Nutrition 4 and 5

A person can be diagnosed with the condition of constipation when he or she has a normal bowel movement less frequently than _____.

3 times per week

Place the major organs of the digestive tract in the correct order. Stomach Small intestine Mouth Large intestine Esophagus

3) Stomach 4) Small intestine 1) Mouth 5) Large intestine 2) Esophagus

Based on the DRIs, nutritionally adequate diets should provide % to % of total calories from carbohydrates.

45,65

What is the recommended percent of daily calorie intake from carbohydrates?

45-65%

Hypoglycemia occurs when the blood glucose level falls below _____.

70 mg/dl

Select the various ways by which individuals with type 1 diabetes can receive insulin.

A pump An inhaler An injection

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by which of these signs and symptoms?

Abdominal cramping Diarrhea Rectal bleeding

_____ is the process by which nutrients and other substances are taken up by the digestive tract.

Absorption

Which of the following are water-soluble nutrients and thus enter the capillary network of a villus?

Amino acids Minerals Glucose

_____ refers to metabolic processes that build larger substances from smaller ones.

Anabolism

Diarrhea often results from which two causes?

Bacterial infections, Viral infections

Which of the following choices are good food sources of starch?

Cereal products made from wheat and rice Beans and peas Potatoes and yams

_____ are formed by small intestinal absorptive cells to transport fat-soluble nutrients in the bloodstream.

Chylomicrons

_____ is present when feces are dry and difficult or painful to eliminate.

Constipation

_____ occurs when more water than normal is secreted into the GI tract or the GI tract absorbs less water than normal.

Diarrhea

What is the primary difference between dietary fiber and starch?

Dietary fiber cannot be digested by humans but starch can

Vomiting can be a response to which of the following options?

Eating something toxic Hormonal changes during pregnancy Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Although the cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown, which of the following factors may trigger the disorder?

Emotional stress Certain foods Depression

Choose the treatments that may help individuals control type 2 diabetes.

Exercising regularly Making dietary changes

Sarah is a college student who wants to increase her fiber intake. Select all of the following foods you would recommend she consume.

Fresh or frozen fruit Brown rice Nuts, beans, and seeds

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

Fructose Glucose Galactose

Which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system and thus play a major role in digestion even though food does not pass directly through them?

Gallbladder Pancreas Liver

_____ typically begins around the middle of pregnancy and ends with the birth of the baby.

Gestational diabetes

_____ is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that helps raise blood glucose levels.

Glucagon

___________ is the only monosaccharide found in maltose.

Glucose

Select risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes.

Having a close, genetically-related family member with type 2 diabetes Being sedentary Being overweight or obese

Which of the following choices are food sources of sucrose?

Honey Maple syrup

Although most carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine, where does it begin?

In the mouth

Which type of fiber is associated with increasing fecal bulk and easing bowel movements?

Insoluble fiber

_____ is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose levels.

Insulin

_____ can be characterized by frequent bouts of abdominal pain and bloating with diarrhea or constipation.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Which of the following are disaccharides?

Lactose Sucrose Maltose

Select the options that are examples of anabolic reactions.

Making proteins Making hormones Making new bone

The process of digestion involves which two types?

Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion

Which of the following options correctly lists the major organs of the digestive tract, from start to finish?

Mouth > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

_____ is a slippery substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes.

Mucus

High-fiber diets may lower risk for which disease?

Obesity

_____ is an involuntary, wavelike muscular contraction that propels food along the gastrointestinal tract.

Peristalsis

Which of the following are two functions of the digestive system?

Process foods into nutrients, Transport nutrients into blood or lymph

Which two scenarios can occur when excess carbohydrate is consumed, beyond what is needed for cells to meet their energy needs?

Some glucose is converted to fat. Some glucose is converted to glycogen.

Although fiber is not an essential nutrient, it is beneficial because diets high in fiber may lower the risk for developing which diseases?

Some intestinal tract disorders Stroke Heart disease

In what part of the GI tract is salivary amylase inactivated?

Stomach

Peristalsis occurs in which of the following organs?

Stomach Intestines Esophagus

_____ is often referred to as "table sugar".

Sucrose

Which of the following are types of carbohydrates?

Sugars Fiber Starches

Which options describe the absorptive cells of villi in the small intestine?

They are coated with microvilli, They secrete digestive enzymes

Without some carbohydrate, the body will use muscle proteins for energy, resulting in which two outcomes?

Weakness Muscle wasting

gastroesophageal sphincter

a circular band of muscle that closes the last few centimeters of the esophagus and prevents the backward flow of stomach contents.

A sore that occurs in the lining of the upper GI tract is called _____.

a peptic ulcer

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are considered to be _____ organs of the digestive system.

accessory

Substances added to food that provide fewer calories per serving than sucrose or no calories are called _____.

alternative sweeteners

The alternative sweetener that people with phenylketonuria must avoid is ______.

aspartame

Soluble fiber improves heart health by binding to ________ in the GI tract, allowing for their elimination in bowel movements.

bile components

Dietary fiber is different than both starch and glycogen in that the bonds that hold the glucose units together in fiber ______.

cannot be digested by human intestinal enzymes

_____ are a class of nutrients that are a major source of energy for the body.

carbs

Rank the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes secreted into the digestive tract would be an example of

chemical digestion

Gallstones usually consist of ____.

cholesterol

Once food enters the stomach and is mixed with gastric juice, the churning action of the stomach transforms it into a semisolid liquid called _____.

chyme

Cancer that starts in either the colon or the rectum is called _____.

colorectal cancer

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

decreases

The chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels is _____.

diabetes

The process by which large food components are broken down into smaller substances, including individual nutrients, is called

digestion

One of the roles of the _____ is to eliminate the waste products from the digestion of food.

digestive system

Rank the sections of the small intestine in order as they appear in the GI tract.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Proteins that help chemical reactions occur in your body are called _____.

enzymes

The ________ is a flap of tissue that covers the entrance to the trachea during swallowing.

epiglottis

In response to hypoglycemia, the body secretes the hormone ______.

epinephrine

The _____ transfers a mass of swallowed food from the mouth to the stomach.

esophagus

Ketone bodies result from the incomplete metabolism of ____ for energy.

fat

When glycogen storage reaches maximum capacity, the liver will convert excess glucose into _______.

fat

If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high-______ foods to your diet.

fiber

The main symptom of _____ is experiencing severe pain in the upper right area of the midsection within an hour or two after eating a fatty meal.

gallstones

The symptoms of heartburn are often caused by a failure of the _____ to close properly.

gastroesophageal sphincter

When a woman develops diabetes during pregnancy, it is called _____.

gestational diabetes

Diabetes is diagnosed when the body is unable to properly regulate blood levels of _____.

glucose

To meet their energy needs, a starving person will sacrifice their skeletal muscles and other tissues to produce _____.

glucose

Lactose is made up of the two monosaccharides, _____.

glucose and galactose

The polysaccharide that breaks down in animal muscle soon after an animal dies is _____.

glycogen

High fiber intakes are associated with _____ than low fiber intakes.

healthier body weights

When the stomach's contents can flow back into (reflux) the esophagus, this causes symptoms that are often referred to as _____.

heartburn

The most common dietary polysaccharides contain _____ of glucose molecules bonded together.

hundreds

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

increasing the surface area of the small intestine

Dietary fiber that generally does not dissolve in water is called _____ fiber.

insouble

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by _____.

insulin resistance

In the absence of adequate glucose, muscle and brain cells can use _____ for energy.

ketone bodies

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into _____ within each villus.

lacteals

The role of the pyloric sphincter is to control the rate at which chyme _____.

leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

For people with type 2 diabetes, treatment may include _____ and taking certain medications.

losing weight

After food enters the stomach, the opening between the esophagus and stomach is closed by the _____.

lower esophageal sphincter

_____ is a disaccharide not often found naturally in foods, but that can be made from the breakdown of some complex carbohydrates.

maltose

The physical breakdown of food, such as the mixing of food by muscular contractions, is an example of _____.

mechanical digestion

Anabolism

metabolic processes that build larger substances from smaller ones.

Lactose is found in _____.

milk

The basic chemical unit of carbohydrates is a _____.

monosaccharide

Anaerobic metabolism makes _____ aerobic metabolism.

much less ATP than

Meat is not a source of carbohydrate because _____.

muscle glycogen breaks down soon after an animal dies

esophagus

muscular tube through which swallowed food travels from the mouth to the stomach.

A collection of tissues that function in a related fashion is a(n) _____.

organ

Anaerobic metabolism involves a metabolic pathway that functions without _____.

oxygen

The FDA requires a warning statement on the label of any food that contains aspartame because this high-intensity sweetener contains phenylalanine, which cannot be consumed by someone with _____.

phenylketonuria

Dietary _____ include both digestible and indigestible forms.

polysaccharides

The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to _____.

prevent food in the stomach from spilling back into the esophagus

Enzymes are _____ that can help in the breakdown of large substances.

proteins

The ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach that controls chyme release is called the _____.

pyloric sphincter

Treatment for individuals with type 1 diabetes involves _____.

receiving insulin

The main function of the __ is to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

respiratory system

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the _____.

small intestine

The lining of the _____ is covered with tiny, fingerlike projections called villi.

small intestine

Dietary fiber that dissolves or swells in water is called _____ fiber.

soluble

The type of fiber that slows glucose absorption and binds cholesterol is _____ fiber.

soluble

Glucose is stored in plants as _____ and in animals as _____.

starch; glycogen

Chyme is formed in the _____.

stomach

The small intestine connects the

stomach to the large intestine

When added to your food, alternative sweeteners can contribute zero calories or fewer calories per serving than _____.

sucrose

Nutrients and other substances that are taken up by the digestive tract during absorption may enter directly into _____.

the bloodstream and the lymphatic system

Water-soluble nutrients are transported from the GI tract to the liver by _____.

the hepatic portal vein

A peptic ulcer can form when _____, thus allowing hydrochloric acid or protein-digesting enzymes to destroy tissue in the stomach or small intestine.

the mucus layer in the stomach or small intestine breaks down

The lining of the stomach is protected from the acidic environment by _____.

the production of mucus

Colorectal cancer is characterized by cancerous _____ that form in the colon or rectum.

tumors

A disaccharide is a simple carbohydrate comprised of _____.

two monosaccharides

Americans with Hispanic, Native American, African, or Pacific Islander ancestry are particularly at high risk for the development of _____.

type 2 diabetes

In _____, the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.

type 2 diabetes

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the inner lining of the large intestine is _____.

ulcerative colitis

The kidneys and bladder are part of the

urinary system

The unpleasant experience that prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is called _____.

vomiting

Which type of food should be emphasized when trying to increase dietary fiber intake?

whole grain products