NURS 355 Chapter 28--2

An 18-month-old child is seen in the clinic with otitis media (OM). Oral amoxicillin is prescribed. What instructions should be given to the parent?

Administer all of the prescribed medication Antibiotics should be given for their full course to prevent recurrence of infection with resistant bacteria. Symptoms may subside before the full course is given. Hearing loss is a complication of OM; antibiotics should continue to be given. Medication may take 24 to 48 hours to make symptoms subside.

The mother of a 20-month-old boy tells the nurse that he has a barking cough at night. His temperature is 37° C (98.6° F). The nurse suspects mild croup and should recommend which intervention?

Provide fluids that the child likes and use comfort measures. In mild croup, therapeutic interventions include adequate hydration (as long as the child can easily drink) and comfort measures to minimize distress. The child is not exhibiting signs of epiglottitis. A temperature of 37° C is within normal limits. Although a return to the clinic may be indicated, the mother is instructed to return if the child develops noisy respirations or drooling.

What statement best represents infectious mononucleosis?

Clinical signs and symptoms and blood tests are both needed to establish the diagnosis. The characteristics of the disease—malaise, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, central nervous system manifestations, and skin lesions—are similar to presenting signs and symptoms in other diseases. Hematologic analysis (heterophil antibody and monospot) can help confirm the diagnosis. However, not all young children develop the expected laboratory findings. Herpes-like Epstein-Barr virus is the principal cause. Usually, an increase in lymphocytes is observed. Penicillin, not ampicillin, is indicated. Ampicillin is linked with a discrete macular eruption in infectious mononucleosis.

A preschool child has asthma, and a goal is to extend expiratory time and increase expiratory effectiveness. What action should the nurse implement to meet this goal?

Encourage the child to blow a pinwheel every 6 hours while awake. Play techniques that can be used for younger children to extend their expiratory time and increase expiratory pressure include blowing cotton balls or a ping-pong ball on a table, blowing a pinwheel, blowing bubbles, or preventing a tissue from falling by blowing it against the wall. Increased fluids, increased use of a Pulmicort inhaler, or suppressing a cough will not increase expiratory effectiveness.

A child is diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis. What medications does the nurse anticipate to be prescribed for the first 2 months? (Select all that apply.)

Isoniazid (INH) Rifampin (Rifadin) Pyrazinamide (PZA) Ethambutol (Myambutol) For the child with clinically active pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, the goal is to achieve sterilization of the tuberculous lesion. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2012) recommends a 6-month regimen consisting of INH, rifampin, ethambutol, and PZA given daily or twice weekly for the first 2 months followed by INH and rifampin given two or three times a week by DOT for the remaining 4 months (Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Cefuroxime is not part of the regimen.

A school-age child with cystic fibrosis takes four enzyme capsules with meals. The child is having four or five bowel movements per day. The nurse's action in regard to the pancreatic enzymes is based on the knowledge that the dosage is what?

Needs to be increased to decrease the number of bowel movements per day The amount of enzyme is adjusted to achieve normal growth and a decrease in the number of stools to one or two per day.

The nurse encourages the mother of a toddler with acute laryngotracheobronchitis to stay at the bedside as much as possible. What is the primary rationale for this action?

The mother's presence will reduce anxiety and ease the child's respiratory efforts. The family's presence will decrease the child's distress. It is true that mothers of hospitalized toddlers often experience guilt and that separation from mother is a major developmental threat for toddlers, but the main reason to keep parents at the child's bedside is to ease anxiety and therefore respiratory effort.

A child with asthma is having pulmonary function tests. What rationale explains the purpose of the peak expiratory flow rate?

To assess severity of asthma Peak expiratory flow rate monitoring is used to monitor the child's current pulmonary function. It can be used to manage exacerbations and for daily long-term management. The cause of asthma is known. Asthma is caused by a complex interaction among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues present in the airways. The triggers of asthma are determined through history taking and immunologic and other testing. The diagnosis of asthma is made through clinical manifestations, history, physical examination, and laboratory testing.

The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.)

Brassy cough Low-grade fever Slowly progressive Clinical manifestations of LTB include a brassy cough, low-grade fever, and slow progression. Dysphagia and a toxic appearance are characteristics of acute epiglottitis.

What condition is the leading cause of chronic illness in children?

Asthma Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, the primary cause of school absences, and the third leading cause of hospitalization in children younger than the age of 15 years. Pertussis is not a chronic illness. Tuberculosis is not a significant factor in childhood chronic illness. Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic illness among white children.

A child has a chronic cough and diffuse wheezing during the expiratory phase of respiration. This suggests what condition?

Asthma Asthma may have these chronic signs and symptoms. Pneumonia appears with an acute onset, fever, and general malaise. Bronchiolitis is an acute condition caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Foreign body in the trachea occurs with acute respiratory distress or failure and maybe stridor.

The nurse is assessing a child with croup in the emergency department. The child has a sore throat and is drooling. Examining the child's throat using a tongue depressor might precipitate what condition?

Complete obstruction If a child has acute epiglottitis, examination of the throat may cause complete obstruction and should be performed only when immediate intubation can take place. Sore throat and pain on swallowing are early signs of epiglottitis. Stridor is aggravated when a child with epiglottitis is supine. Epiglottitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae in the respiratory tract.

A 6-year-old child has had a tonsillectomy. The child is spitting up small amounts of dark brown blood in the immediate postoperative period. The nurse should take what action?

Continue to assess for bleeding Some secretions, particularly dried blood from surgery, are common after a tonsillectomy. Inspect all secretions and vomitus for evidence of fresh bleeding (some blood-tinged mucus is expected). Dark brown (old) blood is usually present in the emesis, as well as in the nose and between the teeth. Small amounts of dark brown blood should be further monitored. A red-flavored ice pop should not be given and the Trendelenburg position is not recommended.

What is the earliest recognizable clinical manifestation(s) of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Meconium ileus The earliest clinical manifestation of CF is a meconium ileus, which is found in about 10% of children with CF. Clinical manifestations include abdominal distention, vomiting, failure to pass stools, and rapid development of dehydration. History of malabsorption is a later sign that manifests as failure to thrive. Foul-smelling stools and recurrent respiratory infections are later manifestations of CF.

A 3-year-old child is experiencing pain after a tonsillectomy. The child has not taken in any fluids and does not want to drink anything, saying, "My tummy hurts." The following health care prescriptions are available: acetaminophen (Tylenol) PO (orally) or PR (rectally) PRN, ice chips, clear liquids. What should the nurse implement to relieve the child's pain?

Tylenol PR The throat is very sore after a tonsillectomy. Most children experience moderate pain after a tonsillectomy and need pain medication at regular intervals for at least the first 24 hours. Analgesics may need to be given rectally or intravenously to avoid the oral route.

The nurse is giving discharge instructions to the parents of a 5-year-old child who had a tonsillectomy 4 hours ago. What statement by the parent indicates a correct understanding of the teaching?

"I can use an ice collar on my child for pain control along with analgesics." Pain control after a tonsillectomy can be achieved with application of an ice collar and administration of analgesics. The child should avoid clearing the throat or coughing and does not need to gargle and brush teeth a certain number of times per day and should avoid vigorous gargling and toothbrushing. Also, the child's activity should be limited to decrease the potential for bleeding, at least for the first few days.

What consideration is most important in managing tuberculosis (TB) in children?

Chemotherapy Drug therapy for TB includes isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months and isoniazid and rifampin given two or three times a week by direct observation therapy for the remaining 4 months. Chemotherapy is the most important intervention for TB.

A school-age child has asthma. The nurse should teach the child that if a peak expiratory flow rate is in the yellow zone, this means that the asthma control is what?

50% to 79% of a personal best and needs an increase in the usual therapy. The interpretation of a peak expiratory flow rate that is yellow (50%-79% of personal best) signals caution. Asthma is not well controlled. An acute exacerbation may be present. Maintenance therapy may need to be increased. Call the practitioner if the child stays in this zone.

An infant's parents ask the nurse about preventing otitis media (OM). What information should be provided?

Avoid tobacco smoke Eliminating tobacco smoke from the child's environment is essential for preventing OM and other common childhood illnesses. Nasal decongestants are not useful in preventing OM. Children with uncomplicated OM are not contagious unless they show other symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Children should be fed in a semivertical position to prevent OM.

A child with cystic fibrosis (CF) receives aerosolized bronchodilator medication. When should this medication be administered?

Before chest physiotherapy (CPT) Bronchodilators should be given before CPT to open bronchi and make expectoration easier. These medications are not helpful when used after CPT. Oxygen is administered only in acute episodes, with caution, because of chronic carbon dioxide retention.

Parents bring their 15-month-old infant to the emergency department at 3:00 AM because the toddler has a temperature of 39° C (102.2° F), is crying inconsolably, and is tugging at the ears. A diagnosis of otitis media (OM) is made. In addition to antibiotic therapy, the nurse practitioner should instruct the parents to use what medication?

Benzocaine ear drops for topical pain relief Analgesic ear drops can provide topical relief for the intense pain of OM. Decongestants and antihistamines are not recommended in the treatment of OM. Aspirin is contraindicated in young children because of the association with Reye syndrome.

The nurse is preparing to admit a 7-year-old child with pulmonary edema. What clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.)

Diaphoresis Pink frothy sputum Respiratory crackles Clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema include diaphoresis, pink frothy sputum, and respiratory crackles. Fever or bradycardia are not manifestations of pulmonary edema.

In providing nourishment for a child with cystic fibrosis (CF), what factors should the nurse keep in mind?

Diet should be high in calories, proteins, and unrestricted fats Children with CF require a well-balanced, high-protein, high-caloric diet, with unrestricted fat (because of the impaired intestinal absorption).

Decongestant nose drops are recommended for a 10-month-old infant with an upper respiratory tract infection. Instructions for nose drops should include which information?

Do not use for more than 3 days Vasoconstrictive nose drops such as Neo-Synephrine should not be used for more than 3 days to avoid rebound congestion. Drops should be discarded after one illness and not used for other children because they may become contaminated with bacteria. Drops administered before feedings are more helpful. Two drops are administered to cause vasoconstriction in the anterior mucous membranes. An additional two drops are instilled 5 to 10 minutes later for the posterior mucous membranes. No further doses should be given.

A 5-year-old child is admitted with bacterial pneumonia. What signs and symptoms should the nurse expect to assess with this disease process?

Fever, cough, and chest pain Children with bacterial pneumonia usually appear ill. Symptoms include fever, malaise, rapid and shallow respirations, cough, and chest pain. Ear infection, nasal discharge, and eye infection are not symptoms of bacterial pneumonia.

A toddler has a unilateral foul-smelling nasal discharge and frequent sneezing. The nurse should suspect what condition?

Foreign body in the nose The irritation of a foreign body in the nose produces local mucosal swelling with foul-smelling nasal discharge, local obstruction with sneezing, and mild discomfort. Allergies would produce clear bilateral nasal discharge. Nasal discharge is usually not associated with pharyngitis. Acute nasopharyngitis would have bilateral mucous discharge.

A quantitative sweat chloride test has been done on an 8-month-old child. What value should be indicative of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Greater than 60 mEq/L Normally sweat chloride content is less than 40 mEq/L, with a mean of 18 mEq/L. A chloride concentration greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF; in infants younger than 3 months, a sweat chloride concentration greater than 40 mEq/L is highly suggestive of CF.

A term infant is delivered, and before delivery, the medical team was notified that a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) was diagnosed on ultrasonography. What should be done immediately at birth if respiratory distress is noted?

Intubate the infant Many infants with a CDH require immediate respiratory assistance, which includes endotracheal intubation and GI decompression with a double-lumen catheter to prevent further respiratory compromise. At birth, bag and mask ventilation is contraindicated to prevent air from entering the stomach and especially the intestines, further compromising pulmonary function. Oxygen and suctioning may be used for mild respiratory distress.

The nurse is caring for a child with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning associated with smoke inhalation. What intervention is essential in this child's care?

Monitor arterial blood gases Arterial blood gases are the best way to monitor CO poisoning. Pulse oximetry is contraindicated in the case of CO poisoning because the PaO2 may be normal. One hundred percent oxygen should be given as quickly as possible, not only if respiratory distress or other symptoms develop.

An infant with a congenital heart defect is to receive a dose of palivizumab (Synagis). What is the purpose of this?

Prevent RSV infection The only product available in the United States for prevention of RSV is palivizumab, a humanized mouse monoclonal antibody, which is given once every 30 days (15 mg/kg) between November and March. It is given to high-risk infants, which includes an infant with a congenital heart defect.

The nurse is preparing to admit a 3-year-old child with acute spasmodic laryngitis. What clinical features of hepatitis B should the nurse recognize? (Select all that apply.)

Croupy cough Tendency to recur Occurs sudden, often at night Clinical features of acute spasmodic laryngitis include a croupy cough, a tendency to recur, and occurring sudden, often at night. High fever is a feature of acute epiglottitis and purulent secretions are seen with acute tracheitis.

What do the initial signs of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in an infant include?

Rhinorrhea, wheezing, and fever Symptoms such as rhinorrhea and a low-grade fever often appear first. OM and conjunctivitis may also be present. In time, a cough may develop. Wheezing is an initial sign as well. Progression of illness brings on the symptoms of tachypnea, retractions, poor breath sounds, cyanosis, air hunger, and apnea.

The nurse is interpreting a tuberculin skin test. If the nurse finds a result of an induration 5 mm or larger, in which child should the nurse document this finding as positive? (Select all that apply.)

A child receiving immunosuppressive therapy A child with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection A child living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis A tuberculin skin test with an induration of 5 mm or larger is considered to be positive if the child is receiving immunosuppressive therapy, has an HIV infection, or is living in close contact with a known contagious case of tuberculosis. The test would be considered positive in a child who has diabetes mellitus or is younger than 4 years of age if the tuberculin skin test had an induration of 10 mm or larger.

Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) differs from acute otitis media (AOM) because it is usually characterized by which signs or symptoms?

A feeling of fullness in the ear OME is characterized by a feeling of fullness in the ear or other nonspecific complaints. OME does not cause severe pain. This may be a sign of AOM. Vomiting, anorexia, and fever are associated with AOM.

It is important that a child with acute streptococcal pharyngitis be treated with antibiotics to prevent which condition?

Acute rheumatic fever Group A hemolytic streptococcal infection is a brief illness with varying symptoms. It is essential that pharyngitis caused by this organism be treated with appropriate antibiotics to avoid the sequelae of acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis. The cause of otitis media is either viral or other bacterial organisms. DI is a disorder of the posterior pituitary. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, not streptococcal pharyngitis, can cause DI. Glomerulonephritis, not nephrotic syndrome, can result from acute streptococcal pharyngitis.

A tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is contraindicated in what conditions? (Select all that apply.)

Cleft palate Blood dyscrasias Acute infection at the time of surgery Contraindications to either tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy are (1) cleft palate because both tonsils help minimize escape of air during speech, (2) acute infections at the time of surgery because the locally inflamed tissues increase the risk of bleeding, and (3) uncontrolled systemic diseases or blood dyscrasias. Tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy is not contraindicated in sickle cell disease or seizure disorders.

What tests aid in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Sweat test, stool for fat, chest radiography A sweat test result of greater than 60 mEq/L is diagnostic of CF, a high level of fecal fat is a gastrointestinal manifestation of CF, and a chest radiograph showing patchy atelectasis and obstructive emphysema indicates CF. Bronchoscopy, duodenal fluid analysis, stool tests for trypsin, and intestinal biopsy are not helpful in diagnosing CF. Gastric contents normally contain hydrochloride; it is not diagnostic.

A child with cystic fibrosis is receiving recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (DNase). What statement about DNase is true?

May cause voice alterations One of the only adverse effects of DNase is voice alterations and laryngitis. DNase is given in an aerosolized form, decreases the viscosity of mucus, and is safe for children younger than 12 years.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) may affect single or multiple systems of the body. What is the primary factor responsible for possible multiple clinical manifestations in CF?

Mechanical obstruction caused by increased viscosity of mucous gland secretions The mucous glands produce a thick mucoprotein that accumulates and results in dilation. Small passages in organs such as the pancreas and bronchioles become obstructed as secretions form concretions in the glands and ducts. The exocrine glands, not sweat glands, are dysfunctional. Although abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system are present, it is not hypoactive. Intestinal involvement in CF results from the thick intestinal secretions, which can lead to blockage and rectal prolapse.

The nurse is caring for a child with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with sepsis. What nursing action should be included in the care of the child?

Monitor pulse oximetry Careful monitoring of oxygenation and cardiopulmonary status is an important evaluation tool in the care of the child with ARDS. Maintenance of vascular volume and hydration is important and should be done parenterally. Seizures are not a side effect of ARDS. Adequate nutrition is necessary, but a high-protein diet is not helpful.

The nurse is caring for a newborn with suspected congenital diaphragmatic hernia. What of the following findings would the nurse expect to observe? (Select all that apply.)

Scaphoid abdomen Mediastinal shift Moderate respiratory distress Clinical manifestations of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia include a scaphoid abdomen, a mediastinal shift, and moderate to severe respiratory distress. The infant would not have a harsh, loud murmur or poor peripheral pulses. Inguinal swelling is indicative of an inguinal hernia.

What drug is usually given first in the emergency treatment of an acute, severe asthma episode in a young child?

Short-acting B2 agonists Short-acting β2-agonists are the first treatment in an acute asthma exacerbation. Ephedrine and aminophylline are not helpful in acute asthma exacerbations. Theophylline is unnecessary for treating asthma exacerbations.

The parent of an infant with nasopharyngitis should be instructed to notify the health professional if the infant shows signs or symptoms of which condition?

Shows signs of an earache If an infant with nasopharyngitis shows signs of an earache, it may indicate respiratory complications and possibly secondary bacterial infection. The health professional should be contacted to evaluate the infant. Cough can be a sign of nasopharyngitis. Irritability is common in an infant with a viral illness. Fever is common in viral illnesses.

Children who are taking long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently for what potential complication?

Slowed growth The growth of children on long-term inhaled steroids should be assessed frequently to evaluate systemic effects of these drugs. Cough is prevented by inhaled steroids. No evidence exists that inhaled steroids cause osteoporosis. Cushing syndrome is caused by long-term systemic steroids.

Why are cool-mist vaporizers rather than steam vaporizers recommended in the home treatment of respiratory infections?

They are safer Cool-mist vaporizers are safer than steam vaporizers, and little evidence exists to show any advantages to steam. The cost of cool-mist and steam vaporizers is comparable. Steam loosens secretions, not dries them. Both cool-mist vaporizers and steam vaporizers may promote a more comfortable environment, but cool-mist vaporizers have decreased risk for burns and growth of organisms.

What medication is contraindicated in children post tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy?

Codeine Codeine is contraindicated in pediatric patients after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Drug Safety Communication that codeine use in certain children after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy may lead to rare but life-threatening adverse events or death. Zofran, amoxicillin, and Tylenol are not contraindicated after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.

The clinic nurse is administering influenza vaccinations. Which children should not receive the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)? (Select all that apply.)

A child with asthma A child with diabetes A child with cancer receiving chemotherapy The live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is an acceptable alternative to the IM vaccine (IIV) for ages 2 to 49 years. It is a live vaccine administered via nasal spray. Several groups are excluded from receiving it, including children with a chronic heart or lung disease (asthma or reactive airways disease), diabetes, or kidney failure; children who are immunocompromised or receiving immunosuppressants; children younger than 5 years of age with a history of recurrent wheezing; children receiving aspirin; patients who are pregnant; children who have a severe allergy to chicken eggs or who are allergic to any of the nasal spray vaccine components; or children with a history of Guillain-Barré Syndrome after a previous dose. A child with hemophilia A or gastroesophageal reflux disease would not be immunocompromised so they can receive the LAIV.

A 3-year-old child woke up in the middle of the night with a croupy cough and inspiratory stridor. The parents bring the child to the emergency department, but by the time they arrive, the cough is gone, and the stridor has resolved. What can the nurse teach the parents with regard to this type of croup?

A cool mist vaporizer at the bedside can help prevent this type of croup. Acute spasmodic laryngitis (spasmodic croup, "midnight croup," or "twilight croup") is distinct from laryngitis and LTB and characterized by paroxysmal attacks of laryngeal obstruction that occur chiefly at night. The child goes to bed well or with some mild respiratory symptoms but awakens suddenly with characteristic barking; a metallic cough; hoarseness; noisy inspirations; and restlessness. However, there is no fever, and the episode subsides in a few hours. Children with spasmodic croup are managed at home. Cool mist is recommended for the child's room. A tepid water bath will not help, but steam provided by hot water may relieve the laryngeal spasm. The child will not need Tylenol, and antibiotics are not given for this type of croup.

A 1-year-old child has acute otitis media (AOM) and is being treated with oral antibiotics. What should the nurse include in the discharge teaching to the infant's parents?

A follow-up visit should be done after all medicine has been given. Children with AOM should be seen after antibiotic therapy is complete to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment and to identify potential complications, such as effusion or hearing impairment. Hearing loss does not usually occur with acute otitis media. Tylenol should be given for pain, and the infant will not necessarily need a myringotomy procedure.

An infant has been diagnosed with staphylococcal pneumonia. Nursing care of the child with pneumonia includes which intervention?

Administration of antibiotics Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial pneumonia. Often the child has decreased pulmonary reserve, and clustering of care is essential. The child's respiratory rate and status and general disposition are monitored closely, but frequent complete physical assessments are not indicated. Antitussive agents are used sparingly. It is desirable for the child to cough up some of the secretions. Fluids are essential to kept secretions as liquefied as possible.

The nurse is preparing a staff education program about pediatric asthma. What concepts should the nurse include when discussing the asthma severity classification system? (Select all that apply.)

Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms. Children with mild persistent asthma have signs or symptoms more than two times per week and nighttime signs or symptoms three or four times per month. Children with moderate persistent asthma have some limitations with normal activity and need to use a short-acting β-agonist for sign or symptom control daily. Children with severe persistent asthma have frequent nighttime signs or symptoms and have a PEF of less than 60%.

An infant with bronchiolitis is hospitalized. The causative organism is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The nurse knows that a child infected with this virus requires what type of isolation?

Contact precautions RSV is transmitted through droplets. In addition to Standard Precautions and hand washing, Contact Precautions are required. Caregivers must use gloves and gowns when entering the room. Care is taken not to touch their own eyes or mucous membranes with a contaminated gloved hand. Children are placed in a private room or in a room with other children with RSV infections. Reverse isolation focuses on keeping bacteria away from the infant. With RSV, other children need to be protected from exposure to the virus. The virus is not airborne.

What interventions can the nurse teach parents to do to ease respiratory efforts for a child with a mild respiratory tract infection? (Select all that apply.)

Cool mist Warm mist Steam vaporizer Run a shower of hot water to produce steam Warm or cool mist is a common therapeutic measure for symptomatic relief of respiratory discomfort. The moisture soothes inflamed membranes and is beneficial when there is hoarseness or laryngeal involvement. A time-honored method of producing steam is the shower. Running a shower of hot water into the empty bathtub or open shower stall with the bathroom door closed produces a quick source of steam. Keeping a child in this environment for 10 to 15 minutes may help ease respiratory efforts. A small child can sit on the lap of a parent or other adult. The child should be quiet but upright, not flat. The use of steam vaporizers in the home is often discouraged because of the hazards related to their use and limited evidence to support their efficacy.

A 3-year-old is brought to the emergency department with symptoms of stridor, fever, restlessness, and drooling. No coughing is observed. Based on these findings, the nurse should be prepared to assist with what action?

Emergency intubation Three clinical observations that are predictive of epiglottitis are absence of spontaneous cough, presence of drooling, and agitation. Nasotracheal intubation or tracheostomy is usually considered for a child with epiglottitis with severe respiratory distress. The throat should not be inspected because airway obstruction can occur, and steroids would not be done first when the child is in severe respiratory distress.

A 6-year-old child is in the hospital for status asthmaticus. Nursing care during this acute period includes which prescribed interventions?

Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol) IV every 12 hours, continuous pulse oximetry, albuterol nebulizer treatments every 4 hours and PRN The child in status asthmaticus should be placed on continuous cardiorespiratory (including blood pressure) and pulse oximetry monitoring. A systemic corticosteroid (oral, IV, or IM) may also be given to decrease the effects of inflammation. Inhaled aerosolized short-acting β2-agonists are recommended for all patients. Therefore, Solumedrol per IV, continuous pulse oximetry, and albuterol nebulizer treatments are the expected prescribed treatments. Oral medications would not be used during the acute stage of status asthmaticus. Vital signs once a shift and spot pulse oximetry checks would not be often enough.

The nurse is caring for a 1-month-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) who is receiving 23% oxygen via a plastic hood. The child's SaO2 saturation is 88%, respiratory rate is 45 breaths/min, and pulse is 140 beats/min. Based on these assessments, what action should the nurse take?

Notify the health care provider The American Academy of Pediatrics practice parameter (2006) recommends the use of supplemental oxygen if the infant fails to maintain a consistent oxygen saturation of at least 90%. The health care provider should be notified of the saturation reading of 88%. Withholding the feedings or placing the infant in an infant seat would not increase the saturation reading. The infant should be kept in the hood, but because the saturation reading is 88%, the health care provider should be notified to obtain orders to increase the oxygen concentration.

A 4-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department. She has a "froglike" croaking sound on inspiration, is agitated, and is drooling. She insists on sitting upright. The nurse should intervene in which manner?

Notify the physician immediately and be prepared to assist with a tracheostomy or intubation. This child is exhibiting signs of respiratory distress and possible epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is always a medical emergency requiring antibiotics and airway support for treatment. Sitting up is the position that facilitates breathing in respiratory disease. The oral pharynx should not be visualized. If the epiglottis is inflamed, there is the potential for complete obstruction if it is irritated further. Although lung auscultation provides useful assessment information, a mist tent would not be beneficial for this child. Immediate medical evaluation and intervention are indicated.

Pancreatic enzymes are administered to the child with cystic fibrosis. What nursing consideration should be included in the plan of care?

Pancreatic enzymes can be swallowed whole or sprinkled on a small amount of food taken at the beginning of a meal. Enzymes may be administered in a small amount of cereal or fruit at the beginning of a meal or swallowed whole. Enzymes should be given just before meals and snacks. Pancreatic enzymes are not a contraindication for antibiotics. The dose of enzymes should be increased if child is having frequent, bulky stools.

A child is in the hospital for cystic fibrosis. What health care provider's prescription should the nurse clarify before implementing?

Pancreatic enzymes every 6 hours The principal treatment for pancreatic insufficiency that occurs in cystic fibrosis is replacement of pancreatic enzymes, which are administered with meals and snacks to ensure that digestive enzymes are mixed with food in the duodenum. The enzymes should not be given every 6 hours, so this should be clarified before implementing this prescription. Dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) is given by nebulizer to decrease the viscosity of secretions, vitamin supplements are given daily, and Proventil nebulizer treatments are given to open the bronchi for easier expectoration.

The parent of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) calls the clinic nurse to report that the child has developed tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis. The nurse should tell the parent to bring the child to the clinic because these signs and symptoms are suggestive of what condition?

Pneumothorax Usually the signs of pneumothorax are nonspecific. Tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, pallor, and cyanosis are significant signs and symptoms and are indicative of respiratory distress caused by pneumothorax. If the bronchial tubes were dilated, the child would have decreased work of breathing and would most likely be asymptomatic. Carbon dioxide retention is a result of the chronic alveolar hypoventilation in CF. Hypoxia replaces carbon dioxide as the drive for respiration progresses. Increased viscosity would result in more difficulty clearing secretions.

A child is admitted with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). The child will most likely be treated with which?

Racemic epinephrine and corticosteroids Nebulized epinephrine (racemic epinephrine) is now used in children with LTB that is not alleviated with cool mist. The beta-adrenergic effects cause mucosal vasoconstriction and subsequent decreased subglottic edema. The use of corticosteroids is beneficial because the anti-inflammatory effects decrease subglottic edema. Nebulizer treatments are not effective even though oxygen may be required. Antibiotics are not used because it is a viral infection. Chest physiotherapy would not be instituted.

One of the goals for children with asthma is to maintain the child's normal functioning. What principle of treatment helps to accomplish this goal?

Reduce underlying inflammation Children with asthma are often excluded from exercise. This practice interferes with peer interaction and physical health. Most children with asthma can participate provided their asthma is under control. Inflammation is the underlying cause of the symptoms of asthma. By decreasing inflammation and reducing the symptomatic airway narrowing, health care providers can minimize exacerbations. Pharmacologic agents are used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. It is recommended that children with asthma be evaluated every 6 months.

What diagnostic test for allergies involves the injection of specific allergens?

Skin testing Skin testing is the most commonly used diagnostic test for allergy. A specific allergen is injected under the skin, and after a suitable time, the size of the resultant wheal is measured to determine the patient's sensitivity. Phadiatop is a screening test that uses a blood sample to assess for IgE antibodies for a group of specific allergens. RAST determines the level of specific IgE antibodies. Blood examination for total IgE would not distinguish among allergens.

A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the pediatric unit for treatment of bronchiolitis. The infant's vital signs are T, 101.6° F; P, 106 beats/min apical; and R, 70 breaths/min. The infant is irritable and fussy and coughs frequently. IV fluids are given via a peripheral venipuncture. Fluids by mouth were initially contraindicated for what reason?

Tachypnea Fluids by mouth may be contraindicated because of tachypnea, weakness, and fatigue. Therefore, IV fluids are preferred until the acute stage of bronchiolitis has passed. Infants with bronchiolitis may have paroxysmal coughing, but fluids by mouth would not be contraindicated. Irritability or fever would not be reasons for fluids by mouth to be contraindicated.

A child has a streptococcal throat infection and is being treated with antibiotics. What should the nurse teach the parents to prevent infection of others?

The child can return to school after taking antibiotics for 24 hours. Children with streptococcal infection are noninfectious to others 24 hours after initiation of antibiotic therapy. It is generally recommended that children not return to school or daycare until they have been taking antibiotics for a full 24-hour period. The organism is spread by close contact with affected persons—direct projection of large droplets or physical transfer of respiratory secretions containing the organism.

What statement is the most descriptive of asthma?

There is heightened airway reactivity In asthma, spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi and bronchioles causes constriction, producing impaired respiratory function. Atopy, or development of an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response, is inherited but is not the only cause of asthma. Asthma is characterized by increased resistance in the airway. Asthma has multiple causes, including allergens, irritants, exercise, cold air, infections, medications, medical conditions, and endocrine factors.

A family requires home care teaching with regard to preventative measures to use at home to avoid an asthmatic episode. What strategy should the nurse teach?

Use an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter Allergen control includes use of an indoor air purifier with HEPA filter. Humidity should be kept low, bedding laundered in hot water once a week, and carpet replaced with wood floors.

When caring for a child after a tonsillectomy, what intervention should the nurse do?

Watch for continuous swallowing Continuous swallowing, especially while sleeping, is an early sign of bleeding. The child swallows the blood that is trickling from the operative site. Gargling is discouraged because it could irritate the operative site. Ice compresses are recommended to reduce inflammation. The child should be positioned on the side or abdomen to facilitate drainage of secretions.