NUTR 223 Ch.5

which of the following is true about the carbohydrate intake of americans

Intake of high-fructose corn syrup, adds about 300 calories daily to the diets of Americans Added sugars in the diet is nearly triple the recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

which polysaccharide is a digestible, branched-chain type of starch composed of glucose units

amylopectin

which of the following are examples of polysaccharides

amylopectin cellulose glycogen amylose

because of its branched polysaccharide structure, __________ is digested more rapidly than _________

amylopectin ; amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch found in plants

amylose

at what age can type 1 diabetes first occur

at any age

excess fat around the abdomen can be especially dangerous when combined with which of the following conditions

elevated blood lipid levels hypertension

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to

glucose

The advantage of the branched structure of ________ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly

glycogen

treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of

high-fructose corn syrup

which of the following foods contain essentially no carbohydrates

meats, fish, poultry, eggs, vegetable oil, butter, margarine

where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

in addition to traditional symptoms of diabetes (excessive thirst, urination, and hunger), which of the following are often also symptoms of diabetes?

sudden vision changes fruity or winelike breath drowsiness, lethargy sudden weight loss

the problem with an excess amount of ________ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental carries

sugar

alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

sweeten foods while providing few or no calories include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose

Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste

sweeter

why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine

the human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

what are some characteristics of sugar alcohols?

absorbed and metabolized more slowly; contribute fewer calories than sugars

which of the following artificial sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States

acesulfame-K neotame aspartame

amylase is

an enzyme

when a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following

blockages in the intestine

(Glycemic Index x Grams of _______________ ) /100 = Glycemic Load

carbohydrate

providing energy is the primary function of

carbohydrate

in the absence of carbohydrate, ___________ does not break down completely

fat

most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an _____ system disorder, which causes destruction of the _____-producing cells in the _____

immune ; insulin ; pancreas

when a person does not consume enough dietary carbohydrates, the metabolism of fats is

inefficient

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

though the Food and Nutrition Board recommends a person consume 45% to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates the actual RDA for carbohydrates is much

less

the treatment for type 2 diabetes is aimed at maintaining normal ranges of blood glucose through

lifestyle modifications medications

what are the two broad classes of sweeteners?

nutritive; non-nutritive

which of the following health conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake

obesity diabetes

which complex carbohydrate has 3 to 10 simple sugar units and cannot be broken down by the body's digestive enzymes

oligosaccharides

which of the following influence glycemic index

physical structure macronutrients in a meal

where is the lactase enzyme produced

small intestine

which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates

Jam Fruit Table sugar

which fiber form the structural part of the plant cell wall in vegetables and whole grains

Lignins Hemicellulose Cellulose

What is the approximate carbohydrate content of eggs, chicken, better, and margarine

Zero

in metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated

fasting glucose triglycerides blood pressure

it is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ____ for energy

protein

which body parts derive almost all of their energy from glucose

red blood cells central nervous system

Approximately _____ of the world's population are lactose intolerant

75%

which of the following are food sources of soluble fiber

apples

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by poorly controlled diabetes?

eyes kidneys heart

glycemic index is influenced by which of the following

fiber content starch structure food processing

which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit

fructose

which of the following are monosaccharides

fructose galactose glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides

fructose glucose galactose

what sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose

high-fructose corn syrup

most carbohydrates are composed of

hydrogen carbon oxygen

which condition is more common and associated with diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

hyperglycemia

which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake

intestinal blockages constipation

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of ____________________ (a disaccharide)

lactose

The term ____________ literally translated means "many sugars"

polysaccharide

Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome increase risk of

cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes

How much energy does glucose provide per gram

4 kcal

when you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can be used to supply energy

Protein fat

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating

Protein containing snacks meals with a mixture of macronutrients

________ is an alternative sweetener that was once thought to cause bladder cancer, but now is considered sage when consumed in typical amounts

Saccharin

How much milk can most individuals with decreased lactase production tolerate?

1/2 to 1 cup

what is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic

126 milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood

foods tat contain a moderate amount of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, and dairy. in these foods the carbohydrate content in diluted with

protein and fat

which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed

released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs producing fat producing glycogen

what percentage of Americans shows signs of Lactose Maldigestion?

25%

which best describes the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates

45% - 65% of total calories

how many grams of carbohydrates is needed daily to prevent ketosis

50 to 100 g/day

The two forms of starch digestible by humans are called amylose and ________

Amylopectin

which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs

Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits

Match the definition with the most appropriate term

Fasting hypoglycemia --- A condition of low blood glucose after fasting for 8 hours or more and typically is caused by an underlying medical condition such as cancer, liver disease, or renal disease. Reactive Hypoglycemia --- Is caused by an exaggerated insulin response after eating and develops 2 to 5 hours following a meal

_______ differs from starches since the chemical links that join the individual sugar units cannot be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract

Fiber

which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes

Frequent urination Blurred vision Extreme thirst

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ___________

Fructose

which of the following foods consist predominately of carbohydrates

Fruit table sugar baked potatoes

what is the difference between functional fiber and total fiber

Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food

which of the following are examples of simple sugars

Galactose Glucose Fructose

________________ may result from excessive straining during defecation sometimes due to being constipated

Hemorrhoids

which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome

High blood triglycerides High fasting glucose large waist circumference Low HDL cholesterol Hypertension

what is the technical term for high blood sugar

Hyperglycemia

Type 2 diabetes can ofter be effectively managed through

Moderate weight loss physical activity diet

a high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

Reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver Fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted

Place in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates

Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach Enzymes breakdown starch into maltose in the small intestine Soluble fiber ferments to acids and bacteria in the large intestine Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces

How do fibrous foods result in a sense of fullness and contribute to satiety

They absorb water and expand in the GI tract

which of the following are true of polysaccharides

They are sometimes called starches They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain

Rank the sandwiches from the highest amount of fiber(1) to the lowest amount of fiber(3)

Turkey/Swiss on Rye - served with tomato, cucumbers, lettuce, and mustard Peanut butter & Jelly - white bread with strawberry jelly and smooth peanut butter Ham & Swiss on Sourdough - extra lean ham served with mayonnaise

______ diabetes is strongly associated with genetics, physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity

Type 2

patients with hypoglycemia may need to regulate

carbohydrates

Sucralose is made by adding ________ to sucrose

chlorine

which of the following actions help in the digestion of carbohydrates

cooking chewing

which of the following are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

irritability; shakiness; sweating; headache

which of the following foods contains the greatest percentage of simple carbohydrates

jelly

which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels

kidney beans apples oatmeal

which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen

liver and muscle

Hypoglycemia is a ________ blood glucose level

low

____________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages

maltose

____________, or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

what are some natural food sources of sucrose

maple syrup carrots

which of the following processed foods or beverage are high in added sugars

soda cakes ice cream

in what form is glucose stored in plants

starch

all sweeteners are compared to the sweetness found in

sucrose

the carbohydrate that is considered the benchmark against which all other sweeteners are measured is __________

sucrose

Diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin are typical treatments for

type 2 diabetes

which of the following patients may or may bot require the use of insulin

type 2 diabetic patients

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called

whole grains

which of the following is a sugar alcohol

xylitol