Nutrition 202 Karen Geismar Ch. 9 Exam 2 Review (In Progress)

Anencephaly

Absence of a major part of the brain during embryonic development.

Flushing

Redness in body.

Discuss the deficiency conditions associated with the individual B-vitamins discussed in class.

- A condition associated with thiamin deficiency in which the heart becomes enlarged, fluid under the skin can accumulate, and the muscles become weak and may atrophy: Beriberi Deficiency of riboflavin often occurs in conjunction with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins It results in a sore throat, cracks in the corner of the mouth, a swollen, glossy tongue, skin rashes, and hypersensitivity to light

Vitamin D: Discuss the role of vitamin D in relation to calcium.

- Another name for vitamin D is cholecalciferol In addition to being a vitamin, it is also classified as a hormone and a steroid Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium metabolism and helps maintain blood calcium levels It stimulates the cells of the small intestine to produce a calcium-binding protein called calbindin: Increases calcium absorption in the GI tract Vitamin D also causes the bones to release calcium Increases blood calcium levels - The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans sets the AI as such: For infants, children, adolescents, and adults up to 70 years of age at 15 µg vitamin D per day Decreased likelihood of adequate exposure to sunlight

Vitamin C: List and describe the functions of vitamin C. Define scurvy and identify symptoms of scurvy. Identify individuals who have an increased requirement for vitamin C. List dietary sources of vitamin C.

It is a water soluble antioxidant Keeps immune system healthy Important in its role of producing a protein that is throughout the body: Collagen Connective tissue of tendons, bone, teeth, and skin Wound healing Helps maintain structure of blood vessels Helps with iron absorption from GI Scurvy Characterized by: Bleeding gums Tooth Loss Poor wound healing Small hemorrhages - Those who need more vitamin C: Smokers their bodies use vitamin C to help protect against the damaging compounds Should consume an additional 35 mg per day - The best sources of vitamin C are fruits and vegetables Orange juice is perhaps the best known source Other good sources: Other citrus fruits Strawberries Sweet potatoes Brussels spouts

Macrocytic anemia

Anemia characterized by enlarged, immature red blood cells that are fewer in number than normal cells.

Pernicious anemia

Anemia that results from a vitamin B12 deficiency because of a lack of intrinsic factor.

Identify individuals at risk for inadequate vitamin D stores.

Kids, adolescents, and Old people. - In addition to sunlight, food sources that contain Those who poor exposure to sunlight or UV rays may be at risk for vitamin D deficiency Living far from the equator Wearing clothing over much of the body Using sunblock Cloud cover or smog

Coenzyme

Molecules that combine with an enzyme to increase its activity.

Neural tube defects

Fatal congenital malformation and results in the incomplete or lack of development of he brain and skull.

Homocysteine

High levels are related to early development of heart and blood vessel disease.

Identify the chronic conditions associated with inadequate vitamin D status.

In adults, a lack of vitamin D leads to softening of bone caused by decalcification: Osteomalacia ********************** - Symptoms of vitamin D toxicity include: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea It may also lead to the calcification of soft tissues The ability to fortify foods with vitamin D is strictly regulated because of the potential risk of toxicity - Recent evidence has suggested a link between vitamin D insufficiency and obesity and the other following conditions: Heart Disease *** Respiratory infections *** Diabetes *** Hypertension ***

List the functions of niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate discussed in class.

Niacin deficiency leads to a condition called: Pellagra The symptoms are often referred to as "the four Ds": Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death Niacin deficiency was a major problem in the southeastern part of the United States in the early 1900s through the 1930 Because of its role with protein metabolism and hemoglobin: Anemia A folate deficiency can result in the red blood cells not maturing or forming properly because of the inability to synthesize DNA. Results in large immature red blood cells: Macrocytic Anemia If occurs during pregnancy: Failure of complete closure of the spinal cord Spina Bifida Failure of complete development of brain and skull Anencephaly Together, these are known as Neural Tube Defects

List the general functions of vitamins and minerals.

Not energy yielding Involved in metabolic processes Not a source of energy, but: Assist in providing energy

Fortification

The addition of vitamins and minerals to foods that are not naturally present in those foods.

Discuss the reason for the increased vitamin D requirements in the elderly.

The requirement for vitamin increases as we age. For adults older than 70, the AI increases to 20 µg per day—> As we get older we require more vitamin D Why: Decreased ability to convert vitamin D into its active form

Enrichment

The restoration of micronutrients that were originally present in the food but were lost during processing.

Identify toxicity conditions of B-vitamins discussed in class.

Toxicity associated with supplement use; symptoms include: Numb feet Loss of sensation in the hands Nerve damage that progresses to the inability to walk Many of these symptoms are not reversible This is because vitamin is used in so many reactions deficiency signs are diverse and include: Depression, vomiting, dermatitis, convulsions, anemia, and decreased immune response

Free radical

Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron that attack other molecules and break them down.

Vitamins E & K: List the primary functions of vitamins E and K. Identify the population(s) at greatest risk for vitamins E & K deficiency and discuss why they are at risk

Vitamin E: Acts as an antioxidant Neutralize free radicals that can damage cells membranes, DNA, proteins Enhances immune system Vitamin E is needed for nerve cell development Some health professionals recommended the use of vitamin E supplements to protect against cancer and cardiovascular disease Attack other molecules and break them down, damaging cell membranes, proteins, enzymes, molecules, and DNA Vitamin E donates electron to neutralize free radicals Deficiency: Premature infants Do no have sufficient stores of Vitamin E Vitamin K: Blood Clotting It is indirectly involved with the production of the protein which forms blood clots. Vitamin K activates various proteins in the reaction necessary to make: Fibrin Forms blood clots Deficiency: Newborns Vitamin K can be synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine; Gastrointestinal tract of infants is relatively sterile when they are first born Breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K Prolonged use of antibiotics

List the sources of vitamin D in the body.

good quantities of vitamin D include: Vitamin D—> fortified milk or margarine Liver Sardines, salmon, and shrimp Cheeses and yogurts are not often fortified with vitamin D

Osteomalacia

A softening of the bones in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency.

Describe the deficiency and toxicity conditions associated with vitamin A.

- Early stages of vitamin A deficiency Night Blindness Reversible Vitamin A is also involved in the maintenance of healthy cornea tissue (the outer layer of the eye) Short term vitamin A deficiency: Cornea becomes dry and damaged Long-term vitamin A deficiency Xerophthalmia Permanent loss of vision —> Vitamin A deficiencies is the leading cause of global blindness - Immune function: Vitamin A plays an important role in disease resistance, particularly for children Production of white blood cells Integrity of Epithelial cells: Found in the skin, lungs, and lining the gastrointestinal tract The process by which specialized cells develop that are capable of performing specific functions: Cell differentiation - Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include: Liver damage —> Primarily in the form of a supplement Birth defects

Vitamin A: List the functions of vitamin A.

- Most active form of vitamin A and stored in the liver Retinal Retinoic acid Functions of vitamin A include:******** integrity of epithelial cells bone growth reproduction, cell membrane stability gene regulation vision immune function

Discuss the differences between preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.

- Preformed vitamin A Ready to use —> Active form of Vitamin A - Provitamin A Converted to active form as needed by the body - The RDA for vitamin A: 900 µg per day for men 700 µg per day for women Those with increased needs: Women who are breast-feeding

B Vitamins: Identify the common function of all B vitamins.

- The common function of all B vitamins coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism Combine with an enzyme to increase its activity Are absolutely necessary for enzymes

Outline the synthesis and activation of vitamin D in the body.

- The human body can make vitamin D as long as it has adequate exposure to sunlight Cholesterol in the skin combines with ultraviolet rays Converted into a precursor of vitamin D Eventually makes it way to the kidneys Converted to active form there

Identify dietary sources of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.

- Two forms of vitamin A found in foods: Preformed vitamin A Ready to use —> Active form of Vitamin A Found in animal based foods or fortified foods Ex: Fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, liver Provitamin A Converted to active form as needed by the body Ex: beta-carotene Plant-based foods Ex: Spinach, dark green leafy vegetables, and broccoli Also abundant in orange and red foods Apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins.

Describe the deficiency and toxicity conditions associated with vitamin D.

- Vitamin D deficiency in children results in a disease called: Rikets —> Their bones are really soft ************* A softening and deformity of long bone due to the inability to deposit calcium in newly formed bone Vitamin D deficiency can also cause the skull, the rib cage, and the ends of long bones to be malformed Brain development, tooth spacing, and normal respiration can be affected as the result of these malformations

Rickets

A softening and deformity of long bones that results from vitamin D deficiency in children.

Spina bifida

A birth defect that results from the failure of the spine to close properly during the first month of pregnancy.

Pellagra

A disease caused by a niacin deficiency.

Beriberi

A disease caused by a thiamin deficiency.

Scurvy

A disease caused by vitamin C deficiency.

Antioxidant

A molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A neurological disorder associated with chronic alcoholism and thiamin deficiency.

Intrinsic factor

A protein produced by stomach cells that binds to Vitamin B12 and protects it from degradation until it can be absorbed.

Fibrin

A protein that forms blood clots.

Collagen

A protein that forms connective tissues such as tendons, bone, teeth, and skin.