Nutrition & Wellness Chapter 2

Observational epidemiological research includes

cohort studies. case-control studies

A group of people that serve as subjects in an experiment but do not receive a treatment is called a(n) ______ group

control

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research.

epidemiology

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a(n) ______.

experiment

A retrospective study examines the ____ whereas a prospective study examines the _____.

past, future

A (blank) group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices

experimental

What is the first step in the scientific method?

observation of a natural phenomenon

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

no

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation or correlated

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as

epidemiology

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

Southern US

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

A variable is a ______.

factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ___________ research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question).

NHANES

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests.

bias

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

bias, biases, or personal bias

Observational epidemiological studies cannot establish ______.

causation

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient diseases.

deficiency

a physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to

diet.

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______.

epidemiological

If an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be ______.

inaccurate questionable

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

An anecdote ______ considered scientific evidence.

is not

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

it is important to the validity and accuracy of an experiment. it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect. it enables scientists to control the influence of control variables unrelated to the study.

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of

poor diets lack of proper nutrition

Cohort studies can be retrospective or

prospective

Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

reading peer-reviewed journals looking for references to research articles

A member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated.

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the

scientific

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals.

subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published critical review by other subject-matter experts

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

test tubes

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals.

true

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

a control group. a treatment group.

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

A(n) _______ is a report of personal experiences.

anecdote

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.