Nutrition

Strategies to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in people who drink include limiting daily alcohol intake to

1 drink for women and 2 for men

In a person with a BMI of 50, what minimum number of pounds must be lost to obtain a measurable improvement in glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure?

10-20

Substantial health benefits may be achieved by engaging in a moderately intense level of exercise at a frequency of at least

2.5 hours/week

What is the safe refrigerator storage time for uncooked steaks, cooked chicken, opened packages of lunch meats, and tuna salad?

3-5 days

Approximately how many million people in the United States are believed to have hypertension?

65

Energy for muscle contraction is most directly supplied by

ATP

Of the amount of pesticides considered acceptable (safe) for human consumption, approximately what percent is actually ingested by people in the United States? A) 1 B) 10 C) 50 D) 100

A) 1

The extent to which an environmental contaminant becomes harmful is dependent primarily on its A) persistence. B) solanine content. C) soil absorption efficiency. D) water solubility characteristics

A) persistence

What is the best predictor for risk of a stroke? A. High blood pressure B. LDL-cholesterol C. HDL-cholesterol D. Trans-fatty acid intake

A. High blood pressure

Which of the following is a feature of the DASH diet? A. It incorporates more potassium (from fruits and vegetables) and less sodium than the typical American diet B. It was originally designed as therapy for atherosclerosis C. It is effective due to the high intakes of iron and vitamin B12 D. It includes an exercise component and a limitation on trans-fat intake

A. It incorporates more potassium (from fruits and vegetables) and less sodium than the typical American diet

Which of the following describes a known long-term relationship among poverty, hunger, and population growth?

As economic status improves, population growth diminishes

Which of the following is a feature of vitamin D nutrition in the elderly? A. Most elderly receive near-RDA amounts of the vitamin B. Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form C. The RDA for vitamin D in the elderly is lower due to less excretion by the kidneys D. Most elderly rely primarily on self-synthesis of the vitamin due to their greater time spent outdoors

B. Aging reduces the kidneys' ability to convert vitamin D to its active form

What term is given to the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins? A. First trimester B. Critical period C. Fertility period D. Conceptual period

B. Critical period

Hunger exists because A. There is not enough food produced in the world to feed everyone adequately B. Food distribution is uneven, and some people do not have access to enough food C. Some people choose not to eat D. All of the above are true

B. Food distribution is uneven, and some people do not have access to enough food

Which of the following is not considered a diet-related risk factor for coronary heart disease? A. Obesity B. High sugar intake C. Glucose intolerance D. High blood cholesterol

B. High sugar intake

Which of the following is a feature of calcium nutrition in pregnancy? A. The AI increases by over 100% B. Intestinal absorption increases substantially C. Supplements are required for most women due to the increased needs D. Transfer of calcium from maternal stores to the fetus increases rapidly at the beginning of the second trimester and falls during the last trimester

B. Intestinal absorption increases substantially

The consumption of milk by children should not exceed 4 cups per day in order to lower the risk for A. solute overload. B. iron deficiency. C. vitamin A toxicity. D. vitamin D toxicity.

B. iron deficiency.

Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition, up to the first 6 months in healthy infants, is satisfactory for all nutrients except A. sodium. B. vitamin D. C. iron and folate. D. zinc and vitamin A.

B. vitamin D.

People who use diuretics are most at risk of developing imbalances of A) sodium. B) calcium. C) potassium. D) phosphate.

C) potassium

A person who hasn't consumed anything except water for the past 8 hours has a blood glucose concentration of 101 mg/dL. This person would be classified as A) normal. B) diabetic. C) prediabetic. D) impaired glucose tolerant.

C) prediabetic

The nutrients most likely to be lacking in the diet worldwide include all of the following except A) iron. B) iodine. C) protein. D) vitamin A.

C) protein

Genetic engineering of broccoli to increase the selenium content has inadvertently lowered the content of A) fiber, an indigestible carbohydrate. B) vitamin C, a water-soluble antioxidant. C) sulforaphane, an anticancer phytochemical. D) chlorophyll, a magnesium-containing substance.

C) sulforaphane, an anticancer phytochemical.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of food safety in the kitchen? A. Cooks should refrain from cutting meat and vegetables on the same cutting board B. Leftover food from a meal should be promptly refrigerated (within 2 hours) C. Always thaw poultry at room temperature D. After each step of food preparation, countertops, cutting boards, and hands should be washed in hot, soapy water

C. Always thaw poultry at room temperature

In high intensity exercise like championship basketball, the predominate fuel for exercise is: A. Fat B. Protein C. Carbohydrates D. Vitamins

C. Carbohydrates

A person with diabetes is most likely to develop A. AIDS. B. cancer. C. heart attacks. D. diverticulosis.

C. heart attacks

Your friend Mark is an avid organic food consumer. He believes that natural foods are the only way to avoid the chemicals that farmers "poison" their crops with. You warn Mark that not all natural foods are free from toxins; indeed, that many foods contain naturally occurring toxic substances. The example you provide could be the solanine commonly found in A. beets. B. broccoli. C. potatoes. D. anchovies. potatoes

C. potatoes.

Risk factors that predict the development of hypertension include all of the following except A. age. B. race. C. salt intake. D. family background.

C. salt intake

What branch of the Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for monitoring foodborne illness?

CDC

All of the following are features of monosodium glutamate in foods except A) it is a GRAS ingredient. B) it is not allowed in infant foods. C) it enhances the tastes of sweet, salty, bitter, and sour. D) it induces adverse reactions primarily in people with diabetes.

D) it induces adverse reactions primarily in people with diabetes

Minerals most associated with unpleasant characteristics of potable water include all of the following except A) iron. B) calcium. C) manganese. D) phosphorus.

D) phosphorus.

ATP energy may be derived from A. carbohydrates. B. proteins. C. fats. D. All of these choices are accurate

D. All of these choices are accurate.

Which of the following types of diets has been shown to prevent or reduce arthritis inflammation? A. High in simple sugars, low in canned fruit B. High in animal protein, low in canned fruit C. Low in polyunsaturated fat, high in oleic acid D. Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

D. Low in saturated fat, high in omega-3 fatty acids

Which of the following would most likely result from placing cooked hamburger patties on the same plate that held the uncooked patties? A. Flavor declination B. Meat juice retention C. Fat drippings exudation D. Microbial cross-contamination

D. Microbial cross-contamination

What term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle? A. Juice bottle erosion B. Suckling enamelosis C. Formula-induced gingivitis D. Nursing bottle tooth decay

D. Nursing bottle tooth decay

Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?

Five months

Which of the following foods represents a common source of acrylamide intake in the United States?

French fries

What system was developed by government regulatory agencies and the food industry to help identify and/or control food contamination and foodborne disease?

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points

What is the primary reason for increased urine output in uncontrolled diabetes?

High levels of blood glucose spill into the urine, drawing water with it by osmosis

A few years ago a foodborne illness outbreak was reported by a national restaurant chain. After dozens of people were infected, authorities determined that employees of the restaurant had used the same knife to cut raw meat products as they did for produce items such as lettuce. Which of the following terms most likely describes the employees' neglect that led to the patrons of the restaurant becoming ill?

Cross-contamination

Which of the following foods are associated with illness from Salmonella?

Raw meats, poultry, and eggs

Which of the following is the most common pathogenic microorganism in U.S. foods?

Salmonella

What are cytokines?

Specialized proteins that activate responses to infection

Which of the following is a feature of bovine growth hormone use in the United States?

If consumed from foods, it is denatured by enzymes in the GI tract

What is the most reliable indicator of an infant's future health status?

Infant's birthweight

What is sarcopenia?

Loss of muscle mass and strength

What organ of the pregnant woman is central to the exchange of nutrients for waste products with the fetus?

Placenta

What is the term given to mounds of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls?

Plaques

What was the toxic substance that accidentally found its way into the food chain in the early 1970s and to which almost all of Michigan's residents became exposed?

Polybrominated biphenyl

Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States and in less developed countries?

Poverty

Sulfites are a prohibited additive for refined grain products in the United States because they

destroy thiamin

Most people with type 2 diabetes have

excess body fat

Glucose is stored in muscle tissue as

glycogen

In order to build up maximum stores of muscle glycogen for long-distance marathons, one should consume a ________ diet.

high-carbohydrate

The increase in the concentration of contaminants in the tissues of animals high on the food chain is termed

bioaccumulation

What is meant by carrying capacity of the earth?

The maximum number of living organisms that can be supported in an environment over time

In the otherwise stable person with type 1 diabetes, a potential problem associated with physical activity is

hypoglycemia

Which of the following nutrients is among the most likely to be lacking in the diet worldwide?

Vitamin A

As the newly appointed director of International Supplementation for the World Health Organization (WHO), you propose supplementing the diets of malnourished populations worldwide with nutrients that would markedly improve health and well-being. Which of the following nutrients is least likely to be lacking?

Vitamin D

As you sit in the waiting room of a doctor's office leafing through a magazine, you see a letter to the editor about world hunger. In it, the author takes issue with a statement made in a previous issue that stated, "...and thus, hunger worsens poverty...." The letter writer claims that this statement is completely unfounded and has no reasoning behind it. Does hunger worsen poverty?

Yes, hunger makes poverty worse by robbing a person of the good health and the physical and mental energy needed to be active and productive

A period of extreme food shortage resulting in widespread starvation and death is known as

a famine

Clostridium botulinum poisoning is a hazard associated with

improperly canned vegetables

A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be

insulin resistant

A response called hypertrophy occurs when

muscles enlarge after being made to work repeatedly

The industrial application of heat to inactivate most but not all bacteria in a food is commonly known as

pasteurization

"Hitting the wall" (as in a very long athletic event) means

someone has run out of available carbohydrates for energy

A complication of diabetes is blurry vision, which results from swelling of the lenses of the eye caused by conversion of excess glucose to

sugar alcohols

Which of the following is a feature of the DASH diet? A) It works synergistically with reduction of sodium intake B) It was originally designed as therapy for atherosclerosis C) It is effective due to the high intakes of iron and vitamin B12 D) It includes an exercise component and a limitation on trans-fat intake

A) It works synergistically with reduction of sodium intake

Insulin stimulates the actions of all the following metabolic activities except A) fat release. B) glucose uptake. C) protein synthesis. D) glycogen synthesis.

A) fat release.

Which of the following is not a feature of dietary fat and cancer? A) Type of fat may influence cancer initiation B) Type of fat may influence cancer promotion C) Intake of omega-3 fatty acids from fish may protect against some cancers D) Recent studies have weakened the associated risk of high-fat diets with cancer

A) Type of fat may influence cancer initiation

Which of the following is a feature of elderly people and water metabolism? A. They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth B. They have a higher total body water content compared with younger adults C. They show increased frequency of urination, which results in higher requirements D. They frequently show symptoms of overhydration such as mental lapses and disorientation

A. They do not feel thirsty or recognize dryness of the mouth

Which of the following is a characteristic of body weight changes associated with pregnancy? A. Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women B. Most women are unable to lose all of the weight that was gained during pregnancy C. Sudden, large weight gain in pregnancy may signal the development of hypotension D. Overweight pregnant women should gain as much weight as underweight pregnant women

A. Weight gain is generally steady throughout pregnancy for normal-weight women

Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn't exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following would be the most definitive predictor of this suspicion? A) Platelet count B) C-reactive protein concentrations C) LDL cholesterol serum concentrations D) HDL cholesterol serum concentrations

B) C-reactive protein concentrations

Which of the following is a feature affecting the public water supply? A) Surface water is derived primarily from underground aquifers B) Contaminants break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water C) Groundwater sources are most susceptible to contamination by runoff of pesticides and wastes from highways D) Contaminants such as gasoline from leaking underground storage tanks are likely to primarily affect the quality of surface water

B) Contaminants break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water

Which of the following statements represents current thought regarding the development of cancer? A) Dietary fat appears to be protective against many types of cancer B) Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer C) Food contaminants play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer D) Dietary protein from animal sources appears to be protective against many types of cancer

B) Food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer

What is meant when the FDA invokes a certification requirement? A) The suppliers must show proof that the foods were produced and processed in the United States B) A new food is being introduced on the U.S. market and the processing method must first be approved by the FDA C) The food manufacturer must have its products tested to guarantee that certain chemicals do not exceed legal limits D) The FDA laboratories have tested a new food product and approved all remaining pesticide residues as falling within agency guidelines

C) The food manufacturer must have its products tested to guarantee that certain chemicals do not exceed legal limits

What is believed to be the primary cause of type 1 diabetes? A. Defect in insulin sensitivity B. Excessive body weight gain C. Defect of the immune system D. Excessive intake of simple carbohydrates

C. Defect of the immune system

In general, what are the chief consequences of nutritional deprivation in the lactating mother? A. Cessation of lactation B. Reduced quality of milk C. Reduced quantity of milk D. Reduced quality and quantity of milk

C. Reduced quantity of milk

Which of the following is a characteristic of pesticides on foods? A) Pesticide residues on organic foods are similar to those on conventionally grown foods B) Pesticides are easier to remove from organic foods because of their greater water-solubility C) Pesticide residues are substantially reduced by the use of unprocessed animal manures used to grow leafy vegetables D) Pesticide chemicals in the urine of children given an organic foods diet for 5 days were dramatically lower than before the diet

D) Pesticide chemicals in the urine of children given an organic foods diet for 5 days were dramatically lower than before the diet

You are working as a nutrition consultant in a women's health clinic and have been advising patients to make sure they consume about 400 micrograms of folate every day. One patient is aware that folate helps prevent birth defects but she isn't sure why she should take it if she is not pregnant. Which of the following is the most appropriate reply? A. The folate supplementation prevents pernicious anemia, which increases the risk of spina bifida B. The folate supplementation is needed to ensure a large store that can be utilized by the growing fetus C. As long as supplementation begins the day pregnancy is confirmed, there is no risk of defects D. The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant

D. The neural tube develops early on in pregnancy, oftentimes before the woman realizes she is pregnant

Which of the following is not a characteristic of poverty and hunger? A. Hunger and obesity may exist in the same household B. The highest rates of obesity occur among the poorest C. The provision of food to the poor actually helps to prevent obesity D. The poor prefer to purchase energy-dense foods despite their higher cost compared with vegetables

D. The poor prefer to purchase energy-dense foods despite their higher cost compared with vegetables

The majority of stored energy in the body is in the form of A. glucose. B. ATP. C. amino acids. D. triglycerides.

D. Triglycerides

What nutrients in foods are most vulnerable to losses during food handling and preparation? A. Trace minerals B. Fat-soluble vitamins C. Polyunsaturated fats D. Water-soluble vitamins

D. Water-soluble vitamins

To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommended except A. consume 2 servings/week of fish. B. consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day. C. lower the saturated fat intake to less than 7% total energy. D. decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy.

D. decrease the carbohydrate intake to <50% of total energy.

The most common symptoms of foodborne infection include all of the following except A. fever. B. cramps. C. diarrhea. D. double vision.

D. double vision.

The DASH diet is actually the acronym for

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

Which of the following are benefits of regular and consistent exercise? A. enhanced heart function B. improved balance C. better sleep habits D. reduced stress E. All of these are correct

E. All of these are correct

What is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States?

Food poisoning from microbes

According to the FDA, what is the leading food safety concern?

Foodborne illnesses

Of the following nutrient needs, which is considered the most difficult to meet during pregnancy, often because of low body stores?

Iron

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?

Iron

What blood cholesterol carrier is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?

LDL

What is the chief reason why people living in poverty and hunger bear numerous children?

Only a small percentage of the children may survive to adulthood

What is administered by health care workers to help treat the diarrhea and dehydration common to children suffering from diseases of poverty?

Oral rehydration therapy

Which of the following practices is safest for minimizing microbial contamination of prepared foods? A. Store food in a controlled atmosphere of chlorine bleach vapors B. Restrict the food's exposure at room temperature to a maximum of 4-6 hours C. Restrict the food's exposure at between 40° F and 140° F to a maximum of 2 hours D. Store food under air-tight conditions at a temperature of 32° F for a maximum of 1 month

Restrict the food's exposure at between 40° F and 140° F to a maximum of 2 hours

What is the most likely explanation for the increased prevalence of obesity in children over the past 30 years?

They are less active physically

Which of the following is a feature of U.S. agriculture practices? A. They promote protection of soil and water B. They frequently lead to higher crop prices C. They are designed to benefit mostly small family farms D. They tend to support the use of pesticides and fertilizers

They tend to support the use of pesticides and fertilizers