Nutrition 251 Exam 2

Animal source foods (ASF)

+------------------ include many food items that comes from an animal source such as meat, milk, eggs, cheese and yogurt. All six micronutrients richly found in ASF, vitamin A, vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, iron and zinc play a critical role in the growth and development of children. ~( just in case possibly helpful to know) Inadequate stores of these micronutrients, either resulting from inadequate intake or poor absorption, is associated with poor growth, anemias (iron deficiency anemia and macrocytic anemia), rickets, night blindness, impaired cognitive functioning, neuromuscular deficits, diminished work capacity, psychiatric disorders and death.[1] Some of these effects, such as impaired cognitive development from an iron deficiency, are irreversible.

protein

10-35%

Calculate RDA for Protein. 132 lbs. she eats about 110 grams of protein per day

132/ 2.2= 60kg * .8= 48 so 48 is the RDA she has overdone the RDA for protein

fat contributes

20-35%

carbs

45-65%

Macrobiotic

A follower of the -------------- diet is mainly vegetarian, but this diet sometimes includes seafood. All other meat products are excluded,as well as eggs and dairy products. Basically, this diet focuses on eating local and seasonal foods that balance each other in harmonic ways. Some people follow this diet as a philosophy of life and others follow it for health reasons.

definition of ketogenic amino acid

A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl CoA which is the precursor of ketone bodies. This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose. Ketogenic amino acids ARE UNABLE TO BE CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE as both carbon atoms in the ketone body are ultimately degraded to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle. the production of ketone bodies in the body, as in diabetes mellitus or low-carbohydrate weight-loss diets Amino acids that are both glucogenic and ketogenic (mnemonic "PITTT"): Isoleucine Threonine Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan Only leucine and lysine are not glucogenic (they are only ketogenic).

Vegan

About 1 percent of the U.S. population follows a vegan (pronounced "VEE-gun") diet. This excludes all meat, eggs, and dairy products, and usually any other food produced by animals, such as honey. A strict vegan also avoids products that may seem innocent, such as refined sugar (white table sugar), because animal bones are used to process it. Many vegans also refuse to use nonedible animal products, such as leather, silk, wool, feathers, and so on. This can get really complicated. For example, did you know that camera film isn't vegan? Gelatin is used to manufacture it. Or that some lotions contain lanolin, which comes from wool? Strict vegans have to be very well informed.

Animal protein vs vegetable protein? digestibility and biological value?

Animal protein has high digestibility ~97% is a complete protein meaning has all essential amino acids. vegetable proteins have digestibility ~65-80% and are lesscomplete proteins. Limiting AA's include lysine in (rice corn and wheat) and Methionine in ( Legumes and peanuts). Together High Quality proteins compliment all lower quality proteins over the course of a day. mix foods! god :)

How do we balance any type of limiting protein in a daily diet?

Balance with any complete protein throughout the day.

Limiting amino acid in wheat, rice, and corn

Lysine

RDA levels for protein are higher for what group of people?

RDAs for protein in children are higher on a gram-per-body-weight basis than for adults. RDAs also are greater for women who are pregnant [1.1 g/kg/day] or lactating [1.3 g/kg/day]).Maybe even athletes. - this helps maintain nitrogen balance in body, make sure we are not breaking down our muscle( negative protein balance).

Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian

This person eats no meat, including seafood, but does eat dairy products and eggs. Most lacto-ovo-vegetarians follow this basic rule: if you have to kill the animal to get the product, then don't eat it. Therefore, milk is okay, but gelatin, which is made from horse hooves, is not.

The table of biological values shows that the proteins in eggs (white AND yolk) have the highest biological value. Rice (brown) and quinoa have higher biological value than beef or chicken! Of course this is per gram of protein consumed. Beef and chicken are much denser in protein per serving than rice is.

When a protein contains the essential amino acids in a proportion similar to that required by the body, it has a high Biological Value. When one or more of the essential amino acids are missing or present in low numbers, the protein is has a low biological value. The biological value of a protein is a number that describes how well it is absorbed by the body. High: meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy Low: grains + legumes, peanuts(nuts+seeds) ; corn, potatoes, rice, cassava

What happens if you eat more protein than necessary?

When you consume more protein than your body needs, the excess protein is used to provide your body with energy or turned into fat. You can't store extra amino acids or protein for later use. -energy part: reconfigure the amino acids either back to glucose to be used as energy or into fat. -->To transform an amino acid, the liver strips off the nitrogen, which may then be incorporated into DNA, RNA, or a nonessential amino acid. Excess nitrogen may also be incorporated into urea, or ammonia, both of which are excreted in the urine. In order to eliminate these, water is needed, so a high protein intake can result in excess fluid loss. The remaining part of the stripped-down amino acid may be reconfigured into glucose, and it is burned for energy.

If you are overweight does the RDA for protein still apply?

Yes, it covers 99% of all healthy adults. protein tis the only one that contains calories. it is food intake and activity choices that will determine body weight.

Limiting amino acid in Legumes and peanuts

methionine

recommendation of supplements?

mm rarely. body can process natures food well if you are focussing on balance moderation and variety. exceptions possibly: 1. Lysine+ to prevent and relieve infections that cause herpes. 2. Tryptophan- causes drowsiness. 25yrs ago more than 1500 people developed a rare blood disorder(EMS). --> muscle and joint pain, high fever, death. now back on the market fine at a certain rate. should be careful though * so basically caution. when taking supplements you do not want to exceed the levels you should be getting from normal foods.

Is there a limiting amino acid in beef protein?

no!

what non essential AA's compliment each other

rice, corn, and wheat( limiting in AA Lysine) compliment legumes and peanuts( limiting AA meThionine)

some amino acids are glucogenic? when do we do it? what happens to the nitrogen part? why don't we use the fat to do this In our body?

the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidneys whenever the supply of carbohydrates is insufficient to meet the body's energy needs. Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by cortisol and other glucocorticoids and by the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Formerly called glyconeogenesis. - a non essential amino acid such as alanine goes to pyruvate-> through Krebs. The NH3 goes to your urea. - we don't go to fatty acids first for energy because it is only for when things are tight. not best way