Nursing Concepts Test 1
___________ is one strategy to strengthen nursing education and enhance the roles of nurses as collaborative leaders in the health care system.
interprofessional education
what is important to remember about professional identity?
it is a process which takes time
how were the nursing schools operated?
long days of patient service followed by class.
what was founded in 1896? what was their purpose? what were they renamed in 1912?
nurses' associated alumnae of the united states and canada purpose was to achieve legal recognition for trained nurses to counter the belief that "an ignorant women, who is not fit for anything else, is good enough for a nurse" renamed the American nurses association
What was the purpose of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Nursing in 1935? a. Ensure equality between gender and ethnicity within the nursing career. b. Provide a union for hospital nurses. c. Create specialties within the nursing profession. d. Establish collegiate nursing programs in American universities.
d
Which action by the nurse would show the implementation stage of the nursing process? a. Asking the client about health concerns b. Developing interventions to help the client solve health problems c. Choosing appropriate nursing diagnoses d. Changing the dressing on a client's leg wound
d
Which statement about communication does the nurse understand to be accurate? a. "The foundation of the communication pyramid is context." b. "Self-awareness is minimally important in communication." c. "There are few theories on communication." d. "Critical communication skills begin with interpersonal communication."
d
Which statement by the nurse indicates an adequate understanding of critical thinking? a. "Critical thinking is not necessary in the field of nursing." b. "Critical thinking should be mastered before nurses can begin practice." c. "Nurses with higher degrees are often better critical thinkers." d. "Becoming a critical thinker is a lifelong process."
d
Which statement by the nurse indicates an understanding of the performing phase? a. "Group members are polite and get to know each other." b. "Group members challenge one another about boundaries." c. "Communication becomes more spontaneous and personal." d. "Group members feel a sense of emotional and intellectual fulfillment."
d
prior to the periods who took care of the sick?
"common" women --lower class, too old or ill for other work
When the nurses graduated from training school what could they be employed as?
"graduate private duty nurses"
what is the evaluation step in the nursing process?
-occurs with every step of nursing process -determine appropriateness of and completeness of data collection -determine whether client met identified outcomes -determine effectiveness and relevance of specific nursing interventions
what is the planning step in the nursing process?
-priority nursing diagnosis -outcome identification: client centered, specific, realistic, and measurable, and with time frame. -SMART
who emerged and what emerged in nursing during the crimean war (1853-1856)
-Florence nightingale -the value of the trained nurse -1860: nightingale training school for nurses at St. Thomas' hospital in London
what does the ANA social policy statement do?
-articulates the parameters of the relationship between the profession of nursing and society -nursing as an entity within society, and how that relationship is to be understood, developed, and lived out by the profession as a whole.
What are the steps in the nursing process?
-assessment -diagnosis --outcomes identification -planning -implementation -evaluation
what are the nursing expectations from society?
-autonomy of practice: "nursing expects social trust" -self-governance -title and practice protection -respect and just remuneration -freedom to practice -workforce sustainability -protection in hazardous service
what is the analysis and diagnosis step in the nursing process?
-clinical judgement about individual, family, or community responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes. -inductive reasoning -deductive reasoning
what do nurses use critical thinking to do?
-collect, validate, and organize data -formulate nursing diagnosis, set goals -determine priorities, to implement appropriate interventions -evaluate effectiveness of care, revise as needed
what is the implementation step in the nursing process?
-nurse executes plan of care -careful documentation --description of intervention --client response --new data emerges --progress toward outcomes
What was nursing like in england and US during the American civil war (1861-1865)
-volunteer women demonstrated effectiveness of skilled nursing improving outcomes -emergence of nurse training schools based on the Nightingale Apprenticeship model
What is intuition?
-way of knowing -facts or truths are known or felt directly --not derived through linear or rational analysis -relies on direct patient contact, self-receptivity, experience, energy, self-confidence.
how many elements are in the ANA social statement?
16 elements -9 professional societal expectations of nursing -7 nursings expectations of society
The nursing process is a systematic, problem-solving approach that provides the framework for nursing practice in the United States and Canada. Put the five steps of the nursing process in order. 1. evaluation 2.planning 3.implementation 4. assessment 5. diagnosis
4,5,2,3,1
how many hospitals in 1910?
4000
How many hospital-based nursing schools were there in 1900?
432
What are some characteristics of critical thinkers?
Examine situation in terms of content, context Consider consequences of actions Use solid, logical reasons for judgements, actions inquisitiveness systematicity analyticity truth-seeking open-mindedness self-confidence maturity
What are the interdependent traits of a critical thinker?
Intellectual integrity intellectual humility confidence in reason intellectual perseverance fair-mindedness intellectual courage intellectual empathy intellectual autonomy
_________ is a vital aspect of plans designed to increase the effectiveness of delivery of health care.
Interprofessional collaboration
You have been tasked with starting a policies committee. First, you promote staff awareness and involvement in policy processes. Second, your goals include evaluation of staff knowledge regarding current issues, participation in professional nursing organizations, and advocacy for patients. _______________ can be established independently or as a part of a formal organization to (1) raise, spend, and contribute money; (2) assist with campaigns; and (3) lobby on behalf of special interest groups, industries, or segments of society.
Political Action committees (PACs)
Tanner (2006) developed a four-step model that describes the major phases of clinical judgment for use in rapidly changing clinical situations. What steps are not included in this model? a. Assessing b. Interpreting c. Noticing d. Reflecting
a
The history of American nursing from the middle of the 19th century to the present day has changed quite a bit. Reflect on how Florence Nightingale's ideas about nursing and nurse training, issues surrounding the development of professional and educational standards for nurses, and the role of nurses in war have influenced the development of professional nursing education and practice. Nursing has also faced significant challenges over the past 150 years. The early Nightingale model had "pupil" nurses training on hospital wards under the direction of a nursing superintendent. This "pupil" nurse provided a. all of the above. b. hospitals with a skilled workforce. c. working-class women with an opportunity for employment outside the home that was an alternative to factory work. d. hospitals with an inexpensive workforce.
a
The nurse is attending a lecture on political action committees (PACs). Which statement indicates that the nurse has an adequate understanding of the function of PACs? a. "PACs often hold public rallies." b. "PACs have the power to pass important laws." c. "Without PACs, the president could not sign bills into laws." d. "PACs are not required to submit financial reports."
a
The role of nurse ____________________ is essential to ensure universal access to care and for the improvement of public health. a. advocate b. researcher c. manager d. mentor e. educator
a
Which action by the nurse shows the ability to think critically? a. Asking questions when the answers are not evident b. Holding a bachelor's degree in nursing c. Becoming a member of hospital committees d. Becoming easily flustered
a
Which topic is relevant regarding political issues during the 20th century? a. Gun control b. Stem cell research c. Bioterrorism d. Prescription drug coverage
a
____________________ is a learned skill in which the nurse suspends personal beliefs and values, resists categorization, and stays in the present, minimizing the influence of past experiences and self-directed current and future problems. a. Active listening b. Reflection c. Restatement d. Clarification
a
what is conceptual learning?
a process by which students learn how to organize information in logical mental structures challenging students to be coming increasingly skilled thinkers.
What is the nursing process (general)?
a systemic, problem-solving approach
. A nursing instructor is presenting a lecture about the challenges that the nursing profession has faced since the inception of the Nightingale schools in the United States. Which information should be included in the lecture? (Select all that apply.) a. Nurses have faced issues surrounding gender. b. Strict requirements exist for entry into nursing programs. c. Pandemic diseases have had a profound impact on nurses. d. The nursing profession has been minimally impacted by wars. e. Lack of licensed nurses has had little impact on safe patient care.
a,b,c,e
The nurse is interested in applying Neuman's systems model to practice. Which actions should the nurse take to help the client? (Select all that apply) a. Evaluate the client's financial concerns. b. Develop a plan to help the client reduce stressors. c. Provide the client with fresh air. d. Help the client strengthen resistance to stressors. e. Maintain an organized and clean environment for the client.
a,b,d
Public health nurses of the early 1900s contributed significantly to the overall health of the nation. These contributions were evident by (Select all that apply.) a. the education of the public on sanitation methods. b. the inclusion of the family in nursing practice. c. the elimination of certain diseases. d. the shaping of the American health system. e. teaching individuals to manage their own health.
a,b,d,e
Which statements by the RN indicate understanding of Jean Watson's philosophy and science of caring? (Select all that apply.) a. "Caring is a moral ideal." b. "Caring results in the satisfaction of human needs." c. "Caring is a task-oriented behavior." d. "Caring is central to the nursing process." e. "Transpersonal caring involves the nurse-patient relationship."
a,b,d,e
When giving a description of hard money, which statement should the nurse make? a. "Hard money is less regulated than soft money." b. "Committees are required to submit financial reports on how hard money is spent." c. "Hard money refers to funds given to a campaign for no specific purpose." d. "Hard money is used to support campaign activities under a different guise."
b
You are a new graduate nurse starting in a pediatric intensive care unit. You know rapid advances in science and treatments, improved disease management with integration of new technologies, and interdisciplinary care delivery models are driving the need for contemporary nurses to be well educated and competent. You also know that stereotypes exist in nursing and want to prepare yourself to respond appropriately when you start your new career. The media has played a huge role in the way the nursing profession has been portrayed. Which of the following ways have nurses been most commonly portrayed? (Select all that apply.) a. Sexualized roles b. Harsh disciplinarians with an unyielding, even sadistic, worldview c. Images of interprofessional critical thinking and decision making between nurses and colleagues d. Female-only profession e. Heroes and heroine
a,b,d,e
The training in hospital-based schools was arduous, requiring long days of patient service on the wards, after which students attended classes. In addition to providing direct patient care, students performed which tasks? (Select all that apply.) a. Cleaned the wards and operating rooms b. Housekeeping tasks c. Drove deliveries d. Assisted physicians e. Sterilized instruments f. Prepared meals g. Surgery
a,b,d,e,f
Which actions can the nurse take to improve how nurses are perceived? (Select all that apply.) a. Give presentations on what nursing is. b. Improve leadership skills. c. Remain silent about the media representation of nurses. d. Create barriers for nursing interaction with the media. e. Be an example of a professional nurse
a,b,e
Having an understanding of the professional identity of nursing—both at the individual and disciplinary levels—empowers the nurse to do what? (Select all that apply.) a. Develop a more relevant notion of professional identity. b. Obtain jobs in the hospital setting more easily. c. Challenge the traditional way nurses perceive themselves and are perceived by others. d. Assume a professional identity that reflects a more responsible and equitable role. e. Easily enroll in postgraduate studies.
a,c,d
Which actions should the nurse include when incorporating Watson's theory of caring into practice? (Select all that apply.) a. Instill faith and hope. b. Help the client identify and prevent stressors. c. Embrace altruistic values. d. Be authentically present. e. Promote a quiet environment
a,c,d
Which of these are useful in therapeutic communication? (Select all that apply.) a. Touch b. Questioning c. Leads d. Minimal cues
a,c,d
Which statements by the nurse show an understanding of the professional identity of nursing? (Select all that apply.) a. "Nurses are empowered to assume a professional identity that reflects a more responsible and equitable role." b. "Nurses recognize the need to maintain the traditional nursing roles." c. "Nurses feel empowered to direct the future of nursing." d. "Nurses have power over the way that they perceive others." e. "Nurses do not have the means to change how they are perceived by the public."
a,c,d
What actions can the nurse take to fulfill the title Agent of Inquiry? (Select all that apply.) a. Sign up for a telemetry course. b. Obtain continuing education credits every 3 years for license renewal. c. Initiate a hand washing protocol based on research. d. Participate in hospital committees. e. Lead discussions about educational opportunities.
a,c,d,e
Which actions can the nurse take to grow as an educator? (Select all that apply.) a. Commit to be a learner. b. Provide clients with only literature to read so they aren't overwhelmed. c. Foster personal knowing. d. Assist other nurses in developing critical thinking skills. e. Express empathy to others.
a,c,d,e
Which statements by the nurse indicate an understanding of the nurse as "interprofessional collaborator"? (Select all that apply.) a. "Improved systems are often the result of health care collaboration." b. "Structured interprofessional education systems only occasionally aid in accomplishing nursing goals." c. "Insights into nursing practice typically begin within each nurse's own practice." d. "Being a patient advocate gives the nurse a voice." e. "Nurses often use their experiences as examples to make a change in health care."
a,c,d,e
Which statements indicate understanding of Lillian Wald's contributions to nursing? (Select all that apply.) a. "Wald helped found the Henry Street Settlement House." b. "Wald established the first American training school for nurses." c. "Wald's work improved health conditions for immigrants with diseases." d. "Wald helped create a visiting nurse service." e. "Wald founded nursing's first specialty organization."
a,c,d,e
Which actions can the nurse take to actively collaborate within a large group? (Select all that apply.) a. Learn to value and manage diversity. b. Work closely with one or two individuals in the group. c. Use personal power to create win-win situations. d. Remember that collaboration is required for all decisions. e. Master interpersonal skills.
a,c,e
Which actions can the nurse take to influence a positive future for nursing? (Select all that apply.) a. Achieve higher levels of education. b. Maintain the traditional role of nurses. c. Practice fully as a nurse. d. Focus on nursing care provided within the area of practice. e. Develop an infrastructure for workplace data collection.
a,c,e
Which statement by the nurse shows understanding of Florence Nightingale's work? (Select all that apply.) a. "Florence Nightingale revolutionized care to the British soldiers during the Crimean War." b. "Florence Nightingale was a prominent American nurse." c. "Training schools were set up following Nightingale's nursing model." d. "Nightingale believed that certain women were born to be nurses." e. "Training schools led the way to modern-day nursing education."
a,c,e
Which statements indicate an understanding of the stereotypes that are applied to male nurses? (Select all that apply.) a. "Male nurses are doing women's work." b. "Male nurses experience fewer stereotypes than women." c. "Male nurses are less than men." d. "Male nurses are not affected by stereotypes." e. "Male nurse stereotypes are slowly disappearing."
a,c,e
what are the attributes of clinical reasoning?
analysis deliberation inference metacognition logic cognition information processing intuition
One of the most important activities in nursing is the processing of information. Information comes from multiple sources and is used to make complex judgments in the planning, managing, delivering, and evaluation of health care. Therefore, it is crucial for the nurse to be able to think critically to provide safe care. As the educator on a neurology floor, you have been given the task to improve the critical thinking of the staff. Based on your assessment, you believe that the best way to begin is to return to the basics of critical thinking and the nursing process. Watson and Glaser (1964) described the concept of critical thinking as a. none of the above. b. the combination of abilities needed to define a problem, recognize stated and unstated assumptions, formulate and select hypotheses, draw conclusions, and judge the validity of inferences. c. a reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do. d. an intellectually disciplined process of conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information.
b
There are eight interdependent traits of mind that are essential to becoming a critical thinker. What trait is the application of rigorous and consistent standards of evidence and the admission of errors when they occur? a. Intellectual humility b. Intellectual integrity c. Intellectual courage d. Intellectual perseverance
b
Which of these is not a current nursing issue? a. Qualifications and types of roles nurses will be required to fill b. Nursing shortage in response to increasing rural nursing needs c. Competency-based education and practice, in which nurses demonstrate critical thinking, judgment, and decision-making skills and cultural competence and engage in transdisciplinary practice d. Programs for nurse educators at the doctoral level to prepare nurses for workforce needs
b
How can the nurse prepare for full partnership with other health care disciplines? (Select all that apply.) a. Function only in the staff nurse role. b. Ensure competency as a nurse. c. Act as a patient advocate. d. Maintain professionalism at all times. e. Become familiar with health care policy.
b,c,d,e
If the nurse were following Florence Nightingale's environmental theory, which actions would he or she take when providing care to the client? (Select all that apply.) a. Keep windows and doors closed. b. Provide the client with nutritious food choices. c. Keep the client and surroundings clean. d. Provide the client with a quiet space. e. Give the client fresh water
b,c,d,e
Which statement by the nurse indicates an understanding of caring? (Select all that apply.) a. "Caring is important but is not the most important feature of nursing." b. "Caring is central to the nurse's identity." c. "Caring is grounded in the development of empathy." d. "Although people may have different cultural backgrounds, they all experience caring the same." e. "Nurses need to be aware of themselves before they can care for others."
b,c,e
Madeleine Leininger's contribution to nursing knowledge is related to which idea? a. Concepts of social systems, health, perception, and interpersonal relations b. The individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system and nursing as a humanistic discipline c. Transcultural nursing and caring d. The philosophy and science of caring as the core of nursing
c
The concept of the intensive care unit (ICU) was initiated because of all of the following factors except a. progress in physiological monitoring and drug development during the 20th century radically changed the practice of medicine and nursing. b. newly constructed hospitals had private rooms and long hallways, and patients could no longer be seen from a central nurses' station. c. the 20th century brought forth new disease processes and sicker patients.
c
The nurse enters the room to find the client unresponsive. Which action is reflective of the responding phase of Tanner's four-step model? a. The nurse can see that the client is not breathing. b. The nurse evaluates the overall situation. c. The nurse begins resuscitation efforts. d. The nurse determines that resuscitation is needed.
c
The nurse understands the importance of nonverbal behavior when conversing with clients. Which behavior would be important for the nurse to perform? a. Facing the client, with arms crossed b. Looking at paperwork and documenting what the client says c. Facing the client, leaning forward d. Interrupting the client when clarification is needed
c
Which action by the nurse indicates intellectual integrity? a. Returning to school for a higher degree b. Treating all viewpoints alike c. Admitting when a medication error has occurred d. Seeking intellectual insights continually over a period of time
c
Which action should the nurse take when actively listening to the client? a. Fill in the pauses during conversation. b. Assume what the client needs. c. Reflect on what has been said. d. Limit the length of the conversation.
c
Which statement by the nurse about emergency spending is accurate? a. "Emergency spending is required to appear in the fiscal year reconciliation bill." b. "Emergency spending has rarely happened in the past several years." c. "Emergency spending can be approved through supplemental appropriation bills." d. "Provision of food at a homeless shelter is an example of emergency spending."
c
Which statement by the nurse indicates understanding of the pre-orientation stage of the nurse-client relationship? a. "Pre-orientation is when the therapeutic relationship begins." b. "The main objective with pre-orientation is to establish trust." c. "During pre-orientation, the nurse sets broad goals for the nurse-client interaction." d. "Interaction becomes focused in the pre-orientation stage."
c
You have just transferred to the intensive care unit from a medical surgical unit. You notice that the unit seems to face several challenges because of ineffective communication. Unit morale is down. Both nurses and physicians are under immense stress. You know that high-quality, efficient communication takes teamwork, dedication, and patience. You set out to make a difference in your new place of work. The Johari window is a metaphor, that of a window with four panes: one open, one blind, one hidden, and one unknown. What does the open pane represent? a. Information that is known to the self but not known to the outsider b. Information neither the person nor others know c. What is personally known and also known to others d. What an outsider knows about another but is unknown to the self
c
Which statement about Dorothea Orem's theory shows an adequate understanding? (Select all that apply.) a. "The individual is viewed as an irreducible energy field, integral with the environment." b. "Disease is a reparative process. The nurse's role is to manipulate the environment to encourage healing." c. "The goal of nursing is to move clients toward responsible self-care." d. "All individuals benefit from nursing when they have health-derived or health-related limitations for engaging in self-care." e. "Emphasis is placed on the person's own coping skills."
c,d
Which statements indicate an understanding of the contributions of the Nurse's Associated Alumnae? (Select all that apply.) a. It created fair wages for graduate nurses. b. It ensured employment for registered nurses. c. It protected the public from incompetent nurses. d. It helped achieve legal recognition of nursing as a profession. e. It strengthened the union of nursing organizations.
c,d,e
what are societies expectations of nurses?
caring service primacy of the patient knowledge, skill, and competence hazardous service responsibility and accountability progress and development ethical practice collaboration promotion of the health of the public
what are the variables affecting clinical reasoning?
cognitive ability life experience professional expertise maturity
The nurse understands that the American Nurses Association (ANA) traditionally has supported which party's health issue plank? a. Republican National Committee b. Independent Committee c. Libertarian Party d. Democratic National Committee
d
what is assessment step in the nursing process ?
deliberate and systematic data collection to determine the client's health, functional status, strengths, and risk factors
What was the result of the Hill-Burton Act in the 1960s? a. Dealt with the costs and spectrum of services for the homeless b. Legislation for payment to nurses c. Dealt with issues related to HIV and AIDS d. Allowed persons to make decisions regarding their own health care e. Funded hospital construction
e
Which person's theory believes that nursing encompasses a holistic (body, mind, and spirit) client systems approach to help individuals, families, communities, and society reach and maintain wellness? a. Hildegard Peplau b. Imogene King c. Sister Callista Roy d. Jean Watson e. Betty Neuman
e
Discretionary programs are those health care programs in which budgetary expenses are more difficult to control. True or false?
false
Dorothea Orem posited that human beings are dynamic energy fields who are integral with the environment and who are continuously evolving. True or false?
false
The nursing profession consists of individuals with unique values and experiences. However, there is only one set identity for nurses. True or false?
false
how many hospitals in the U.S. were there in 1873?
fewer than 200 hospitals
what were the nursing duties in the schools?
patient care, cleaning wards and operating rooms, meal preparation, sterilization of instruments, and assisting physicians.
what society was created in 1894? what was their focus? what was their goal?
society of superintendents of training schools for nurses of the united states and canada focus was to advance and standardize training of nurses goal was to promote fellowship of members, to establish and maintain a universal standard of training, and to further the best interests of the nursing profession
what was established in 1873?
the 1st three training schools for nurses in the U.S.
in the code of ethics what is the nurse's commitment?
the nurses primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population.
what is the definition of social justice according to the ANA code of ethics?
the profession of nursing, collectively through its professional organizations, must articulate nursing values, maintain the integrity of the profession and integrate principles of social justice into nursing and health policy.
what are societies avenue of actions to pursue if nurses fail to meet their expectations?
they can: -rescind some of the nursing's privileges -increasing the regulation and oversight of the profession -taking control of portions of professional activity previously under the autonomous control of the profession
what benefit did women who were "trained nurses" see?
they saw their social status elevate as a result of the training.
before the formalization of nursing how were the sick cared for?
they were care for in the home by family members
when were training classes held in the training schools?
they were held at the end of long days on the wards
Contextualization is important in developing clinical reasoning because it allows the nurse to consider the multiple variables that impact the patient's situation, such as the patient's history, responses to the environment, interventions, and treatments; interrelationships between physiological systems; social interactions with others; and the presence or absence of a support system. True or false?
true
in the training schools for nurses who's directions were the pupil nurses under?
under the direction of the nursing superintendent