in-1 solution

takes place when a substance (fluid or nutrient) contacts the villi membrane which surrounds the substance and creates a vacuole that encompasses the substance and then is released into the circulatory system

pinocytosis

before starting a tube feed, ____ needs to be confirmed and ______. after, gastric contents need to be ___ with a 60 mL syringe to reconfirm tube placement. tube feedings can cause some GI distress such as ____ or _____. you can increase the _____ of administration and then the ______ of the formula until the goal is met

placement documented aspirated diarrhea distention rate concentration

dietary standards are used for what 2 reasons?

plan diets evaluate the nutritional adequacy of food choices

what 4 things are DRIs used for? (PGFN)

planning for large groups (military) gov food assistance programs dietary standards (SNAP, WIC) food consumption info for individuals & populations new food development (imitation)

where are carbs primarily found

plants

MyPlate emphasizes the health-promoting oils from ____ and ____, rather than the _____, more _____ fats from palm kernal oil and coconut oil and many animal foods and from hydrogenation of vegetable oils

plants and fish solid saturated

type of fatty acid that has a carbon chain with two or more unsaturated double bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acid

believing that personal behaviors can be changed and one has control over one's life

positive self-efficacy

hypervitaminosis A occurs only from ____ vitamin A from either short- or long-term intake of supplements. immediate symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include ____ skin, _____, ____, ____, ____, ____ pain, _____, and _____. (BWAVHJIS) if carotenoids like beta carotene are consumed in excess from either foods or supplements, the skin takes on an ____ hue which dissapears when carotenoid consumption is reduced

preformed blistered skin, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, headache, joint pain, irritability, splenomegaly orange

match the dietary supplement needed with the particular part of the lifespan: (pregnancy, kids/teens, OA) (more than one for some) a. folic acid b. vitamin D c. iron d. calcium

pregnancy: folic acid, iron kids/teens: iron, calcium OA: vitamin D, calcium

nutrition risk assessment focuses on the potential to become malnourished because of ____ (inadequate intake of nutrients) or ______ (caused by disease or iatrogenic affects) factors. nurses can prevent malnutrition by paying attention to inadequate ___ orders such as NPO, clear liquid, or full liquid diets for more than 24 hours.

primary secondary diet

Activities to divert the initial development of a disease or poor health

primary prevention

what are the 3 levels of disease prevention?

primary, secondary, tertiary

what are the 4 structures of proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

look at box 11.5 for drugs that alter taste

prob dont have to know

conventional supermarkets, superstores, supercenters, and super warehouses are valuable for fresh ____, _____, and ____ groceries; wholesale clubs and limited assortment warehouses are good for ____ foods at low prices; specialty stores offer ____ foods at high prices; convenience stores save the day

produce perishables basic bulk unique

_____ is placing responsibility for unacceptable feelings or behaviors on others. With regard to health, a person may blame hectic schedule or to behaviors of roommates or family members for poor personal eating patterns. Projecting unacceptable behaviors on others, rather than taking responsibility, is counterproductive.

projecting

match the following definition to the correct theme of myplate (variety, proportionality, moderation, activity) 1. eat more of some foods (fruits, veggies, whole grains, fat-free/low-fat milk) and less of others (saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, cholesterol, salt, alcohol) 2. be physically active every day 3. eat foods from all food groups and subgroups 4. choose types of foods that limit intake of saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars, cholesterol, salt, alcohol

proportionality activity variety moderation

a nutrient that provides energy and performs extensive functions such as making structure of bones, muscles, enzymes, hormones, blood, the immune system, and cell membranes

protein

diets adequate in ___ tend to be adequate in niacin

protein

what 4 nutrients are organic?

protein lipids carbs vitamins

sulfur is a component of ____ structures. what is its DRI? sulfur is found in all ___-containing foods.

protein none established protein

the technical term for starvation is _____ _____ _____ and is an umbrella term for malnutrition caused by the lack of protein, of energy, or both. extreme PEM results in the conditions ______, which is malnutrition caused by a lack of sufficient energy (kcal) intake, and _____ which is malnutrition caused by protein deficiency even though adequate energy is consumed

protein energy malnutrition (PEM) marasmus kwashiorkor

function of carbs in which the body uses energy from carbs and saves protein as an energy source until protein specific energy is needed

protein-sparing effect

organic compounds formed from chains of amino acids

proteins

the immature GI tract of young infants may allow ____ to be absorbed without complete digestion occuring which may result in an _____ response by the immune system and is part of the reason we delay introduction of ____ food until the GI tract has matured sufficiently.

proteins allergic solid

what 5 nutrients does the general circulatory system (blood) receive (PCFVM)

proteins carbs small parts of broken down fats vitamins minerals

what 4 nutrients aid in growth and tissue repair?

proteins, lipids, minerals, water

what 5 nutrients help regulate body processes

proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

Protein helps transport nutrients and other vital substances. for individual cells, proteins act as _____, assisting in the movement of nutrients in and out of cells. _____ carry nutrients such as lipids, minerals, vitamins, and electrolytes in blood. Protein enables transport of _____ which is a protein carrier that transports O2 in the blood and ______ which is a protein carrier that stores O2 in our muscles

pumps Lipoproteins hemoglobin myoglobin

chyme is kept in the stomach by the actions of the _____ ___, which slowly releases it into the duodenum

pyloric sphincter

lower portion of the stomach

pylorus

what are the 3 forms of vitamin B6? what do they convert into for use in the body?

pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

As pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), acts as a coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins

pyridoxine

what 3 supplements may reduce risk of CAD? (PFC)

pyridoxine, folate, and cobalamin

match the guideline with the appropriate time (continuously, q6h, q8h, daily, 2x/week, weekly): 1. plasma glucose until stable 2. weight, CBC, E-, BUN 3. I&O 4. VS, temp 5. full nutrition assessment, LFTs 6. plasma proteins, PT, plasma and urine osmolality, Ca, Mg, PO4

q6h daily continuously q8h weekly 2x/week

poor nutrition status delays recovery and decreases ____ __ ___. undernutrition and chronic micronutrient deficiencies are a form of ____ ____ and are at nutritional risk and may experience poor ____, ____ LOS, and a decline in overall ____.

quality of life hidden hunger healing longer health

what are the 3 unmodifiable risk factors of osteoporosis? (RGF)

race (white and asian) gender (women) family history

primary deficiency of vitamin E is ____. secondary deficiencies occur in ____ infants and those with ___ malabsorption such as CF. symptoms include ____ disorders from cell damage and ___ caused by hydrolysis of RBC

rare premature fat neurologic anemia

A ______ effect may occur if an individual abruptly stops supplementation and consumes a quantity closer to the RDA. the protective mechanism now functions to destroy excess vitamin C and symptoms of scurvy may manifest. withdrawal from megadoses should be gradual and over ___-___ weeks. the UL for vitamin C is ____ mg for adults and ___ mg-____ mg for young children through adolescents

rebound scurvy 2-4 2000 400-1800

the level of nutrient intake sufficient to meet the needs of almost all healthy individuals of a life-stage and gender group; aim is to supply an adequate nutrient intake (based on EAR) to decrease the risk of chronic disease

recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

what are 3 factors affecting recommended intakes of iron? (RLU)

recycled and reused lost through urine, sweat, bleeding dietary iron has an unusual absorption rate (10-15%) w/ rates being higher during deficiency, prego, growth

look at table 11.6 for drugs that affect food and/or nutrients AND table 11.8 for foods and nutrients that affect meds

reference

type of grain that have been taken apart; only portions of the edible kernel are included

refined grains

when more in depth nutrition assessment is needed, care is provided by the _____ _____. The education requirements for this position include a ____ degree of science, ____ hours of supervised practice, and passing a national _____.

registered-dietician (nutritionists) bachelors 1200 exam

diet type that serves as the basis for modified diets

regular/general diet

a ____ diet is designed to attain or maintain optimal nutritional status in people who do not require dietary alterations. dietary modifications of the regular diet may then be designed in 2 ways: ______, in which the diet contains modifications in consistency, texture, or nutrients, AND _____, in which the diet involves modifications in number or size of meals served or amounts of specific nutrients. the ____ plays a huge role in diet acceptance

regular/house/general qualitative quantitative nurse

direct measures of kcal needed per day is only available in a ____ setting. the best method used is ____ ___ in which the type and rate of energy metabolism are determined from gas exchange measurements.

research indirect calorimetry

BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 is classified as underweight and is associated with risk factors such as _________ disease, _______, and some forms of ______.

respiratory TB cancer

vitamin Aa is measured as ____ ____ ___ (RAE). the RDA is _____ µg RAE for men and ____ µg RAE for women. RAE incorperates both the preformed, active forms of vitamin A, called _____ which are found in animal foods, and the precursor forms of vitamin A, called _____ which are found in plant foods. the carotenoid _____ ___ is the primary source of vitamin A from plant foods.

retinol activity equivalents 900 700 retinoids carotenoid beta carotene

what 4 things are dietary reference intakes (DRIs) based on? (SAAE)

review scientific data adequate nutrients to prevent deficiency assess nutrient function to reduce risk of chronic diet-related diseases eval nutrient consumption among US and Canadian populations

a deficiency of vitamin D can lead to the disorders ____, which is characterized by malformed skeleton, bowed legs, and abnormal teeth, and _____, which is characterized by soft bones that fracture easily, weakness, rheumatism-like pain. ____ ___ with diminished vitamin D and calcium intake are at-risk for deficiency. risk for deficiency is increased by medication-food interactions such as with _____, _____, and ______ (STA). _____ is a multifactorial disorder with reduced bone density and brittle bones. deficiency is associated with an increased risk of _____, _____ ___, ____, ____, and ____ ____ (CRCDM).

rickets osteomalacia OA sedatives, tranquilizers, and anticonvulsants osteoporosis CAD, rheumatoid arthritis, cancers, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis

a synthetic fat replacer that stands for short and long chain triglyceride molecules that is made in the lab and provides sensory qualities with reduced energy content

salatrim

what are 2 examples of synthetic fat replacers?

salatrim olestra

type of exocrine gland that secretes saliva and enzymes in the mouth

salivary glands

a positive trend among fast-food chains is the use of less ___ fat in fried potatos and the addition of items such as salads and skim milk to the menu. on the negative side, between ___% and ___% of fast-food kcals come from fat

saturated 40-50

what are the 3 types of triglycerides? what is their type based on?

saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated type of fatty acid

in the 1970s, health professionals began to notice that the cause of an increasing amount of chronic illness was possibly tied to excessive intake of certain nutrients such as _____ ___, _____, _____, and ____.

saturated fats cholesterol sodium sugar

what 3 types of lipids are associated with elevated blood lipid levels?

saturated fats trans fats dietary cholesterol

type of fatty acid that has a single-bonded carbon chain that is fully saturated because hydrogen atoms are attached to an available bonding sites

saturated fatty acid

3 types of fatty acids

saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

extreme vitamin C deficiency disease characterized by gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, hemorrhages, plaques, and death

scurvy

deficiencies of B12 are usually ______. _____ anemia from lack of intrinsic factor for B12 or _____ anemia from related folate dysfunction occurs. additional ______ effects develop because of damage to the SC as the breakdown of myelin sheath synthesis affects brain, optic, and peripheral nerves. ____ ____ are more at risk d/t a naturally occuring reduction in production of intrinsic factor and may require ____ to supplement. B12 deficiency may be masked by _____ levels.

secondary pernicious megaloblastic neurologic older adults injections folate

match the structure of protein to its definition: 1. affects the shape of the chain of AA (straight, folded, coiled) 2. proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain 3. determined by the number, assortment, and sequence of AA in polypeptide chains 4. results when the polypeptide chain is so coiled that the loops of the chain touch, forming strong bonds within the chain itself

secondary quaternary primary tertiary

early detection to halt or reduce the effects of a disease or illness

secondary prevention

a ____ menu is planned and then options are modified according to nutriton needs for patients to select their meals. a ____ menu is a set menu in which the patient cannot choose. with ____-___, patients can order from their menus when hungry and not just within selected mealtimes. ____ should know the number of the dietician and food service department, time schedule of meal services, and location of diet manual on unit and menus. it is important in long-term care facilities that patients are given foods that they can and will eat d/t high nutritional risk

selective nonselective room-service nurses

our perception of our ability to have power over their lives and behaviors.

self-efficacy

____ PN complications are not unique to PN and include local or systemic infections d/t poor technique of aseptic catheter care. what are 2 examples? (CS)

septic catheter-related sepsis septic thrombosis

a >2% weight change in 1 week indicated _____ weight loss

severe

a >5% weight change in 1 month indicated ____ weight loss

severe

each household works best with a _____ ____- perhaps weekly, every 2 weeks, or on the way home from work/school when things are needed

shopping plan

all carbs are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the form of ____ carbs (sugars). when linked together, these simple sugars form 3 sizes of carbs: ______, _____, and ______

simple monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

a type of carb that is often referred to as sugars and is found in fruits, milk, and sweeteners such as white and brown sugar, honey, and high fructose corn syrup

simple carbs

a natural fat replacer made by heating and blending protein from milk or eggs in a process called microparticulation

simplesse

vitamin A maintains ___ and ____ ____. specific acitivities depending on vitamin A include ____, ____ ___, ____ system function, and normal ______.

skin mucous membranes vision bone growth immune reproduction

overt symptoms of EFA deficiency include ____ ___ and ___ caused by increased _____, which leads to membrane breakdown throughout the body. _____ of epithelial tissue and increased infection ______ throughout the body are also possible.

skin lesions scaliness permeability inflammation susceptibility

the major organ of digestion and is the site of almost all absorption of nutrients

small intestine

our food choices and styles of eating may affect the level of flatus experienced. negatively associated with body smells is defined by society and thus affects our ____ health dimension.

social

____ health is the ability to interact with people in an acceptable manner and to sustain relationships with family members, friends, and colleagues. vegetarians often find themselves rationalizing their behaviors to others. the simpliest approach would be to emphasize the ____ ___ gained by adopting a vegetarian diet plan. MyPlate includes support for vegetarian dietary patterns.

social health benefits

the ability to interact with people in an acceptable manner and sustain relationships with family members, friends, and colleagues

social health

acquiring historical data includes asking about _____ status, ____ of certain food groups, ____ changes, _____, _____, or ____ use, ____ medical history, and use of dietary ______. clinical factors include recent ______ or _____, _____ loss, and ____ and ____ changes, etc.

socioeconomic avoidance weight nicotine drug alcohol family supplements surgery wounds blood skin hair

____ water is water filtered with sodium to reduce mineral levels. This type can be a problem for sodium-sensitive individuals such as those at risk for _____. to prevent health problems, water ____ may be used on only the hot/cold tap in kitchens, leaving the hot/cold unsoftened for consumption.

soft HTN softeners hot cold

a transition diet with liquid to regular foods that contains whole foods, low in fiber and lightly seasoned

soft diets

type of fiber that dissolves in fluids, including pectin, mucilage, psyllium seed husk, guar hum, and other related gums; it thickens substances

soluble fiber

hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and pancreas that inhibits the functions of insulin and glucagon

somatostatin

what are the 3 most commonly used sugar alcohols? (SMX)

sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol

refined white sugar brown sugar dextrose high fructose corn syrup glucose corn sweeteners lactose concentrated fruit juice honey maple syrup molasses agave nectar reduced energy polyols or sugar alcohols

sources of sugar

designed to meet specialized nutrient demands for specific disease states; 1-2 kcal/mL; ex: glucerna, nepro

specialty

respecting the sanctity of the human body, thereby acknowledging the ____ health dimension, may include one's willingness to follow dietary and lifestyle changes to enhance functioning of the GI tract

spiritual

the cultural beliefs that give purpose to human existence, found through faith in the teachings of organized religions, in an understanding of nature or science, or in an acceptance of the humanistic view of life

spiritual health

what type of anemia occurs among endurance athletes d/t reduced hemoglobin concentration d/t expanded blood volume and is a positive adaptation of the body

sports anemia

what are 3 herbs that prolong effects of narcotics and anesthetic drugs?

st. john's wort, kava kava, valerian

tube feeding formula that is composed of intact nutrients that require the functioning of the GI tract for digestion and absorption and provide 1-2 kcal/mL

standard-intact formulas (polymetric)

storage form of plant carb

starch

in the exchange list, the carb group is subdivided into lists for what 5 things? (SFMOV)

starch fruit milk other carb veggies

What are the 3 polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, cellulose

critical components of complex regulatory compounds in our bodies and provide basic material to make bile, vitamin D, sex hormones, and cells in brain and nerve tissue

sterols

what are the 6 functions of the stomach? (SGMIGD)

storage gastric juice muscular action intrinsic factor for B12 gastrin destroy pathogenic bacteria store food for partial digestion produce gastric juice provide muscular action that mixes and tears food into smaller pieces secretes intrinsic factor for B12 absorption release gastrin assists in destruction of pathogenic bacteria that may have been consumed

the amount of vitamins and minerals absorbed depends on the body's ___ level and immediate ____ for these nutrients. nutrients such as ____, ____, and ____ are easily absorbed regardless of level of need. the structure of the ____ _____ allows for efficient absorption to occur. ______ are sensitive to the exact nutrient needs of the body and are exposed to the chyme which causes needed nutrients to leave the GI tract and pass through the cells. this is when nutrients are truly ____ the body.

storage need carbs fats protein small intestine microvilli inside

fat is more efficient at being ____ in the body than carbs and protein which means that we may gain more body fat from eating fat kcal than eating the same number of carb kcal. high fat foods are low in _____ and other nutrients. if we gradually reduce fat intake, without increasing ____ intake, energy intake increases/decreases and weight maintenance becomes easier.

stored fiber carb decreases

what are the 7 functions of water? (STLCTSSR)

structure of cells (shape + rigidity) thermoregulation lubricant (synovial fluid and mucus) cushion (shock absorption) transport nutrients and wastes solvent source of trace minerals (fluoride, zinc, copper) reactant/medium for biochemical reactions

when nutrients reach the cells, they may be chemically changed through anabolism to help form new cell ______ or to create new substances such as _____ and ____. some vitamins and minerals assist in the use of other nutrients within the cell. they act as _____ or _____ to initiate and support the transformation and use of carbs, proteins, and lipids. other nutrients may be used as ____ to continue life-supporting processes

structures hormones enzymes coenzymes catalysts energy

match the following salivary glands to their function: (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) 1. create a mucus type of saliva 2. create watery saliva that supplies enzymes 3. produce mucus and enzyme components

sublingual parotid submandibular

also known as table sugar; found in sugarcane and sugar beets, found naturally in fruits

sucrose

what are the 3 disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

also called sugar replacers; nutrient sweeteners because they provide 2-3 kcal/g but fewer than the 4 kcal/g of carb; occur naturally in fruits and berries

sugar alcohols

vitamin D can come from foods, but mostly from the _____. intestinal absorption of ____ and ____ depend on the action of vitamin D. this vitamin also affects bone ______ and mineral ______ by helping regulate bone calcium levels.

sun calcium phosphorus mineralization homeostasis

potassium toxcity occurs d/t _____ use. symptoms include muscle ___, ____, and at excessively high levels, cardiac _____

supplementation weakness vomiting arrest

when on a tube feeding, it is important to assess the patient's ____ ability before offering PO feedings. tube feedings should be stopped ___ hour before and after meals to promote appetite. As oral intake increases, decrease tube-feeding ______. Discontinue tube feeding when oral intake consistently exceeds _____ of estimated energy requirements.

swallowing 1 volume 2/3

a behavior change technique that takes a health recommendation and by cutting, shaping, and sewing fits the recommendation to the limitations or requirements of our individual lifestyle

tailoring

_____ PN complications are r/t catheter placement. a _____ can be avoided by careful insertion of the central line using proper technique. what are 7 other complications of this type? (MSCCACT)

technical pneumothorax malposition of catheter subclavian artery puncture carotid artery puncture catheter embolism air embolism catheter obstruction thrombosis

what are the 3 types of complications with PN? (TSM)

technical septic metabolic

applying new knowledge to everyday activities and developing new ways to modify current lifestyles

techniques

the _____ tear and pulverize food in the mouth rhythmically. the _____ guides food into chewing positions and then leads it into the esophagus and is also functions for taste. portions of the pulverized or masticated food are then formed into the shape of a ball called a ____ and passes into the esophagus.

teeth tongue bolus

label the following examples with the correct level of disease prevention: 1. Minimizing complications in a diabetic patient by eating an appropriate ADD diet 2. Adopting a low-fat, high fiber diet plan 3. Sodium reduction in HTN patients 4. Nutrition counseling to a patient with a reduced appetite d/t chemo 5. Eating a diet low in fat and refined sugar reduces risk of heart disease and diabetes 6. Early detection of CVD and diabetes can result in the avoidance of cardiac events or comorbidities r/t diabetes such as retinopathy

tertiary primary secondary tertiary primary secondary

occurs after a disorder develops; minimize further complications or to assist in health restoration

tertiary prevention

why do protein, lipids, and carbs contain energy?

they are organic

What are the 8 B-complex vitamins? (TRNPFCBP)

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, biotin, and pantothenic acid

iodine deficiency reduces the amount of ____ production which is called ______. symptoms include _____ and weight _____. severe deficiency during pregnancy causes ____ of the fetus, resulting in permanent mental and physical retardation. ____, enlargement of the thyroid gland, can also occur during extended deficiency. too much iodine causes iodine-induced goiter called _____; therefore, the UL is set at ____ µg/day.

thryoxine hypothyroidism sluggishness gain creatinism goiter thyrotoxicosis 1100

iodine is part of the hormone _____ produced by the thyroid gland which is involved in regulating growth and development, BMR, and body temp. the RDA for iodine is ___ mcg for adults. ____ is a good source as well as fortified ___

thyroxin 150 seafood salt

the level of nutrient intake that should not be exceeded to prevent adverse health risks; a safety boundary for total consumption; only for nutrients with known AE

tolerable upper intake level (UL)

a ____ ____ ____ reading reflects the level of cholesterol contained in LDL and HDL. ____ levels reflect the amount of cholesterol brought to cells that has the potential to cause plaque formation. ____ remove cholesterol from the blood and have a positive impact that reduces CVD risk

total blood cholesterol LDL HDL

what 16 things must a food label have on it? (TFTSTCSTDSAPVCIP)

total food energy (kcal) food energy from fat total fat saturated fat trans fat cholesterol sodium total carb dietary fiber sugars added sugars protein vitamin D calcium iron potassium

glycogen levels can be significantly increased through physical _____ and dietary ______. it is still considered a relatively ______ source of energy compared with the amounts of energy stored in body fat. carbs only provide energy for about ___ hours without exercise. during excercise, the body breaks down _____ for energy use. once depleted, the body turns to ____ for energy

training manipulatioon limited 8 glycogen fat

_____ ____ allow nutrients to pass through walls of the small intestine. what are the 5 types? (POFAP)

transport processes passive diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion energy-dependent active transport engulfing pinocytosis

· Largest class of lipids in body and foods · Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

triglycerides

3 categories of lipids/fats

triglycerides phospholipids sterols

what are the 3 types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

T/F As knowledge of diet-related diseases has improved, sets of dietary recommendations from different government agencies and voluntary health and science associations have evolved to address this issue.

true

T/F DRIs are applicable to various individuals and population groups

true

T/F Herbs may significantly affect bioavailability of foods, nutrients, and drugs

true

T/F Nutrition facts are only mandatory for processed food, not fresh produce

true

T/F Only health claims Approved by FDA may be included on the label

true

T/F There is a relationship between dietary fat and body fat

true

T/F Thiamine is nontoxic

true

T/F access to clean drinking water is a human right as stated by the UN

true

T/F by definition, dietary supplements are considered food and not drugs or food additives.

true

T/F dietary supplements must be labeled with the following statement if health claims are made: "This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease"

true

T/F iron deficiency is a US public health problem

true

T/F phospholipids and sterols are synthesized by the body and therefore are not essential nutrients

true

T/F riboflavin is nontoxic

true

T/F sulfur deficiency does not occur and toxicity is not a health issue

true

T/F the more nutrients and the fewer kcal a food provides, the higher its nutrient density

true

T/F trans FA content is mandatory on food labels

true

T/F water and minerals affect every system of our bodies

true

T/F water-soluble vitamins are easily absorbed in the small intestine and then pass into the blood for circulation

true

T/F: 1. Each vitamin performs a specific metabolic function 2. Vitamin D is the only vitamin not created by the body

true false; it is created by the body

in the small intestine, pancreatic and intestinal proteases continue the hydrolysis of polypeptides. as these smaller peptides touch the intestinal walls, peptidases are released that complete the hydrolysis of protein into absorbable units of individual AA and dipeptides. the primary pancreatic enzyme is ______ which is the active form of trypsinogen that is activated by enteropeptidase. two other pancreatic enzymes assist in the hydrolysis process: _____ hydrolyzes polypeptides into dipeptides and ______ breaks polypeptides and dipeptides into AA. 2 intestinal peptidases are ______ which releases free AA from the amino ends of short-chain peptides and _____ which completes the hydrolysis of proteins to AA. absorption of AA through intestinal walls by ____ transport requires vitamin ___ as a carrier.

trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase aminopeptidase dipeptidase active B6

if a person is taking MAOIs, they should not consume what food?

tyramine

the consumption of not enough energy of nutrients compared with DRI values; either not eating enough food to take in all the essential nutrients or eating enough food for energy but choosing foods that lack certain nutrients

undernutrition

phosphorus deficiency is ______. toxicity usually stems from ______ and causes ____ ____. a UL of ____ mg has been determined.

unknown oversupplementation calcium excretion 4000

type of grain that is prepared for consumption while they contain their original components; usually seeds or kernels

unrefined grains

the exchange lists encourage _____ and help control _____ consumption and _____ of carbs, protein, and fats. the focus is now on adapting dietary intake to meet ______ metabolic nutrition and lifestyle requirements

variety kcal grams individual

what are the 4 themes of myplate? (VPMA)

variety proportionality moderation activity

the ____ dietary pattern consists of only plant foods, including grains, legumes, fruits, veggies, seeds, and nuts; no animal-derived products are eaten. the _____ dietary pattern is a food plan composed of only plant foods plus dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, and butter. the ____-____-_____ dietary pattern consists of plant foods plus dairy products and eggs.

vegan lactovegetarian ovo-lacto-vegetarian

what are 3 food sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids? (VFM)

vegetable oils (corn, safflower, wheat germ, canola, sesame, and sunflower), fish, and margarine

fingerlike projections called ____ greatly increase the amount of mucosal layer available for the absorption of nutrients. _____ are the hair-like projections on villi that also enhance absorption. the intestinal walls are covered with a thin layer of _____ which protects the walls from digestive juices. one of the first hormones secreted by the small intestimne is ____ which causes the pancreas to send bicarbonate to the small intestine to reduce the acidity of chyme. other hormones are also released to signify the ______ to contract and release _____ that emulsifies fats and add to the absorption of _____.

villi microvilli mucus secretin gallbladder bile lipids

the white part on the outside of a steak, the butter on a potato, or the sourcream on a potato are all examples of what type of fat?

visible

what are 2 examples of natural antioxidants

vitamin E vitamin C

the american public consumes insufficient amounts of certain nutrients, such as ______ ___, ____, ____, and _____ ____ but an excess of solid _____ and added _____, refined _____, ____, and _____ ___. this combo has resulted in an excessive ____ intake that has led to a majority of americans being _____ or _____.

vitamin d calcium potassium dietary fiber fats sugar grains sodium saturated fats energy overweight/obese

Compounds that indirectly assist other nutrients through processes of digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion; found in many foods such as fruits and veggies

vitamins

organic molecules needed in very small amounts for cellular metabolism

vitamins

although human digestive juices cannot digest fiber, microflora that normally reside in the colon use fiber as a medium for microbial fermentation, resulting in the synthesis of _____ and the formation of short-chain _____ _____ that can be absorbed and used for energy which maintains colon health and increase fecal matter bulk

vitamins fatty acids

bacteria in the large intestine produce several _____ which are then absorbed. water is withdrawn from the fibrous mass, forming solidified _____. peristalsis continues to move substances through the GI tract resulting in the _____ of feces from the colon through the ____ which is the last sphincter muscle of the GI tract

vitamins feces excretion anus

by following myplate guidelines, we can expect an increased intake of what 3 things? (VMD) we can also expect a decreased intake of ____ ___, ____ ___, and ____ and rising intake of ____, _____, and _____ ____, thereby decreasing risk for some _____ diseases (STCFVW). it balances ____ with ____ needs which prevents weight _____ and/or promotes a healthy _____

vitamins minerals dietary fiber saturated fats trans fats cholesterol fruits veggies whole grains chronic intake energy gain weight

what vitamins are fat soluble? water soluble? ***

vitamins ADEK B vitamins (thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, cobalamin/B12, pyridoxine/B6, pantothenic acid, biotin) and vitamin C

what 2 nutrients have indirect roles as catalysts for the body's use of energy nutrients

vitamins and minerals

the secondary causes of Mg deficiency include excessive _____ and _____, ____ disorder, ___ disease, ______, or _______. whenever body fluids are lost, magnesium is lost/gained. if Mg intake levels are borderline and intake of Ca is high, Mg absorption may be inc/dec. symptoms of deficiency include muscle ____ and ____, and _____. Mg toxicity is rare but serious and are d/t ____ sources like supplements and Mg salts. a UL of ____ mg pertains to those sources.

vomiting diarrhea GI kidney malnutrition alcoholism lost dec twitching weakness convulsion nonfood 350

certain medication effectiveness, such as ______, can be reduced by high intakes of vitamin K from food or supplements. excess amounts of vitamin K may decrease ____ time which increases the risk for _____

warfarin clotting stroke

Functions as major part of every tissue in body Fluid within which substances can break down and reform for use by the body As a blood constituent, it provides transportation for nutrients to and from cells

water

PN can include 7 nutrients? (WADEVTF)

water AA dextrose electrolytes vitamins trace elements fats

match the following characteristics to being water soluble vitamins or fat soluble: 1. minimal storage by body 2. greater risk of toxicity 3. deficiencies quick to develop 4.deficiencies slow to develop 5. excess stored in the body 6. usually low risk of toxicity

water fat water fat fat water

_____ is necessary before d/c nutritional support or for conversion from one form of nutritonal support to another. patient who have been receiving CPN usually have decreased _____ and it may take time before they feel hungry. stopping CPN too soon can cause _____.

weaning appetite hypoglycemia

a simple, gross estimate of body composition that is important in assessing nutrition status and predicting energy expenditure

weight

how to calculate BMI

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

a lifestyle (pattern of behaviors) that enhances our level of health.

wellness

____ beriberi manifests as edema, effecting cardiac function by weakening the heart muscle and vascular system. ___ beriberi affects the nervous system, producing paralysis and extreme muscle wasting. marginal deficiencies may occur, producing _______ disturbances, recurrent _____, extreme _____, and _____.

wet dry pscyhological headache tiredness irritability

sucrose extracted from sugarcane and sugar beats

white table sugar

natural preformed vitamin A is found only in the fat of animal-related foods such as _____ ____, ____, _____, ____ ____, and ____ ___ (WBLEF). carotenoids are found in deep _____, _____, and ____ ____ and ____. the best sources are _____, _____, ____ ____, _____, ____, and _____ (BCSCTS)

whole milk and butter, liver, egg yolks, fatty fish deep green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables broccoli, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, spinach

refer to food items made using all the edible portions of kernels

whole-grain products

what group of people usually face chronic hunger in north america?

working poor

PN trace element formulations contain what 5 trace elements? (CCMSZ) can be commercial solution or develop own IV injectable formula

zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium

what are 6 outcomes of malnutrition? (PLDLDA)

§ Poor wound healing § Longer lengths of stay § Decline in overall health § Loss of appetite, depression, or alterations in taste and smell perception

what are 5 common alternative sweeteners? (ASASS)

· Aspartame · Saccharin · Acesulfame potassium · Sucralose · Stevia

what are 3 challenges of the hospital setting on nutrition? (ELE)

· Experience of being a patient · Lack of privacy · Emotional aspects of food

what are 7 effects that bed rest has on nutrition status? (IMBPGGS)

· Impaired skin integrity · Decreased muscle tone, bone calcium, plasma volume, and gastric secretions · Glucose intolerance · Shifts in body fluids and electrolytes

what 4 types of patients are at increased risk for EFA deficiency? (OFPB)

· Older patients with peripheral vascular disease · Patients with fat malabsorption (CF) · Patients receiving treatment for protein malnutrition · Patients recovering from serious burns and accidents