Nursing Research quiz 1, more nursing research, Nursing Research Quiz 2
A meta analysis is a primary source. T or F
F
It is easier to test/support validity than reliability for research instruments. T or F
F
Sometimes, sampling is able to have no error. T or F
F
The secondary goal of nursing research is to provide care for evidence-based practice by developing a body of knowledge (for nursing practice) T or F
F
There is a hypothesis in qualitative research T or F
F
A research question must be restated as a hypothesis in order to be tested. T or F
T
Double blind tests involve neither the participants nor researchers knowing what or who. T or F
T
For internal validity, it is critical that data be measured accurately and consistently. T or F
T
Hypothesis testing addresses the question: is a statistically significant difference or relationship between variables greater than by chance or due to error? T or F
T
Independent variables are what influence the dependent variables. T or F
T
Instruments that collect survey data look at one specific, single construct. T or F
T
Naturalistic paradigms use people's experiences that we would never have an understanding of. It is contextual, places emphasis on individual voices, and involves a researcher directly interacting with participants. T or F
T
Protection of privacy includes HIPPA, anonymity and confidentiality T or F
T
Qualitative research may be descriptive or interpretive. It is constructivist. T or F
T
Qualitative research questions are broad and do not have independent or dependent variables. There are no hypotheses. T or F
T
Random error is always present. T or F
T
Sometimes an alpha level is implied. T or F
T
Sometimes it is okay to have a study with low generalizability if an impact can be made on the specific niche group. T or F
T
The goal of phenomenology is to inductively discover a theory related to a sphere of life. Basic social processes are identified with an "ing". Hypotheses are generated about relationships. T or F
T
There are no hypotheses in qualitative research. T or F
T
To read a correlation table, follow the asterisks to the bottom of the table to determine which correlation coefficients are statistically significant. T or F
T
Univariate statistics describe one variable. Bivariate describe the relationship between 2 variables. Multivariate statistics describe the relationship between 3 or more variables. T or F
T
We cannot talk about the reliability of instruments that collect "survey" data. T or F
T
A "large enough sample" is determined by: a. power calculation b. Kronbach's alpha c. homogeneity
a
A high Cronbach's alpha score means: a. each question in the instrument contributes in a meaningful way to measuring the overall construct b. each instrument has been verified to measure appropriate outcomes c. each outcome meets a level of .3 confidence
a
A meta synthesis is defined as: a. systematic synthesis of findings from qualitative studies related to a shared topic b. statistical averaging findings from quantitative research addressing the same question
a
A meta-analysis is a secondary source, that calculates the overall "effect size" (strength of relationship). It is defined as the: a. statistical averaging of findings from quantitative research addressing the same question b. systematic synthesis of findings from qualitative studies related to a shared topic
a
A meta-synthesis is defined as a systematic synthesis of findings from qualitative studies related to a shared topic. It is interpretive, comparative, but is not a summary. It generates a new, broader view. _________ and _________ get extracted and integrated into a new whole. a. themes and codes b. themes and theories c. themes and summaries
a
A more "powerful" test, with 0.8 power minimum, the _______ likely to show a relationship if one exists. a. more b. less
a
A standard power level is: a. 0.80 or 80% b. 0.50 or 50% c. 0.90 or 90%
a
A theory: a. attempts to explain a part of the world and describes one vision of reality b. proves theoretical models c. rejects reality with the use of hypotheses
a
Control groups get _________ while experimental groups get ___________. a. no intervention; intervention b. intervention; no intervention
a
Data saturation indicates that a. there is nothing more to be learned from the participants b. there is not enough information from the subjects
a
If a study does NOT use a _____________, you should question if the sample was large enough to have valid results. a. power analysis b. power level c. homogenous population
a
Measurement and data collection are especially important elements in ____________ of the study. a. internal validity b. external validity
a
Nuremberg Code was the first __________ guide for researchers, which requires voluntary and informed consent, research for a worthy purpose, unnecessary suffering must be avoided, and researchers must be qualified. a. international b. national c. ethical
a
Phenomenology asks: a. what is the lived experience of x, y, z b. what patterns of behavior and experiences are integral to x, y, z culture c. what are the basic social psychological processes of x, y, z
a
Phenomenology relates to a lived experience, ethnography defines patterns of behavior and experiences that are integral to a culture, and ___________ asks about social psychological processes. a. grounded theory b. sociology c. directionality
a
Predictive studies may look at birth outcomes. This is an example of a: a. non experimental study b. quasi experiment
a
Probability used to determine if findings are due to error or "real" difference/relationship: a. statistical significance b. clinical significance
a
Research designs with the greatest control over error include control groups and randomization to groups, ____________ even better! a. double blind b. uniform c. nonprobability
a
Research does not: a. prove anything b. suggest new research ideas c. discriminate
a
Research fraud can arise when results are skewed and misrepresented, while fabrication is when: a. things are made up and completely wrong b. things are partially falsified c. data is changed
a
Research is your ________ for theoretical models/frameworks. a. evidence b. proof c. limitation
a
Research requires these three thought processes: a. measurable? feasible? theory or philosophical? b. measurable? feasible? timely? c. measurable? consistent? timely?
a
Statistics allow us to ________ from a sample to a population. a. generalize b. reverse knowledge c. degrade
a
Students, prisoners, the terminally ill and institutionalized, severely ill and disabled, mentally and emotionally disabled, children, elderly, and pregnant are considered: a. vulnerable populations b. risk populations c. scope populations
a
The best way to protect against type 1 error is: a. set alpha at .01 instead of .05 b. have a large enough sample
a
The degree of anxiety can be measured by this level: a. ordinal b. nominal
a
The goal of phenomenology is: a. seek to reveal the "invariant structure" of the phenomenon and increase understanding through common themes b. inductively discover theory related to a sphere of life
a
The goal of research instruments is: a. minimize error (accuracy of measurement) b. increase alpha levels c. document properly
a
The key to lowering error, and what makes findings most valid, is: a. representativeness b. theoretical frameworks c. thorough research
a
The level at which two raters agree is called: a. Cohen's Kappa statistic >.80 b. high quality instruments c. power level <.70
a
The main goal of the Institutional Review Board is: a. safeguard subjects b. safeguard researchers c. exempt vulnerable populations
a
The most common reason for a type 2 error is: a. insufficient sample size b. too large of a sample size c. homogenous sample
a
The primary focus of research ethics is: a. protection of human subjects b. Security in analysis c. protection of accurate research
a
The traditional evolution of the research question goes in this order: a. general area of interest, problem, the gap, problem statement, purpose statement, research question b. general area of interest, the gap, problem, problem statement, purpose statement, research question c. general area of interest, the gap, problem, purpose statement, problem statement, research question
a
Themes, codes, etc are extracted and integrated into a new whole to generate a new, broader view (narrative) with this type of literature review. a. meta synthesis b. meta analysis c. traditional literature review
a
These are the more powerful statistical tests. They require I/R level dependent variable data, using numbers. There needs to be a large enough sample so that the dependent variable scores must be normally distributed. a. parametric statistical tests b. nonparametric statistical tests
a
This asks how generalizable study results are. To what population beyond the subjects do the results apply? a. external validity b. validity c. internal validity
a
This asks what an instrument actually measures and a type of this includes a factor analysis, which identifies clusters of items. a. construct validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity
a
This asks what an instrument actually measures. A factor analysis identifies clusters of items. a. construct validity b. criterion-relation validity c. face validity
a
This data type was collected by the researcher directly, and allows for more control of procedures and quality. a. primary b. secondary
a
This describes the degree of linear association between 2 variables. The direction/strength of the relationship is expressed as a correlation coefficient (positive or negative). Positive means as one goes up the other goes up, negative means as one goes up another goes down. a. correlation b. one-way nova c. independent T-test
a
This group of people fits under the category of research interest, and must be accessible to the researcher. Error is introduced here. a. accessible population b. target population c. actual sample
a
This is a parametric test that tests whether or not there is a statistically significant difference between the means of 2 groups (in the IV) on an outcome (DV). a. independent T test b. one-way anova
a
This is the ability of a screening/diagnostic instrument to identify a positive case. (person has the disease) a. sensitivity b. specificity
a
This is the probability of making a Type 1 error. It is set before running the statistical test and is set at either 0.5 or 0.1: a. alpha level b. Cronbach's level c. Loui's level
a
This level of measurement of variables is continuous and is the most precise. a. interval/ratio b. nominal c. ordinal
a
This level of measurement of variables is the least precise. Variables are separated into groupings or categories. It is usually the independent variable. a. nominal (categorical) variable b. interval/ratio level
a
This looks at social/psychological processes. Main features include researcher interviews and observes social interaction to understand how people deal with problems related to a particular social/psychological occurrence. a. grounded theory b. ethnography c. phenomenology
a
This measurement method answers yes/no to a series of statements from least to most extreme. Each item is worth a point and the total score is cumulative. a. Guttman Scale b. focus groups c. observation
a
This measures instrument reliability. Values are between .00 and 1.00, with coefficients .7 considered "satisfactory" for the instrument, and more reliable as the number increases. a. Cronbach's Alpha b. Lou's Kappa c. Guttman's Split-Half technique
a
This type of research occurs in the laboratory setting, is theoretical or "pure", and doesn't directly apply to practice. a. basic b. Applied c. rigorous
a
What is an example of a descriptive research question, one that simply asks "what is?" a. Does economic level correlate with level of verbal SAT score? b. In patients undergoing radiation, do vitamins assist with overall feelings of good health? c. Will digoxin lead to better pain control as measured by a visual analog scale?
a
When considering this biophysical measure, a test-retest is inappropriate. A report of range, mean, min, max, etc are often known. Consistency and reproduceability are deduced from this. a. precision b. accuracy c. sensitivity
a
When experts conclude than an instrument represents concepts of interest (each item rated in a more detailed analysis), this is: a. content validity b. face validity c. construct validity
a
When measuring biophysical measures' quality, this must be examined to detect whether equipment was calibrated/maintained regularly, if training was provided, and if the same machine was used or the same people. a. minimize error/maximize consistency b. precision c. sensitivity d. accuracy
a
When talking about quality in measurement of outcome variables, __________ must be considered. This varies with each data collector. a. random error b. systematic error
a
Which address this question: Is this study worthy of our confidence in the findings? Is it valuable? a. internal and external validity b. reliability and validity
a
With criterion-related validity, a correlation coefficient of _________ is considered moderate. a. .3-.5 b. .5-1.0 c. .2-.6
a
You want to know what will happen to a group of teenagers that never stop using their phones. A __________ research design would be best to look ahead. a. prospective b. retrospective c. cross sectional
a
__________ of a concept is how to describe the concept. For example: "anxiety" is a feeling of distress. a. conceptual definition b. operational definition
a
Research instruments should: a. minimize error b. maximize reliability c. document validity d. increase bias
a, b, c
Examples of experimental designs include: a. post-test b. pre and post test c. solomon-4 d. factorial e. interventional
a, b, c, d
Examples of an exempt review include: a. effectiveness of classroom instructional techniques b. Data collection for internal institutional purposes c. Course related activities d. Effectiveness of magnet seatbelts e. Collection of existing data
a, b, c, e
Examples of types of studies that may be "expedited" include: a. drawing blood from healthy adults b. noninvasive biological samples c. collection of voice/video/images for research purposes d. food and drug administration jurisdiction e. anonymous surveys f. info gathering about products
a, b, c, e
The role of the nurse includes: a. informed consumer of research b. team member c. primary researcher d. secondary scientist e. nurse advocate f. bystander
a, b, c, e
Methods for grounded theory include: a. participant observation b. field notes c. focus groups d. questionnaires e. interviews f. documents
a, b, c, e, f
Threats to internal validity: a. impacts of event over time b. maturation of subjects c. instrumentation d. random sampling e. Hawthorne effect f. mortality g. homogeneity h. sampling
a, b, c, e, f, h
The 3 goals of a high quality literature review in a research report include: a. provide background related to problem need/significance b. document what is known/unknown (gaps) c. offer theoretical baselines d. reveal shortcomings of prior work
a, b, d
Which data collection procedures support internal validity? a. uniform b. consistent c. strategic d. replicable
a, b, d
The data collection method of self-report involves: a. instruments b. scales c. public charts d. questionnaires e. interviews
a, b, d, e
Which lead to error in data collection? a. poor quality tool b. vague protocols c. random sampling d. insufficient research assistant training e. un calibrated tool f. inter-rater reliability g. poor data management procedures
a, b, d, e, g
Which are common threats to internal validity? a. history (impact of events/time) b. maturation (subjects change) c. rebirth (new ideas) d. instrumentation (quality of data collected) e. hawthorne effect (testing effect on subjects) f. prognosis (predictions) g. mortality (loss of subjects) h. sampling (selection bias)
a, b, d, e, g, h
These offer background for regulation of research ethics in the US: a. National Research Act (1974) b. Declaration of Helsinki c. Belmont Report (1978) d. Beneficence Report
a, c
Ways of assessing instrument reliability include: a. test-retest reliability b. long term reliability c. internal consistency reliability d. entropic reliability
a, c
When measuring concepts and variables, these two things must be considered: a. conceptual definition b. power level c. operational definition
a, c
When using screening or diagnostic instruments, these things are commonly examined: a. sensitivity b. accuracy c. specificity d. precision
a, c
How to support external validity: a. increasing heterogeneity of sample b. use small sample c. use a large enough sample d. use probability sampling
a, c, d
Random error can be decreased by: a. training of research assistants (inter-rater reliability) b. training of subjects c. use of properly calibrated equipment d. use of a high quality instrument
a, c, d
A literature review does the following: a. helps narrow and clarify a research topic b. helps formulate new theories c. documents what is known about the topic d. describes gaps, methodological flaws, and limitations of prior work e. may suggest studies to be replicated
a, c, d, e
Which of the following are probability sampling strategies? a. simple random b. purposive c. cluster d. systematic e. stratified random f. quota
a, c, d, e
When measuring quality of biophysical measures, reliability and validity aren't considered. Rather, these things are: a. accuracy b. scope c. precision d. sensitivity e. homogeneity f. minimize error/maximize consistency
a, c, d, f
The Belmont Report is based on 3 foundational ethical principles. They include: a. beneficence b. nonmaleficence c. respect for human persons d. autonomy e. justice
a, c, e
Which are threats to external validity? a. small sample size b. maturation c. homogeneity of sample d. history e. nonprobability sampling (convenience)
a, c, e
Common independent research variables include: a. age b. educational level c. gender d. lab values e. type of intervention f. socioeconomic status
a, c, e, f
Instruments that collect survey data cannot have these 2 things reported: a. reliability b. legitimacy c. generalizability d. validity
a, d
These refer to the "quality" of the whole research design. a. internal validity b. reliability c. validity d. external validity
a, d
"Select your age category" is at the ___________ level while "Write your age" is ___________. a. interval/ratio; nominal b. nominal; interval/ratio
b
A ___________ research design happens on the spot. No waiting, like students taking a quick survey in class on paper. a. longitudinal b. cross sectional c. prospective
b
A ___________ review is highly structured/controlled and contains only the strongest levels of studies, making for minimal potential for bias. Its subtype is __________ (quantitative only). a. integrative; meta-analysis b. systematic; meta-analysis c. integrative; meta-synthesis
b
A directional statement specifies an expected direction of a relationship between variables (one tailed), while a non-directional statement specifies: a. no relationship b. no predicted direction of relationship states (two tailed)
b
A group of people are trying Jenny Craig for weight loss. You know that _________ is the independent variable, __________ is the dependent variable, and age is considered a/an ___________ variable. a. weight loss; Jenny Craig; extra b. Jenny Craig; weight loss; extraneous c. weight loss; Jenny Craig; extra
b
A measure of internal consistency reliability, the degree to which each item and instrument represents variability in the instrument. a. test-retest reliability b. Cronbach's alpha c. Guttman's split-half technique
b
A meta analysis is defined as: a. systematic synthesis of findings from qualitative studies related to a shared topic b. statistical averaging findings from quantitative research addressing the same question
b
A null hypothesis: a. specifies expected direction of relationships b. states no relationship between variables c. states no predicted direction of relationships
b
A power level of 0.8 indicates that there is a/an: a. 8% chance of finding valid information b. 80% probability that the test will find a real difference or relationship if one exists c. 80% probability that the test will be able to prove the given theory
b
All qualitative studies use _____________ sampling strategies. No _____________ is used, and sample size may be estimated prior to the study. a. probability; randomization b. nonprobability; power analysis
b
An _________ review is a summary from a broad range of sources/different levels of quality, and leads to more biased and subjective data. Its subtype is _______________ (qualitative only). a. integrative; meta-analysis b. integrative; meta-synthesis c. systematic; meta-synthesis
b
An alpha level of 0.1 means: a. there is a 1% chance of reaching valid conclusions b. 1/100 cases researcher would conclude there is an association between variables when in fact there is none
b
An expedited review represents: a. No risk to subjects b. No more than minimum risk to subjects c. Moderate risk
b
As the risk of a type 1 error decreases, risk of a type 2 error ___________. a. decreases b. increases
b
Classics, literature supporting certain treatment modalities, and measurement instruments (older references) are examples of: a. tertiary sources b. seminal work c. unbiased sources
b
Clinical and specialty nursing journals are best for a researcher because they display research in a ___________ way. a. Medically significant way b. clear and user friendly way c. naturalist way
b
Consent can sometimes be implied, but only with a mail/email survey, "assent" from someone with a legal guardian, or when gathering ________ work. a. quantitative b. qualitative c. person-centered
b
Data must be measured ___________ and _________. This is key to the overall quality of the evidence, and key to our level of confidence in the findings. a. subjectively; consistently b. accurately; consistently c. critically; biased
b
Evidence based practice is always the best. At the bottom is any study with ______________, or when opinions from experts are used. a. evidence b. no evidence c. invalid evidence
b
Exclusion criteria requires a __________. Why exclude women with C sections? a. theory b. rationale c. statement
b
Fabrication is to ___________ while falsification is to change the data. a. misrepresent data b. make data up c. plagiarize data
b
Group comparisons can be made between subjects (class A vs class B) or ________ subjects (test at beginning and end of year) a. removing b. within c. inside
b
Homogeneity _________ generalizability. The findings will only be applicable to a population who is very similar and related to relevant characteristics. a. increases b. decreases c. stabilizes
b
If a tool is very sensitive in measuring BP, we would be able to detect ___________. a. very large changes b. very small changes c. no changes
b
If alpha level is .05 and p value is .06, then there ______ statistical significance. a. is b. is not
b
If the p value is less than the alpha level, a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis
b
In quantitative research, a theoretical framework may _________ relationships that can be tested between concepts/variables. a. prove b. predict c. reject
b
Infer the strength of relationship or difference from a sample to a population via: a. differential statistics b. inferential statistics
b
Methods to address transferability include: a. audit trial b. thick description c. bracketing
b
PICO is used to write a quantitative research question. It stands for: a. Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome b. Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome c. Problem, Interest, Comparison, Outcome
b
Probability sampling is _______ common than non probability, but uses random sampling, unlike nonprobability. It is harder to obtain and has a smaller risk of bias. It is more representative and has more generalizability. a. more b. less c. equally as common
b
Quality checks have 4 phases. The first phase uses ___________ people, while the fourth phase asks ________________. a. informative; have people changed since b. desperate; have people changed since c. heterogenous; who else can we study
b
Quality research instruments should display validity, shown through [how related they are to the construct of interest] and the degree to which instrument measures what it is supposed to do. The term for the first part is: a. precision b. accuracy c. consistency
b
Relevance (importance) of findings for clinical practice. Will they make a difference in people's lived? The strongest evidence to change practice. a. statistical significance b. clinical significance
b
Subpart A of Code of Federal Regulation states regulations for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research, and is also called: a. no risk rule b. common rule c. legal regards rule
b
The Cronbach's alpha score is .8, and because you know the minimum requirement, this indicates that the instrument used is: a. poor b. satisfactory
b
The _______ the p value the less chance that the findings were due to chance. a. higher b. lower
b
The degree to which each item in an instrument represents variability in the instrument is called ____________, which utilizes the Guttman's Split-half technique. a. test-retest reliability b. internal consistency reliability c. Kappa coefficient
b
The ethnography study design often involves a researcher to be ________ in a cultural group with ___________, and these people direct the researcher toward the next interviewee. a. removed; other researchers b. embedded; key informants c. embedded; subjects
b
The greatest amount of error exists in this group of people. It can be affected by poor responses, a lack of time, or lack of money. a. target sample b. actual sample c. accessible population
b
The independent variable is the presumed _________, while the dependent variables are the ___________. a. effect; causes b. cause; effects
b
The lower the alpha level is, the _________ error is. a. more likely b. less likely
b
The most common type of probability sampling is: a. simple random b. systematic c. stratified random
b
The next best type of research design is ____________ because only 1 or 2 components are missed. There is often no random assignment, which leads to more error and less confidence. a. non experimental b. quasi experimental c. interventional
b
The strongest type of experimental design is: a. factorial b. solomon-4 c. pre test
b
The three basic types of literature of interest include background data, empirical, and ____________. a. hypothetical b. theoretical c. inclusive
b
The use of high quality instrument/calibrated equipment minimizes the risk for ____________ (built into study design). a. arbitrary error b. systematic error c. partial error
b
These are statistical tests that are used when dependent variables are not normally distributed, or other assumptions related to data for that test is not met. a. parametric b. nonparametric
b
This addresses "can I have confidence in the study results?" Do the results accurately represent the impact of the independent variable on the dependent...as free from error as possible? a. validity b. internal validity c. external validity
b
This data type was extracted from that previously collected, it is convenient and has no control over quality. a. primary b. secondary
b
This increases internal validity but lowers external validity (generalizability): a. small sample size b. homogeneity of sample c. history
b
This indicates how big of a difference between groups would be meaningful. It must be looked up in a table. a. power level b. effect size (small, medium, large) c. significance level
b
This investigates a philosophy or qualitative tradition/design methodology. The interviews are very in-depth, and "essential themes" are derived from analysis of interview transcripts. a. ethnography b. phenomenology
b
This is a parametric test that tests whether or not there is a statistically significant relationship between the means of usually 3 or more groups on the same outcome. "Post hoc" tests are used to tell us between which groups these differences lie. a. independent T-test b. one-way anova c. correlation
b
This is an extension of correlation, is parametric, and predicts the value of one I/R level dependent variable based upon the value of one I/R level independent variable. Predicting one number based on another. a. one-way nova b. simple linear regression
b
This is mostly used in qualitative work and involves small groups of people. There is a social dynamic/interaction/interplay. a. observation b. focus groups c. Guttman Scale
b
This is the ability of a screening/diagnostic tool to identify non-cases (person does not have the disease). a. sensitivity b. specificity
b
This is the amount of change that can be measured. If small changes are expected then the biophysical measure must be very sensitive. a. precision b. sensitivity c. accuracy
b
This looks into culture, and its main features include field work/immersion to get an "emic"/insider perspective. Goal is to uncover the meanings inherent to the ways of life to a culture; especially a deeply embedded "tacit". a. grounded theory b. ethnography c. phenomenology
b
This sampling style uses a pattern to select from the people available, like every 10th patient. a. cluster b. systematic c. stratified random
b
This type of research occurs in a naturalistic setting, and it's direct goal is to improve practice. a. basic b. applied c. ethical d. methodological
b
This uses both qualitative and quantitative data in the same research study. It is criticized as being incompatible philosophically. a. grounded theory b. mixed method research
b
Use of a high quality instrument/calibrated instrument minimizes ___________. a. random error b. systemic error
b
Validity is affected by: a. poor research b. poor sampling c. poor planning
b
What is the definition of research? a. systematic inquiry that uses static methods to answer questions or solve problems b. Systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems c. Localized inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems
b
When a researcher mistakenly concludes there is no relationship between variables when there is. The researcher accepts a false null hypothesis. a. type 1 error b. type 11 error
b
When compared to validity, this biophysical consideration measures what we want to measure. It can compare with what is known, and experts can evaluate the appropriateness of a procedure. a. precision b. accuracy c. sensitivity
b
When experts individually assess each item of an instrument to conclude that it overall represents the concepts of interest (each item is rated in a more detailed analysis), this is called: a. criterion-related validity b. content validity c. factor analysis
b
When experts review/conclude that an instrument "looks like" it measures the construct, this is called: a. content validity b. face validity c. construct validity
b
When the researcher concludes that there is a relationship between variables when there is none, this is: a. type 1 error b. type 2 error
b
While a theoretical framework may "predict" relationships that can be tested between concepts in quantitative research, theories may ________ research or be the _________ of a qualitative study. a. degrade; forethought b. orient; product c. precede; guideline
b
With a ___________, if effective in x it should be effective in y too. More confidence in validity here. a. quasi trial b. random controlled trial
b
_________ of a concept is how the researcher will measure the concept. Example: Using a questionnaire, what level of "anxiety" does each person have. a. conceptual definition b. operational definition
b
__________ sampling is used for qualitative studies, and involves ______________ of a group from a somewhat unusual population (IV drug users with aids). a. purposive; random selection b. purposive; hand picking c. systematic; hand picking
b
Which sampling strategies support internal validity? a. heterogenous sampling b. probability sampling c. homogeneous sampling
b, c
How can you increase/support external validity? a. increase homogeneity of sample b. use a large enough sample c. increase heterogeneity of sample d. use probability sampling methods
b, c, d
Threats to external validity: a. probability sampling b. homogeneity of sample c. non probability sampling d. small sample size e. large sample size
b, c, d
Select the following characteristics of a high quality literature review in a research report: a. biased b. comprehensive but relevant c. current or seminal d. unbiased e. persuasive f. logical g. assumed
b, c, d, e, f
Methods to address confirmability include: a. heterogeneity b. bracketing c. reflexive journal d. member checks e. audit trail
b, c, e
The 3 parts of a sampling strategy plan to allow for confidence include: a. power analysis b. consistently apply objective criteria to control impact of extraneous variables c. randomization (in selection AND assignment to group) d. power level e. sample size
b, c, e
Criteria inherent in trustworthiness include: a. timeliness b. credibility c. confirmability d. reliability e. transferability f. dependability
b, c, e, f
How to support internal validity: a. Hawthorne effect b. control groups c. randomization d. mortality e. homogenous sampling f. probability sampling g. uniform, consistent and replicable data collection h. statistical analysis
b, c, e, f, g, h
The 5 evaluative criteria for references include: a. acceptance b. accuracy c. authority d. opposition e. objectivity f. coverage g. calculation h. currency
b, c, e, f, h
Select the examples of common independent variables: a. lab values b. age c. gender d. educational level e. concepts measured by a questionnaire f. socioeconomic status g. type of intervention
b, c, f, g
Ontology asks the questions: a. What can we know? b. Who are we? c. How should we go about finding out what we believe can be known? d. What is the nature of being/reality?
b, d
These refer to the quality of questionnaires specifically: a. internal validity b. reliability c. external validity d. validity
b, d
Examples of types of studies requiring full review include: a. anonymous surveys b. vulnerable populations c. collection of voice/video/images for research purposes d. deception required e. food and drug administration jurisdiction f. international
b, d, e, f
A Cronbach's alpha of .7 or above is considered: a. poor b. perfect c. satisfactory
c
A declarative statement is an expected relationship between variables (or lack there of) and direction, while a null hypothesis states: a. no predicted direction of a relationship b. an expected direction c. no relationship between variables
c
A factor analysis is a type of _____________ which identifies "clusters" of items/subdimensions. a. content validity b. coefficient c. construct validity
c
A full (convened) review represents: a. More than moderate risk b. Extreme risk c. More than minimum risk
c
A group of people got sick. To investigated why this "bad" event occurred, a __________ research design would be used. a. longitudinal b. prospective c. retrospective
c
A meta analysis is _________ objective than a traditional literature review. It calculates the overall "effect size" (strength of a relationship). It helps resolve significance of ___________ results. a. more; similar b. less; similar c. more; contradictory
c
A recruitment plan must be __________ to address who, where, when, _______, incentives, and whether coercive or self-selected. a. hypothesized; how b. realistic; why c. written; how
c
A research question can and MUST be restated as a a. theory b. problem statement c. hypothesis
c
A sampling strategy asks how you can impact the _____________ or generalizability of the sampling plan and control _________. Creating a sampling strategy has 3 parts to allow for confidence. a. recruitment; validity b. recruitment; bias c. representativeness; bias
c
A systematic, critical review of the literature related to a specific topic/problem is called the a. integrative review b. meta-synthesis c. review of literature
c
A woman is interviewed before having a baby, post-delivery, and after going home. This is an example of what kind of research design? a. cross-sectional b. retrospective c. longitudinal
c
An exempt review gets: a. delayed approval b. limited approval c. immediate approval
c
Convenience samples tend to be: a. random b. somewhat representative of a population c. self selected
c
Correlational studies are _____________. An example is SATs and gender. a. experimental b. quasi experimental c. non experimental
c
Deductive goes from general area of interest to a _______________, while inductive goes from a ______________ to a general focus. a. research statement; research statement b. specific question; specific statement c. specific question; specific observation
c
Determining large enough sample requires: a. basing off of power calculation (at least 80% probability of a real relationship difference) b. understanding the likelihood of creating a type 2 error c. both
c
History is a common threat to internal validity. The impacts of events/time introduce: a. generalizability b. weakness c. extraneous variables
c
In a power equation, the significance or alpha level is the level of risk, and should be: a. 1.5 b. 0.03 c. 0.05 or 0.01 d. 0.01 or 0.02
c
In qualitative studies, ________ are called key informants or respondents. They are NOT called subjects, since they work collaboratively with researchers. a. researchers b. historians c. subjects
c
Inter-rater reliability is the level at which two raters agree. It is referred to as: a. Mike's statistic >50 b. Lou Pi's statistic <.70 c. Cohen's Kappa statistic >.80
c
Non experimental research designs are _______ because there is little control and no manipulation. a. great b. non biased c. bad
c
Nonprobability sampling is ________ but used most, is easier and less expensive, and requires ______ time. a. stronger; more b. stronger; less c. weaker; less
c
Nurses need these to make decisions from an unbiased, informed position: a. accurate theories b. logical syntheses c. information literacy d. research literacy
c
Positivistic paradigm is when an answer is found using __________. It helps to minimize bias, is a step to control conditions, and is considered ___________ evidence. a. people's experiences; weaker b. people's experiences; stronger c. numbers; stronger
c
Prior to the ________, research was conducted without clear ethical guidelines and no oversight. a. 1980s b. 2000s c. 1970s
c
Quality research instruments should precisely distinguish between levels of a trait, and should be consistent with each use. The terms for these things include: a. precision and accuracy b. consistency and accuracy c. precision and consistency
c
Quasi experiments use _____________ with no randomization of subjects, into groups that are available. With a time series, breastfeeding women get asked questions at 4 points throughout. With one group, a _______________ interview may be conducted. a. double blind strategies; single b. 2 distinct groups of people; single c. 2 distinct groups of people; before and after
c
Quota sampling uses ____________ of a population. a. most available subjects b. random clusters c. proportional segments
c
Sample size for ____________ studies is based on data saturation or _______________. Other factors to consider include quality of data from each person, scope/nature of the study, and number of interviews with each person (______ is good!). a. quantitative; thematic scope; 1 b. qualitative; thematic redundancy; 3 c. qualitative; thematic redundancy; 2
c
Sampling ______ occurs with non probability sampling and/or no _______________ to groups. a. validity; random assignment b. bias; self selection c. bias; random assignment
c
The 2 major categories of sampling include: a. quantitative and nonqualitative b. qualitative and quantitative c. nonprobability and probability
c
The ability to identify a positive case by a screening/diagnostic instrument, such as YES to Down's syndrome, is called: a. accuracy b. validity c. sensitivity
c
The best resource for new recommendations from medical associations is: a. clinical and specialty nursing journals b. CINHAL c. med journal
c
The correlation of one instrument with another that is similar and measuring a similar construct is called: a. face validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity
c
The goal for research design for quantitative is ______________, and for qualitative is ____________. a. control as much as possible to prevent confounding; increase randomization b. increase randomization; prevent confounding c. control as much as possible to prevent confounding; gain trustworthiness in the data
c
The only kind of qualitative research question that results in a theory is: a. phenomenology b. ethnography c. grounded theory
c
The phenomenology study design can often use _________ sampling, when snowballing is involved (person introduces to another to participate). a. theoretical b. embedded c. purposive
c
The second highest level of measurement of variables is ____________. It is usually a dependent variable. Numbers are ranked in order in a meaningful way into categories. a. interval/ratio b. nominal c. ordinal
c
The strongest type of research is _____________. A control group is required and randomization allows for equal chances for all participants. a. quasi-expiremental b. non-experimental c. experimental
c
The traditional evolution of the research question starts with the general area of interest to ________________ to exploration of the gap, to development of the _________________, to development of the purpose statement, to development of the research question. a. identification of a concern or problem; research method b. area of interest exploration; problem statement c. identification of a concern or problem; problem statement
c
This can be quantitative or qualitative. If quantitative, it can be systematic and structured. If qualitative, it involves unstructured observation. a. observation b. Guttman Scale c. observation
c
This describes mean, median, and mode. a. frequency b. variability c. central tendency
c
This increases generalizability. The more diverse the sample the greater number of people the findings "apply" to. a. homogeneity b. surveying c. heterogeneity
c
This is a nonparametric test that is used to test if there is a statistically significant relationship between two nominal/categorical level variables (with any number of groups in each variable). Expected is compared to observed. a. simple linear regression b. one-way nova c. chi-square test of independence
c
This is an extension of Nuremberg Code that notably addresses vulnerable groups, the need for extra protections, and the idea that research should only be used when the group may directly benefit. a. National Research Act b. Belmont Report c. Declaration of Helsinki
c
This is the group of people that you intend to help. No error exists here. a. accessible population b. target sample c. target population
c
This sampling strategy uses random clusters from large to small. a. systematic random b. quota c. cluster
c
Threats to ________ validity is dependent on the nature of the study question/variables (sometimes important questions only impact a specific group of people), and include nonprobability sampling, homogeneity of sample, and small sample size: a. internal b. overall c. external
c
Validity is ________ than reliability. a. easier to study/support b. equally as difficult to study/support c. harder to test/support
c
What is the main factor that impacts both internal and external validity? a. research design b. statistics c. sampling
c
When an expert examines and reviews an instrument to conclude that it "looks like" it will measure the construct, this is: a. examiner validity b. content validity c. face validity
c
When an instrument has a correlation with an external criterion, this is: a. content validity b. construct validity c. criterion-related validity
c
While a quantitative literature review may be described in the introductory section, a qualitative literature review may be minimal or done ________ study findings have been analyzed (may be in discussion section). a. before b. while c. after
c
With test-retest reliability, there exists ______________ which is the index of stability overtime (desirable >.5) a. reliability codes b. analytical statements c. reliability coefficients
c
With this kind of study, it is ok not to have a power analysis. It is a mini edition of a study (like a trial run), that may use a _____________ sample, and rarely achieves statistical significance. a. pre study; convenience b. pilot study; random c. pilot study; convenience
c
_________ are defined and a __________ explains how these interact with each other. a. hypotheses; theory b. concepts; hypothesis c. concepts; theory
c
__________ is the preferred term for subjects in quantitative research only. a. respondents b. subjects c. study participants
c
Methods to address dependability include: a. researcher credibility b. homogenieity c. thematic redundancy d. heterogeneity
c, d
The most reliable web pages are: a. .com b. personal c. .gov d. .edu e. .org
c, d, e
Which of the following are nonprobability sampling strategies? a. simple random b. systematic c. quota d. convenience e. purposive
c, d, e
This is the degree to which each item represents variability in an instrument. Higher scores mean that the items contribute in a meaningful way to the overall purpose of the instrument.
cronbach's alpha
"There is a significant difference in the effectiveness of pain relief among post-mastectomy patients when morphine is administered using different methods" is an example of a ___________. a. declarative statement b. null hypothesis c. directional hypothesis d. nondirectional hypothesis
d
A _______ is the basic belief system or worldview that guides the researcher's assumptions. It is related to ________, ontology, and method. a. paradigm; timing b. code; epistemology C. code; timing d. paradigm; epistemology
d
A _____________ must be applied to a sampling strategy to test for objectivity and consistency, and must be used by ALL recruiters of participants. a. response rate b. randomization test c. power equation d. sampling methodology
d
A literature review should provide background related to a problem and its need/significance, document what is known/unknown to determine gaps, and reveal ______________ of prior work. a. guidelines b. significance c. quality d. shortcomings
d
A power equation solves for: a. power level b. recruitment plan c. validity d. sample size
d
Code of Federal Regulation 45CFR requires organizations that allow human subjects research to have a/an: a. research code b. convened review c. safeguard d. Institutional Review Board
d
Data collection needs to be "matched" with: a. developmental level b. capacity of participants c. research question/paradigm d. all of the above
d
Systematic error can be guarded against by: a. preventing poor outlines of procedures b. ensure participants participate as planned c. prevent researcher, questionnaire or equipment from causing error d. all of the above
d
The ability of a screening or diagnostic instrument to identify non-cases, such as those without Down's syndrome, is called: a. sensitivity b. accuracy c. validity d. specificity
d
The grounded theory study design often uses ____________ sampling. A researcher is led to more people after interacting with initial group. a. snowball b. purposive c. embedded d. theoretical
d
This sampling strategy uses random selection from available sub groups, such as random selection from hispanics, asian americans, and native americans. a. cluster b. systematic c. simple random d. stratified random
d
This tests the null hypothesis and determines the probability of a Type 1 error: a. sampling b. research design c. use of data collection procedures d. statistical analysis
d
When a survey sample has less than a _______ response rate, responses are typically questionable. Response rate is key!!!!!! a. 20% b. 70% c. 5% d. 40%
d
Which of the following are ways that an author can report on validity? a. face validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity d. construct validity e. all except for a d. all choices
d
With research misconduct, a ____________ may occur when someone is paid to do research by an influential person or company. a. Falsification b. Fraud c. Violation of subject rights d. Conflict of interest
d
Data collection methods include: a. self report b. observation c. physiologic (biophysical) d. records/charts e. all of the above
e
Which can be used to support internal validity? a. research design b. sampling c. use of data collection procedures d. statistical analyses e. all of the above
e
Qualitative research designs need to be ___________ to allow for flexibility. There is typically a general guide but nothing planned on paper.
emergent
How do teen groups within traditional Catholic parishes provide a mechanism for negotiating the challenges of adolescence? Example of:
ethnography
Methods to address credibility include: a. prolonged engagement b. triangulation (multiple types of data/people) c. peer debriefing (between researchers) d. member checks e. researcher credibility f. all of the above
f
When measuring biophysical measures, consider: a. accuracy b. precision c. sensitivity d. minimize error e. maximize consistency f. all of the above
f
Non experimental research may include: a. surveys b. developmental c. correlational d. cross section e. predictive f. case control g. all of the above
g
What are the social processes inherent in coping with the loss of a child? Example of:
grounded theory
When making a data collection plan, consider: a. accessibility of sample b. timeframe c. expertise d. availability of personnel e. cost/resources f. confidentiality/anonymity g. amount of researchers h. all except for g
h
This refers to the fact that people change their actions when they know they are being watched:
hawthorne effect
Sources of research problems can include: a. clinical practice observations b. educational experiences c. consumer/customer feedback and personal experience d. theoretical models and frameworks e. nonprofessional journals f. professional journals g. research reports and priorities h. social issues i. all except for "e" j. all except for "g"
i
A type 1 error is the most serious threat to:
internal validity
This corresponds with the actual computed probability that the findings were due to error/chance. If it is less than the alpha level, statistical significance has been achieved.
p value
What is the lived experience of becoming a mother for the first time after the age of 40? Example of:
phenomenology
This is a calculation to find the sample size needed. It answers the question, "Is the sample size large enough to show a "real" difference or relationship if one exists?"
power analysis
What is it like to breastfeed? Example of:
qualitative descriptive
Evidence of consistency in data collection protocols minimize:
random error
Quality of research instruments should maximize ____________ via precision and consistency.
reliability
The researcher hopes to reject the null hypothesis and support the ___________ hypothesis. This means that there is statistical significance and therefore a significant association between variables.
research
A group selected to represent a population in a research study is a:
sample
This is the one factor that most greatly impact internal and external validity.
sampling
The strongest type of probability sampling is:
simple random
This tests the null hypothesis and determines the probability of a Type 1 error. Therefore this supports internal validity.
statistical analysis
Phenomenology looks for ________, ethnographic looks for patterns of behavior/thought, and grounded theory looks for various levels of "codes" identified and categorized.
themes
Quality of research instruments should document ___________ via accuracy and the degree to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to.
validity