Nutrition

A person has had poor dietary choices for a long time and is recently having trouble seeing things in the evening when the light level is low. Which of the dietary change options below may help improve this person's eyesight?

-Eat more retinol-containing foods, such as fish and eggs., -Eat more beta-carotene-containing foods, such as dark-green colored vegetables.

A 5-year old child who was born prematurely is experiencing disease signs related to neuromuscular damage (slowed reflex behavior, reduced coordination) and an increased level of red blood cell breakage (hemolysis). As a healthcare provider, what dietary & health-related options would you recommend to help this 5-year old child?

-Increase dietary intake of nuts (if no allergy) and enriched cereals to boost vitamin E intake., -Make sure the child does not have trouble digesting and absorbing food fats. If yes, correct the issue right away.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, the US adult population, in general, does not have a healthy dietary pattern. Which of the options below correctly describes an area where we eat too much, or too little, for our long-term health?

-Nearly all (97%) of adult males in the US consume more than recommended amounts of dietary sodium. The majority of adult females (more than 80%) also over-consume dietary sodium., -About 70% and more of adults (both gender) in the US take more than recommended amounts of saturated fats in their diet., -About 60% and more of adults (both gender) in the US eat more than recommended amounts of added sugar in their diet.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, what are the special nutrition concerns for pregnant women who are on vegetarian and vegan diets? Note, there is more than one correct answer, each gives a partial point. Please pick all correct answers to receive full points.

-Pregnant women who are on vegetarian and vegan diets should make sure they have enough dietary iron intake since the non-heme iron (from non-animal food sources) has a low bioavailability., -Pregnant women who are on vegetarian and vegan diets should make sure they have enough vitamin B12 intake since B12 comes from animal source foods, not from plant-based foods (unless it is added)., -Pregnant women who are on vegetarian and vegan diets should make sure they have enough eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake since they come from seafood, not from plant-based foods.

Similar to other life stages, older adults can be supported by professionals, family, and friends to achieve a healthy dietary pattern that accounts for factors such as cost, preferences, traditions, and access. Additional factors to consider when supporting healthy eating for older adults include which ones of the options?

-Sharing meals with older adults is a good way to increase their enjoyment of foods and promote adequate dietary intake. , -Older adults may have a higher chance to have difficulty chewing or swallowing. It is beneficial to try out food preparation from all food groups to get the food texture that is acceptable and enjoyable., -Practicing safe food handling procedures is of particular importance for older adults due to a decline in immune system function and the increased risk of foodborne illness.

A good friend of yours just got married. The happy couple wants and is preparing, to have children. Knowing you have good knowledge of nutritional science, she asks you for advice on getting nutritious foods. Besides telling her to consult with a doctor or a dietician, what would you recommend, and why do you recommend it?

-She should be mindful and eat fresh dark green vegetables daily. They are an important source of vitamin B9 (folic acid). B9-deficiency may cause birth defects., -She should have fresh (not canned or processed otherwise) meat and fish. These foods are a good source of vitamin B12. A deficiency of B12 may cause birth defects., -If she wants to take vitamin supplements, she needs to be careful not to exceed the Upper Limits of certain vitamins. Overdosing on vitamins may cause harmful side effects.

Which body organs in the options below produce enzymes that can digest (chemically) food carbohydrates?

-The salivary glads (secret saliva). The saliva has amylase enzymes that can digest food carbs., -The pancreas. It release pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine to help digest food carbs., -The small intestine epithelial cells have "brush border enzymes." These enzymes are needed to digest food carbs.

What are the current dietary recommendations for vitamin K?

-Vitamin K Adequate Intake (AI) is 120 mcg/day for adult males., -Vitamin K Upper Limits: none established (vitamin K has very low toxicity so UL is not needed).

Based on our understanding of the current dietary intake among toddlers (12-23 months old) in the US, is there anything we may improve so children of this age group will be eating healthier? If yes, what should we improve? Note, there is more than one correct answer choice, each gives a partial point. Please pick all correct answers to receive full points.

-We should reduce the amount of refined grain intake., -We should increase the amount of seafood intake.

There are many factors that affect a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR). Below is a list of factors, some of them increase BMR, but others decrease BMR. Please choose those that can INCREASE BMR.

-acute illness or injury, -high thyroid hormone activity, -greater body surface area (such as a thin and tall person), -more lean body mass (such as having more skeletal muscles), -pregnancy, -lactation, -physical & emotional stress, -using stimulants, such as caffeine, -during growth and development: infancy, adolescence.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 edition, when we provide infants and toddlers with complementary solid foods (when they reach 6 months old), are there any dietary ingredients or nutrients that should be kept low or excluded? If yes, what are they? Note, there is more than one correct choice, each gives a partial point. Please choose all of them to receive full points

-added sugar and any food and drink that contain added sugar., -any food higher in sodium., -avoid honey., -no unpasteurized juice, milk, and cheese.

Vitamin D is an essential food nutrient needed for maintaining calcium levels in bones and blood. There are several forms of food vitamin D. Please choose from the options below all the forms of vitamin D.

-cholecalciferol -ergocalciferol

Certain water-soluble vitamins are the co-factors for enzymes necessary for the synthesis of purines. Purines are critical parts of DNA molecules. These vitamins are needed to ensure normal cellular DNA synthesis. So, a deficiency of these vitamins may cause anemia (RBC can't grow normally) and birth defects (fetus can't grow normally).

-folic acid -cobalamin

Which of the options below offer(s) a good food source that provides dietary vitamin D?

-mushroom (especially after exposing raw mushrooms to sunlight), fatty fish & fish liver oil, -Vitamin D fortified (enriched) foods, such as vitamin D-milk, vitamin D-orange juice, and fortified cereals.

During pregnancy, our bodies need to support the growth and development of new babies. Which of the following dietary nutrients and foods is(are) of special concern during pregnancy? Note, there is more than one correct answer, each gives a partial point. Please pick all correct answers to receive full points.

-need more vitamin B9 (folic acid)., -need more dietary iron., -need more dietary iodine., -need more choline., -Should have more seafood (but avoid possible mercury contamination in the food)., -No alcoholic beverages

Based on the current dietary recommendation, please choose from the options below all the food groups that are NOT a main source of carbohydrates.

-protein foods, -lean meat and sea foods, -oil, such as olive oil.

This question gives a list of several food categories. Please pick those that, on average, most adult Americans eat too much and may lead to health issues.

-refined grains., -food and drinks with added sugars., -foods that are high in sodium but low in potassium., -foods that are high in saturated fats but low in essential fatty acids., -foods that are low in dietary fibers

There are several hormones that control our feeling of hunger and the feeling of being full (satiety). As such, these hormones can affect how much we eat, and how frequently we eat. An elevated (higher) blood level of which of the following hormones can make us feel full (satiety) and reduce the psychological drive to eat?

-the hormone leptin, -the hormone cholecystokinin, -the hormone insulin, -the hormone glucagon-like peptide

We know that the adult population in the US generally does not consume enough dietary fibers. To help improve the situation, we may encourage people to eat more of what types of foods? Please note, there is more than one correct answer, each gives a partial point. Please pick all correct answers to receive full points.

-vegetables. -fresh fruits. -whole grains

For getting substantial health benefits, an average adult should do how many hours of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week?

1 hour 15 minutes to 2.5 hours per week.

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that Americans limit their intake of saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories.

10%

What is the dietary protein AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution range)?

10-35% of total daily calories from dietary proteins.

When serving foods, to prevent food-borne illness, we should keep the foods that are supposed to be served hot at a higher temperature, such as at ____ oF or higher. After serving, the leftovers should be kept cold.

140

What is the current dietary recommendation on the fruit food group for a healthy adult with a 2000 kcal daily caloric intake?

2 cups eq. per day

For getting substantial health benefits, an average adult should do how many hours of moderate-intensity physical activity per week?

2.5 hours to 5 hours per week.

Our body synthesizes proteins by chemically linking amino acids via peptide bonds. How many different kinds of amino acids are used by our body to make proteins?

20

1 mcg (micro-gram) of RAE = 1 mcg of retinol 1 mcg RAE = 24 mcg alpha-carotene in food Question: A healthy adult man is taking vitamin A at the level same as the dietary recommendation (RDA) per day. And, this man is taking vitamin A in the form of alpha-carotene only and no other forms. How much food alpha-carotene does this man take? Note: please use your class notes to find out vitamin A RDA for healthy adult men.

21600 micro-grams (mcg) of food beta-carotene

The recommended daily intake of dietary fiber is approximately ____ grams.

25 to 38

Certain populations of people in the US are more susceptible to, and tend to suffer more severe consequences of, food-borne illness. These populations include the very young: infants and children under _____ years old.

5

What is the current dietary recommendation on the grains food group for a healthy adult with a 2000 kcal daily caloric intake?

6 ounces eq. per day

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, adults of what age range are grouped as "older adults?"

60 years of age and older.

Certain populations of people in the US are more susceptible to, and tend to suffer more severe consequences of, food-borne illness. These populations include those who are older than _____ years old.

65

Currently in the world, of the 3 billion people living on less than $2 a day ($730 a year), about ____ % of them are women. This number shows the severity of gender inequality and the urgent need for improvement.

70

According to the studies in nutritional science, we now know that: 1 mcg (micro-gram) of RAE = 1 mcg of retinol The dietary recommendation for vitamin A is 900 mcg RAE/day for healthy adult men. This is equivalent to how much retinol in the diet per day?

900 mcg (micro-gram)

Physical Fitness means:

A person's ability to perform moderate to vigorous physical activity without undue fatigue.

A high-energy compound for immediate use, but its amount in a muscle (without re-generating it) lasts only up to 2 seconds of muscle contraction.

ATP

Obesity is known to increase the risks of many health issues such as cardiovascular diseases and skeletal-muscular issues. Currently, how many percentages of the adult population in the US has overweight and obesity issues?

About 74% of US adults are either overweight or obese.

Our body converts amino acids into which of the following substances to meet physiological needs?

All of the options are correct.

Physical activity means:

Any movement of skeletal muscles that requires energy.

What is the difference between BMR and BMI?

BMR stands for "basal metabolic rate" while BMI stands for "body mass index."

Which one of the options below gives good dietary sources of essential fatty acids?

Corn oil, sunflower oil, nuts (such as walnut), and seeds (such as flaxseed).

We know overconsumption of dietary sodium is linked to elevated chances of hypertension and cardiovascular issues. How many percentages of US adults over-consume dietary sodium?

Currently, more than 95% of adult males and more than 80% of adult females exceed the limits of dietary sodium intake

There are many different kinds of fatty acids in our diet. Two of them are known as the "essential fatty acids." What are the criteria that designate a fatty acid as "essential?"

Essential fatty acids: We need them for normal body functions but our body can't produce them. So, we must get them from food.

Which one of the choices below gives the situation where the pancreas would release the hormone glucagon?

Fasting overnight to keep blood glucose level at a low level.

In the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, there are four guidelines that apply to all the specific recommendations (such as healthy dietary patterns) throughout the life span of Americans. Which one of the options below correctly describes one of the four guidelines?

Follow a healthy dietary pattern at every life stage.

Between fat and oil, which one is chemically more stable (longer storage shelf life, can be used at higher cooking temperature)?

Food fat is chemically more stable than oil, since fat has less unsaturated fatty acids.

This question asks that you match food fat to its relevant properties, and do the same with food oil.

Food oil should NOT be used for what types of cooking processes? → High temperature cooking process, such as deep frying., Food fat effects on health, compared to food oil: → It is the less healthy option., Food fat is NOT suitable for what types of cooking processes? → Low temperature cooking, such as making cold salad. Fats becomes soild at cold temperature., Food fat storage (compare to food oil): → It can be stored for a longer time.

The grains and their products, such as bread and pasta, are an important food group that provides our body with food calories. Which one of the options below gives the correct recommendation on how to utilize the foods in the grains food group in our diet?

For all the foods in the "grains food group," about 50% of them should come from whole grains, not refined grains.

Folic acid is an essential nutrient. It is also known as vitamin B9. Lacking a sufficient amount of folic acid during pregnancy, especially in the early stages, may cause birth defects. So, what is a good food source for folic acid?

Fresh green & leafy vegetables, preferably with little or no heating in the cooking process.

Why do people call the high density lipoprotein (HDL) the "good cholesterol?"

HDL transports excessive cholesterol to the liver and tissues that will actually utilize cholesterol. So, it prevents the excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body.

This question gives the names of lipoproteins. Please match the lipoproteins to their physiological functions.

High Density Lipoprotein → It collects excessive cholesterol from body tissues and transport the cholesterol to other tissues that need cholesterol., Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) → It transports TG from the liver to the rest of the body., chylomicrons → It transports TG & cholesterol absorbed by the intestine to the rest of the body., Low Density Lipoprotein → It does not collect unwanted cholesterol from body tissues, but it does transport cholesterol to tissues that need cholesterols.

Urine color

It can be used as a more reliable indicator of dehydration.

What is the definition of Eating Disorders?

It is a severe alteration in eating patterns that are linked to adverse physiological changes.

Which of the options below correctly describes celiac disease?

It is an intolerance to the gluten proteins that appear in certain foods such as bread and pasta. An affected individual often suffers from severe GI issues due to damages to the intestinal tissues.

"muscular strength" means:

It is the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort (one repetition maximum).

Thiamin is an essential nutrient. It is also known as vitamin B1. Which of the following options correctly describes the physiological functions of thiamin?

It is the co-factor of metabolic enzymes. Such B1-containing enzymes are necessary for metabolizing glucose to get ATP energy.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, older adults generally have a special dietary concern of a type of nutrient. What is it?

It is vitamin B12. The ability to absorb B12 decreases with age and several medications, such as metformin (a diabetes medicine), can lower B12 absorption. So, they should increase the amount of vitamin B12 in the diet.

We know that vitamin D is converted into its "active form" in our body when there is a need. What is the function of the active vitamin D?

It makes the small intestine absorb more dietary calcium, so, more calcium gets into our body.

There is an eating disorder called pica. What is it?

It means a person repeatedly eats nonfood items, such as clay or laundry starch

There is an eating disorder called purging disorder. What is it?

It means a person repeatedly purge what he or she eats, but the person does not engage in binge eating.

There is an eating disorder called binge eating disorder of limited duration. What is it?

It means the affected person meets all criteria for binge eating disorder except the binge eating behavior occurs no longer than 3 months.

There is an eating disorder called bulimia nervosa of low frequency. What is it?

It means the affected person meets all criteria for bulimia nervosa except the binging-purging episode occurs less than once per week.

Recommendations of dietary protein for active adults and athletes:

It should be about 1.2 to 2.0 grams per kg of body weight.

Recommendations of dietary fats for active adults and athletes:

It should be about 35% of total calorie intake.

Recommendations of dietary carbohydrates for active adults and athletes:

It should be about 45%-65% of total calorie intake.

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) may occur in areas with widespread poverty and a lack of education. There are two forms of PCM- kwashiorkor, and marasmus. Which one of the following options describes PCM?

Kwashiorkor is caused by a severe dietary protein deficiency with moderate calorie deficiencies. An affected person frequently shows disease signs including weight loss, fatty liver, abnormal fluid accumulation, and frequent infections.

Background: HDL's major physiological function is to give its cholesterol molecules to VLDL particles and the tissues that need cholesterol. HDL particles also donate ApoE and ApoC-II to other lipoproteins to help efficient lipid transport in the body. Question: What would happen if there was a genetic mutation that reduces HDL levels in the body?

Lipid transport in the body will be less efficient, causing accumulation of cholesterol and TG in blood circulation, leading to health issues.

For safety concerns, we should store the foods not being served at cold temperatures to prevent bacteria from growing in our foods. However, certain bacteria can still grow even at cold temperatures and cause severe food-borne illnesses. Which one of the pathogenic bacteria listed here can grow at 4 oC? Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, S. aureus, or Streptococcus?

Listeria

We know that there are 20 different kinds of amino acids in proteins. Our body can produce certain types of amino acids when there is a need, but we can't make other types and must acquire them from dietary proteins, even when there is a need for them. These types of amino acids are known as the "essential amino acids."

Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

"Percentage age-predicted MHR" is a commonly used method of measuring the intensity of physical activity. The MHR stands for:

Maximal Heart Rate

Feeling thirsty

May not be a good indicator of dehydration.

The more active our body's metabolism is, the more calories are burnt to support metabolism. An observable sign of an elevated metabolism is an elevation in body temperature. In this case, the caloric energy turns into body heat, which dissipates into the surrounding environment. The thyroid hormones are one of the major factors that regulate how active metabolism is. In a state of hyperthyroidism (higher than normal thyroid activity), does metabolism become faster or slower? Also, does the body "burns off" more, or less, caloric energy due to metabolism?

Metabolism becomes faster, and the body burns off more calories to sustain the more active metabolism.

The more active our body's metabolism is, the more calories are burnt to support metabolism. An observable sign of an elevated metabolism is an elevation in body temperature. In this case, the caloric energy turns into body heat, which dissipates into the surrounding environment. The thyroid hormones are one of the major factors that regulate how active metabolism is. In a state of hypothyroidism (below normal thyroid activity), does metabolism become faster or slower? Also, does the body "burns off" more, or less, caloric energy due to metabolism?

Metabolism becomes slower, and the body burns off fewer calories to sustain the less active metabolism.

The chemical structures of food fat and oil are triglycerides. Can our small intestine absorb triglycerides?

No. Triglycerides (TG) must be broken down into their components. The small intestine only absorbs the components (fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides) of TG, but not TG itself.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, do older adults have the same healthy dietary pattern as adults who are younger?

Older adults need fewer calories, but they have the same healthy dietary pattern as adults who are younger.

One RM (in terms of muscular strength) means:

One Repetition Maximum

If our body can not use glucose to make energy (lacking carbs in diet or lacking the hormone insulin), and it switches to use fatty acids for energy instead, what type of common complications may happen?

Our acid-base balance may be disrupted. We may suffer acidosis (blood turns acidic).

A person recently is experiencing troubles in physical coordination, irritating tingling feelings in the hands and feet, and gets exhausted (extremely tired) easily. During a doctor's visit, the doctor suggests that troubles of physical coordination and tingling sensation on the skin may indicate neurological issues, while being easily exhausted may be caused by anemia (body tissues not getting enough O2). The doctor then asked about the patient's dietary habits, favorite foods, dietary supplements, and so on. At the end of the visit, the doctor ordered an immunological test on the patient's reactivity to a thing called an "intrinsic factor." What is the reasoning behind this doctor's order?

Our stomach secrets "intrinsic factor" which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption. If there is a lack of the intrinsic factor, we would experience B12 deficiency, causing anemia and neurological issues. An immunological test on the intrinsic factor will tell the levels of the intrinsic factor, and if the body has an immune response against this factor., Our stomach secrets "intrinsic factor" which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption. Sometimes people develop autoimmune responses to the intrinsic factor, causing vitamin B12 NOT to be absorbed by the small intestine, resulting in B12 deficiency. The test will show if the patient has an autoimmune disease against the intrinsic factor.

The question gives the names of several digestive enzymes. Please match these enzymes to the food carbs they can digest, and the food carbs that result from the digestion.

Pancreatic Amylase → It digest food polysaccharides. After digestion, large polysaccharides become smaller-sized polysaccharides., Salivary Amylase → It digest polysaccharides, but often with limited effects., Brush Border enzyme Lactase → It digests the disaccharide lactose to the monosaccharide galactose and glucose, Brush Border enzyme Maltase → It digests the disaccharide maltose to 2 molecules of the monosaccharide glucose

This high-energy compound is used to store extra ATP energy. Its amount in the muscle is usually enough to support the making of ATP for only about 10 seconds of muscle contraction.

Phosphocreatine

All proteins, including food proteins, can undergo "protein denaturation." Which one of the following options gives a scientifically correct statement about food protein denaturation?

Protein denaturation will in most cases cause the protein to lose its biological function. However, denatured proteins are generally more readily digestible, and so, have better nutritional value.

Which of the options below gives a correct statement about food protein digestion and absorption?

Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes to become amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides.

The "RPE" scale is a commonly used method of measuring the intensity of physical activity. The RPE stands for:

Rating of Perceived Exertion

One molecule of the food carb disaccharide contains two monosaccharides. Which one of the options below correctly names a disaccharide and the two monosaccharides that make this disaccharide?

Sucrose is a disaccharide. It is made of one molecule of a monosaccharide called glucose, and one molecule of fructose.

The US government runs several public programs to provide access to healthy meals and educational resources to support healthy dietary patterns for those who are in need. One of these programs is called SNAP. Which of the following options correctly describes the SNAP program?

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program provides temporary benefits to families with qualifying incomes for the purchase of food and beverages.

The US government has several public health programs to provide access to healthy meals and educational resources to support healthy dietary patterns for those who are in need. One of these programs is called WIC. Which of the following options correctly describes the WIC program?

The WIC program helps families with limited resources meet their child's nutrition needs by providing nutritious foods to supplement their diets.

Which of the options below correctly describes the state of positive protein equilibrium?

The body is building to increase its mass.

Which of the options below correctly describes the state of negative protein equilibrium?

The body is losing its mass.

Why would severe liver diseases cause poor dietary calcium absorption in the patient, even when the person's diet has a regular amount of calcium?

The liver converts pro-vitamin D to "calcidiol," which is needed to make the active form of vitamin D. Active vitamin D is needed to make the small intestine absorb dietary calcium. Liver diseases may reduce the amount of calcidiol, causing a lack of active vitamin D.

Food protein digestion and absorption is a very complicated process. This question tests how well you know about the details of this process. You are given several scientific terms. Please match the terms to their physiological functions.

The liver. → Absorbed amino acids from the small intestine go to the liver first before reaching the rest of the body., Stomach acid. → It causes proteins to become denatured., The brush border enzymes. → They are on the cell surface of the small intestine cells., Amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides. → They can be absorbed by the small intestine cells., Trypsin. → A protein digestion enzyme secreted by the pancreas., Intact food proteins. → They can not be absorbed by the small intestine., Pepsin. → A protein digestion enzyme secreted by the stomach.

What body organ releases the hormone glucagon? What causes this organ to release glucagon?

The pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. It releases glucagon when blood glucose levels drop to below the normal range.

Mutations that disrupt which of the following enzymes can cause poor food lipid digestion and absorption?

The pancreatic lipase enzyme.

Which of the following ways of approach would allow a person with primary lactose intolerance to still enjoy milk and dairy products?

The person may switch to use products that are pre-treated with the lactase enzyme, such as lactose-free milk., The person may take a lactase enzyme pill before having milk and lactose-containing dairy products.

Aerobic metabolism

This metabolism uses both glucose and fatty acids as energy sources. Endurance-type of physical activity requires this type of metabolism to sustain the needed energy production.

Anaerobic metabolism

This metabolism uses glucose as its energy source. Physical activity that lasts for a short time can use this type of metabolism to sustain its energy requirement.

An adult male, 35 years old, 5 feet 11 inches tall, weighs 250 pounds, and has a "sedentary" activity level. Based on BMI classification, does this adult male have a healthy BMI? Hint, you can use the DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals on the web to do the calculation. The BMI value will also appear in the result

This person's BMI is in the range of class-2 obesity.

Carbohydrate-loading (prior to participating in a physical activity) means:

Use diet to increase the glycogen amount in the liver and muscles.

Based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, what is the healthy US-style dietary pattern for an average adult who consumes 2000 kcal/day?

Use nutrient-dense foods to fulfill a diet that contains: Vegetable group- 2.5 cups eq/day; Fruit group- 2 cups eq/day; Grain group- 6 oz eq/day; Dairy group- 3 cups eq/day; Protein food group- 5.5 oz eq/day; Oil- 27 grams/day; Calories for other uses- no more than 240 kcal/day.

Based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, which of the options below correctly describes the US-style healthy dietary pattern for women consuming 2000 kcal/day?

Use nutrient-dense foods to fulfill a diet that has: Vegetable group- 2.5 cups eq/day; Fruit group- 2 cups eq/day; Grain group- 6 oz eq/day; Dairy group- 3 cups eq/day; Protein food group- 5.5 oz eq/day; Oil- 27 grams/day; Calories for other uses- no more than 240 kcal/day.

How common overweight and obesity are among children and adolescents in the US?

Very common. About 41% of children and adolescents are overweight or have obesity.

Vitamin E is an essential nutrient. What is the function of vitamin E in our body?

Vitamin E is an important antioxidant that helps prevent oxidative damages to the lipid-soluble compounds in our body, such as the fatty acids in cellular membranes.

There is a rare inherited genetic disorder called phenylketonuria (PKU). In affected individuals, an essential amino acid called phenylalanine (Phe) can not be metabolized normally, causing a toxic buildup of the amino acid Phe itself and its harmful metabolites. In severe cases, the toxicity can cause brain damage. Which of the option choices below offer a logical dietary change to help PKU patients?

We need to limit the amount of phenylalanine (Phe) in food, but not to the point where there is zero Phe. It is because Phe is an essential amino acid, and our body still needs it to build our own human proteins, even in PKU patients.

In the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, there are four guidelines that apply to all the specific recommendations (such as cutting back on sodium intake) throughout the life span of Americans. Which one of the options below correctly describes one of the four guidelines?

We should customize and enjoy nutrient-dense food and beverage choices to reflect personal preference, cultural tradition, and budgetary consideration.

In the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, there are four guidelines that apply to all the specific recommendations (such as limiting added sugar intake) throughout the life span of Americans. Which one of the options below correctly describes one of the four guidelines?

We should focus on meeting food group needs with nutrient-dense foods and beverages, and stay within calorie limits.

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 edition, we should be more careful about supplying our infants with what types of vitamins so they don't suffer deficiency?

We should give infants vitamin D supplements, beginning soon after birth. Vitamin B12 is also a concern if the lactating mother herself has low B12 or B12 deficiency.

In the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, there are four guidelines that apply to all the specific recommendations (such as increasing dairy intake among adults) throughout the life span of Americans. Which one of the options below correctly describes one of the four guidelines?

We should limit foods and beverages higher in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium, and limit alcoholic beverages.

Pregnancy is a special period of time in our lives with its special nutritional needs. Besides making sure to fulfill an elevated need for certain vitamins and dietary minerals, do total daily caloric intakes also need to change?

Yes. We need to add more calories to the diet to support a suitable amount of weight gain during pregnancy.

According to nutritional science studies we now know that: 1 mcg (micro-gram) of RAE = 1 mcg of retinol 1 mcg RAE = 24 mcg alpha-carotene in food Question: Between retinol and alpha-carotene, which one has less biological potency when they are both used at one mcg quantity?

alpha-carotene

Please type the name of the essential fatty acid that belongs to the omega-3 type of fatty acids.

alpha-linolenic acid

riboflavin cobalamin ascorbic acid

angular cheilitis pernicious anemia scurvy

Please type the chemical name for vitamin C.

ascorbic acid

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to vitamin deficiencies. The disease scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

ascorbic acid

There are many possible causes of food insecurity in the world. The most common causes include issues with (1) food ______ , (2) access to food, (3) utilization of foods, and (4) stability.

availability

If an adult (non-pregnant) is overweight, her (or his) body mass index value would be in what range?

between 25.0 to 29.9.

To digest food lipids, we need digestive enzymes. To efficiently digest food lipids, we need another type of substance besides the enzyme to emulsify fat/oil. Which of the options below gives the name of the substance that emulsifies fat/oil?

bile acids in bile

What type of eating disorder is often associated with overweight and obesity?

binge eating disorder.

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to specific vitamin deficiencies. The disease rickets is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

calcidiol, calcitriol, cholecalciferol.

The active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) is needed to promote the small intestine to absorb dietary ____ .

calcium

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 edition, what are the four "nutrients of public health concern?" (It means there is a high likelihood that the general public, irrespective of gender, doesn't have enough intake of these nutrients.) Please note, there is more than one correct answer, each gives a partial point. Pick all the correct answers to receive full points.

calcium, vitamin D, potassium, dietary fiber

The depletion of ____ is ranked as the number two cause of fatigue that reduces physical activity performance.

carbohydrates

Please type the chemical name for vitamin B12.

cobalamin

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 edition, we should be more careful about supplementing with what types of dietary minerals for our infants so they don't suffer deficiency? Note, there is more than one correct answer each gives a partial point. Please pick all correct answers to receive full points.

dietary iron. dietary zinc.

In our body, the essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid can be converted into other forms of fatty acids that are important for brain development. Which options below give the names of these brain growth-important fatty acids that come from alpha-linolenic acid?

eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

Besides nutrition-related factors (such as being underweight, overweight, and so on), eating disorders also have _____ and cognitive factors.

emotional

This question gives the chemical names of the different forms of a vitamin. Please match them to the correct description for each.

ergocalciferol → It is a form of food vitamin D that comes from mushrooms., calcidiol → It is made by the liver, and it is not the active form of vitamin D., calcitriol → Our kidneys make this compound. It is the active form of vitamin D., cholecalciferol → Our skin tissue can produce it after it is exposed to UV rays in sunlight.

People affected by anorexia nervosa (AN) will restrict their caloric intake to such an extent that causes semi-starvation. As a result, people with AN will have _____ body weight.

extremely low (BMI less than 17).

Vitamin D is a ____ -soluble vitamin. Due to this property, malabsorption of food ____ may cause poor absorption of vitamin D, resulting in vitamin D deficiency.

fat (lipid) ..... fats

When this type of compound is broken down to make ATP energy, the body can only use the "aerobic" metabolic process to do so, but not the "anaerobic" process. What is this type of compound?

fatty acids

Which of the following foods is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?

fatty fish (has more fish oil)

Currently in the US, a household of 4 with an annual income of $26,500 or lower is regarded by the federal government as being at or below the FPL. What does FPL stand for?

federal poverty level

The depletion of ____ is ranked as the number one cause of fatigue that reduces physical activity performance.

fluid & electrolytes

Most water-soluble vitamins have nearly no toxicity even when used at a high dose. So, there is no need to establish an "Upper Limit" (UL) for them in the dietary recommendations. However, a few water-soluble vitamins do have toxicity and there are UL in the dietary recommendations for them. Which one of the water-soluble vitamins below has UL as a part of its dietary recommendations?

folic acid

Please type the chemical name for vitamin B9.

folic acid

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to vitamin deficiencies. The disease megaloblastic anemia is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

folic acid

A patient is suffering from anemia. Blood work shows the appearance of large-sized, immature red blood cells in the patient's blood sample. These immature red blood cells do not carry oxygen as the normal, mature RBC does. And, they do not appear in the blood samples from healthy individuals. Based on your knowledge in nutrition science, this patient may have a deficiency of what food nutrients that causes the anemia?

folic acid cobalamin

The fiber content of the dietary pattern can be increased by adding ....

fresh fruits, whole grains & cereals

A patient has a rare GI (gastrointestinal) disease. This person can not produce enough digestive enzymes to digest food carbohydrates. As a consequence of the disease, most food carbs are not absorbed, and the patient often suffers from hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Which one of the options below offers a form of food carbohydrate that can be absorbed by the GI tract without the need of food carb digestion?

fructose

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) calculator for healthcare professionals is a tool that gives a science-based calculation of recommended daily needs of calories and all major nutrients. The question below tests if you know how to correctly use this tool and know how to apply the results logically. Question: An adult female, 67 years of age, 5 feet 1 inch tall, weighs 198 pounds, has a physical activity level equivalent to light housework and gardening. She consumes about 2060 kcal per day. Based on the information, is she gaining weight, staying the same, or losing bodyweight?

gaining weight

Simple carbohydrate molecules are either monosaccharides or disaccharides. Which of the following choices give(s) the name(s) of monosaccharide(s)?

galactose, glucose, fructose

Digested white sugar is broken into ____ and ____

glucose, fructose.

High blood concentrations of _____ decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.

high-density lipoproteins

When the pancreas detects a high blood levels of glucose, it releases the

hormone insulin.

What is the recommended healthy dietary pattern for infants (0-6 months)?

human milk only + vitamin D supplement

Fatty acids are either "saturated" or "unsaturated." What chemical elements are the saturated fatty acids saturated with?

hydrogen

Which one of the choices below gives the name of the hormone that can lower blood glucose level?

insulin

Dietary mineral deficiency unfortunately is common in developing countries due to food insecurity and undernutrition. Deficiency of which one of the minerals, sodium, selenium, potassium, or iodine, is the most common form of dietary mineral deficiency?

iodine

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to specific dietary mineral deficiencies. The disease goiter & hypothyroidism is caused by a deficiency of what dietary mineral?

iodine

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to specific dietary mineral deficiencies. The disease iron-deficiency anemia is caused by a deficiency of what dietary mineral?

iron

Anorexia nervosa causes semi-starvation in affected individuals. As a result, an affected person may have ____ anemia

iron deficiency

Blood potassium imbalance, such as caused by frequent vomiting, can lead to what serious, life-threatening issue?

irregular heart rate.

"muscular power" means:

it is the combination of a muscle's strength and speed for an explosive movement.

If an adult (non-pregnant) is classified as being underweight, her (or his) body mass index would be in what range?

less than 18.5.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

linoleic acid

This question gives the chemical names of the different forms of a vitamin. Please match them to the correct description for each

menadione → It is a synthetic form of vitamin K., menaquinones → These compounds come from foods of either animal sources or fermented foods., phylloquinones → These compounds come from dark green & leafy vegetables.

Although we should encourage people to eat more fish to better match the recommended healthy dietary patterns, we should know that we also need to avoid fish that may be contaminated with _____ and PCB.

mercury

Most water-soluble vitamins have nearly no toxicity even when used at a high dose. So, there is no need to establish an "Upper Limit" (UL) for them in the dietary recommendations. However, a few water-soluble vitamins do have toxicity and there are UL in the dietary recommendations for them. Which one of the water-soluble vitamins below has UL as a part of its dietary recommendations? Note, please choose the water-soluble vitamin, not lipid-soluble ones, that has a UL.

niacin

Please type the chemical name for vitamin B3.

niacin

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to vitamin deficiencies. The disease pellagra is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

niacin

An effective treatment to help people affected by bulimia nervosa should include three areas of therapy: psychological therapy, pharmacological therapy, and ____ therapy.

nutritional

One of the early signs of vitamin A deficiency in an adult is ___ .

nyctalopia

In our body, our cells can split one molecule of triglyceride into its 4 component parts. What are these four components of a triglyceride molecule?

one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

Severe vitamin D deficiency in adults may cause ____ . In this situation, the ____ and become prone to injuries.

osteomalacia ..... bones lose their calcium content

Essential fatty acids are

polyunsaturated

Please choose the correct options to complete the sentence below. A person who is gaining bodyweight must be in

positive energy balance.

The primary driver of malnutrition in the US is an insufficient amount of food production, a lack of proper transportation and food distribution, poverty, political unrest, or lack of nutritional knowledge and education?

poverty

Which of the following food nutrients is the main source of the "nitrogen" element?

protein & amino acids

An effective anorexia nervosa treatment will include three different therapy areas: _____ therapy, pharmacological therapy, and nutritional therapy.

psychological

Please type the chemical name for vitamin B6.

pyridoxine

The eating disorder bulimia nervosa is characterized by what behavior?

repeated binge eating followed by purging.

People affected by binge eating disorder will have what disease-defining behavior?

repeated binge eating without purging.

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to vitamin deficiencies. Xerophthalmia and blindness are caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid.

Vitamin A exists in several different chemical forms each with a different potency in our body. In nutritional science, what form of vitamin A is used as the standard for vitamin A activity, and the recommendation of vitamin A intake is based on it?

retinol

Please choose from the options below the substances that are forms of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A.

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene

Food fat/oil digestion AND absorption occur in what body organ(s)?

small intestine

The completely digested food carbs (monosaccharides) are absorbed by the ____ . After being absorbed, these monosaccharides are sent to the ____ before they are released to the rest of the body.

small intestine ..... liver

There are many possible causes of food insecurity in the world. The most common causes include issues with (1) food availability, (2) access to food, (3) utilization of foods, and (4) ______ .

stability

Food carbohydrates are a class of very important nutrients, and they exist in many different forms. After eating carbs in a meal, most food carbs can NOT be absorbed into our body until they are digested by digestive enzymes in the GI (gastrointestinal) tract. Please choose from the options below the food carbs that must be digested by enzymes to become simple carbs before they can be absorbed into our body. If the options give simple carbs that do not need any digestion before they can be absorbed, do NOT pick them. Choose only those that require enzyme digestion before absorption can happen.

starch amylose

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020-2025 edition, we should start introducing complementary solid foods to babies when they reach what age?

starting at about 6 months old.

Which one of the pathogens cause the most case numbers of food-borne illness in the US? The E. coli bacteria, the Salmonella bacteria, the Norovirus, the fungus Aspergillus, or the food-borne parasites the round worms and the tape worms?

the Norovirus

"muscular endurance" means:

the ability of a muscle to perform physical tasks at sub-maximal forces over a period of time without becoming fatigued

There are several hormones that control our feeling of hunger and the feeling of being full (satiety). As such, these hormones can affect how much we eat, and how frequently we eat. If we wanted to help an underweight patient increase appetite, eat more, and gain weight, we should, theoretically, enhance the activity of what hormone(s)?

the hormone ghrelin

Please type the chemical name for vitamin B1.

thiamin

Undernutrition often causes diseases due to vitamin deficiencies. The disease beriberi is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin?

thiamin

Lipoproteins are important for

transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system.

The main chemical components of dietary oil are ____ . There are more ____ fatty acids in oil than there are in fats.

triglycerides ..... unsaturated

Malnutrition includes two forms: _____ and over-nutrition.

under-nutrition