NUTR Mastering CH 3

The first section of small intestine, receiving chyme from the stomach, is called the _________

duodenum

A fourth method is called _____, which involves a vesicle that forms from the enterocyte's cell membrane, engulfing the nutrient and then drawing the nutrient into the cell.

endocytosis

Without the cartilage at the back of the tongue called the ___________, food would enter the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

The bolus slides down this tube, called the _________, which connects the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

Nutrients are absorbed through the lining of the small intestine via a variety of mechanisms. Most nutrients require _______, where a specific carrier protein is utilized, but no energy is required.

facilitated diffusion

From the list below, choose all of the correct symptoms of celiac disease that affected individuals may present with.

fatigue diarrhea chronic stomachache

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

This large gland, located near the stomach, releases digestive enzymes after a meal and also secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose levels. This accessory organ is called the ___________.

pancreas

The three structural features of the small intestine that increase its surface area are the ________, the villi, and the microvilli.

circular folds

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct?

All

Choose the correct description/statement about gluten from the list below.

Gluten is a protein that causes an autoimmune reaction in people with celiac disease.

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

Digestive problems can occur at nearly any point in the digestive process. Some problems are minor, like occasional heartburn, indigestion, or constipation. However, other problems like ulcers or cancer can be very serious. Medical treatment may also be required if a minor problem occurs persistently. Fortunately, there are also many dietary approaches that can help manage many digestive disorders. One condition that can be managed through diet is celiac disease, a serious autoimmune disease that causes damage to the small intestines when gluten is consumed. Select all the sentences below that correctly describe the proper identification and treatment of celiac disease.

People with celiac disease should include foods with dietary fiber such as beans, fruits, vegetables, brown rice, and quinoa. Home-cooked meals are a good way to increase variety and reduce the cost of a gluten-free diet.

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids are absorbed through _______, which requires both a carrier protein and energy in the form of ATP.

active transport

In this activity, you will sort the specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs according to their functions and secretions. Drag each of the following secretions and functions to their respective bins, representing the appropriate organs of the digestive tract.

are pic

Elizabeth is seated with her friend at her favorite restaurant. It's the first time she has eaten out after beginning her new diet. She wants to be sure to choose gluten-free items from the menu. She orders sparkling water with lemon and the grilled salmon with sautéed kale and mushrooms. The waiter reminds her that she can choose one more side dish. Which of the following side dishes is gluten-free and, therefore, safe for Elizabeth to eat?

baked potato with a small dollop of sour cream

When fat enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes ________to break up the large fat globules.

bile

Which of the following gastrointestinal tract conditions alters the structure of the small intestine, resulting in malabsorption?

celiac disease

Once absorbed, water-soluble nutrients like carbohydrates and amino acids enter capillaries and travel to the liver via the ___________.

hepatic portal vein

The last portion, or segment, of the small intestine is called the ____________.

ileum

The __________ is the middle portion of the small intestine.

jejunum

Chyme passes through the __________ that connects the ileum with the ascending colon.

lleocecal sphincter

Villi contain _________ and ________ that absorb nutrients, which are then transported through the body.

lymph vessels, blood vessels

Fat-soluble nutrients initially travel via the _________ before entering the bloodstream.

lymphatic system

During ________, teeth cut and grind food into smaller pieces as the tongue mixes them with saliva.

mastication

The hair-like projections that cover the surface of an intestinal cell and contribute to the increased surface area of the small intestine are called ___________

microvilli

Chemical digestion __________

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Some smaller molecules can cross via _________. Like with facilitated diffusion, no energy is required because the concentration of a nutrient is higher inside the GI tract than in the enterocyte. Unlike with facilitated diffusion, however, no ________ is needed.

passive diffusion, carrier protein

A process called _________ helps to propel first the bolus and then chyme forward through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

peristalsis

Food is propelled forward by rhythmic contractions called ________ , which moves food down the esophagus and through the stomach.

peristalsis

The secretions called __________ are produced in the glands located behind the tongue and contain the enzyme amylase to chemically digest carbohydrate.

saliva

A key objective in this chapter is to identify the major enzymes in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as well as the organs that secrete them. This activity requires you to match the enzyme with the secreting organ. Drag the names of the enzymes to their respective bins, representing the appropriate secreting organ. Some organs secrete more than one enzyme.

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In this activity, you will sort the digestive disorders of the gastrointestinal tract according to the organ in which the disorder primarily occurs. Drag each of the following names of digestive disorders into the appropriate bin to indicate the organ that is primarily affected.

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essentially a long muscular tube that starts in the mouth, continues through the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and ends in the rectum. Each site functions in different ways to complete mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Accessory organs like the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas produce digestive secretions that act on specific nutrients and assist with digestion. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

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The specialized structure of the villi allows for efficient absorption of digested nutrients, which are then transported throughout the body. Review the accompanying figure and label the fields accordingly. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Note that not all labels will be used.

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We will now consider the various secretions involved in digestion within the small intestine, including their organ of origin and their functions in digestion. Review the descriptions listed below of the various secretions that aid in digestion within the small intestine. Match the correct secretion with its organ of origin and/or its function. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins.

see pic

_____________ are finger-like projections that cover the circular folds of the small intestine and contribute to its increased surface area.

villi