Nutrition and Metabolism

Describe glycogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Describe glucogenesis

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates

Define cellular respiration

A series of metabolic reactions that occur in the cells of organisms that convert nutrients into energy.

Minerals are _____, whereas vitamins are _______. A. inorganic elements; organic compounds B. essential nutrients; nonessential nutrients C. water soluble; lipid soluble D. micronutrients; macronutrients

A.

The overall reaction for aerobic respiration is represented by which of the following? A. Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP B. Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen C. ATP + Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water D. Glucose + Water -> Carbon Dioxide + Oxygen + ATP

A.

Carbohydrates function as structural components of all the following except: A. ATP B. amino acids C. glycoproteins D. nucleic acids

B.

Essential nutrients: A. are also considered macronutrients B. can only be obtained through diet C. can only be obtained through vegetables D. must be made by the body

B.

The PRIMARY function of the Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle is to: A. produce carbon dioxide B. extract hydrogen ions and electrons C. produce oxygen D. produce metabolic water

B.

Which of the following nutrients CANNOT be used to make ATP? A. proteins B. nucleic acids C. lipids D. carbohydrates

B.

Briefly describe the processes involved for maintaining our body temperature.

Body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus. If body temperature is too high, it sends signals to the heat-loss center which lowers body temp through vasodilation or sweating. If body temp is too low, it sends signals to the heat-promoting center which raises body temp though shivering or vasoconstriction.

Antioxidants function by: A. bind with iron molecules instead of oxygen B. destroy oxygen molecules C. replacing missing electrons D. removing electrons from free radicals

C.

The overwhelming majority of ATP is made during the ___________ stage of cellular respiration. A. glycolysis B. Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle C. electron transport chain D. lactic acid fermentation

C.

Which of the following are considered macronutrients? A. sodium, calcium, phosphorous B. phosphorous, Vitamin D, calcium C. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins D. ascorbic acid, riboflavin, folic acid

C.

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids? A. used to form some hormones B. structural component of cell membranes C. store excess glucose D. used to make ATP

C.

Functions of nucleic acids as a nutritional group

DNA structure, RNA structure

Describe the difference between essential and nonessential nutrients and provide an example of each

Essential nutrients are nutrients that cannot be synthesized in the body and therefore must be included in the diet, such as vitamin A. Nonessential nutrients can be synthesized by the body and are not necessary in the diet, such as glutamine

Functions of carbohydrates as a nutritional group

Fuel, creates ATP, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and nucleic acids

Functions of lipids as a nutritional group

Fuel, creates plasma membranes, insulation

Briefly describe the process of cellular respiration. Ensure you include 1) the three stages, 2) what is produced at each stage, and 3) the amount of ATP produced at each of the three stages.

In stage one, glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. This stage also requires 2 molecules of ATP, and at the end 4 total ATP molecules are produced as well as 2 molecules of NADH. In stage two, the Krebs cycle, the two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis travel from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. The pyruvates are oxidized into Acetyl CoA and this process gives off CO2. The acetyl CoA then breaks down further into two more CO2 molecules, six molecules of NADH, two molecule of FADH, and two molecules of ATP. In the final step, the electron transport chain, the NADH and FADH molecules use their electrons to power protein pumps that pump H+ ions into the inner membrane space. Some of these ions combine with inhaled O2 and the electrons of NADH and FADH to make 6 molecules of water. The energy of the H+ ions passing through these pumps produces 32 molecules of ATP.

Functions of proteins as a nutritional group

Muscle contraction, emergency fuel, enzymes

Briefly describe how we can use fats and proteins to make ATP.

When a triglyceride is hydrolyzed into a fatty acid and glycerol, the glycerol is further oxidized into PAGL where it can be used in glycolysis and generate ATP. The fatty acid becomes acetyl and becomes acetyl CoA which is essential for the Krebs cycle and thus aids in generating ATP. Proteins, when broken into amino acids, can be used to make pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or other acids used in the Krebs cycle. Thus, can be used to make ATP

Functions of minerals as a nutritional group

builds bones and teeth, phospholipid structure, enzyme cofactors

Functions of vitamins as a nutritional group

calcium absorption, protoglycan synthesis, blood clotting

The overwhelming amount of ATP produced during cellular respiration is in the third cycle known as the ___________ _________ ________ .

electron transport chain

Function of water as a nutritional group

eliminates metabolic waste, solvent, coolant, supports blood volume and pressure

____________ amino acids are those that must be obtained through diet.

essential

Excess glucose in the blood is converted to _____________ for temporary storage.

glycogen

The majority of energy used during metabolic activity is released as _________.

heat

Describe lipogenesis

synthesizing of fats from other molecules

Define metabolism

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Describe glycogenolysis

the hydrolysis of glycogen to obtain glucose

Catabolism of proteins results in the eventual formation of _________ which is eliminated through the urinary system.

urea