Nutrition & Drugs: Ch. 8 Vitamins

Rank in order the sequence of events in the digestion and absorption of vitamin B-12. - B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood - the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart - the stomach secretes intrinsic factor - hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein - B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF)

1) hydrochloric acid separates B-12 from animal protein 2) the stomach secretes intrinsic factor 3) B-12 binds to intrinsic factor (IF) 4) the IF/B-12 complex enters the cells and the complex breaks apart 5) B-12 binds to a carrier molecule for transport in the blood

The yellow-orange pigments in fruits and vegetables are called _____.

carotenoids

Women who are capable of becoming pregnant should take a supplement of 400 mcg of _____ _____ to prevent neural tube defects in newborns.

folic acid

A disease has _____ when cancer spreads to other tissues.

metastasized

The B vitamin that has been used to treat elevated LDL cholesterol levels is _____.

niacin

The adult form of rickets is called _____.

osteomalacia

Niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid _____.

tryptophan

True or False: An increased risk of cancer is associated with obesity.

true

True or False: In general, vitamins that occur naturally and synthetic vitamins have similar biological activity.

true

Which vitamin do cells require to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of CH3 groups in the metabolism of folate? a) vitamin B-12 b) biotin c) thiamin d) vitamin B-6

a) vitamin B-12

Excess consumption of vitamin A can damage the: a) liver b) eye c) heart d) skin

a) liver

What describes the degree of potency of a vitamin? a) functional potential b) power score c) biological activity

c) biological activity

What is the primary function of vitamin K? a) nerve transmission b) transfer of fat to the liver c) blood clotting

c) blood clotting

Which vitamin cannot be used when vitamin B-12 is unavailable? a) riboflavin b) thiamine c) folate d) niacin

c) folate

An early sign of vitamin A deficiency is called: a) color blindness b) glaucoma c) night blindness d) retinal damage

c) night blindness

What is the name of a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules? a) reactant b) reducer c) oxidant

c) oxidant

Which cooking methods best preserve the vitamin content of foods? (choose all) a) stir-frying b) steaming c) boiling d) microwaving

a) stir-frying b) steaming d) microwaving

Which of the following are risk factors for cancer? (choose all) a) using tobacco b) aging c) family history d) being very thin

a) using tobacco b) aging c) family history

What vitamin deficiency will result in blood that does not clot effectively? a) vitamin E b) vitamin D c) vitamin K

c) vitamin K

True or False: Dark green fruits and vegetables do not contain beta-carotene and provitamin A carotenoids.

false

Match the vitamin with its function. Vitamin: - vitamin A - thiamin - folate Function: - blood formation - immune function - energy metabolism

vitamin A: immune function thiamin: energy metabolism folate: blood formation

People who eat little/no animal products should take a vitamin _____ supplement.

B-12

What is an ion or small molecule that regulates a chemical reaction? a) coenzyme b) phytochemical c) provitamin

a) coenzyme

The body is able to store which group of vitamins? a) fat-soluble vitamins b) water-soluble vitamins

a) fat-soluble vitamins

The skin's ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight is _____ in dark skin compared to lighter skin. a) less b) more

a) less

What are two neural tube defects that can occur when a pregnant woman does not receive enough folate? (choose all) a) spina bifida b) pellagra c) osteomalacia d) anencephaly

a) spina bifida d) anencephaly

Which food storage methods best preserve vitamin content? (choose all) a) storing food at near freezing temperatures b) storing foods away from air c) storing foods in high humidity d) storing foods in direct sunlight

a) storing foods at near freezing temperatures b) storing foods away from air c) storing foods in high humidity

Name the fat-soluble vitamins. (choose all) a) vitamin A b) vitamin E c) vitamin K d) vitamin B e) vitamin D f) vitamin C

a) vitamin A b) vitamin E c) vitamin K e) vitamin D

Which statements about vitamins are true? (choose all) a) cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake b) excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder c) excess vitamins are always flushed by the body d) cells can become saturated with a vitamin

a) cells can be damaged by excess vitamin intake b) excess vitamin intake can produce a toxicity disorder d) cells can become saturated with a vitamin

Liver, legumes, broccoli, and orange juice are all good sources of: a) folate b) vitamin C c) vitamin B-12 d) riboflavin

a) folate

Which foods are good sources of vitamin D? (choose all) a) herring b) salmon c) milk d) grapes

a) herring b) salmon c) milk

Folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C are all examples of _____-soluble vitamins.

water

When consumed in high doses, vitamins often: (choose all that apply) a) have drug-like effects in the body b) can treat or cure chronic disease c) cause unpleasant side effects

a) have drug-like effects in the body c) cause unpleasant side effects

During infancy, adolescence, and pregnancy, a person's vitamin needs: a) increase b) decrease c) remain the same

a) increase

In the body, pantothenic acid is important for: (choose all) a) energy metabolism b) fatty acid production c) glycogen breakdown d) protein production

a) energy metabolism b) fatty acid production

Because there is not a lot of vitamin D in our food, our bodies must get _____ exposure in order to make vitamin D.

sun

Rank the sequence of steps involved in the role of vitamin A in the visual cycle. - in the dark, retinal binds to opsin to form rhodopsin - retinal detaches from opsin - light activates rhodopsin, causing it to change shape - activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision

1) in the dark, retinal binds to opsin to form rhodopsin 2) light activates rhodopsin, causing it to change shape 3) activated rhodopsin stimulates rod cell changes that result in vision 4) retinal detaches from opsin

What criteria must a nutrient meet to be classified as a vitamin? (choose all) a) signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet b) the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods c) the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health d) the nutrient can be manufactured by the body in sufficient quantities if intake is not adequate

a) signs and symptoms of a health problem occur if the nutrient is missing from the diet b) the nutrient occurs in commonly eaten foods c) the body cannot make it at all or in sufficient quantities to maintain good health

Megaloblastic anemia can result from a deficiency of which vitamins? (choose all) a) thiamin b) B-12 c) niacin d) folate

b) B-12 d) folate

Which statement is most accurate? a) a healthy diet requires that a person consume 100% of the RDA or all of each vitamin on a daily basis b) a nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years

b) a nutritionally adequate diet can supply vitamins that last for days and even years

Which of the following is true about radicals? (choose all) a) it is a substance with an unpaired electron b) it causes excess oxidation which helps prevent chronic disease c) it is highly reactive d) it removes electrons from more stable molecules

a) it is a substance with an unpaired electron c) it is highly reactive d) it removes electrons from more stable molecules

Which groups of people are most at risk for developing a vitamin A deficiency? (choose all) a) older adults b) people with fat malabsorption c) preschoolers who don't eat vegetables d) people who do not exercise frequently

a) older adults b) people with fat malabsorption c) preschoolers who don't eat vegetables

When an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons, it has been: a) oxidized b) radicalized c) reduced

a) oxidized

The consumption of which foods can prevent or delay the development of certain cancers? a) plant b) animal

a) plant

What roles does vitamin D play in the body? (choose all) a) production of bones b) maintenance of bones c) production of epithelial cells d) metabolism of calcium

a) production of bones b) maintenance of bones d) metabolism of calcium

The body needs choline to _____. (choose all) a) produce the neurotransmitter serotonin b) as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine c) synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver d) produce phospholipids in cell membranes

b) as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine c) synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver d) produce phospholipids in cell membranes

Why is it unlikely that there are other vitamins waiting to be discovered? (choose all) a) other nutrients can serve the function of vitamins not yet discovered b) babies thrive on infant formulas c) very ill people are kept alive for years on liquid synthetic feedings

b) babies thrive on infant formulas c) very ill people are kept alive for years on liquid synthetic feedings

What are some ways to improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in low-fat foods like vegetables? (choose all) a) steam the vegetables b) cook the vegetables in oil c) use salad dressing d) bake the vegetables

b) cook the vegetables in oil c) use salad dressing

Folate is reported in _____ to account for the differences in the body's ability to absorb folic acid and natural forms of folate. a) mg/dl b) dietary folate equivalents (DFEs) c) international units (IU) d) mcg/ml

b) dietary folate equivalents (DFEs)

Who would be most at risk for developing vitamin deficiencies? (choose all) a) sedentary adults b) elderly persons c) alcoholics d) adolescents

b) elderly persons c) alcoholics

Vitamins A and D are often added to milk, and ready-to-eat cereals are often sprayed with additional vitamins. These are examples of: a) enrichment b) fortification

b) fortification

A molecule that has been reduced, has _____ one or more electrons. a) lost b) gained

b) gained

What are some major food sources of vitamin B-12? (choose all) a) leafy greens b) meat c) milk d) poultry

b) meat c) milk d) poultry

Choose the 4 B vitamins and one mineral that must be added by the manufacture when a product has been refined. a) vitamin C b) niacin c) iron d) riboflavin e) calcium f) thiamin g) folic acid

b) niacin c) iron d) riboflavin f) thiamin g) folic acid

What is highly reactive and removes electrons from more stable molecules such as proteins, fatty acids, and DNA? a) oxidant b) radical c) antioxidant

b) radical

When an atom gains one or more electrons, it has been: a) radicalized b) reduced c) oxidized

b) reduced

Which of the following are considered roles of vitamins? (choose all) a) provides energy in the form of calories b) regulates a variety of body processes c) involved in the growth and development of tissues

b) regulates a variety of body processes c) involved in the growth and development of tissues

What are some signs and symptoms of rickets? (choose all) a) tall stature b) soft bones c) muscle pain d) misshapen bones

b) soft bones c) muscle pain d) misshapen bones

_____ is a water-soluble vitamin that is used to make a coenzyme that participates in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates. a) vitamin C b) thiamin c) folate

b) thiamin

Which of the following are examples of vitamins that many American adults don't receive enough of? (choose all that apply) a) thiamin b) vitamin D c) vitamin C d) vitamin E

b) vitamin D d) vitamin E

Plant oils such as sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils, as well as margarine and salad dressing are rich food sources of: a) vitamin A b) vitamin E c) vitamin C d) vitamin D

b) vitamin E

_____ is a fibrous protein that gives strength to connective tissue.

collagen

Intestinal bacteria can produce which vitamin? a) folate b) pantothenic acid c) B-12 d) biotin

d) biotin

Why do pregnant women require an increased intake of folate? a) an increased amount of antioxidants should be consumed b) lipids need to be metabolized at an increased rate c) carbohydrates need to be metabolized at an increased rate d) cell division is taking place at a rapid pace

d) cell division is taking place at a rapid pace

Which group of people would be at the LEAST risk for developing a vitamin deficiency disease? a) elderly adults b) individuals with anorexia nervosa c) alcoholics d) children

d) children

Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin D? a) whole milk b) skim milk c) fatty fish d) cucumbers

d) cucumbers

What is the name of the protein in RBCs that transports oxygen? a) folic acid b) homocysteine c) pellagra d) hemoglobin

d) hemoglobin

Folic acid is the synthetic form of _____ that is found in supplements and added to fortify foods.

folate

The body is able to make vitamin _____ when skin cells are exposed to the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

D

Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of _____-_____ syndrome.

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Which of the following are examples of carcinogens that trigger cancer? (choose all) a) a virus b) radiation c) tobacco smoke d) genetics

a) a virus b) radiation c) tobacco smoke

The B vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins. a) fat-soluble b) water-soluble

b) water-soluble

The thiamin deficiency disease _____ is characterized by weakness, poor muscular coordination, and decreased functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

beriberi

Regular health checkups and various screening methods such as self exams can detect _____ in its early stages.

cancer

_____ is the second leading cause of death in the United States.

cancer

The condition that arises when one over consumes foods an/or supplements containing beta-carotene is called _____.

carotenemia

Cutting food in large pieces and leaving the skins on foods while cooking will _____ vitamin loss from the food. a) increase b) decrease

b) decrease

True or False: Some radical formation in the body is necessary and provides some benefits.

true

Vitamins provide _____ kilocalories per gram.

zero

Oranges and lemons would be appropriate treatment for the deficiency disease known as _____.

scurvy

The _____ _____ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.

small intestine

Which of the following is true about coenzymes? (choose all) a) cofactor b) function of most fat-soluble vitamins c) regulates a chemical reaction

a) cofactor c) regulates a chemical reaction

What are some signs and symptoms of a vitamin B-6 deficiency? (choose all) a) dermatitis b) convulsions c) anemia d) weight gain

a) dermatitis b) convulsions c) anemia

When should the consumption of vitamin A supplements be avoided? a) during pregnancy b) during athletic performance c) during senior years d) in early childhood

a) during pregnancy

Niacin participates in which of the following? a) energy metabolism b) bone mineralization c) DNA synthesis d) immune system functioning

a) energy metabolism

When fresh produce is not available, which type of foods should be purchased in order to receive the highest vitamin content? a) frozen b) boxed c) canned

a) frozen

Which of the following best describes how an antioxidant works? a) gives up electrons to radicals b) takes electrons from radicals

a) gives up electrons to radicals

A healthy diet designed to reduce cancer risk would include: (choose all) a) increasing your intake of fruits b) increasing your intake of whole grains c) increasing your intake of processed meat d) limiting consumption of red meat

a) increasing your intake of fruits b) increasing your intake of whole grains d) limiting consumption of red meat

Presently there _____ much scientific information that supports claims that megadoses of vitamins can treat or prevent disease. a) is not b) is

a) is not

Carrots, sweet potatoes, broccoli, and mangoes are all good sources of _____-_____, a carotenoid that the body can convert to vitamin A.

beta-carotene

Milk, yogurt, liver, and enriched cereals are all good sources of which vitamin? a) biotin b) thiamin c) riboflavin d) vitamin C

c) riboflavin

A vitamin A deficient person's epithelial cells produce too much of the protein _____, making their skin rough and bumpy.

keratin